Line of Defence Magazine - Autumn (March) 2022

Line of Defence

Issue 23 • Autumn 2022

New Zealand’s Defence and National Security Magazine

Peeni Henare:

Wayne Mapp:

Steve Killelea:

Pride and Perspectives on NZDF Tonga assistance.

Ukraine invasion and implications for New Zealand.

Global Peace Index charts global security decline.

www.defsec.net.nz

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CONTENTS Editor’s Note

Kia ora and welcome to the Autumn 2022 issue of Line of Defence Magazine! With this issue we start the year in the wake of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, divisive protests at home, and the apparent end of Managed Isolation and Quarantine.

It’s shaping up to be a year that’s proving Defence Assessment 2021 (DA21) to be bang on the money: “New Zealand faces a substantially more challenging and complex strategic environment than it has for decades. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified, not displaced, the impacts of other, longer-term strategic trends.”

For senior contributor Hon Dr Wayne Mapp QSO, the Russian invasion of Ukraine starkly illustrates DA21’s prediction that strategic competition will become sharper.

“The logical imperative for New Zealand is that it is necessary to increase New Zealand’s military preparedness,” he writes, “both for our own protection, but also to be viewed as a credible partner, particularly among our most long-standing friends and partners.”

If we needed further analysis confirming the acceleration in international insecurity, it’s provided in this issue with an excellent interview of Global Peace Index creator Steve Kilelea. The GPI, which scores 163 countries according to their levels of peacefulness, has ranked New Zealand 2nd most peaceful, but for the world generally its assessment is sobering.

And it’s not just humans that are causing their own insecurity… natural disasters have been stealing headlines.

In their inaugural editorial contributions to LoD, Defence Minister Hon Peeni Henare MP and Opposition Spokesperson for Defence and Veterans Tim van de Molen MP find common ground on the topic of the Tonga eruption and the NZDF’s HADR efforts in support of our neighbours.

On that note, LoD sponsor GA-ASI’s article on the potential capabilities offered by the MQ-9B SeaGuardian Remotely Piloted Aircraft System in response to such as disaster, is well worth a read.

Also in this issue, we feature the latest maritime instalment by former RNZN Captain Andrew Watts who argues that a proactive defence strategy focussed on the Pacific – as highlighted in DA21 – requires a higher level of persistent presence and more flexible platforms – more so than is currently the case.

The concept of ‘persistent presence’ is echoed in our coverage of the Royal Navy Offshore Patrol Vessel HMS Spey’s delivery of COVID vaccines to the Pitcairn Islands. Spey is the first Royal Navy vessel to visit the remote British Overseas Territory in four years, but it looks like the Pacific will now be seeing a lot more of the White Ensign.

In a nod to International Women’s Day, we’re proud to be featuring an excellent piece from LoD sponsor Serco Defence on Serco women making a difference in STEM. We’re also excited to be shining a spotlight on Nova System’s recent refresh.

As always, a special thanks to our sponsors who have made this issue of LoD possible: General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Serco Defence, Nova Systems, and Tactical Solutions.

Nicholas Dynon, Auckland.

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CONTRIBUTORS & INTERVIEWEES Jude Rushmere Amanda Farrell Ansilea Nagy Andrew Watts Dr Simon Ewing-Jarvie Jennie Vickers Steve Killelea AM Nicholas Dynon

Hon Peeni Henare MP Amanda Hoskings Tim van de Molen MP Ian Honnery David Tombs Hon Dr Wayne Mapp QSO Sven Lilienström

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Dr Peter Greener Dr Bridgette-Sullivan Taylor Dr John Battersby Debbie Howarth Jennie Vickers Hon Dr Wayne Mapp QSO Ruth Currie DSD

Prof Rouben Azizian Dr Reuben Steff Paul Howard John Deal Douglas Pauling John Campbell MNZM Pat Cullen

SPONSORS & PARTNERS General Atomics Aeronautical Nova Systems Serco Defence Massey University Tactical Solutions INDO PACIFIC 2022

UPCOMING ISSUE

Winter – June Main themes: Information Domain; ISR, Terrorism and Extremism; Misinformation; Border Security Copy Deadline: 01 June 2022 Publication: 10 June 2022

INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS

CONTACT DETAILS

DEFSEC Chief Editor: Nicholas Dynon M: +64 (0)22 366 3691 E: nick@defsec.net.nz

Publisher: Craig Flint T: +64 (0) 274 597 621 E: craig@defsec.net.nz

Postal and delivery address: 27 West Cresent, Te Puru 3575, Thames RD5, New Zealand Social Media:

www.linkedin.com/company/defsec-media-limited www.facebook.com/defsecmedia/ www.twitter.com/DefsecNZ Line of Defence

ISSN 2463-5774 (Print) • ISSN 2463-6258 (Online)

DEFENCE

HOMELAND SECURITY

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Nova Systems refreshed and poised for growth

36

Q&A: What’s in store for electronic monitoring?

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The ties that bind: Defence Minister lauds NZDF Tonga assistance

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Converging IT and OT Security: Learning lessons from the golf course

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Serco women making a difference in STEM

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Tim van de Molen: Recent challenges, future demands

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MQ-9B SeaGuardian and Tonga’s Natural Disaster Situation

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Defence Assessment 2021: A maritime (not naval) view

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Royal Navy delivers vaccines on the far side of the world

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Coming Up: INDO PACIFIC 2022

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High Price for NZDF Op Protect

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

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Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for New Zealand

Babcock awarded NZDF Maritime Fleet Sustainment Service contract

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Expansion of sanctions on Russia to get green light

Minister of Defence Awards for Excellence: Reserves, Cadets and LSVs

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Interview: Steve Killelea, Creator of the Global Peace Index

COVER Cover image: A Rigid-Hulled Inflatable Boat (RHIB) heads away from HMNZS Wellington to take hydrographers to survey approaches to Nuku’alofa. Image NZDF

Defsec Media Limited publishes Line of Defence, FireNZ Magazine and New Zealand Security Magazine premier publications covering industry sectors that help keep Kiwis safe. Find us online www.defsec.net.nz Copyright: No article or part thereof may be reproduced without prior consent of the publisher.

Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is given in good faith and has been derived from sources believed to be reliable and accurate.

However, neither the publishers nor any person involved in the preparation of this publication accept any form of liability whatsoever for its contents including advertisements, editorials, opinions, advice or information or for any consequences from its use.

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DEFENCE

Nova Systems refreshed and poised for growth Nova Systems is capitalising on decades of defence industry experience and rapid global growth by drawing its four businesses under one banner.

Jude Rushmere, General Manager Nova Systems New Zealand, said the global restructure positions the leading engineering services and technology solutions company for growth.

Nova Systems, Geoplex, GVH Aerospace and two10degrees are now operating as one enterprise under the Nova Systems name as the company looks to compete with larger defence players and grow its workforce globally by about 500 people over the next five years.

“We are creating new scope for our company in vying for new nation-building projects along with those we are currently undertaking, such as supporting the New Zealand Government in programme management of the innovative Airspace Integration Trials Programme,” Rushmere said.

“This project involves working with the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment to support the development of Advanced Aviation, an important relationship we are committed to building in this region.”

Nova Systems has supported defence and government in New Zealand since 2008 after initially transferring test and evaluation expertise in the aerospace domain.

The local company was established in 2014 when Nova Systems made a significant expansion into maritime services.

Now with offices in Wellington and Auckland, the New Zealand 6

Jude Rushmere, Nova Systems New Zealand General Manager

Geoff Comber, Nova Systems New Zealand Business Manager

company has grown and expanded its client base.

As part of the changes, Jude Rushmere has now stepped into the role as General Manager in New Zealand, while Geoff Comber, who has been General Manager since the business was fully established in 2017, will focus on growth as Business Manager.

“This is the next step in the company’s evolution with scope to employ more New Zealanders, to win new contracts across sectors and to support investment and grow in this country,” Rushmere said.

“One of our great strengths is our ability to utilise decades of knowledge gained working on highly complex projects. Nova Systems continues to broaden its scope from aerospace to maritime, land, cyber and space across defence and non-defence clients.”

Nova Systems has significant reach through its global network

with a workforce approaching 1,100 employees.

The company has more than 350 supply chain relationships and now operates from strategically located offices based in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Singapore, and Norway.

Rushmere said Nova Systems has a strong track record working on some of the most complex national defence projects and in knowledgesharing with clients in these regions.

In New Zealand, Nova Systems works on a diverse range of projects across multiple domains including: • The New Zealand Army’s Directorate of Land Engineering providing business analysis and change management advice along with specialist system engineering services for design control, configuration management, technical data management and system integration.

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Nova Systems’ work includes supporting major maritime projects with Test and Evaluation, Integrated Logistics and Engineering Assurance services for the Royal New Zealand Navy. This includes remote work while HMNZS AOTEAROA was on her inaugural Antarctic Replenishment Operation.

• Introducing the New Zealand Defence Force’s Information Domain into service.

• Supporting the Introduction of the Royal New Zealand Air Force’s P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft into service.

• Supporting the major maritime projects, with Test and Evaluation, Integrated Logistics and Engineering Assurance services for the Royal New Zealand Navy’s Dive Hydro Vessel and Maritime Sustainment Capability. The latter also includes remote work while HMNZS AOTEAROA was on her inaugural Antarctic Replenishment Operation.

• Our Safety Assurance services have recently expanded with an Line of Defence

earlier Independent Safety Case Assurance Review (ISCAR) for AOTEAROA leading to the award of the recent Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) Safety Case Review.

• The company is privileged to have been appointed as a supplier to the New Zealand Ministry of Defence’s Technical and Support Service Panel and to various Defence Force and Government panels. The business has been recognised with several nominations for Minister of Defence Awards of Excellence.

“Our team is also providing advisory and specialist systems engineering services to our defence clients for capabilities such as

Tactical Data Links, C4ISR, and Electronic Warfare,” Rushmere said.

Through the Nova Systems’ Design Office, Nova Systems has licences and regulatory approvals to modify special mission aircraft in sectors such as emergency services around the globe.

Nova Systems is also recognising new opportunities in the New Zealand and Australian space sectors, having launched a Space Precinct in South Australia providing ground segment services to global satellite owners and operators.

“Our company is already supporting Australian and international space agencies with launch safety,” Rushmere said.

Global projects range from the Norwegian Defence NH90 maritime helicopter programme to the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence’s mission simulation Gladiator capability and the State of Qatar for the introduction of Hawk Mk167 trainer aircraft and Typhoon aircraft.

“New Zealand needs to be interoperable with our allies and one of our selling points is we know what’s happening in Australia, we have experience working with other Five Eyes partners and we know how we can enhance capability through cooperation and knowledge sharing,” Rushmere said.

“There is a strength in working toward greater efficiencies with our closest ally Australia and that is supported by Nova Systems on both sides of the Tasman.”

Outside of defence, Nova Systems is supporting the Government’s Next Generation Critical Communications programme of work through the provision of qualified radio spectrum engineers working out of Australia.

Rushmere said Nova Systems is also bringing the brightest minds and advanced technology solutions together to support solving the complex challenge of delivering national security advisory services in New Zealand.

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DEFENCE

The ties that bind: Defence Minister lauds NZDF Tonga assistance In his inaugural Line of Defence article, Defence Minister Peeni Henare provides his perspectives on the NZDF’s HADR operations in response to the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption.

Hon Peeni Henare MP is New Zealand Minister of Defence and Minister for Whānau Ora.

On the 15th of January 2022, Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in Tonga, erupted violently.

The eruption sent shockwaves around the world, and was heard across the Pacific, even as far away as Alaska. The tsunami that followed destroyed hundreds of homes in Tonga, and left remote islands cut off with no access to communications.

The New Zealand Government is absolutely committed to the wellbeing of our Pacific neighbours, so we acted swiftly to provide support to the Tongan people as they responded to the disaster.

As Minister of Defence, I was proud to see the New Zealand Defence Force work efficiently and collaboratively alongside defence forces from other countries, including Australia, to quickly assist those in need.

Within 24 hours, a Royal New Zealand Air Force P3K2 Orion was on stand-by waiting for the ash clouds to subside, allowing it to carry out aerial surveillance of the damage done across the kingdom.

This surveillance flight was able to alert authorities to the fact that the runway at Tonga’s main airport was covered in ash, and would need to be

An RNZAF New Zealand Airforce P3 Orion in Auckland before leaving for Tonga. Image NZDF

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HMNZS Aotearoa leaves Auckland for Tonga. Image courtesy New Zealand Defence Force

cleared before more support could be sent by air.

Once Tongan locals were able to clear the thick layer of volcanic ash from the runway at Nuku’alofa, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was able to send a C-130 Hercules plane, carrying humanitarian aid and various disaster relief supplies, to help those most affected by the eruption.

On the 17th of January, while the P3K2 Orion successfully completed its first flight, two Royal New Zealand Navy ships, HMNZS Wellington and HMNZS Aotearoa, also departed for Tonga.

The HMNZS Wellington, an Offshore Patrol Vessel transporting hydrographic and diving personnel, arrived on the 20th of January.

It conducted checks of shipping channels and wharf approaches to the capital Nuku’alofa, ensuring a safe approach for all oncoming relief vessels. HMNZS Wellington then continued to multiple ports Line of Defence

around Tonga, continuing to check shipping channels and harbour entrances to enable further oncoming support.

HMNZS Aotearoa arrived the next day, answering one of the most important priorities following the eruption – the need for fresh water. With bulk water supplies and a desalination plant capable of producing 70,000 litres of fresh water per day, HMNZS Aotearoa was able to assist Tonga with this vital part of the recovery effort.

Helicopter flights conducted from HMNZS Wellington and HMNZS Canterbury were also instrumental in restoring communications to the Ha’apai island group, where technicians in full PPE were flown from HMNZS Canterbury to repair a damaged cellular tower.

The Government is continuing to support the relief effort in the aftermath of the eruption, and have committed $3 million to the response and early recovery efforts. At the

same time, we are also providing assistance in Tonga’s response to COVID-19, with the New Zealand Defence Force conducting flights to Tonga as recently as the 18th of February, taking vaccines, Personal Protection Equipment, and Rapid Antigen Tests.

The New Zealand Defence Force has demonstrated its impressive capabilities in providing humanitarian aid, infrastructure, and COVID-19 support to Tonga, and as New Zealanders I think we can all take pride in their efforts. I know I am.

These actions have also demonstrated our commitment to upholding the whanaungatanga between our two nations, and show the strength of those ties that bind us to our Pacific neighbours.

While the Kingdom still faces significant challenges in looking after its people as it cleans up after this disaster, they do not face this long road ahead alone.

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DEFENCE

Serco women making a difference in STEM Women around the country are making enormous achievements in STEM every day. Serco is proud of the many exceptional women across our business who are making an important difference in this space, helping to improve outcomes for our customers, and ultimately the communities they serve.

Serco employs around 537 veterans and 185 reservists across New Zealand and Australia, and we value the unique skills and experiences they bring to our organisation. As a trusted provider of critical support services for Defence organisations around the world, we pride ourselves on building highly qualified, specialist teams who understand the unique and varied demands of the organisations they serve, so that they are able to work hand-in-hand with service personnel wherever they are needed.

Amanda Farrell, Capability Owner – Asset Management, Navy Veteran

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Amanda Farrell comes from a trades background, providing her the skillset to seamlessly integrate the operational with the customer side in her role as Capability Owner – Asset Management at Serco.

“After 20 years working within the STEM industry, I like to pass on my experience to help guide others on their journey. I am passionate about reaching out to the younger workforce to educate about STEM roles and the many pathways available to them – not just through university,” Amanda said.

“My pathway into STEM started when I left school at 16 and wasn’t sure what I wanted to do. I was initially directed to a typing course, but there was no way I was agreeing to that! The next option was to join the Navy as a mechanic and get my trade qualifications. I spent the next 10 years on submarines as a Marine Technician Electrical and had an absolute ball.”

Now Amanda’s work is in the engineering and maintenance space – a male-centric workforce. In response, Amanda is focusing on promoting the use of inclusive language.

“As a woman in a leadership role, I have a responsibility to drive change not just for the people in my care but by establishing a fair and equitable foundation for the next generation coming through.”

Amanda believes that some women have a quieter approach when it comes to their occupation but said women’s assertiveness in the workplace is certainly improving.

“As women, we tend to do good work quietly and be less vocal when it comes to our accomplishments, and therefore don’t tend to selfpromote: we don’t jump in and go, ‘I can do that’, and therefore the perception is that women are less likely to be seen as interested in promotion. I think that women are becoming more assertive by having the opportunity to observe and work with other senior women within our business as mentors. I do feel incredibly privileged to be a part of a company that has such strong women representation on our Executive Leadership Team,” Amanda said.

As a mentor to other women, Amanda said what has worked for her has been preparation, consistency and resiliency to succeed regardless of the environment.

“We have to allow ourselves to just give it a go. We have to change our inner dialogue and see there is no such thing as failure, we just move and grow in the choices we make. We were all given this amazing ability at birth called the ability to learn, and it never stops giving. So be curious, say ‘I’ll give it a go’ and see where it takes you.”

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DEFENCE Amanda Hoskings – Simulation Instructor, Navy Veteran and Reservist

At 21, Amanda Hoskings was looking for more than the shortterm jobs she had worked in since leaving school. “I felt that I wasn’t going anywhere: I needed to sort myself out and do something positive. At that time, I had a friend in the navy who was having so much fun. The career progression was really attractive – I would see the world, meet new people. Originally, I thought I would do it for two years, and see what it was like and what sort of direction it would give me.

“I chose to be a Communications Operator which is these days known as a Communications Warfare Specialist, based on the skills and strengths identified during my onboarding. This is the link between when you’re away on the ship back to the shore station: everything the captain needed to know was done through high frequency communications. I joined a little bit before we started using satellite.

“I served on HMNZS Manawanui, HMNZS Endeavour HMNZS Canterbury and HMNZS Te Mana. I absolutely loved being on ship. You become like a family, particularly on the smaller crews.

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Trust is a really important part of working on a ship. You need to know that others will do their job so you can do your job.”

As much as Amanda loved her job, managing the work/life balance became more of a challenge nine years later, when she started a family.

In the comms role, work in port also required working a full shift rotation. With her partner also in the navy and away at sea, it was difficult to juggle shift rotations and childcare.

“I’m really pleased for women coming through now, because there is greater understanding and a lot more support for the ‘single parent’ or the two navy parents.”

After leaving the navy, Amanda became a navy reservist and worked in two civilian roles on the Devonport base, so considers she never fully left. Two years ago, she joined Serco as a Simulation Assistant Instructor for the recently developed Bridge Warfare Officer Course at the Navigation Training School Bridge Simulator in Devonport. Naval officers enhance their Officer of the Watch qualifications to a higher level, including warfare elements within a simulated environment.

“When our students are doing practical work on the simulator, I control the system, so they learn to drive the ship in different circumstances and operational environments. They are learning at a high level of readiness, for retention of new skills and standards. I really enjoy seeing the students overcome challenges and develop into confident and professional Officers of the Watch.”

Amanda believes Serco Defence staff retain a strong desire to serve and help the new generation of sailors.

Ansilea Nagy – Senior Maritime Warfare Instructor, Navy Veteran

Ansilea Nagy didn’t have a background in boating or specific interest in the military but knew she didn’t want a boring office job.

“When recruiters came to my school looking for people to join the navy, it instantly appealed but I was too young. I joined the naval reserves in Dunedin to get a taste and a feel for it and I absolutely loved it. It was a fantastic opportunity to experience a very different environment while I was still in high school. I applied to join as an officer and wasn’t successful, so I joined as a communications sailor.”

Ansilea retained her ambition to become an officer and was successful two years later, specialising in navigation.

“Navigation appealed to me because I loved the precision and detail involved. Plus, navigation is up on the bridge and driving the ship.

“There was a high percentage of women in my officer intake. I think the RNZN is really good in their representation of women in all areas.

I didn’t look back after I became an officer and I stayed until 2013.

“When I became a Navigation Specialist, all my courses were at HMAS Watson in Sydney and later Line of Defence

The Serco built and maintained Australian icebreaker RSV Nuyina

I taught at the Navigation Training Faculty in New Zealand. I took parental leave when I had my first child, and then this opportunity came up in Australia where I could be a shore-based civilian but working on base to teach new students, passing on my passion for navigation and training.”

Going to sea and having those amazing experiences has been one of the highlights of Ansilea’s career to date. Transitioning into a role at Serco has enabled her to maintain a naval connection.

“When I joined Serco, I was still in the navy environment. I’d spent a lot of time at HMAS Watson for training, so I’d already worked a lot with the Australian Navy. It’s a very Line of Defence

soft landing for people leaving the navy and moving to the corporate world, because it’s so familiar here.

The main difference is we’re not wearing a uniform.”

Ansilea’s Serco career began as a Senior Maritime Warfare Instructor, teaching naval officers the navigation warfare aspects of driving ships at sea in a simulation environment, to prepare them to become officers of the watch. She is now the lead instructor, managing and leading her team to execute the training overall, as well as conduct training.

“Serco offers a civilian qualification which is well recognised in training and assessment to bed down the more formal skills in a fair

way. It’s important that I continue to teach, so that I know what the challenges are, how the students are progressing and where they need extra support. What we do here is rewarding and important work.”

Like many Defence Forces around the world, Serco Defence is developing a Women in Defence strategy to increase its representation of women at all levels. The strategy aims to remove barriers to women joining and progressing within Serco Defence, ultimately seeking to increase female representation across the business. Serco has begun the process of promoting and mentoring more women into leadership roles.

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Tim van de Molen: Recent challenges, future demands In his inaugural Line of Defence article, National Party spokesperson for Defence and Veterans Tim van de Molen covers Operation Protect, Defence Assessment, Tonga response, and future demands on Defence.

Tim van de Molen is National Party spokesperson for Defence and Veterans and a former member of the New Zealand Army Reserve Forces.

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I am delighted to make my first contribution to Line of Defence as the National Party spokesperson for the Defence and Veterans portfolios.

I consider it a huge privilege, but also a great responsibility, to have been named spokesperson for these portfolios and I hope to build on the good work done by my predecessor, Chris Penk, who retains an active interest in this area.

It is my intent to regularly contribute to this publication in order to share my views on current or potential challenges and opportunities within the broader defence domain. Any feedback on these contributions is most welcome and with that in mind, I also intend to reach out to key stakeholders across this portfolio to ensure I am as well informed as possible (though please feel free to reach out first and share your perspective on any relevant issues as they arise).

Defence is critical for New Zealand and my aim is to ensure we are proactive and well-positioned to deliver prompt and effective solutions in areas of importance for New Zealand.

By way of introduction I am the Member of Parliament for Waikato, having been first elected in 2017 and subsequently re-elected in 2020. Prior to this I had no real political involvement but rather came from a commercial and

rural background, having been in business ownership, farming and rural banking during the 15 years prior to my election.

Alongside these careers I also enlisted in the NZ Army Territorials and commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in 2010. It was my pleasure to serve as an Infantry Platoon Commander based in Hamilton on and off over the subsequent six years. This by no means makes me an expert in the Defence portfolio but rather I hope it demonstrates that I have a clear passion and interest for defence and will absolutely be giving this role 100%.

One of the largest issues I’ve been hearing about since stepping into this portfolio is the significant impact Operation Protect is having on our New Zealand Defence Force.

Dealing with a global pandemic is a massive challenge for any government and I absolutely support the utilisation of Defence Force assets through the initial wave of the pandemic.

The ability of our Defence Force to rapidly stand up operational capability regardless of the threat is one of the key deliverables that we should always be testing ourselves against, so having Defence personnel manning our Managed Isolation and Quarantine facilities was appropriate at the start of the Line of Defence

Tim van de Molen as an Army Reservist. Image supplied

pandemic to facilitate the delivery of the government’s response in a timely fashion.

However, as the pandemic progressed and the playing field became clearer, it is my strong view that the government should then have been able to more appropriately resource their response through the private sector, at which point the Defence Force contribution should have been wound back, with a caveat of course that a ready response capability remained active for any significant variation arising from the pandemic and a subsequent government decision in relation to that.

Unfortunately, what we have seen is a government that has been too relaxed and too ready to rely primarily on the Defence Force rather than seeking alternatives.

This complacency has placed a heavy burden on the NZDF such that its broader operational readiness has been adversely impacted, attrition rates have increased, morale has decreased and in my mind we are not focused Line of Defence

on the priorities that our Defence Force should be.

I am relieved to see that with the more recent changes to the government’s response, primarily the wind down of MIQ facilities, there will be a much reduced need for NZDF involvement over the coming months and Op Protect will naturally wind down. I look forward to seeing the Defence Force then being able to refocus on what they should be doing rather than covering for the government on basic domestic duties.

The 2021 Defence Assessment was a significant paper and I was encouraged to see the honest and direct focus on issues within our region, issues which I strongly believe will need a more direct focus over the coming years to ensure our Defence Force enables New Zealand to play a leadership role within the Pacific domain.

I was very proud of the NZDF response to Tonga recently which saw us playing a key role from a humanitarian aid and disaster relief perspective following the volcanic

eruption and subsequent earthquake and tsunami. These type of situations are exactly what we should be able to respond rapidly to across the Pacific or indeed at home as we saw recently on the West Coast of the South Island following heavy flooding.

Of course alongside this we must grow our ability to respond to non-natural threats such as those from state actors whose goals do not align with those of our own or our traditional partners. We have seen recently the impact of a state choosing to act aggressively in its neighbourhood with Russia invading Ukraine. It is vital that the New Zealand Defence Force is prepared to protect New Zealand and our close allies as the need may arise.

As we prepare for these future demands it is important that we continue to innovate and to look for opportunities to evolve or adapt our responses. I am very interested to see the role that our growing space industry may play in supporting our regional responses in particular.

We also need to consider Force design and structure as we move into an uncertain future. And what engagement, contribution or understanding the broader population should have with our Defence Force; are we maintaining or growing capability; and are we investing in the capital requirements to enable operational delivery of our priorities.

I look forward to exploring these considerations in more detail over the coming months and I would welcome suggestions or advice from readers with your diverse backgrounds in defence.

Ultimately my intent is to understand the key issues across the defence spectrum and provide credible policy solutions that as a future Minister of Defence, will enable our Defence Force to deliver effectively in its role.

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MQ-9B SeaGuardian and Tonga’s Natural Disaster Situation Situation Readiness and flexibility aren’t only critical in the event of human-caused crises or conflicts.

On 15 January this year, the Hunga Tonga Huga Ha’apai volcano erupted. Tsunami waves of up to 15 m caused death, injury and significant damage across the Tongan island chain. The undersea cable providing Tonga’s external communication, including Internet, was severed, directly affecting commercial and private communications. Tonga’s main airport runway was out of action due to significant ash fall until 20 January. More than 80 percent of the Tongan population was reportedly affected.

New Zealand’s response to the disaster was rapid and involved a whole-of-government approach, including with use of Defence assets.

RNZAF P-3K2 aircraft flying from New Zealand conducted surveillance from 17 January – earlier surveillance was not possible due to the ash cloud and ash on the runway. The onstation period for the P-3K2 would have been around 3 hours if operating from Ohakea or about 5-6 hours if recovering to Fiji. Royal Australian Air Force P-8s from Amberley conducted surveillance starting 17 January but would have been limited to around 2 hours on-station with recovery to Amberley or up to 5 hours on-station if recovering to Fiji. The first RNZN support vessel arrived within several days of the disaster.

When responding to such disasters, drawing on the force-inbeing is necessary. However, when analyzing how such a response may have been improved, it’s worth considering the potential use of 16

The undersea eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano on 15 January 2022. Image: Tonga Meteorological Services / EyePress via AFP

other assets. This article assesses how the MQ-9B SeaGuardian Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS), if operated by New Zealand, could have provided vital situational awareness and utility to first responders in the wake of the disaster, particularly during the critical first few days and weeks.

MQ-9B Capabilities The MQ-9B SeaGuardian is a long-range, long-endurance RPAS, capable of carrying a range of powerful payloads on missions exceeding 30 hours, based on a 6,000 lb/2,700 kg fuel load. It can operate in an auto take-off and landing mode from 4,000-foot airstrips,

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with a small-deployed footprint and a maintenance turnaround time between sorties not exceeding 2 hours. It exhibits very high reliability, availability and cost effectiveness.

In the context of missions to support Tonga’s volcano and tsunami disaster, the MQ-9B SkyGuardian could be configured with its standard fit of a Lynx multi-mode radar capable of highresolution Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging and a 20+ inch EO/IR sensor for day/night imaging. A SkyTower pod to provide broadband communication services to high-priority users could also be carried. In this configuration, the maximum practical sortie duration would be 32 hours. Communications would be conducted via SATCOM for control, sensor data and video. Realtime video transmission to tactical platforms (ships and land support forces) could also be affected through a line-of sight data link.

SeaGuardian’s transit speed to and from the search area would be 180 knots, with an on-station speed of 150 knots. The transit altitude would be 25,000-35,000 feet, with the on-station altitude varying between 5,000 and 25,000 feet, depending on environmental conditions and the intelligence sought.

The Ground Control Station for the SeaGuardian would consist of three personnel per shift (pilot, sensor operator, Mission Commander/extra payload operator), with 24-hour operations requiring two crews. For 24-hour operations involving two aircraft, a total of six support (mech and tech) personnel would be required.

Satellite communication enables the crew to work from anywhere – at a home airbase, a national military headquarters, or integrated with an incident response command center, if necessary.

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Aircraft

Time On Station from Ohakea

MQ-9B SeaGuardian 10 hours

Time On Station with recovery to Fiji 15 hours

Time On Station with operations from Fiji 20 hours

P-3 Orion

6 hours

8 hours

4 hours

Time of Task Should the SeaGuardian operate on a Ohakea-Tonga-Ohakea mission, the transit distance each way would be 1,240nmi/2,300km requiring an 8-hour transit each way, providing 10 hours of time on-station in Tonga for surveillance and reporting.

For operations from Auckland/ Whenuapai in place of Ohakea, the transit time would be reduced by one hour each way to achieve 12 hours on-station.

If, on the other hand, the first mission departed Ohakea, conducted its surveillance over Tonga and then

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DEFENCE recovered to Fiji, the total transit time would be 11 hours with 15 hours on-station. If subsequent mission were flown out of Fiji, the total time on-station over Tonga would be 20 hours.

When comparing SeaGuardian performance to that of the P-3K2 Orion, the latter transits at around twice the speed, offering a faster response: for a transit from Ohakea to Tonga, the P-3 would take around 3.5 hours while the SeaGuardian would require 7 hours. However, for the important time on-station, the Orion would achieve a maximum of 4 hours while the SeaGuardian around 10 hours. When comparing the operating costs for the two platforms, the single engine turbo-prop cost-effectiveness of the SeaGuardian becomes even more evident. When comparing

the P-8A Poseidon (due to enter RNZAF service in 2023) and the SeaGuardian in this context, it’s important to note that while the P-8A will transit faster, it will have a slightly reduced time on-station compared to the Orion; hence, the cost-effectiveness of the SeaGuardian would remain high.

In considering tasking opportunities for a SeaGuardian in the Tongan volcano/tsunami disaster, and utilizing the SeaGuardian’s long endurance and multi-sensor fit, the following options would be available: • Pre-disaster monitoring and infrastructure mapping by using high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar, followed by post-disaster mapping and the use of coherent change detection (CCD) algorithms to rapidly

•

•

•

• •

•

•

identify areas of damage. Volcano wall monitoring is feasible and has been demonstrated previously

by MQ-9 RPAS, with CCD mapping following disasters involving earthquakes, fires, and hurricanes all previously employed by government authorities.

Visual (EO/IR) and Radar search for survivors and those requiring immediate assistance, including those washed out to sea; Real-time imagery for infrastructure damage assessment, particularly for the arrival of other emergency personnel, platforms and equipment; Stores drops to survivors and isolated communities for items such as small quantities of emergency supplies, radios and equipment; Communication relay facilities for a range of terrestrial communication devices; Broadband communications utilising a SkyTower pod to provide services in the absence of terrestrial capabilities.

This capability is ideal where earthquakes/tsunamis and hurricanes, for example, destroy or badly damage the normal communications infrastructure; A laser depth sounder pod could be carried to provide assessments for shipping channels and ports; and The conduct of fisheries surveillance to guard against opportunistic poaching could be undertaken while the Tongan Navy’s focused on emergency recovery activity.

Relative surveillance challenges During the Tongan natural disaster, all aviation assets suffered limitations initially due to the presence of the ash cloud and ash on Tonga’s main airfield. And operations from Tonga, once the 18

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which required coordination between the UK’s and Netherlands’ airspace authorities, just like a manned flight.

Another challenge in operating from any forward operating base is the footprint for the aircraft, in terms of personnel, support equipment and fuel. In these respects, the SeaGuardian shines when compared to an aircraft like the P-3 Orion, which requires a fuel load of around 25,000 kg, a long, strong airstrip and a sizeable support crew for extended operations.

With a deployed footprint of just six personnel for two aircraft over an extended period, a single pallet of support equipment and 6,000 lb/2,700 kg of fuel per mission, and a 4,000 ft runway, the SeaGuardian requirements at a forward operating base are relatively modest and a lowcarbon footprint alternative.

ash threat was eliminated, were restricted by the fear of visiting personnel introducing COVID to the islands. Hence, airborne surveillance and other support missions needed to stage from outside of Tonga, thereby limiting time on-station available.

For the SeaGuardian, one unique challenge if operators chose to operate from Fiji would be the need to acquire approval from Fiji’s Civil Aviation Authority. This challenge could be mitigated by establishing operating approvals from nations Line of Defence

across New Zealand’s area of interest well prior to potential employment. But what makes the MQ-9B unique among its class of aircraft is its certifiable Detect and Avoid System, which enables the aircraft to pass through civil airspace in ways just like human-piloted aircraft do, with no need for any special accommodations by aviation authorities or air traffic controllers.

Just last summer, GA-ASI, the Royal Air Force and the Royal Netherlands Air Force flew an MQ-9B through civil airspace over the North Sea,

Summary For regular military or civilian overland, littoral or maritime surveillance and communication support roles, the MQ-9B SeaGuardian has flexible and proven capabilities. With this capability comes the ability to provide rapid and flexible response options in a wide range of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief scenarios. When assessed against the ability to contribute to disasters like the recent Tongan volcano/ tsunami, the SeaGuardian could provide valuable and cost-effective surveillance and communications support in the lead-up to any disaster and in the initial days and weeks following. SeaGuardian’s ability to provide lengthy time on-station, even if operating from New Zealand, contrasts it to other large, manned platforms which are less costeffective in this role. Accordingly, SeaGuardian’s value to New Zealand and across the broader South Pacific warrants’ close consideration through acquisition or lease.

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Defence Assessment 2021: A maritime (not naval) view A proactive defence strategy focussed on the Pacific requires a higher level of persistent presence and more flexible platforms, writes maritime capability specialist and former Royal New Zealand Navy Officer Andrew Watts.

In an over three-decade career in the RNZN, CAPT Watts RNZNR commanded HMNZ Ships Pukaki, Wellington, Resolution and Te Mana, and served as Director, Capability Development and Programme Director Network Enabled Capability, and Captain, Fleet Personnel & Training. He is a Defence Adviser at KPMG based in Riyadh.

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Defence Assessment 2021 (DA21) provides clearer capability pointers than any comparable document since the mid-1990s. It pulls very few punches in highlighting the deterioration in our strategic environment and what that might mean for Aotearoa/New Zealand, and it requires a significant reevaluation of our strategy and our force structure. This article offers some thoughts on both.

To my way of thinking, the most significant break from the past in DA21 is embodied in this statement: “We consider New Zealand’s defence policy should shift from a predominantly reactive risk management-centred approach to one based on a more deliberate and proactive strategy. A more strategy-led approach would better enable Defence to pre-empt and prevent security threats, and better build resilience against the impacts of climate change and other security challenges.”

The Pacific is an oceanic space.

Proactively addressing security concerns in the Pacific requires a maritime strategy. In the bad old days of single service parochialism, such a statement would have been greeted with outrage, and even now, many will no doubt find it unsettling. However, it’s my contention that an effective maritime strategy requires seamlessly integrated naval and

land capability, with neither taking precedence or priority for resources over the other.

A maritime strategy also requires special forces, air mobility, and the best possible intelligence and information management capability.

The joint maritime force must be mission-flexible, adaptable over time, available when it is needed, and affordable.

“Maritime” capability means something very different from “naval” capability. Maritime capability provides the means to act in an ocean dominated space, including the means to act on land.

Naval capability is the subset that enables sufficient control over the ocean environment so that we can use it for our own purposes (sea control); deprive an adversary of its use (sea denial); and project soft power (disaster relief, humanitarian assistance, capacity development) and hard power (combat forces) into a land space.

Sea control and sea denial require the highest level of maritime domain awareness that our resources can provide, while to state the obvious, soft and hard power projection requires land forces to project.

The whole must be supported by a command and control capability that allows our people to make better decisions more quickly than our adversaries.

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HMNZS Aotearoa and Wellington in Nuku’Alofa. Image courtesy NZDF

Joint capability principles have consequences for capability development. If the army’s protected mobility concepts require that combat forces deploy with 8 tonne Light Armoured Vehicles, the navy’s sealift capability must be able to transport, land, and support those vehicles. Similarly, the army’s capabilities must be compatible with sealift. Soldiers must look upon the latter as a flexible capability that extends their manoeuvre options (for instance, by providing a sea-base allowing footprint ashore to be minimalised, or by allowing a force to be landed and withdrawn from multiple locations), not solely as a means of transport.

Other naval capabilities can also extend the options available to the Land Commander. Naval gunfire can reach far inland to deter or defeat threats to the land force. Extended range guided munitions now available provide fire support an order of magnitude more effective than Line of Defence

older systems, while allowing a far higher level of compliance with the proportionality and distinction principles of the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). Finally, the Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities of naval ships and aircraft can do much to support the Land Commander’s situational awareness and decision making process.

Maritime domain awareness is one of our greatest defence capability challenges, especially if we are to move to a proactive shaping strategy.

The Pacific is vast, and our reactive forces will always be few in number – they must therefore be cued as efficiently as possible to potential threats.

Significant progress is being made with space capability and the acquisition of the superb P-8A Poseidon aircraft, but the intelligence and information management capability that knits the surveillance and response capabilities together is just as important – without it, the investment made in space and P-8

capability will be wasted. Great work is being done in this area too, and it is to be hoped that the resources required to complete it continue to receive high priority.

DA21 is clear in its conclusion that the Pacific can no longer be considered benign: “In the past, New Zealand’s defence policy has largely considered the Pacific as requiring only lower end capabilities suitable for responding to, for example, natural disasters or contained intrastate conflicts, whereas Defence activities further afield required high-end capabilities suitable for more complex operations and higher threat environments.

This binary is now being eroded, and Defence operations within New Zealand’s immediate neighbourhood will increasingly require the use of more sophisticated military capabilities in support of regional partners…”

If an effective pro-active maritime strategy is to be carried out, defence capabilities must have certain critical characteristics.

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Maritime capability must be flexible, able to operate across the spectrum of conflict from law enforcement to the deterrence and defeat of hostile combat forces. The current Offshore and Inshore Patrol Vessels (OPV and IPV) continue to do invaluable work in support of our Pacific partners, but they are not capable of operating where threats exceed law enforcement levels.

The level of emerging threat foreshadowed in DA21 requires combat capability – not just in terms of weapon systems, but also in terms of survivability, reducing acoustic and magnetic signatures, and radar cross section reduction. The ability to act as a fully connected element in a wider maritime force such as that fielded by our ally Australia will also be critical.

This is not to argue for a large force of frigate level combatants; even if this were desirable, it is plainly beyond our means. Without wishing to belabour the points made in my earlier articles, a modular capability strategy based on common survivable platforms with payloads tailored to the needs of particular missions, including combat, could be a key enabler in this regard.

Not all platforms need carry all the systems required for combat all the time. Only those combat systems required for the number of platforms we are likely to commit to a high level conflict or deterrence operation need be acquired, which is unlikely to exceed two at any one time. Platforms carrying out routine enforcement and capacity building operations in the Pacific need not be so equipped, although combat systems could be transferred to them so as to distribute the deployment burden across the fleet as a whole.

Maritime capability must be persistent. A proactive defence strategy focussed on the Pacific requires a higher level of persistent presence than that allowed by our current force structure. When frigates are assigned to Pacific 22

HMNZS Aotearoa in Tongan waters. Image courtesy NZDF

enforcement operations, they incur wear and tear that reduces their availability for deterrence and combat operations. That leaves the two OPV, the Diving and Hydrographic Vessel (DHV), and in limited, risk managed circumstances, the two IPV. The point could be argued, but in my view the frigate/OPV/IPV fleet as a whole does not provide the flexibility, persistence, and depth of capability needed for a Pacific-centric maritime strategy. [This is not to disparage the DHV/OPV/IPV fleet.

They OPV/IPV are well matched to the roles and threat levels for which they were acquired, and the DHV is a superb capability that few navies can fully match. All three types have been and are being operated by highly committed COs, officers and ships’ companies who have got the most out of them].

However, a fleet centred on five modular platforms might provide the flexibility, persistence, and depth of capability needed, while at the same time providing the reactive combat and deterrence options for crises further afield that are still required and most of the capability offered by the DHV. Five modular platforms

would thus replace seven specialised platforms (frigates/OPV/IPV/ DHV).

Naval and land capabilities must be more than just compatible, they must be mutually supportive and complementary. Amphibious capability is critical to a maritime strategy. It is a joint, not a naval capability, and it will be shaped by the requirements of the land forces we seek to project and the potential for a naval platform to support land operations across the spectrum. As indicated above, if army doctrine calls for protected mobility for deployed forces, the amphibious sealift capability must be able to support LAV. If NH90 helicopters are central to the Land Commander’s operational plan, the ship must be able to support the NH90 – probably at least enough to support a single platoon lift, which means four aircraft (three for a single lift with one spare). Coupled with the need to support a force of sufficient size and staying power, this suggests a ship in the LPD class.

A proactive maritime strategy also requires two such ships, with operations and maintenance managed so that one is always Line of Defence

HMNZS Canterbury, with HMNZS Aotearoa in the background. Image courtesy NZDF

available to respond to crises when required. If there were two, and they were flexibly designed and equipped, it might be possible to reduce the number of modular combat/patrol platforms in the fleet to three.

An LPD is a comparatively large ship, with a large flight deck and large cargo spaces. This makes them flexible.

Equipped with autonomous vehicles instead of NH90s, an amphibious ship could be a very capable ISR platform, both at sea and overland.

Equipped with naval helicopters as well as remotely piloted aerial vehicles, they could be effective in protecting shipping against hostile surface threats, particularly in choke points such as international straits. They could be equipped with Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) capability in the form of towed array sensors and naval helicopters capable of localising and attacking hostile submarines.

Their capacity allows them to carry systems for more than one type of operation at a time – an LPD deploying a land force could also carry a significant Mine Counter Measures (MCM) capability without compromising either mission – in fact, the two could be mutually Line of Defence

supportive. Finally, their size allows them to be equipped with weapon systems more commonly associated with frigates, including phased array radars, air defence missiles, and gunnery systems for anti-surface and fire support to land forces.

In addition to being able to defend themselves and a land force, they might thus be able to deploy on reactive deterrence and combat missions. It could thus be said that an LPD is the ultimate modular combatant. Two such LPD and three modular patrol/combatant ships, and HMNZS Aotearoa, might be a very effective force structure.

The beauty of writing in a forum like this is that no-one except the editor can red-ink ideas that they disagree with, and editors generally like a degree of provocativeness. So here’s a provocative idea – investigate a force structure based entirely on four LPDs supported by HMNZS Aoteraoa.

In the Defence Technology Agency, we have operational research scientists who are an invaluable asset, particularly in capability planning.

They are more than capable of the necessary modelling to explore this option and the alternatives. The

capability offered by LPDs across the spectrum from disaster relief to force projection to sea control and denial could offer outstanding value for money.

In my previous attempts at describing naval capability options, I have tried to give equal weight to the people factor. If we are to execute a pro-active defence strategy, and if that is to have a significant maritime component, we will need higher levels of regional presence than that of which we are capable at present.

Whether we achieve this with four ships or seven, this means more people.

There are many factors that contribute to naval work force attrition, but in my experience both personally and as the Captain Fleet Personnel and Training, the most significant is separation from home, friends, and family. Our work force must have sufficient people so that operating tempo is kept within reasonable bounds; a modular or an LPD based fleet that only embarks the capability it needs for a given mission might enable this.

In summary, a proactive defence strategy creates new demands on defence capability. The strategy must be maritime, with priority given to interlocking naval and land capabilities, a proportion of which must always be available, and which must be capable of sustained continuous presence.

Modular patrol/combat platforms could provide affordable, flexible, and persistent naval capability, but projecting land forces will require significant amphibious sealift – at least two ships will be required.

A force structure based entirely on multi-role LPDs may be worth looking at, and the DTA operational research team are well placed to advise on that and other options.

Finally, and most importantly, the people aspect of capability must be fully integrated with all strategy options if any are to be valid. We live in interesting times…

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Royal Navy delivers vaccines on the far side of the world Following a four-year absence, the Royal Navy returns to the Pitcairn Islands to deliver boosters and patrol a marine protected area as part of a renewed UK presence in the Asia Pacific. (all images UK MOD Crown copyright 2021).

HMS SPEY has visited the remote Pitcairn Islands to deliver Covid-19 vaccines and patrol the unique marine habitat to protect the area against illegal fishing. The islands – home to around 50 people – are one of Britain’s most isolated Overseas Territories.

The ship carried enough COVID-19 jabs to offer a booster to every eligible person on the islands, most of whom are double vaccinated.

A Royal Navy nurse administered a vaccine to every islander wanting one. Meanwhile, a dental team on-board provided treatment to islanders who, due to the border closures, had not seen a dentist in over two years.

The UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), in collaboration with Crown Agents, has organised dispatches of vaccines to all the inhabited UK Overseas Territories. Now well underway, this booster campaign extends as far as remote communities in Pitcairn, Tristan da Cunha (south Atlantic Ocean) and the British Antarctic Territory.

“Ensuring the vaccines reach HMS Spey so it can administer Covid boosters was a crucial mission for us,” said Bryan Richmond, Covid Response Lead at Crown Agents, which is a not-for-profit international development organisation which provides logistical expertise and manages programmes for 24

governments and multilateral organisations.

“We know that Pitcairn reopens for tourism again in March for a much needed economic boost, and the island can only do so without jeopardising the health of its small community, which has limited access to health infrastructure, its closest neighbour Tahiti being 2,170 kilometres away.”

The Pitcairn Islands are surrounded by one of the world’s

largest Marine Protected Areas (MPA), established by the UK in 2015, and home to an array of unique marine life, including pristine coral reefs.

HMS Spey conducted patrols in the waters around the islands to deter and defend against illegal fishing, in partnership with the UK’s satellite monitoring programme run by the Marine Management Organisation.

The MPA is inhabited by a number of threatened species, including Line of Defence

humpback whales, green turtles and seabirds such as the Henderson Petrel.

“This activity demonstrates how the permanent deployment of Royal

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Navy ships to the Indo-Pacific can support British citizens wherever in the world they may be, including the most remote of our Overseas

Territories,” said UK Armed Forces Minister James Heappey.

“HMS Spey is helping to uphold and defend the Marine Protected Area through her patrols, and I was proud to see our servicemen and women delivering Covid booster jabs in Pitcairn, just as they have done thousands of miles away in the UK.” Minister for Asia Amanda Milling added that she is “proud of the role the FCDO and wider UK Government have taken in supporting the Overseas Territories through the pandemic, from establishing new testing facilities, shipping vaccines, ensuring nobody ran out of PPE, and much more.”

During patrols, HMS Spey gathered water data across the Marine Protected Area to help inform the UK’s understanding of the impacts of climate change.

Scientific data is limited and rarely captured in the area due to the territory’s remoteness.

HMS Spey visited all four islands in the Pitcairn chain – Henderson, Ducie and Oneo, plus the eponymous main isle. Only Pitcairn itself is inhabited, with sailors meeting members of the community, giving tours of the vessel and briefing on its capabilities and mission.

“Pitcairn’s origin as a UK overseas territory is intertwined with our naval history, and we are delighted the Royal Navy has visited our community in Pitcairn again and supported the roll-out of booster shots,” said Alasdair Hamilton, Deputy Governor to the Pitcairn Islands. “This not only signals the UK’s commitment to the region, but is also an important milestone in Pitcairn beginning to open up to the rest of the world.”

“The ship conducted patrols across the islands and the information gathered will be vital in protecting Pitcairn’s rich marine biodiversity and supporting global efforts to protect our precious oceans.”

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DEFENCE “I’m so pleased that HMS SPEY can support this distant UK Overseas Territory – one of the most remote island communities in the world – particularly when COVID has severely restricted normal supply routines,” said Lieutenant Commander Bridget Macnae, HMS Spey’s Executive Officer.

“We hope our support demonstrates the UK’s commitment to the Pitcairn Islanders and also how engaged we are in important issues such as climate change and environmental surveying.”

Providing permanent presence HMS Spey is deployed to the IndoPacific along with sister vessel HMS Tamar for five years. They bring a permanent Royal Navy presence to a part of the world key to the UK’s interests for the first time since the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.

The sister ships are the last of five in the River-class, which is at the forefront of the Royal Navy’s programme of deploying its vessels for several years at a time in key strategic regions of the globe. Of the remaining vessels in the class, HMS Forth patrols around the Falklands and South Atlantic, HMS Medway is part of the UK naval task group in the Caribbean and HMS Trent conducts security patrols of the Mediterranean and off West Africa.

The Spey and Tamar are among the most environmentally friendly ships in the Royal Navy. Each boasts a urea filter capable of reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel generators by 90 percent.

The selective catalytic reduction system breaks down harmful emissions and converts them into simple diatomic nitrogen and water.

This makes the vessels ‘IMO Tier 3 Compliant’ – giving them freedom of manoeuvre in all emission control areas, and hence full global reach.

HMS Spey is the first ship to visit the Pitcairn Islands since the start of the COVID pandemic, and 26

Name

HMS Spey

Pennant Number Class and type Displacement Length Beam Draught Speed Range Endurance Boats & landing craft Capacity Complement Armament

P234 Batch 2 River-class patrol vessel 2,000 tonnes 90.5 13m 3.8m 25kn (46 km/h) 5,500 nmi (10,200 km) 35 days Two rigid hull inflatable boats (RHIBs) 70 34 1 × 30 mm DS30B gun 4 × General purpose machine guns 2 × Miniguns Merlin capable flight deck

Aircraft carried

the first Royal Navy vessel to call at the islands since HMS Montrose on New Year’s Eve 2018.

The deployment of the two Royal Navy warships follows the deployment of the aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth, which recently spent several months working alongside the UK’s allies and partners in the region.

On 21 January 2022, Spey was deployed to Tonga as relief aid due to the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami, delivering 30,000 litres of bottled water, medical supplies and sanitation and baby care products.

Last of a new batch HMS Spey is one of five offshore patrol (Batch 2) vessels, based on the River-class design, and built over seven years at an average price of £127 million each (including support) in Scotland by BAE Systems. According to BAE Systems, the vessels are designed to deploy globally, conducting anti-piracy, counterterrorism, and anti-smuggling tasks previously conducted by frigates and destroyers.

As with her sisters, HMS Spey was built at BAE’s facility at Govan, then moved down the Clyde to their Scotstoun yard for fitting out.

Constructing the vessels directly supported 1,700 jobs in Scotland and a further 2,300 jobs around the

UK in the supply chain. Importantly, the programme helped maintain key shipbuilding skills ahead of work on the first Type 26 frigates on the Clyde.

“As she’s the final ship in the class, Spey has benefited from many of the lessons learned building and testing Forth, Medway, Trent and Tamar,” said Commanding Officer Lieutenant Commander Ben Evans at the ship’s naming ceremony. “They have blazed a trail for us, so I’d like to think of HMS Spey as last – but best.”

Spey was formally named on 3 October 2019. She takes her name from Scotland’s third longest river, and her motto of ‘Mack sicker’ (‘make sure’) can be traced back to Robert the Bruce and his comrades more than 700 years ago. The Royal Navy has been using the name since 1814, with the most recent predecessor sold to Brazil in 1998.

She began contractor sea trials in September 2020 and was handed over to the Royal Navy in Portsmouth on 7 January 2021. On 18 June 2021, she was commissioned into the Royal Navy at her affiliated town, Invergordon.

In late spring 2021, Spey received her distinctive retro World War era ‘Dazzle’ camouflage in Falmouth, and on 7 September 2021, Spey and sister Tamar departed Portsmouth to be forward deployed to the Indo-Pacific region for a minimum of five years.

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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

The region’s largest international civil and defence maritime exposition, incorporating the Royal Australian Navy’s Sea Power Conference and the International Maritime Conference.

In 2019 this internationally renowned event attracted:

657 participating exhibitor companies from 22 nations

21,241 attendances across three days

182 industry, government, defence and scientic delegations from 48 nations

48 major conferences, symposia and forums

indopacificexpo.com.au For further information contact the INDO PACIFIC 2022 Sales Team - T: + 61 (0) 3 5282 0500 E: expo@amda.com.au

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Coming Up: INDO PACIFIC 2022 Organisers of the INDO PACIFIC 2022 International Maritime Exposition have declared it’s “full steam ahead” for the 2022 event, set for 10-12 May in Sydney.

INDO PACIFIC 2022 will be a critical platform for engagement, with the Royal Australian Navy in the midst of the largest acquisition program in its history, and with the world’s commercial industry now mapping out a strategy for recovery in the wake of the Covid pandemic.

Indo Pacific is Australia’s global maritime business event, attracting senior merchant marine, shore services, maritime and defence industry, military and government decision-makers from around the world.

It combines a three-day conference program with an industry exhibition and networking and engagement opportunities that

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bring the civil and defence maritime communities together to discuss topics affecting the industry today and promote industry capability.

Major conferences for the 2022 event will include the Royal Australian Navy’s own Sea Power Conference, the Australian Association for Uncrewed Systems’ Autonomy in the Maritime Domain conference, and the International Maritime Conference, a joint venture between The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology and Engineers Australia.

In 2019 the exposition, then called “Pacific”, hosted more than 650 participating exhibitor companies

Ian Honnery, Chief Executive of INDO PACIFIC 2022 organiser AMDA Foundation

from 22 nations. It attracted more than 21,000 attendances across three days, including 182 industry, defence, government and scientific delegations from 48 countries.

Ian Honnery, Chief Executive of INDO PACIFIC 2022 organiser AMDA Foundation, said the longawaited reopening of Australia’s international borders on 21 February had already generated a new wave of world-wide interest to join the strong Australian industry presence, with INDO PACIFIC 2022 now on course to be the largest in the event’s three-decade history.

“The board of AMDA Foundation has reviewed the passage of the pandemic and is resolutely determined that INDO PACIFIC 2022 in May is set to be the world’s premier naval and maritime industry event this year,” he said.

“Australia is open for business.

And Sydney, our international Line of Defence

city on the world’s most beautiful harbour, is buzzing with vibrant energy. INDO PACIFIC 2022 will be a hive of business activity for the defence and maritime sectors as they take advantage of the return to in-person engagement and an unprecedented naval defence and civil maritime market, as well as the delights of beautiful weather, a sparkling harbour and the warm welcome of an exciting city alive to visitors from around the world.”

“As host for the Royal Australian Navy’s own Sea Power Conference,

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and with the International Maritime Conference covering both civil and defence sectors, INDO PACIFIC 2022 will be at the centre of everything maritime for its three days in May,” Mr Honnery said.

“Everything we have been hearing from the maritime community and industry is that they are excited at the prospect of returning to faceto-face engagement and renewing business relationships in person in the wake of the pandemic.

“With the strong support already evident from Defence and Navy, from

industry and from principal sponsor the New South Wales Government, we are already seeing the possibility of a sold-out exhibition floor and expect the 2022 event will surpass even 2019’s record numbers.

“Like any responsible organisation we will, of course, continue to monitor the possible impact of a Covid event. But none are presently on the horizon and the already remote prospect of such an event occurring is getting less and less likely with every passing day. It’s full steam ahead!”

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High Price for NZDF Op Protect With a spike in the numbers of personnel departing the NZDF, Dr Simon Ewing-Jarvie writes that exit surveys and statistics indicate that the Defence Force has paid a high price for its MIQ role.

Now that the end of Managed Isolation and Quarantine (MIQ) at the border is approaching, it is timely to consider what lessons can be learned. Operation Protect is the New Zealand Defence Force commitment to the COVID-19 All-of-Government Response.

There have been many anecdotal examples of defence personnel quitting in frustration over the task as well as the consequent inability to run courses that enable professional progression. The purpose of this article is to examine actual data gained under the official information act and draw conclusions where possible.

By the Numbers Approximately 1,200 personnel are involved in Op Protect at any one time which includes those preparing to deploy and those in respite post-deployment. There is a significantly higher number of Army staff than the other two services. They are employed in three main streams with numbers as at 25 February 2022 shown: MIQ Facility (MIQF) staff MIQF Security MIQ (HQ) Operations TOTAL

323 462 12 797

In addition, the NZDF has supported many other COVID response-related operations including police checkpoints at the Auckland and Northland borders, medical personnel for vaccinations, delivery of vaccines to Tokelau and northern Cook Islands, as well as assisting NZ Customs Service with maritime security and border monitoring at ports throughout the country. The scale of Op Protect more than doubled on 19 August 2020 after a private security guard put private information from an MIQF on social media.

Despite many calls for a phased reduction, the NZDF commitment has remained as is.

This suggests that August 2020 is the start of the period where any impact on retention might be seen.

However, it is likely that there was some novelty for junior sailors, soldiers and airmen in guarding hotels at the outset and therefore a lag in any surge of releases.

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MONTH/YEAR 2020 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Total

RNZN

NZ ARMY

134 24 17 2 12 15 8 10 12 9 10 15 199 27 31 10 16 13 12 24 14 3 18 19 13 33 33 366

283 46 36 10 28 18 16 26 35 24 17 27 488 35 46 23 33 39 48 49 41 31 54 45 44 107 107 878

RNZAF Total 75 14 12 4 7 8 3 5 4 3 9 6 205 24 22 10 16 8 22 11 17 18 123 25 19 32 32 312

492 84 65 16 47 41 27 41 51 36 36 48 892 86 99 43 64 60 82 84 72 52 85 89 76 172 172 1556

Above: NZDF Total Voluntary Exits by Month and Year Feb 2020-Jan 2022 The glaring difference is the totals – 492 left NZDF fulltime service in 2020 (plus January figure). 892 left in 2021. A more than 80% increase! With January 2022 included, the NZDF has lost 1,556 personnel in two years with more than half of those from the Army. January traditionally sees a surge in resignations as people spend their summer break contemplating their future and perhaps job-hunting, but the January 2022 figures are about double of the two previous years and a sign that the drain continues unabated.

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The second part of the equation is who the numbers represent.

Rank Status & Rank E

RNZN NZ ARMY RNZAF Total

Commissioned 79 Brigadier (E) 2 Colonel (E) 1 Lieutenant Colonel (E) 16 Major (E) 26 Captain (E) 21 Lieutenant (E) 7 Second Lieutenant (E) 1 Officer Cadet (E) 5 Non Commissioned 287 Warrent Officer Class One (E) 6 Warrent Officer Class Two (E) Staff Sergeant (E) 20 Sergeant (E) 34 Corporal (E) 80 Lance Corporal (E) 71 Privater (E) 76 Grand Total 366

152 66 1 6 3 16 12 44 25 36 21 29 3 5 2 15 726 246 8 16 15 28 30 45 60 106 67 172 35 352 38 878 312

297 3 10 44 95 78 39 8 20 1259 30 15 78 139 253 278 466 1556

Above: NZDF Total Voluntary Exits by Rank and Service Feb 2020-Jan 2022

in them in pay, equipment and training. They have vast corporate knowledge and most likely overseas operational experience. That can’t be replaced with a recruit.

The second is the huge number of junior personnel, especially Private (E) and Junior NCOs. That is the future of the NCO corps walking out the door. Line units are hollow. Anecdotally, I understand that many have stated they didn’t join to be a security guard while others with trade qualifications can get much more money in civilian life due to the skills shortage brought about by border closure.

NZDF Exit Surveys Moving on from anecdotes, the NZDF undertakes a quarterly exit survey. It is voluntary and does not cover reservists nor those retiring. There are eight of these reports for the period under consideration.

I have set out to identify the common themes in highest reported reasons and see if any changes correlate with the surge in NZDF commitment to Op Protect.

In Q1 2021, the report splits the top line reasons for leaving into uniform and civilian. The answers are quite different and the figures shown from there are uniformed personnel only.

Q1 2020 Q2 2020 Q3 2020 Q4 2020 Q1 2021 Q2 2021 Q3 2021 Q4 2021 No confidence in NZDF senior leadership

42%

31%

41%

32%

Not able to use my knowledge and skills

39%

44%

47%

40% 47%

Don’t like how my career is being managed

34% 35%

46%

Unable to manage family commitments

34%

43% 43%

36% 30%

41% 50%

46%

51%

43%

49%

49%

51%

Too much work- related stress 34% 31% 32% Not able to get the training & development I need 31%

34%

35% 38% 43%

Work was not what I expected 31% Op Protect 34% (Overall)

49% (Army)

21% (RNZN)

15% (RNZAF)

Two big items stand out. First is the number of Captains and Majors (equivalent) that have left. These ranks represent the engine room of the officer corps.

It takes someone about 10 years to achieve the rank of Major (E), the country has invested over a million dollars Line of Defence

Without the survey methodology, it is difficult to draw detailed conclusions. However, there is likely a correlation in the second half of 2021 in particular with resignations and Op Protect. Army participants cite it as a reason 49% of the time in Q4 2021. It is openly discussed that 31

DEFENCE

Reservist of the Year CAPT Blair Siegel, an Auckland-based Reservist Army officer who has managed several MIQ facilities. Image: Defence Employer Support Council / Facebook

perception of poor career management (51%), inability to use knowledge and skills (49%), and inability to access training courses (43%) all have strong links to Op Protect.

So What?

The Minister of Defence, Hon Peeni Henare, was briefed by the CDF, Air Marshall Kevin Short in June 2021 on the problem. He told the Minister, “I am conscious that the NZDF’s ability to respond to a Christchurch [type] of Kaikōura scale earthquake, or a Pacific event of the size of Tropical Cyclone Winston in Fiji, will remain degraded for the foreseeable future.

The ongoing commitment “reduces the capability of the NZDF to respond to another national or regional emergency with previously expected scale or speed”, made worse by the “wider” impacts of the pandemic on training and supply chains, he advised.

There has also been a “skill fade of core military competencies” with the reduction of usual activities.”

Henare’s response to Radio NZ inquiries in August 2021 was that COVID-19 remained the Government’s priority. In effect, the Minister was prepared to allow long term degradation of the NZDF rather than find other solutions to MIQF security.

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The NZDF has a huge hole in its ranks and setting out to solve it through traditional recruitment and training processes will take far too long. Innovation and boldness is called for. In particular, they need to reach out to the 75% of people who stated in their exit interviews that they would consider re-joining or working for NZDF again in the future.

The reserve force needs to be built up to assist with that. New approaches to contracts, including shortservice commissions, fast-track NCO paths and a major revamp of training systems to shorten courses and make them less attendance focussed are all part of the solution.

Why, for instance, do we train every army officer cadet for a year on the basis of preparing for a long military career when the majority don’t stay that long?

In the second part of this article, I will discuss these and other ways of developing a new model defence force that is fit to fight now and in the future and not be used as a disciplined, dispensable labour force by this Labour government or any other in the future.

This article was first published on Unclas (unclas. wordpress.com) on 02 March 2022, and is republished in Line of Defence with permission.

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Babcock awarded NZDF Maritime Fleet Sustainment Service contract NZDF awards Babcock a seven and a half year extension to its Maritime Fleet Sustainment Service contract to provide asset management services to the Royal New Zealand Navy.

Babcock has been awarded a further seven and a half year Maritime Fleet Sustainment Service contract – Hāpai Taua Manuao – by the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF), further strengthening its relationship with the Royal New Zealand Navy.

As the Strategic Maritime Partner to the NZDF, Babcock will provide asset management services, including engineering, project management, production and operational support, to the entire Royal New Zealand Navy fleet, from the frigates through to small craft.

The contract was signed by Chief of Defence Force, Air Marshal Kevin Short, and Babcock’s New Zealand General Manager, James Morton, in Wellington this week.

“We are very proud of our long-standing partnership with the NZDF and of our contribution to keeping New Zealand and its Pacific partners safe and secure,” said Babcock Australasia CEO David Ruff.

“This award is a further demonstration of our commitment to continue to strengthen the breadth of our support to regional maritime capability in New Zealand, Australia and the broader AsiaPacific region.”

Air Marshal Kevin Short highlighted the collaborative nature of the partnership with Babcock.

“One of the unique elements of Line of Defence

Chief of Defence Force Air Marshal Kevin Short and Babcock General Manager New Zealand James Morton sign the Hāpai Taua Manuao – Maritime Fleet Sustainment Service contract. Image supplied

the contract is that these services are delivered by a team comprised of Babcock employees, Royal New Zealand Navy personnel and NZDF civilians,” said Air Marshal Short.

This partnership has been recently acknowledged through an award at both the Minister of Defence Excellence Awards, and the New Zealand Business Excellence Foundation Awards.

The new contract also focuses on a range of environmental and social outcomes.

“Babcock is aiming for our New Zealand operations to be one of the first carbon-zero dockyards in the world, ” James Morton said. “As a part of this new contract we’ll be training over 100 early career STEM apprentices and graduates and we will be increasing opportunities and collaboration with New Zealand

small and medium-sized businesses through Babcock’s supply chain.

“Babcock is focused on building long term partnerships with the New Zealand supply chain, and in particular developing long term relationships with Māori and Pasifika businesses. Our supply chain partners are key to our capability and our focus on delivering for our customer. We are looking forward to continuing our productive and valued relationships with them.”

Babcock Australasia is a Defence, Aviation and Critical Services company that operates across the Marine, Aviation and Land Sectors.

Babcock’s deliver technical support services range from fleet and asset management, sustainment, and technical training, to life saving helicopter emergency medical services.

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Minister of Defence Awards for Excellence: Reserves, Cadets and LSVs The Minister of Defence Awards for Excellence showcase the contribution made by employers and individuals to the NZDF Reserve Forces, Cadets, and Limited Service Volunteer (LSV) program.

Among the speakers for the online event was the Minister of Defence who had filmed his opening address ahead of the 22 February Defence Employer Support Council (DESC) event.

Via its Facebook account, DESC posted, “To all of our finalists and winners of the Minister of Defence Awards for Excellence – thank you!

It was an honour to celebrate your commitment and your dedication yesterday afternoon.”

“I was honoured to watch the online awards today,” wrote Debbie Howarth, NZDF Director of Industry & External Engagement, in a LinkedIn post. “Although the planned in person ceremony was not to be this was a great celebration of the commitment and mahi between Defence and the community.” “… there are great people working in, alongside and supporting NZDF in New Zealand. These organisations employee graduates of LSV, Cadet Force Officers or Reserves adding to the diversity and skill sets of their own teams,” she added.

The Winners of the 2021 Minister of Defence Awards for Excellence are: • Individual Contribution to the LSV Programme: Les Morgan, Chief Operating Officer, Hind Management 34

• Employer Contribution to the LSV Programme: Westport Deep Sea Fishing School • Cadet Force Officer Employer of the Year: McKenna King Ltd • Reserve Employer of the Year: KPMG New Zealand • Reservist of the Year: CAPT Blair Siegel Cadet Force Officer Employer of the Year McKenna King Ltd was awarded the NZ Cadet Force Officer Employer of the Year. According to DESC, New Zealand Cadet Force Officers (CFOs) are adult volunteers who facilitate Cadet Force training for New Zealand’s youth. CFOs balance their civilian employment with this voluntary community based role.

McKenna King Ltd was recognised for consistently supporting its employee solicitor Alex Greaves to balance his commitments as Tāmaki Cadet Unit Commander.

As an employer, McKenna King has flexible leave arrangements in place that allow LT Greaves to travel from Hamilton to Auckland weekly to run Unit trainings. The firm demonstrates consistent support to the NZDF and the New Zealand Cadet Forces, with one of their directors also serving as a Reservist.

Outstanding Contribution to the LSV Programme Les Morgan was awarded 2021 Outstanding Contribution to the LSV Programme.

The LSV programme is a six-week training course for youth aged 18-24.

It is run by the Ministry of Social Development (MSD) and the NZDF with the objective of getting New Zealand’s young people into work.

The Award recognises outstanding contribution to and promotion of the LSV programme by an individual or group who has demonstrated significant support through their time, actions and dedication.

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development within Reservist training programmes.”

2021 marks the second year in a row that Reservists at KPMG have nominated the company for their support.

“Les Morgan received this award because of his actions as Patron and his devotion of time and effort to support the trainees and staff in course activities and for his overt advocacy of the LSV programme amongst his various networks and communities,” DESC stated.

“Notably, Les provided the Top Trainee Award recipient a grant to help him get established within the workforce. He also offered a scholarship to university to a trainee and has employed another trainee that was interested in

hospitality within the Sudima Hotel organisation.”

Reservist Employer of the Year KPMG New Zealand was awarded 2021 Reservist Employer of the Year.

KPMG has employed several Reserve Force members of the NZDF. “The company offers HR policies that supports Reservists to get to training , including a formalised Military Leave option,” stated DESC. “KPMG Managers also take an active interest in Reservists’ careers and encourage

Reservist of the Year Blair Siegel, an Auckland-based Reservist Army officer has been managing Managed Isolation and Quarantine Facilities (MIQFs) since June 2020, and his commitment and dedication has earned him New Zealand Defence Force Reservist of the Year Award.

CAPT Siegel has been a Reservist with 3rd/6th Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment (RNZIR) since 2006. He was working as a civilian medical equipment salesman when an opportunity arose to manage the Grand Mercure MIQF in Auckland.

He has also worked as a MIQF manager at the Stamford Plaza in Auckland, as well as Jet Park in Hamilton.

In addition to his role as MIQF Manager, CAPT Siegel has also taken on the role of personnel coordinator for 3/6 RNZIR, coordinating training and preparatory programmes to prepare his personnel for MIQF duties.

About DESC The Defence Employer Support Council (DESC) works to facilitate good working relationships between Reservists and their civilian employers. The Council supports Reservists in balancing their civilian and military commitments. The Council liaises with the Minister on matters related to Reserves and also NZDF youth programmes.

The Defence Employer Support Council (DESC) is well connected with civilian businesses, organisations and industry, maintaining quality relationships and facilitating strategic partnerships for NZDF personnel and for civilian employers.

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HOMELAND SECURITY Q&A: What’s in store for electronic monitoring?

In this exclusive Line of Defence Q&A, David Tombs, Regional Vice President at Attenti NZ demystifies electronic monitoring bracelets and discusses their potential application in health and wellbeing and COVID self-isolation.

David Tombs is Regional Vice President – Australasia at Attenti Electronic Monitoring.

As an alternative to incarceration, electronic monitoring devices allow people to remain with their families, continue to work, and access legal representation. They are also cheaper than accommodating an offender in prison, and studies have shown that they assist in reducing rates of recidivism.

According to its Regional Vice President David Tombs, Attenti works with Corrections and Justice Departments on both sides of the Tasman to provide programmes for bail and early release from custody.

In Australia, they also run a private bail programme for people who might otherwise remain in custody for up to two years before their case goes to trial.

Attenti has supplied and managed all electronic monitoring devices used by the Department of Corrections for the past seven years, during which up to 6,500 people have been monitored at any one time.

This contract is now in its final year.

LoD: What is the role of ankle bracelets and how do you monitor them?

DT: The role of an ankle bracelet is to enable the wearer’s location to be identified to ensure they are where they should be, at the time they are required to be there.

Electronic bracelets are individually configured according to the specifications laid down

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by the courts. If the wearer steps outside a certain zone, or is not where they should be at that time, or if they tamper with the equipment, an alert is generated at the monitoring centre and authorities are informed.

Whatever the reason for the alert, the system is always operating in real time and staff in our monitoring centre respond immediately. The equipment also creates a continuous live trail and this data is stored on the system in case it is needed for evidence in court.

The equipment cannot prevent the wearer from committing a crime.

That’s not its role. But the devices can provide evidence about the wearer’s location at the time of the crime. If the wearer was not in the vicinity, the data will back this up.

LoD: Compared with other countries, how has NZ embraced electronic monitoring technology?

DT: New Zealand leads the world in the application of electronic monitoring, and I don’t see that changing. Corrections in New Zealand has an international reputation for embracing the uptake of the technology.

However there are increased efficiencies that could still be gained - not only for the justice sector, but also with other groups who can benefit from monitoring. MIQ is a great example. The cost of an ankle Line of Defence

bracelet for someone arriving to selfisolate is miniscule when compared with the costs and risks of running an isolation facility.

Domestic violence equipment is another area where New Zealand could expand its protection for victims and their families.

LoD: How has electronic monitor impacted budgets and prison populations?

DT: The cost of electronic monitoring can be less than ten dollars a day. This is a fraction of the cost of housing and caring for people in jail. The total cost of incarceration for one person is estimated to between $120,000 and $150,000 p/a.

Cost is not the only factor. The societal benefits of rehabilitation and reduced recidivism are huge.

Allowing people to reintegrate into the community with support from family and whanau has long-lasting benefits for everyone.

LoD: What is the future for this technology in New Zealand?

DT: Electronic monitoring devices will continue to play an important and ever-changing role. Around the globe, jurisdictions are already looking at ways to tailor the technology to the risk profile of the offender/defendant. This could lead to more ‘high trust’ models where mobile apps or ‘single point in time’

monitoring is used rather than continuous surveillance.

The Nirvana for electronic monitoring companies is a single device that measures alcohol; drug use, and location – all in real-time.

This doesn’t exist today.

Detecting alcohol through skin contact is actually quite straight forward. Alcohol has a distinctive ‘signature’ that can be identified and measured. Monitoring the presence of drugs is more challenging. Every drug tends to have a different signature.

The next leap will be wellbeing and health monitoring e.g. heart rates; body temperature and perspiration etc. This data can be used as an early indicator that the wearer is unwell and may require medical support.

LoD: Why aren’t ankle monitors used to reduce the burden on MIQ hotels?

DT: This is something we get asked almost every day. One of the first to express interest was Sir John Key. He publicly stated he would rather wear an ankle bracelet than be stuck in MIQ. Attenti devices are currently being used in a number of countries as part of the response to COVID-19. Electronic monitoring would have been the ideal solution of free up space in MIQ hotels.

Sadly, the technology has never been adopted by the government.

We believe this has been a massive missed opportunity - especially for the thousands of kiwis still stranded overseas.

The government’s reasoning on this has never been made clear.

But we were told by one official that electronic monitoring might ‘stigmatise’ the wearer. We, along with many others who heard comments to this effect, found it puzzling because those who isolate will be confined to home. The only people seeing the devices will be others sharing the same property.

We have twice raised this solution with the government. We have also provided specifications and costings.

In fact, if individuals were given the option of self-funding electronic monitoring, the savings for the taxpayer would be even greater. But to date, there seems to be limited or no interest from the government.

In any case, ankle bracelets are not the only option for MIQ, Attenti has different devices for different applications. These include a mobile app using facial recognition combined with GPS to identify the person and their whereabouts. This information can include a checklist of health and wellbeing questions.

We also have a tracker designed to be worn like a watch. It communicates with a smart ‘beacon’ inside the house or dwelling.

LoD: As New Zealand enters phase two of the Omicron response plan, is there still a role for ankle monitors?

DT: If you look at what is happening globally, it seems only a matter of time before isolation requirements are scaled back or dropped altogether.

But it is also fair to assume new variants will continue to emerge, and these may change the way we respond in order to protect our health system.

So yes, electronic monitoring has an important role to play and we have no way of knowing how long isolation requirements will remain with us.

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HOMELAND SECURITY

Converging IT and OT Security: Learning lessons from the golf course If 21st century golf tournaments can get security convergence right, writes 2021 #1 IFSEC Global Influencer in Security Jennie Vickers, why is it that organisations’ Boards and C-Suites struggle to do so?

One memorable weekend in the 80s I attended my first one-day county cricket match in Sussex, England. The cricket was a cover story for a pub crawl around Youngs’ Pubs to secure Young’s Passport Stamps (I am yearning for the days when this was the only passport that mattered to get you into a pub).

We had two tickets to the cricket and there were four of us. I went in with my ticket and followed the lead to the back of the ground, where there was a cute

New Zealand golfer Ryan Fox recently won on the DP World Tour

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garden gate. The rest of the group strolled in via the open gate. This was a typical scenario of 80s slack, almost non-existent perimeter security and no concerns about the security of the scoring data – the tin with the numbers was under the fierce eye of the octogenarian scorer.

Fast forward to 2022 and the DP World Tour Abu Dhabi Golf Championship was underway. With 47 tournaments around the world, the DP Team CTO Michael Cole said: “[we are not] building small towns, we are building smart cities.” Regardless of your definition of a smart city, it is hard to disagree that this model of convergence between physical and IT security, is an emerging feature of our times.

The topic of IT/OT security convergence is not new.

Known potential threats to infrastructure climbed up risk registers decades ago. Even though it has been a topic of discussion – particularly in utilities – for years, IT/OT convergence continues to vex many businesses and many professional communities to this day.

From one perspective, the decision way back to air gap OT systems and to keep them distanced from IT and its incessant growth and change, made perfect sense.

However, it also meant a growing gap not just of air, but of everything. Risk appetites, capex, opex, staff, strategic prioritisation etc, etc.

IndustrialCyber’s Essential Guide to IT/OT convergence says: “Just like in the famous relationship book by John Gray, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus, the folks behind the IT and OT networks are extremely different with disparate perceptions, worldviews, and purpose.” Mars and Venus views are hard to converge.

Digital Transformation and the speed of the arrival of IoT, has caused many organisations to recognise that the Venus and Mars teams need to work together. Not everyone has found this obvious imperative easy to implement.

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I have been mulling over why IT and OT have stubbornly stayed apart and wondering why Boards of Directors and CEOs have not been insisting on more secure and joined-up approaches sooner.

Fortinet introduced the concept of the Fortinet Security Fabric back in the last decade. The concept makes perfect sense. In 2020, Firewalls.com described the Fortinet Security Fabric as “just like actual fabric – many individual fibers weaved together – the Security Fabric is Fortinet’s vast security portfolio intertwined. In short, it’s an integrated solution allowing you to see, manage, and secure your network products in one place.” This definition resonates.

Last year, Gartner brought to market the concept of cybersecurity mesh architecture, saying it “provides a foundational support layer that enables distinct security services to work together to create a dynamic security environment.”

Talking this week, Fortinet’s EMEA CISO Alain Sanchez commented to me that “these integrated approaches are becoming a must. Where we used to have hours and sometimes days to mitigate an attack, we are now dealing with micro-seconds. During this critical and tiny time window, we have to assess whether incoming traffic is legitimate, bringing value and serving in real time the user experience or, is in fact an attack whose consequences can be dramatic. The right decision happens when and only when we have that holistic convergence of security”.

Whether you say ‘fabric’ or ‘mesh’, ‘tow-may-tow’ or ‘tow-mah-tow’, the concept of integrating, converging, and intertwining physical and cyber security makes sense.

So why are we not making it happen faster?

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Back to the golf Alain Sanchez last week posted on Linkedin a short video about the Abu Dhabi Golf, interviewing the DP CTO Michael Cole about the course and reiterating the idea that it’s “a smart city that gathers all the challenges of IT and cyber security in one go.”

This graphic extracted from the video illustrates the range of data, infrastructure, and facilities they are building and integrating every week in a new location (the video can be found on LinkedIn: https://www. linkedin.com/posts/activity-6891771285790179328l1Sc).

If the DP Team can do this all around the world and ensure security, week in and week out, it must be possible for the professionals from Venus and from Mars to do the same thing.

This week I heard about the new Architecture and Built Environment Degree running at AUT University.

In Year Three, students “explore the overlap between architectural and entrepreneurial thinking as strategies for working in uncertain contexts, and the impact of innovation, computational intelligence, emerging technologies and integrated systems on architecture.”

It is exciting to see this example of study recognising the need for this integration of approaches, while industry is still getting its head around the what and the how.

If a ‘fabric’ mindset is not getting traction from your C-Suite or Board to support IT/OT convergence, maybe you need to remind them that your organisation is effectively a ‘smart city’ and that it’s only dumb cities fail to join up the dots.

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for New Zealand

In a time of increased strategic competition, writes Wayne Mapp, New Zealand should be militarily prepared, both for our own protection and to be viewed as a credible partner among our friends and partners.

Hon Dr Wayne Mapp QSO was New Zealand’s Minister of Defence and Minister of Science and Innovation from 2008 to 2011.

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When I wrote this, the Russian invasion of Ukraine was unfolding.

Putin’s expressed war aims, to demilitarise and to de-nazify Ukraine, requires Russia to completely occupy Ukraine or for Ukraine to surrender. After a week of war, it was not obvious that Putin would be able to succeed in his war aims.

The scale of the attack has not been seen in Europe since World War Two. This is also a reflection of Putin’s war aims. He intends, as much as possible, to restore the post-World War Two settlement.

To do so means subduing the former Soviet republics, by force if necessary. However, Putin knows that he cannot reestablish

the buffer that was once afforded by the Warsaw Pact. The NATO security guarantee ensures that NATO countries are pretty much immune from attack by Russia.

Of course, the guarantee does not extend to non-NATO countries, as the invasion of Ukraine has amply demonstrated.

The absence of the NATO security guarantee to Ukraine means that Putin will do his utmost to rebuild the former Soviet Union.

Perhaps not as a single state, but with the great majority of 15 nations that made up the USSR being held to owe their fealty to Russia. Clearly Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, being members of NATO, won’t be part of this process.

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Russia is clearly willing to accept that the invasion of Ukraine will result in a new Cold War between the West and Russia. The severity of the sanctions, especially with the SWIFT payment system being denied to Russia, is such that Russia will be almost as isolated from the wider global economy as was the Soviet Union. The cutoff won’t be quite so severe, given that Russian nationals are still able to travel to a much greater degree than in the Soviet era.

What are the wider implications of such a new Cold War, both for the western world in general, and for New Zealand?

Will Russia’s actions embolden other states to reorder the status quo through military force, including direct invasion? For instance, would China now contemplate that an invasion of Taiwan would not be met with forceful resistance by the United States and its allies?

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A Chinese invasion of Taiwan seems much less likely than Putin’s latest invasion. The United States and NATO made it very clear to Russia that they would not intervene militarily in the event of a Russian invasion of Ukraine. The same does not apply to Taiwan. President Biden has been quite specific that the United States would defend Taiwan against a Chinese attack. Japan and Australia have not ruled out military support for Taiwan. Such an invasion would, in any event, be a much more difficult proposition than invading Ukraine where Russia could assemble the invasion force right on Ukraine’s border.

China also has deeper reasons not to act as rashly as Russia. China is much more deeply enmeshed in the world economy. Economic sanctions on the scale of those against Russia would cripple the Chinese economy, given that so much of its manufacturing output is intended for export. Of course, sanctions on

this scale would also seriously affect western economies, particularly those such as Australia and New Zealand that are heavily dependent on Chinese markets.

The Russian attack has also reinforced the fact that New Zealand is indisputably part of the West.

President Biden specifically mentioned New Zealand alongside Australia as among the countries who would be applying sanctions against Russia. No country in South America, the Middle East, Africa or Asia (other than Japan) was specifically named.

No matter how much the irredentist left may desire it, New Zealand is not and will not become a non-aligned country. In the twenty years since the Afghanistan War, New Zealand has been drawn more tightly into the western orbit. There has been a substantial reversal of the level of exclusion that New Zealand had incurred in the previous 15 years since the antinuclear legislation.

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY A Rigid-Hulled Inflatable Boat (RHIB) heads away from HMNZS Wellington to take hydrographers to survey approaches to Nuku’alofa. Image NZDF

The December 2021 Defence Assessment reinforced the importance of the overall Five Eyes partnership being “a critical grouping for New Zealand of countries that share fundamental values and interests.” Five Eyes is not just about intelligence. The Defence Assessment stated “the defence aspect is as long-standing and as fundamental as the intelligence aspect.”

The Defence Assessment focused on the increasing strategic risks. In particular it noted the increased strategic competition between China and the United States. The Defence Assessment also referred to Russia undermining the international rules-based system and that European states considered Russia an acute threat to their security.

The counterbalance is that the United States is returning to a more proactive leadership role. Although the Defence Assessment referenced the return to a leadership role to the Biden administration, it is clear that the reassertion of this role has a bipartisan basis. The challenges of both China and Russia reach to the core of American leadership over the last 80 years. An isolationist 42

approach still has limited appeal to both American voters and the political establishment.

The structure of the Defence Assessment makes it clear that New Zealand accepts the leadership role of the United States and its partners, and that New Zealand is prepared to contribute to the overall effort in sustaining a rules-based international order.

Where does this leave New Zealand’s independent foreign policy, which was scarcely mentioned in the Defence Assessment?

Part of the difficultly of the use of the term “independent foreign policy” is that it implies that New Zealand has no partners or allies.

That all issues are determined without reference to relationships.

In reality New Zealand, through successive governments, has typically acted in concert with its partners. Very occasionally New Zealand has not done so, most notably in the refusal to be part of the coalition that invaded Iraq in 2003. More frequently the concept of an independent foreign policy is expressed by how New Zealand makes its contribution. In the fight against ISIS, New Zealand did not commit combat troops. In the

current Ukrainian situation, New Zealand’s contribution will be humanitarian assistance.

In a time of increased strategic competition, the Defence Assessment provides a clear indication of New Zealand ‘s defence priorities and the likely military capabilities required to fulfil them. They have a distinctive maritime flavour.

The Defence Assessment says New Zealand’s foremost interest is in the Pacific, particularly the South Pacific. The Defence assessment states that fulfilling this interest will require tradeoffs, but that New Zealand intends Defence “remains interoperable with key partners and maintains world-class military capabilities.”

The Defence Assessment does not stipulate what these capabilities will be. However, in a recent presentation the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Select Committee, the CDF, Air Marshall Short, said New Zealand’s world class assets were the SAS, the maritime patrol aircraft and the frigates. This has been true for the last 30 years. The maritime patrol aircraft will be shortly be replaced with the state of the art P8 Poseidon.

The frigates have just been upgraded with new combat systems, but they are both already more than halfway through their life.

If the New Zealand government intends the Defence Assessment to be taken seriously, particularly by our key partners, then it will be imperative to signal how the existing 25-year-old ANZAC frigates will be replaced.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine starkly illustrates the prediction of the Defence Assessment that strategic competition will become sharper. The logical imperative for New Zealand is that it is necessary to increase New Zealand’s military preparedness, both for our own protection, but also to be viewed as a credible partner, particularly among our most long standing friends and partners.

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Expansion of sanctions on Russia to get green light First of its kind legislation to enable further sanctions on those responsible for or associated with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, including people, services, companies, and assets.

The Government will significantly expand its sanctions on Russia and individuals and companies connected to the Russian Government through a first of its kind, targeted, autonomous sanctions regime.

The Russia Sanctions Bill will pass under urgency this week (07-11 March), to provide further, extensive sanctions on Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine.

“A Bill of this nature has never been brought before our Parliament, but with Russia vetoing UN sanctions we must act ourselves to support Ukraine and our partners in opposition to this invasion,” Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said.

“When we first responded to Russia’s invasion by issuing targeted travel bans, prohibiting exports to the military and suspending bilateral foreign ministry consultations we said no options were off the table.

“Today we take the next step in our response to increase sanctions, in line with the actions of our partners.

“This Bill is specific to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and will allow new sanctions to be applied as approved by the Foreign Minister.

“Those sanctions can be imposed on people, services, companies, and assets related to those in Russia who are responsible for or associated with the invasion, or that are of economic or strategic relevance to Russia, including oligarchs.

“A public sanctions register will be set up to list every individual, entity, asset, or service that is sanctioned.

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“The sanctions will enable the Government to freeze assets located in New Zealand. Those sanctioned will also be prevented from moving assets to New Zealand or using our financial system as a back door to get around sanctions increasingly imposed by other countries.

“Sanctions could also apply to trade, and financial institutions as well as stopping the likes of Russian super yachts, ships and aircraft from entering New Zealand waters or airspace.

“The Bill also allows for sanctions to be imposed against other states complicit with Russia’s illegal actions, such as Belarus,” Jacinda Ardern said.

Foreign Minister Nanaia Mahuta said as a small country that is a supporter of the multilateral system to uphold peace and security New Zealand has historically supported sanctions through the United Nations system.

“However with Russia using its veto as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council to prevent any action, even in the face of overwhelming opposition to Russia’s war, New Zealand has decided that a targeted sanctions bill is required to show our condemnation in the strongest possible terms.

“New Zealand continues to call on Russia to do what is right and immediately cease military operations in Ukraine and permanently withdraw to avoid a catastrophic loss of innocent life.

“The Government welcomed the feedback from all parties in Parliament in the development of this legislation, and the cross-party support of the Bill allowing it to pass under urgency,” Nanaia Mahuta said.

The Government has also provided an initial $2m in humanitarian aid, prioritised visa applications and released some emergency oil stocks to help stabilise shaky oil markets.

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Interview: Steve Killelea, Creator of the Global Peace Index In this abridged interview for the Faces of Peace initiative, Institute for Economics and Peace founder Steve Killelea notes deteriorating international security, the amplifying effect of climate change, and three trouble spots.

Stephen Killelea AM is an Australian IT entrepreneur and founder of global think tank the Institute for Economics and Peace.

The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) issues the “Global Peace Index” (GPI) annually, which scores 163 nations according to their levels of peacefulness. Aotearoa New Zealand was ranked 2nd overall in the 2021 GPI, and out-peaced only

by Iceland.

The overall GPI score for 2021 indicates that the global situation – as a result of COVID-19 and other factors – has deteriorated, which is consistent with New Zealand’s own assessment expressed in Defence Assessment 2021. But will this trend continue?

“The changing economic conditions in many nations increases the likelihood of political instability and violent demonstrations”, said Australian philanthropist and IEP founder, Steve Killelea, during an interview with Sven Lilienström, founder of the Faces of Peace Initiative.

SL: The Global Peace Index (GPI) 2021 registers - as is has for most previous years - a deterioration in global peacefulness. What is the reason for this? What role will climate change play in future?

SK: Measuring peace is contextually rich; in some areas peace is improving, and in others it is deteriorating. This is also true for countries and regions.

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Over the last 10 years, peace has deteriorated by 2.4 percent; however, in that time, 86 countries have improved, while 75 have deteriorated. This highlights that when countries fall in peace, they fall at a faster pace than they improve. Peace is built up gradually over time.

The Global Peace Index can be divided into three domains. Two have deteriorated over the decade, namely “Safety” and “Security”, which measure the internal state of peace, and “Ongoing Conf lict”. The other domain, “Militarisation”, has improved, but as can be seen from rising tensions in Indo-China and NATO relations with Russia, this trend is reversing.

At an indicator level, “Violent Demonstrations” has deteriorated over the ten years, along with “Number of Refugees”. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the level of conflict and violence in the world in 2020, with some of these effects likely to last for years to come.

There were over 5,000 pandemicrelated incidents between January 2020 and April 2021 that involved some form of violence, ranging from violent demonstrations and riots in response to lockdown measures, to physical assaults targeted at people of Asian descent.

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Global Peace Index 2021 map. Image: Institute for Economics & Peace

There were at least 158 countries that recorded one or more violent incidents directly related to the pandemic during this time.

While it is still too early to fully gauge the long-term effects of the pandemic on peace, the changing economic conditions in many nations increases the likelihood of political instability and violent demonstrations.

In terms of climate change, many ecological threats exist independently of climate change; however, climate change will have an amplifying effect, causing further ecological degradation and pushing some countries through violent tipping points.

The main finding from IEP’s latest Ecological Threat Register - which combines measures of resilience with the most comprehensive ecological data available to shed light on the countries least likely to cope with extreme ecological Line of Defence

shocks - is that a cyclic relationship exists between ecological degradation and conf lict.

It is a vicious cycle whereby degradation of resources leads to conflict, and the ensuing conflict leads to further resource degradation.

Ecological threats will continue to create humanitarian emergencies and will likely increase without a sustained effort to reverse the current trend. Breaking the cycle requires improving ecological resource management and building socioeconomic resilience SL: According to the Global Peace Index 2021, Europe is the world’s most peaceful continent. The RussiaUkraine conflict aside, what makes Europe one of the safest regions in the world?

SK: This comes back to Positive Peace. Europe has the highest rates of Positive Peace globally. Eight of the

ten countries with the highest levels of Positive Peace reside in Europe.

Positive Peace consists of eight Pillars. These Pillars function as a system with each interacting with all others. The Pillars are: Well-Functioning Government, Strong Business Environment, Low Levels of Corruption, Free Flow of Information, Equitable Distribution of Resources, High Levels of Human Capital, Acceptance of the Rights of Others and Good relations with Neighbors.

However, for some European countries, these measures have been deteriorating and substantial improvements in economic and health indicators were partially off - set by worsening political radicalisation and quality of informed debate. Denmark, Iceland, United Kingdom, Greece and Spain have all deteriorated over the last decade, although they are still rated highly.

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SL: In your book “Peace in the Age of Chaos”, published in 2020, you write, among other things, that western democracies need to be revitalised. How do you mean this? What makes reading the book worthwhile?

SK: When looking at Positive Peace, many western democracies are slipping. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) recently published their Democracy Index which found that democracy had fallen globally, and for most western democracies.

There are three domains within the Positive Peace Index - Attitudes, Institutions and Structures. The attitude domain has fallen in most western democracies. This domain consists of factors such as group grievances, corruption, quality of information and fractionalised elites. The latter being where the elites of a society fight amongst themselves. All of these factors have been falling for the last decade.

“Peace in the Age of Chaos” has four themes running through it.

The first is my personal journey to peace and time spent in some of the more violent places in the world.

The second is the entrepreneurial journey of creating a global think tank, while the third covers the research on what creates and sustains peace.

The fourth theme, which is the most important, explains why Positive Peace, combined with systems thinking, provides a transformational approach to reinvigorating western democracies and building a more peaceful world.

Humanity is on a tipping point, and unless we do something differently, we will never get the levels of trust, cooperation or inclusiveness necessary to solve our global problems, including climate change, bio-diversity, lack of food, to name a few.

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In these Anthropocene environments that we humans are creating, two aspects become critical - our capacity to deal with rapid change and our ability to manage the ecosystems of the planet.

Adaptability and resilience will be the key. Positive Peace is both the measure and the solution for these. It provides a mechanism to understand which countries are most at risk. These future shocks could be financial, biological, ecological or societal.

Given the right severity of shock all countries will implode, but with an understanding of the likely shocks and levels of resilience, development can be better targeted. Through building up the Positive Peace factors a country’s resilience can be enhanced, thereby improving its adaptability and responsiveness when shocks do occur.

SL: What three trouble spots are in your opinion currently the most dangerous and what measures do you suggest to de-escalate conflict and stabilise peace?

SK: The first is the Ukraine, which has everyone’s attention currently.

But the issue is more than the Ukraine, because given the deceit that Russia has shown in the lead up to the war, what other aspirations does the President have in building back the greater Russia.

This can only be dealt by realisation that war does not work. This can be accomplished by sanctions, although Europe is unlikely to put in place sanctions that are truly crippling on Russia.

The other is a long-protracted campaign that saps Russia’s military resolve. It is likely to create regime change, but it would appear that an insurgency campaign would then ensue. We have seen the effects of this in both Iraq and Afghanistan.

The second is the Sahel in subSaharan Africa. It has the fastest growing Islamic militias in the

world and the fastest growing rate of terrorism globally. The problems here are systemic and complex and so need a truly systems thinking approach. Weak governments, lack of adequate food and water, the highest rates of population growth in the world and a large number of refugees.

The starting point is a thorough systems analysis and then building international agencies that match the systemic nature of the problem.

The third is North East Asia. The rising power of China and the clash of values with democracies, especially the US. This conflict is going to be played out over decades, especially as China uses more coercive methods to achieve goals. Taiwan is a flashpoint and could easily start a regional war.

The scale of the issues confronting humanity is truly daunting, and our current approaches are simply not working. Systems thinking provides a solution, a new way of conceptualising our world, our societies and how politics should function.

At the heart of this view is that complexity cannot be understood by breaking problems down into ever smaller and smaller bite-size chunks.

The application of systems thinking to societies is a recognition that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and that emergent phenomena like peace or climate change are irreducible. Positive Peace provides the vision of where to take the system.

This is an abridged version of an interview originally published on 04 March 2022 at www.faces-of-peace. org/steve-killelea/. Republished with permission.

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POSTGRADUATE CERTIFICATE IN INTELLIGENCE MASSEY’S POSTGRADUATE CERTIFICATE IN INTELLIGENCE HAS BEEN SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED AS AN ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE PRACTITIONERS COURSE WHICH CRITICALLY EXPLORES STRUCTURED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND THE INTELLIGENCE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY APPLY.

The qualification develops and advances critical research, critical thinking and writing, analytical best practice as well as exploring relevant twentieth and twenty-first century intelligence operations. It is aimed at those wishing to develop advanced critical skills in relation to their existing or prospective intelligence sector careers in New Zealand.

Graduates of this year long programme will possess an advanced knowledge of intelligence analysis processes, be grounded in relevant previous operational intelligence experiences and have a critical understanding of the ethical and professional issues involved.

The programme of study consists of two 30-credit courses: Qualification Requirements Semester One, 294.741: Intelligence in the International Security Environment A critical examination of intelligence theory and practice, focusing on key concepts and methodologies of intelligence collection and analysis, analytical tools, frameworks and concepts applied to investigations and operations in the contemporary international security environment.

Course Controller: Dr Rhys Ball, Centre for Defence and Security Studies (Auckland)

Semester Two, 294.744: Intelligence Operations A comprehensive grounding in the operational intelligence environment in the second half of the 20th century, into the 21st century. Participants will consider the development of intelligence practices both in New Zealand and around the world, and the evolution of intelligence contributions from the end of World War Two, to the intelligence challenges of the 2020s. Intelligence operations are critically reviewed, including intelligence success and intelligence failure, espionage against friends and allies, policing and private intelligence formats.

Course Controller: Dr John Battersby, Teaching Fellow, Centre for Defence and Security Studies (Wellington)

To enroll in this qualification, students must have been awarded or qualified for a relevant Bachelor's degree, or be able to demonstrate scholarly work in conjunction with extensive relevant professional experience for Admission with Equivalent Status.

For further information, please contact CDSS@massey.ac.nz

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