ȼɅɂəɇɂȿ ɉɊȺȼɈȼɈȽɈ ɋɈɁɇȺɇɂə ɇȺ ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɈɌɇɈɒȿɇɂə ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɈȻɓȿɋɌȼȺ Ⱥɛɞɭɥɥɚɟɜ ɒɨɯɪɭɯɛɟɤ ɍɦɢɞɠɨɧ ɭɝɥɭ

ɘɊɂɋɉɊɍȾȿɇɐɂə

ȼɅɂəɇɂȿ ɉɊȺȼɈȼɈȽɈ ɋɈɁɇȺɇɂə ɇȺ ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɈɌɇɈɒȿɇɂə ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɈȻɓȿɋɌȼȺ

Ⱥɛɞɭɥɥɚɟɜ ɒɨɯɪɭɯɛɟɤ ɍɦɢɞɠɨɧ ɭɝɥɭ

ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɢɚɥ, Ɍɚɲɤɟɧɬɫɤɢɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧ, ɝ. Ɍɚɲɤɟɧɬ

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ, ɡɚɤɨɧ - ɷɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɭɦ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɚɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ. Ɉɧ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɟ.

«ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ». ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ - ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɋɮɟɪɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ, ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɥɸɛɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɚɤ?, ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ?, Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ?: ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ, ɩɪɚɜɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɨɛɵɱɚɢ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɚɲɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.

«Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨ, ɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ», - ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɨɧ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɧɢɝɢɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ». - ɗɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ: ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɧɟɦ; ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ; ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɚɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɞɭɦɚɟɦ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɟ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. «ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚ (ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ) - ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɷɦɨɰɢɣ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ, ɦɵɫɥɟɣ, ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ,

ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɣ». Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ. ɇɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ȼɟɞɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚ - ɷɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ - ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ɗɬɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɢɞɟɣ, ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɞɟɥɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɟ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɲɢɪɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ. ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɜ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ - ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɦɵ ɭɡɧɚɥɢ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜ, ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ.

ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:

1. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɏ.Ɍ. Ɉɞɢɥɝɨɪɶɟɜ, ɂ.Ɍ. Ɍɭɥɶɬɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ .; ɩɪɨɮ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɏ.Ɍ. Ɉɞɢɥɤɨɪɢɟɜɚ. - Ɍɚɲɤɟɧɬ.: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɆȼȾ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧ, 2009. - 288 ɫ. 2. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. - Ɍ., <<Ⱥɞɨɥɚɬ>>, 2018. - 275 ɫ. 3. ɋɚɣɞɭɥɥɚɟɜ ɒ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. –Ɍɚɲɤɟɧɬ: ɌȽɍ, 2018. –94.