ɍȽɈɅɈȼɇɈ ɉɊȺȼɈȼɈɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɆɈɊɋɄɈȽɈ ɉɂɊȺɌɋɌȼȺ Ⱥɡɪɚɩɤɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱ

ɘɊɂɋɉɊɍȾȿɇɐɂə

ɍȽɈɅɈȼɇɈ-ɉɊȺȼɈȼɈɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɆɈɊɋɄɈȽɈ ɉɂɊȺɌɋɌȼȺ

Ⱥɡɪɚɩɤɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱ

ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȽȺɈɍ ȼɈ ɆȽɉɍ, ɊɎ, ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ

Alexey Azrapkin Graduate student of department of criminal and legal disciplines Institute of the right and management of GAOU VO MGPU, Russia, Moscow

ȺɇɇɈɌȺɐɂə

Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜ ɱɶɢɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ABSTRACT

Sea piracy poses threat to international trade therefore promotes tension between the close continental states, and also between continents within one state. Fight against piracy is activity of all international community, for stabilization the relation, in a certain region where this type of criminal activity prevails. Because Russia is included into the world community and directly takes part in fight against sea piracy, disclosure of a criminal and legal component of this crime is very important. In article the option on suppression of this crime by the conclusion by shipowners of contracts with the state in whose waters piracy on protection, or the conclusions of contracts with the security organizations prospers is offered.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ, ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɡɦ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɷɤɢɩɚɠ, ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ.

Keywords: sea piracy, attack, sea terrorism, public safety, vessel, crew, property, transnational criminal groups, international crime, international law.

ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ.

Ɍɚɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ IMB (IMB PRC) ɡɚ 9 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ 2019 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ 119 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ 156-ɸ ɡɚ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɡɚɥɨɠɧɢɤɚɯ ɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜ 2019 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ 49 ɦɨɪɹɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 112 –ɜ 2018 ɝɨɞɭ. [15] ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ IMB ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɈɈɇ ɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ. [6;3] ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɀɟɧɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɦɨɪɟ 1958 ɝ., Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ 1982 ɝ.

Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɫɬ.101 Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ 1982 ɝ. «ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɚɤɬɭ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ, ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɝɪɚɛɟɠ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɣ ɫ ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɚɦɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ»; ȼɵɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɦɨɪɟ; ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. [1]

Ɍɚɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɫɬ.227 «ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ». ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.[4] ȼ. ɇ. Ⱦɨɞɨɧɨɜ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ». [7;31-35] ɋ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ȼ. ɇ. Ⱦɨɞɨɧɨɜɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ:

ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ ɫɬ.101 Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ȼɨ - ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɫɬ. 227 ɍɄ ɊɎ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɂ.ɂ. Ʌɭɤɚɲɭɤ ɢ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɇɚɭɦɨɜ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, «ɫɬ. 227 ɍɄ ɊɎ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ «ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ», ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚɯ». [10;151] ȼ. ɉ. Ʉɨɧɹɯɢɧ « ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɢɡɢɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɫɬ.227 ɍɄ ɊɎ, ɪɟɱɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɪɟɱɧɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨ ɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɱɶ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɬ». [9;43]

Ɍɚɤ Ɍ.ɂ. ɇɚɝɚɟɜɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɭɯɬɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ». [11;14] Ɇɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɇɚɝɚɟɜɨɣ Ɍ.ɂ.

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɝɥ.24 ɍɄ ɊɎ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɘ.ɋ. Ɋɨɦɚɲɟɜ [12;196-197] ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɂ. Ⱥ. Ʉɨɡɚɱɟɧɤɨ, «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ, ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɦɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ».[13;82]

Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɢɞɹɬ «ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.[14;561] ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ (ɫɬ. 227 ɍɄ) ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɭɞɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ.3 Ʉɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 07.03.2001 N 24-ɎɁ «ɩɨɞ ɫɭɞɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ (ɪɟɤɚ - ɦɨɪɟ) - ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ». [5] ȼ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ 28 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1989 ɝ., ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɭɞɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ». [2]

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɞɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɡɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɫɬɪɟɥɟ ɢ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɫɭɞɧɚ.

Ɍɚɤ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ» ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ: 162, 209, 227 ɍɄ ɊɎ, ɚ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɚɧɞɢɬɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɚɧɞɢɬɢɡɦɟ.

Ɇɟɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬ. 227 ɍɄ ɊɎ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɵɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ - ɡɚɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɝɪɭɡ, ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ.

Ɇɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɍɄ ɊɎ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ 16 ɥɟɬ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ.16 Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ 1958 ɝ. ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɧɹɬ ɦɹɬɟɠ ɢ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ. [3] Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɥɟɧ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɬ. 211 ɍɄ ɊɎ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɡɛɨɣ ɫɬ. 162 ɍɄ ɊɎ. ɇɨɪɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬ.227 ɍɄ ɊɎ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ, ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ.

Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɬɹɠɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.

Ʉ ɬɹɠɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɞɧɚ), ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ (IMB) ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ: ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɛɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɝɞɟ ɛɚɧɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɸɳɟɝɨ, ɪɭɛɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɝɧɟɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɫ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɠɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɢɩɚɠ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɢɪɚɬɨɜ ɚɬɚɤɭɸɬ ɫɭɞɚ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɹɤɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɩɨɪɬɨɜ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɢɞ –ɷɬɨ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɢɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɤɟɦ - ɬɨ ɢɡ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɩɨɪɬɨɜ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɢɪɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɨɝɧɟɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ.

Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɢɞ - ɷɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ. [8;41-42] ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ: ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ. ɍ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɪɚɬɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɚɧɤɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɧɤɟɪɨɜ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɩɨɞ «ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɮɥɚɝɨɦ» ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɋɭɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɟɦ ɢ ɫɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɫɭɞɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɛɦɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɭɞɚ ɛɟɫɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɚɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ. [8;41- 42]

Ɇɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ, ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɤɭɩɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: 16 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 2019 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɪɬɚ Ⱦɭɚɥɚ (Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ) ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɚɬɚɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɞɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɮɥɚɝɨɦ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɭɚ ɢ Ȼɚɪɛɭɞɵ. ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ, ɬɪɨɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɊɎ.[16]

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɞɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɹɬ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɭ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɛ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɟɬ.

ȼ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɯɪɚɧɭ, ɞɥɹ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Jardin Lloyd Thompson Group ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɧɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɫɭɞɧɚ. [17] ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɭɸ ɨɩɰɢɸ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɭ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɫɭɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɢɪɚɬɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɩɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ. ɉɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ: - ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɪɚɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɟɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜ.

Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬɶ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ȼɵɥɟɝɠɚɧɢɧ. [17] ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɭɞɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɱɟɣ ȼɨɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɮɥɨɬ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜɚɯɬɭ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ.

ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:

1. Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ (UNCLOS) (ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɝ. Ɇɨɧɬɟɝɨ-Ȼɟɟ 10.12.1982) (ɫ ɢɡɦ. ɨɬ 23.07.1994) // ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ, 01.12.1997, N 48, ɫɬ. 5493. 2. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɩɚɫɚɧɢɢ 1989 ɝɨɞɚ (SALVAGE) (Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɝ. Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ 28.04.1989) // ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ. 15 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2001 ɝ. N 3. ɋɬ. 217. 3. Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɦɨɪɟ 1958 ɝ. (Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɝ. ɀɟɧɟɜɚ 29.04.1958) // ȼɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ȼɋ ɋɋɋɊ. 16 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1962 ɝ. N 46. ɋɬ. 457. 4. ɍɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 13.06.1996 N 63-ɎɁ (ɪɟɞ. ɨɬ 31.07.2020) // ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ, 17.06.1996, N 25, ɫɬ. 2954. 5. Ʉɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 07.03.2001 N 24-ɎɁ (ɪɟɞ. ɨɬ 08.06.2020) (ɫ ɢɡɦ. ɢ ɞɨɩ., ɜɫɬɭɩ. ɜɫɢɥɭ ɫ 14.06.2020) // ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ, 12.03.2001, N 11, ɫɬ. 1001. 6. Ƚɚɥɢɟɜ, Ɋ.ɋ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ / Ɋ.ɋ. Ƚɚɥɢɟɜ. –

Ȼɚɪɧɚɭɥ: Ȼɚɪɧɚɭɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɆȼȾ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, 2015. –166 ɫ. 7. Ⱦɨɞɨɧɨɜ ȼ. ɇ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ (ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɛɨɣ) ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ // Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ №4 ɉɪɚɤ. ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦ. ɂɡɞ. Ɇ.: ɘɪɢɫɬ,2008- 48 ɫ.

9.

10. 11.

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15.

16. 17. Ʉɧɹɡɟɜɚ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɉɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ: ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ɇ.: ɄɈɇɌɊȺɄɌ,2012.-120 ɫ. Ʉɨɧɹɯɢɧ ȼ.ɉ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ Ɉɛɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋɉɛ., ɘɪɢɞ. ɰɟɧɬɪ ɉɪɟɫɫ, 2002.-346 ɫ. Ʌɭɤɚɲɭɤ ɂ.ɂ. ɇɚɭɦɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. Ɇ.: ɋɩɚɪɤ, 1999. - 287 c. ɇɚɝɚɟɜɚ Ɍ.ɂ. ɉɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɹɧɢɹ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ) // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ. - Ɇ.: ɘɪɢɫɬ, 2010, №10 -48 ɫ. Ɋɨɦɚɲɟɜ ɘ.ɋ Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟ (ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɡɦ, ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ). Ɇ.: ɊɨɫɄɨɧɫɭɥɶɬ, 2001. - 317 ɫ. ɋɭɞ ɩɪɢɫɹɠɧɵɯ: ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ: ɧɚɭɱɧɨ –ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ /ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. ȼ. Ƚɚɥɚɯɨɜɨɣ. Ɇ. : ɇɨɪɦɚ, 2006. -559 ɫ. ɍɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɚɹ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɚɹ :ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ʌ. Ⱦ. Ƚɚɭɯɦɚɧɚ, Ʌ. Ɇ. Ʉɨɥɨɞɤɢɧɚ, ɋ. ȼ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɚ. Ɇ.: ɘɪɢɫɩɪɭɞɟɧɰɢɹ, 1999. –784 ɫ. Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɢɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ 2019: ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ //http://assol.org.ua/2019/10/21/morskoe-piratstvo-2019-zaregistrirovannyh-sluchaev-stanovitsya-menshe/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 26.08.2020) ɋɥɭɱɚɣ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɪɹɤɨɜ ɡɚɥɨɠɧɢɤɚɦɢ -//https://tass.ru/info/6770430 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 26.08.2020) ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɥɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɢɪɚɬɚɦɢ-// https://pravo.ru/interpravo/news/view/45149/(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 26.08.2020)