DESCRIPTION OF DIDACTIC TOPICS IN MAHMUD ZAMAKHSHARIY'S WORK " ATWOQU-Z-ZAHAB" Nizomiddin Ibrohimov

№ 32 (161), 2020 ɝ. DESCRIPTION OF DIDACTIC TOPICS IN MAHMUD ZAMAKHSHARIY'S WORK " ATWOQU-Z-ZAHAB"

Nizomiddin Ibrohimov Master of International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan, Tashkent

ABSTRACT

The need to compare the translation of Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-z-zahab fil mawazi val khutab”, to identify the differences between them, and to show the place of the scholar's legacy in the history of oriental literature also determines the relevance of this topic. Close acquaintance with manuscripts, lithographs and printed copies of Mahmud Zamakhshariy's work "Atwoqu-z-zahab" and their mutual analysis.

Keywords: Qur’an, hadith, knowledge, piety, arrogance, pride, perfection, guidance, purity of heart, modesty, beauty.

Mahmud Zamakhshariy is distinguished in the classical oriental literature by his work in the genre of admonition and sermon. It is seemed that the scholar's knowledge of ancient Arabic literature is most evident in this field. The deep historical roots of the semantic features of the admonition further strengthen its traditional spirit, attracting the seeker of knowledge and the interest of the reader. Because the author does not use the ancient traditions without change, gives them the spirit of the time and connects them closely with the environment of his time. It served to ensure the survival of the work as well as the scientific heritage of the author. Such kind of immortality can be seen in the didactic works of Mahmud Zamakhshariy. The scientist is able to clearly distinguish important topics in the society of his time in terms of relevance, and to fully demonstrate in the text the ability to articulate the content of the answers to them. For this reason, the didactic themes in Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-z-zahab” are inseparable from the realities of their time. He was as important and relevant to his time as he was to later scholars. As a result, scholars have written reviews or commentaries on the work. An acquaintance with the didactic themes in Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-zzahab” shows that they are not repeated, but complement and improve one after another.

It is known that the work consists of a hundred articles. Each article in the work is named based on a common theme. The first article of the work is entitled as "The Rise of Man with Knowledge and Piety." Therefore, the importance of these two factors are very big in a person's life. As a first thought, the scientist advises man to always be knowledgeable and, of course, to be careful. A reader who gets acquainted with the content of wisdom realizes that it is really effective. It aims to make people aware of the essence of itself and Allah. He who reads and observes it strives for enlightenment, ascension, and avoidance of ignorance and vices. The next article is called "Look at your origin!" There is a reason for such a name. Because knowledge and piety are unique to man and do not belong to any other being or creature. The state of creation leads from simplicity to complexity, from simplicity to perfection, and if a person relies on the above two factors, he will attain it, if he does not rely on it and he will remain arrogant and return to his origin. The next article is called "Life is a moment". It is so called because the passing of a human life is like the passing of a hurricane. Therefore, in this moment, one should devote one's life to useful deeds, spend it in prayer, and persevere in good deeds. The fourth admonition in Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-z-zahab” is entitled as: "Do not drag your pants arrogantly and forsake arrogance." This work of Zamakhshariy, as noted above, describes the socioeconomic life of his time and condemns a number of negative aspects. The first of these is arrogance, which is the most dangerous to man, is described in the fourth article. It is no coincidence that the article is named in that way. The fact that the first of the three articles is "knowledge and piety," the second is "Look at your origin," the third is "life is a moment," and the fourth is dedicated to arrogance, seems Mahmud Zamakhshariy is educating the reader. Pride can make a person miserable, just as it was with devil. Humility brings man to perfection and makes him dear and sacred in both two worlds. The next article is entitled as "Death is enough to be an admonisher." That is enough for a person who truly understands with his mind and receives advice from him whenever he sees death. The reason is that a proud person is always indifferent to the sermon about death. Death is the end of this life. This is an advice and one must listen to it. This is an example for those who seek the right way. It is enough to look at the coffin and the grave. The sixth article is called "The Lord is near to you." It is so called because human should always know his Lord closely. Everything that is to come, whether it is life or good thing, is that everyone should believe that everything depends on himself and know that his Lord is always close to him. To know the Lord that knows both the outside and the inside of a person is close at all times. It is doubtful that people with the right intentions and pure hearts will always win in any place. Mahmud Zamakhshariy's next article is dedicated to such kind of people and entitled as "A person with a pure heart is a happy person." In fact, this is a person who never does evil to people and always extends a helping hand to them for the sake of the only God. That is why he is always a happy person. The next article is called "Avoid showing yourself." So, this article concludes that there were such people in the time of Mahmud Zamakhshariy. Such a person is like an ambitious person among people. A person with this disease can be called a person with low spirituality. Because people with such low morale always wants heights. He does his best to make

himself look good and doesn't know what fatigue is. They do not know that praise is worth only to the Creator. The next article is called "Sacrifice your property to yourself." The article is called like this because there are people who are dedicated to amassing wealth. They are so resentful that they are afraid to spend money even on themselves. Zamakhshariy has written the following advice for such people in this article. He tells that one should spend wealth not only for himself, but also to needy people. In addition, this article argues that only a good name and goodness remain from a person. For this, a person must first be fair, truthful and among the right people, and should follow their path solidly. Mahmoud Zamakhshariy's next article is about this and gives the necessary advice on holding the path of the God and of the people of truth. When a person loves the path of the God, he always fights against injustice, tries to establish justice everywhere, and strives for it. In his article, Zamakhshariy describes this ring as a ring of love. This name is not in vain, because only a person who loves the righteous can hold on to their path firmly. A man must hold this ring so tightly that nothing can occupy him from this ring, but only this ring keeps him busy. In this article, Zamakhshariy also emphasizes that one of the qualities of the righteous is humility and good manners. Of course, good manners are needed in many aspects of a person's life. Zamakhshariy's next article is entitled "Think about the verses of Allah." The reason for this name is that when a person thinks about the verses of Allah, his thoughts become deeper, he becomes more alert, and most importantly, his heart is always awake. The heart is far from petty and ugly thoughts. He begins to appreciate every moment of his life and learns from the signs of every verse. He looks at everything in the world through the eyes which introduces his Lord. It teaches us not to be ungrateful and to be satisfied in any situation. Zamakhshariy's next article is about being satisfied and says that one should be thankful for each passing day. At the same time, this article gives accurate advice on how to avoid begging and how to avoid asking things from people. For example, the last part of the article concludes, "Always ask for the bounty of Allah and be with the bounty of Allah." Surely, in vain there is a saying “The thing that was given by Allah is a blessing, and the thing that was not given by Allah is wisdom”. That is why a person should live every moment of his life with a spirit of gratitude. Every time that is lost and every time of ingratitude may lead to the inevitable detriment of a man. As a person begins to appreciate these two great blessings of time and contentment, he will no doubt have the courage to strive for prayer. The next article in Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-z-zahab” is entitled "Strive to Pray." The reason for this name is to warn man of the swamp of laziness. Another negative flaw in man is undoubtedly laziness. As mentioned above, if a person knows the value of time, he definitely spends it in prayer. He makes a plan for each day and sticks to it. He refrains from wasting his time and gives up laziness.

The next article is called "Leave Laziness" and this article gives you the necessary advice. In particular, it is said about the bitterness of rest found in lowness and humiliation. It is also advised about the consequences of not being able to control one's lust and finishes like this: “As long as a lust is free and uncontrolled seeks a lust like itself, throws at it greedily, and never satisfies”. As human becomes free negative habits start to increase in him, and bad behaviors start to appear. To get rid of them, one need to stay away from negative vices such as laziness and sloth. Mahmoud Zamakhshariy's next article, for example, is entitled as "Man's behavior is evidence of his origin." Of course, good deeds are given to man while his creation. For example, if a good person is faced evil, he will definitely refrain from doing so. If somebody wants humiliation to a noble man, he will turn away from it. The next article is entitled as "Shame is better than wealth." Man’s best wealth is undoubtedly his modesty. Of course, the sweat that drips from the forehead in a shy, expensive way is more beautiful than the beauty of a raised nose. Because evil will never come out of such a shameful person. He is convinced that although he cannot say anything because of his fear, he hopes that happiness will come after hardship. Mahmud Zamakhshariy's next article is entitled as "Of course, relief comes after hardship," which is the last verse of Surat al-Sharh in the Qur'an. This title of the article is not in vain. If there were no hard and difficult days in his life, it seems like he is deprived from savoir relief. The same is true of divine wisdom. It is a rule that good is commanded on this basis, and evil is returned on this basis, too. Because not everything is in vain. The next article is called "Bad activity." By giving this article such a title, Zamakhshariy speaks of the need to abandon all bad habits. They is like dust, and they pollutes the human heart. The next article is entitled as "About the nature of a good person." In fact, human needs help in every aspect of his life, and the help of good people is invaluable. As a person fills his circle of friends with good people, they will undoubtedly have a positive impact on his lifestyle. That is why Zamakhshariy’s next article is called so. As mentioned above, each of Zamakhshariy's articles is closely related to the content of the Noble Qur'an and the Hadith. It is well known that both the Qur'an and the Hadith contain many words about what kind of people can be friends. For example, verse 2 of Surat al-Ma'ida says: و البر علي تاونو و علتقوي “Cooperate in the path of goodness and piety [4].” The next article is entitled as “About avoiding the filth”. This article is named like this because it is about protecting one's lust from filthy things and the ways that lead to it. It is known that filthy food can cause great harm to a person's life, property and heart. On the surface, it may seem that everything is fine, but it does not go unnoticed on spiritual aspects of a person. It is well known that according to the Shari'ah of Islam the main factor in the acceptance of a person's prayers depends on the honesty of the halal food. In this article, Mahmud Zamakhshariy gives the reader the necessary advice on how a person should refrain from these negative ways. At the same time, he warns of the consequences of those who do this and says: "In order to do what Allah has commanded and to establish justice, people of pure faith do not obey the time, they break the wings of evil [2]." Indeed, those who abstain from what God has forbidden will be blessed in this world and in the Hereafter. In

many aspects of this sermon, the good news of happiness and bliss is given to those who are willing to do well. People who stay away from these things and do not protect themselves from what is forbidden to them are condemned. The next article is about Riya (acting for people) and Dua (asking from Allah). These two defects are one positive and the other negative. In this article, Zamakhshariy describes hypocrite pepole as "hypocrites." It is said that such people will undoubtedly be among those who will incur the wrath of Allah [2]. At the same time, certain etiquettes of dua, including etiquette and humility, are taught. It is seen that Mahmud Zamakhshariy is a man of deep thought, intelligence and vast knowledge, who is known for his beautiful presentation of these teachings.

In conclusion, Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoquz-zahab” not only mentions the negative aspects of a person, but also advises how to get rid of them. The advice in these articles is closely related to the meanings of the Noble Qur'an and the Hadith, and the reader who reads them will undoubtedly receive spiritual nourishment. Because the reader who reads these words of wisdom will immediately become enlightened, begin to think, and will no doubt apply them to his life.

References: 1. A brief commentary on the Noble Qur'an – Alouddin Mansur. – Tashkent. 1992. p.-72-73. 2. Mahkam Mahmud, Nazarbek Rahim. Golden necklaces. Tashkent, 2010. – p. 37. 3. Abu Homid Ghazzoliy “Mukoshafatu-l qulub”. “Adolat” Publishing House. Tashkent, 2002. – p. 350B. 4. Surat al-Ma’ida, verse 2. The Noble Qur’an, Uzbek annotated translation, Alouddin Mansur Tashkent. 1992. p. 72- 73.