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№ 32 (161), 2020 .
DESCRIPTION OF DIDACTIC TOPICS IN MAHMUD ZAMAKHSHARIY'S WORK " ATWOQU-Z-ZAHAB" Nizomiddin Ibrohimov Master of International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan, Tashkent ABSTRACT The need to compare the translation of Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-z-zahab fil mawazi val khutab”, to identify the differences between them, and to show the place of the scholar's legacy in the history of oriental literature also determines the relevance of this topic. Close acquaintance with manuscripts, lithographs and printed copies of Mahmud Zamakhshariy's work "Atwoqu-z-zahab" and their mutual analysis. Keywords: Qur’an, hadith, knowledge, piety, arrogance, pride, perfection, guidance, purity of heart, modesty, beauty. Mahmud Zamakhshariy is distinguished in the classical oriental literature by his work in the genre of admonition and sermon. It is seemed that the scholar's knowledge of ancient Arabic literature is most evident in this field. The deep historical roots of the semantic features of the admonition further strengthen its traditional spirit, attracting the seeker of knowledge and the interest of the reader. Because the author does not use the ancient traditions without change, gives them the spirit of the time and connects them closely with the environment of his time. It served to ensure the survival of the work as well as the scientific heritage of the author. Such kind of immortality can be seen in the didactic works of Mahmud Zamakhshariy. The scientist is able to clearly distinguish important topics in the society of his time in terms of relevance, and to fully demonstrate in the text the ability to articulate the content of the answers to them. For this reason, the didactic themes in Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-z-zahab” are inseparable from the realities of their time. He was as important and relevant to his time as he was to later scholars. As a result, scholars have written reviews or commentaries on the work. An acquaintance with the didactic themes in Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-zzahab” shows that they are not repeated, but complement and improve one after another. It is known that the work consists of a hundred articles. Each article in the work is named based on a common theme. The first article of the work is entitled as "The Rise of Man with Knowledge and Piety." Therefore, the importance of these two factors are very big in a person's life. As a first thought, the scientist advises man to always be knowledgeable and, of course, to be careful. A reader who gets acquainted with the content of wisdom realizes that it is really effective. It aims to make people aware of the essence of itself and Allah. He who reads and observes it strives for enlightenment, ascension, and avoidance of ignorance and vices. The next article is called "Look at your origin!" There is a reason for such a name. Because knowledge and piety are unique to man and do not belong to any other being or creature. The state of creation leads from simplicity to complexity, from simplicity to perfection, and if a person relies on the above two factors, he will attain it, if he does not rely on it and he will remain arrogant and return to his origin. The next article is called "Life is a moment". It is so called because the passing of a human
life is like the passing of a hurricane. Therefore, in this moment, one should devote one's life to useful deeds, spend it in prayer, and persevere in good deeds. The fourth admonition in Mahmud Zamakhshariy's “Atwoqu-z-zahab” is entitled as: "Do not drag your pants arrogantly and forsake arrogance." This work of Zamakhshariy, as noted above, describes the socioeconomic life of his time and condemns a number of negative aspects. The first of these is arrogance, which is the most dangerous to man, is described in the fourth article. It is no coincidence that the article is named in that way. The fact that the first of the three articles is "knowledge and piety," the second is "Look at your origin," the third is "life is a moment," and the fourth is dedicated to arrogance, seems Mahmud Zamakhshariy is educating the reader. Pride can make a person miserable, just as it was with devil. Humility brings man to perfection and makes him dear and sacred in both two worlds. The next article is entitled as "Death is enough to be an admonisher." That is enough for a person who truly understands with his mind and receives advice from him whenever he sees death. The reason is that a proud person is always indifferent to the sermon about death. Death is the end of this life. This is an advice and one must listen to it. This is an example for those who seek the right way. It is enough to look at the coffin and the grave. The sixth article is called "The Lord is near to you." It is so called because human should always know his Lord closely. Everything that is to come, whether it is life or good thing, is that everyone should believe that everything depends on himself and know that his Lord is always close to him. To know the Lord that knows both the outside and the inside of a person is close at all times. It is doubtful that people with the right intentions and pure hearts will always win in any place. Mahmud Zamakhshariy's next article is dedicated to such kind of people and entitled as "A person with a pure heart is a happy person." In fact, this is a person who never does evil to people and always extends a helping hand to them for the sake of the only God. That is why he is always a happy person. The next article is called "Avoid showing yourself." So, this article concludes that there were such people in the time of Mahmud Zamakhshariy. Such a person is like an ambitious person among people. A person with this disease can be called a person with low spirituality. Because people with such low morale always wants heights. He does his best to make 68
