ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇɂȿ ɆɂȽɊȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɕ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ ɋɟɬɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ

ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɂ ȺɊɏȿɈɅɈȽɂə

ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇɂȿ ɆɂȽɊȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɕ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ

ɋɟɬɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ

ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ, ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ № 47, ɊɎ, ɝ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ

INTERNAL MIGRATION PROCESSES OF RUSSIA

Aleksei Setin teacher, municipal budget educational institution secondary school №47, Russia, Ulyanovsk

ȺɇɇɈɌȺɐɂə

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɪɨɥɶ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ XVII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɢ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɨ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ABSTRACT

This article will consider the internal migration processes of Russia which arose as a result of the expansion of the borders of the Russian state, the role of migration processes, which only from the XVII century the government begins to pay more attention to, which subsequently played a decisive role in the formation of the political, economic, social and cultural space of Russia.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɹ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ, ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɨ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɰɵ, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɧɟɬ, ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬ, ɦɚɥɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɟ, ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɋɋɋɊ, ɨɛɟɡɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ.

Keywords: internal migration, border, territorial expansion, movement of the population, serfs, state serfs, nobility, immigrants, serf oppression, colonist, land shortage, urbanization, USSR, depopulation.

Ɇɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ XVII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ. ɉɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ ȼ.Ɉ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ [3]. Ʉɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɂ.Ʌ. əɦɡɢɧɚ –«ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɧɟɞɨɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɷɦɢɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɫɬɨɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ» [6]. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ, ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɲɥɚ ɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɵɜɚɥ, ɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ Ɇ. Ɂɨɦɛɚɪɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ» ɩɢɫɚɥ –«ɇɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɛɟɠ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ … Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɣɬɢ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɟɥɚ ɯɢɳɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ … Ɇɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɚ ɧɚɫ ɭɦɟɪɥɢ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɪɚɫɵ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɟɡɥɸɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ» [7]. ɋ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XVII ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 40 ɞɨ 403 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɦɢɥɶ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 11 ɪɚɡ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ [5]. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɶɧɨ-ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɡɚɫɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɋɢɛɢɪɶ, Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ, ɇɨɜɨɪɨɫɫɢɹ, ɇɢɠɧɟɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ, Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ. Ɍɚɤ, ȼ.Ɉ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ «ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɪɟɣ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɑёɪɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɟɛɬɚ, Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ ɢ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɥ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ, Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ ɢ ɍɪɚɥ» [3]. Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝ Ⱦ. Ʌɢɜɟɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ: «Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɝɞɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ» [4]. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ-

ɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɣ [1]. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɝɥɵɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ. Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɦ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ [2], ɳɟɞɪɨ ɠɚɥɭɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɭ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɭɹ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɚɦ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɫɫɭɞɵ, ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ, ɧɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɜ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɭɫɚɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ) ɢ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɰɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 5 ɥɟɬ. Ȼɟɝɥɵɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ, ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɧёɬɚ, ɛɟɠɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ-ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɵ, ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɹ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɦɚɥɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɚɦɢ, ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɜ ɛɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɭɡɵ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɉɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɨɯɨɞɰɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɫɦɨɝ ɡɚɫɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ. ȼɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɞɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɦɚɥɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɢɹɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ ɧɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɭɛɟɠɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɭ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɸ ɦɨɪɟɣ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɭ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɬɟɯ ɥɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɫɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ. ȼ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɭɸ. Ɂɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɡɹɥ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɧɚɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨ-ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼ 90-ɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. ɋ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ (ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ: Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɚɹ, ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɚɬɚɪɫɬɚɧ, Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɞɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ.) ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɥɸɞɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɜɵɦɢɪɚɸɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɥɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɪɨɫɥɨ ɧɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɤɪɚɹ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȿɝɨ ɭɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɟɡɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤ ɬɢɯɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ.

ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:

1. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ Ɉ.Ⱦ., Ɋɵɛɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ʌ.Ʌ., Ɋɵɛɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ɉ.ȼ. Ɇɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. –Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ «ɗɤɨɧ-ɂɧɮɨɪɦ», 2016. ɋ. – 13. 2. Ⱦɨɧ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɟ ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ. XVIII –ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. (Ɂɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ). ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, 1977. ɋ. – 61. 3. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ.Ɉ. ɋɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ: ȼ 9-ɬɢ ɬ. Ɍ. I. Ʉɭɪɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɑ. I. / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ.Ʌ. əɧɢɧɚ. –Ɇ.: Ɇɵɫɥɶ, 1987. ɋ. – 50 –52.

5.

6.

7. Ʌɢɜɟɧ Ⱦ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ, ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ // ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɇ., 1999. ɋ. – 299. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜ ɰɢɮɪɚɯ. ɋɬɪɚɧɚ. ɇɚɪɨɞ. ɋɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ: ɨɩɵɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ / ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɋɭɛɚɤɢɧ. ɋɬɨ ɥɟɬ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ. / Ⱥ.ȿ. ɋɭɪɢɧɨɜ. –Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɊȺȽɋ, 2009. ɋ. – 40. əɦɡɢɧ ɂ.Ʌ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ: [ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ] / ɂ.Ʌ. əɦɡɢɧ ɢ ȼ.ɉ. ȼɨɳɢɧɢɧ. –Ɇ.; Ʌ.: Ƚɨɫ. ɢɡɞ-ɜɨ, 1926. VI, [2]. ɋ. –4. Sombart, Werner (1863-1941). Der moderne Kapitalismus. Bd. 1. Die Genesis des Kapitalismus. – Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1902. – XXXIV. S. –348.