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ɆɈɌɂȼȺɐɂə ɄȺɄ ȼȺɀɇȿɃɒɂɃ ɎȺɄɌɈɊ ɉɈȼɕɒȿɇɂə ȼɈȼɅȿɑȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɅȺ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ Ɉɤɫ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ
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Ɉɤɫ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ
ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪ, ȾȽɌɍ «Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ», ɊɎ, ɝ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-Ⱦɨɧɭ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ
ɞɨɰ., ɤɚɧɞ. ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ȾȽɌɍ «Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ», ɊɎ, ɝ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-Ⱦɨɧɭ
MOTIVATION AS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN INCREASING THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION'S STAFF
Maxim Oks Master's degree, DSTU «Don state technical University», Russian Federation, Rostov-on-don
Alexander Maksimenko Associate Professor, candidate of Economics, DSTU «Don state technical University», Russian Federation, Rostov-on-don
ȺɇɇɈɌȺɐɂə
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱥ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ABSTRACT
The article deals with the actual problems of formation of labor motivation of personnel and the main factors that affect the involvement of personnel in the organization. We also studied the problems of staff motivation. Special attention is paid to the importance of non-material incentives.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɨɬɢɜ, ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ.
Keywords: motive, motivation, efficiency, personnel management, personnel involvement.
Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ -ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ, ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ. Ʌɸɞɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ –ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ. ȼɨɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ» ɡɚɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ «ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ». Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɝɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ, ɚ ɜɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɭɫɩɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ».
Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɠɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ: ɩɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ –ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ –ɫɚɦɨɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ: ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ –ɷɬɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ(ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ)ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ. ɑɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɱɟɝɨɬɨ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ –ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɭ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ-ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɦɟɸɬ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ –ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɧɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. ɍɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɭɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɧɟɦ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ : 1. ɩɪɹɦɭɸ 2. ɜɥɚɫɬɧɭɸ (ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ) 3. ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ (ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ)
ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɢ ,ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼɥɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɦ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ- ɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ .
Ɇɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ –ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ: 1. ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ 2. ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɦ ɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ-ɤɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ: 1. ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ 2. ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ, 3. ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ 4. ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɮɚɤɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ» ɢ «ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ» ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ. Ȼɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɵ «ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ» ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ - «ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ»
Ⱥ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. ȼɫɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:
1. Ⱥɥɚɜɟɪɞɨɜ Ⱥ. Ɋ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɚɧɤɟ; Ɇɚɪɤɟɬ Ⱦɋ - Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2019. - 360 c. 2. Ⱥɥɥɢɧ Ɉ. ɇ., ɋɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɇ. ɂ. Ʉɚɞɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɉɨɞɛɨɪ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ; Ƚɟɧɟɡɢɫ -
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2018. - 249 c. 3. Ȼɭɯɚɥɤɨɜ Ɇ.ɂ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ / Ɇ.ɂ. Ȼɭɯɚɥɤɨɜ // ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ. 2018.- 48-50ɫ. 4. Ɂɚɤɢɪɶɹɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ɋ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ /
Ʌ.Ɋ. Ɂɚɤɢɪɶɹɧɨɜɚ // Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ. 2017. -64ɫ 5. Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɉɪɨɫɩɟɤɬ - Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2019. - 534 c. 6. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ; Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ - Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2020. - 184 c.
