Agnese Fiocchi - Marine Research Institute by Amsterdam Academy of Architecture

Marine Research Institute Rehabilitation and Conservation of the Bluefin Tuna

At the end of this ribbon, which goes around a curve towards Europe, Cadiz seems to be sailing like one of those white sail boats that children lead with a thread in the Tuileries pond. Alexander Dumas, 1846

Abstract The Marine Research Institute is the result of my personal fascination towards the concept of memory embedded in the city of Cadiz, where it is possible to read all the several domains that have passed by and left a piece of their history in this marvellous land. In particular, I was overwhelmed by the ancient fishing ritual of the bluefin tuna and the nature of this place as the colour of the ocean and its tides, the harshness of the rocks and the oyster stone, colouring the entire city and recalling the sound of the sea. Unfortunately these elements are not enough anymore to let the city survive and shine as in the past. Nowadays the situation has changed and Cadiz is facing different issues as an high demand of its particular tuna, high unemployment, aging population and underutilized natural space.

Marine Research Institute

Rehabilitation and Conservation of the Bluefin Tuna Agnese Fiocchi Master in Architecture Academy of Architecture October 2020 Jo Barnett Vibeke Gieskes Stephan Verkuijlen

For all these reasons the Marine Research Institute has been inspired and designed following the cultural, social and natural factors, aiming to reintroduce aged and traditional architectural typologies, symbols, details and materials in a more contemporary key. The MRI has the ambitions to strengtening the citizens identity, bringing back the old importance of the blue fin tuna, work with the social differences, aiming to a social cohesion against poverty and social exclusion and promote the surrounding which is the key element of the society well-being. The final result of this project is to encourage the development of a community that “lives with“ the sorrounding, self-producing research and innovation, protecting its landscape, highlighting and enhancing the relationship between city and sea.

Contents 1. Introduction 9 - The city of Càdiz; - The city and the territory; - Geopgraphy of the isthmus.

2. Genesis and development of the historical city of Càdiz 21 - Walled Edge; - Street; - Square; - Neighbourhood; - Element; - Material and Symbol.

3. Experiencing Gadir 73 4. La Caleta Beach 83 -Historical context; -Bluefin tuna ritual; -Ongoing debates; -Project location;

5. Design 131 6. Bibliography - Online resources 164

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Introduction

Preface The intervention on the city of Càdiz has the intention of elucidating the importance of the architectural heritage of the city and could lead to a better comprehension of the urban and building phenomenon of this rare city for its physical, historical and geographical characteristics of the Spanish territory. The result is a combination of the urban analysis, as the selection and study of architectures and elements that characterize the city, with my personal view. The historical architectures of the old city of Càdiz is still recognize as an alive core, showing notable peculiarities which distinguish it from others Andalusian cities and I will stand out. In the old city the architectonic and the urban concept blended into one. In fact, the first monument is the city itself, understood as an architectural complex organized by installation and typological development legislation of a typical compressed commercial-military space embedded by the sea.

1. Aerial photo, Càdiz

The city of Càdiz Càdiz is located along the Andalusian south-western coast, between the Guadalquivir river mouth and the Gibraltar strait. Moreover, it is also close to the estuary of the Guadalete river, which irrigate the inner countryside of Jerez and in this point it sections the tectonic coastal plate, creating a coveted group of sanbanks, swamps and shallow waters. The city is part of this particular context and embedded by the sea, which drawn up its urban border with sharpness inside of which it is clearly possible to distinguish two parts. The old city occupied a rocky platform on the starting of the bay and it is linked by a sandy ayre to the mainland, which consist mainly of the modern part. The ancient city is accessed through the extension made on the isthmus, to which are added a series of infill materials which expand its scarce extension The city has a morphology similar to a linear city model, born along the main streets: the main boulevard and rail system. The eastern side faces the Ocean and creates a distended urban beach, while the western profile is facing the inside of the bay on which strong industrial and harbour occupations took place. This recent city developed a setting linked with the suburban developments of the Spanish cities of the 60’, with the only difference that these developments came from their location. Nevertheless, the locals recognize the historical city centre as the real Càdiz, ignoring the most recent area, calling the people living there “beduinos” alluding to the Arabic nomad groups living in the desert. In fact, that area developed mostly a residential use for all that people working in the historical city centre.

2. Postcard of the Beach of Santa Maria, Càdiz

The city and the territory: Càdiz and the Bay It is crucial to talk about the city settlement and its relation with the context in the way to understand the city of Càdiz. Since the beginning, the main characteristic was the hard location, in between the land and the sea, the swamps , salt pans and tides which were defining the border of this land. Nowadays, it became simpler reach Càdiz but in the ancient times it was an island reachable by boat through the “barra de Sancti Petri”(the strait of Saint Peter). The sea was the best and most convenient way of communication until the rail system arrival. Anyway, the latter was stopping at Trocadero from where the travellers should take a boat to reach Càdiz from “la Puerta del Mar” (the sea door), the authentic entrance to the city. The first communication with the mainland started to be more solid from the XVIII century thanks to the new reef that link “Puerta de Tierra” (the Earth door) with Isla de Leòn, currently San Fernando. This axis not only respected the ancient maritime routes between the Mediterrenean and the Atlantic but also promoted the placement of a city network located on rocky promontories, marking the sand and the sea. In this way, the Bay become a constellation of cities where Càdiz was representing the most important one. This area was showing an incredible balance between 400.000 inhabitants not located in one main spot but distributed in different urban ones, separated by big distance which are still recognize as natural park.

3. Bay of Càdiz 1799

4. Overall map of the Bay of Càdiz 1743

Geopgraphy of the isthmus The geographical conditions need to be mention to analyse the origin, the development and the evolution of the city of Càdiz as : 1. the location detached from the mainland simple to defend; 2. the probable existence of a natural port, which was creating a canal between the primitive island; 3. the existence of two kind of sea a calm sea in the bay, where the boats could tie up and an hostile one at the back of the island “el m ular pentagon shape and it is a rocky platform detached from the land by a vast zone of tides, which were representing a certain secular interest since were an important meeting point from commercial and military viewpoint. Since the ancient times different cultures have been in this island as Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans, taking over the commercial and military activity and leaving several archaeological remains (sarcophagus, roman theatre, necropolis). 5. Plan of Càdiz 1609

The decline will start from the end of the roman period when the arab will conquer Càdiz. In fact, they have more interest in conquering the rest of the Andalusia instead of using the potentials of Càdiz. In this way, the mediaeval city will grow in between the roman buildings.

6. Masterplan of the city and fortifications of Càdiz. Antonio Doncel. 1760

7. View of Càdiz. Anton den Wyngaerde. 1567

8. Masterplan of Càdiz. Josè Died de Bulnes.

Genesis and development of the historical city of Càdiz 21

Càdiz is made of several layouts:

Càdiz as layer city 1. System of the city

1a. Walled Edge: City borders, starting and ending in “Puerta de Tierras”.

1b. Streets and Squares: Main public space, visiting experience.

1a. Walled Edge: City borders, starting and ending in “Puerta de Tierras”.

1b. Streets and Squares: Main public space, visiting experience.

2. System of components

2b. Patio

2. System of components

2b. Patio

2c. “Torre Mirador”

2a. Neighbourhoods: Nevertheless they are all integrated in the urban setting every one keeps its features for situation, location and period of development.

2c. “Torre Mirador”

Walled Edge

Candelaria Fortress Alameda entrance

San Felipe Fortress

Soledad Fortress

San Carlos Fortress Bonete Fortress

San Antonio Fortress

Santa Catalina Castle

La Cruz Fortress

San Pablo Fortress

Puerta del Mar

San Pedro Fortress

Los Negros Fortress

Orejon Fortress Santiago Fortress

Los Martires Fortress

Santa Elena Fortress

Los Capuchinos Fortress

Puerta de Tierra 26

San Roque Fortress

6. “Jardines de Alameda Apodaca” (Alameda Apodaca Garden), 1617- 1926.

4. “Plaza de España” (Spain square), 1800.

5. “Baluarte de San Carlos” (San Carlos Fortress), 1700.

5. 7.

10.

13.

11.

7. “Baluarte de la Candelaria” (Candelaria Fortress), 1672.

8. “Paqrue Genovés” (Genoese Park), XIII century.

3. “Paseo de Labra” (Labra Promenade), 1912

14.

12. 2. “Paseo de Canalejas” (Canalejas Promenade), 1912.

10. “Castillo de Santa Catalina ” (Santa Catalina Castle), 1597.

12.“Baluarte de los Martires” (Los Martires Fortress), 1676.

1. Puertas de Tierra, 1500 - 1700

9. “Hotel Atlantico” (Atlantic Hotel ), XIII century.

11. “Balneario Reina Victoria” (Victoria Queen Spa), 1920.

13. “Catedral Nueva” (New Cathedral), 1721-1838.

14. “Càrcel Real” (Royal Prison), 1792-1990.

Street

The streets The medieval streets layout is still recognizible in the neighbourhood of “El Populo” and “Santa Maria” but it get lost as soon the city started to expand. In fact, the new setting was based on a ring streets system where the trade was taking place. The outlines of the new commercial ring were : “Calle Nueva”, “Calle San Francisco”, “Calle Columela”, “Calle Compañia”, “Calle Pelota”, “Calle San Juan de Dios”. This ring was leading the streets flow of the entire city since they were funcioning as a connection between the trading area and each neighbourhood. Consequently, it does not exist a main city core since the urban development is ruled by the aforementioned ring-shaped and radial scheme.

Calle San Francisco Calle Columela

Calle Compañia

Calle Nueva Calle Pelota Calle San Juan de Dios

Square

The squares In the XVIII “Plaza San Antonio” (San Antonio square) and“Plaza San Juan de Dios”(San Juan de Dios square) were the only squares characterizing Càdiz. In the XIX century Càdiz faced an economic recession and it is forced to live with its inherited heritage. For this reason, the municipality started to promote new urban spaces using the areas left, in particular using the old orchyards and convents. The consequences of this phenomenon are visible in some squares as: “Plaza de la Mina” (Mina square), “Plaze de la Merced” (Merced square), “Plaza de la Catedral” (Cathedral square), “Plaza de la Candelaria” (Candelaria square).

“Plaza de la Merced“ (Merced square) was built on the ruins of the old “Convento de los Mercedarios“ (Mercedarios Convent) in 1629. In 1845 it was used as gas factory. In 1867 the square was completely empty and it started its design , completed with gardens in 1886. Nowaday the sqaure disappeared again in favour of a flamenco museum.

“Plaza San Juan de Dios“ (San Juan de Dios square) is an open agora to the sea, connecting the bay with the medieval area and splitting in half two neighbourhoods. It became one of the most important squares of Càdiz, gathering crucial building as the municipality, the hospital and shops. It was used as market untill the XIX century when the Neoclassicism turned it into a sparkling core.

“Plaza de las Flores“ (las Flores square) has been always full of life because of the newspaper’s headquarter, the not existing anymore theater and the new market located next to it. The shape of the square was dictated by the fact that it should matched with “Convento de los Descalzos “ (los Descalzos convent) originally located behind it.

“Plaza de San Antonio“ (San Antonio square) started to develop from the second half of the XVII century when the middle class started to take place in the Mentidero neighbourhood. It slowly became an alternative meeting point despite San Juan square, considered too far and unhealthy. Indeed, this square became the urban scenario for fests and events.

“Plaza de la Mina“ (la Mina square) was built once the San Francisco Convent was demolished in 1838. The square will appear once the perimetral tree-lined streets and wrough-iron benches were designed. The gardens and the music kiosk in the middle of the square were realized in 1861. Only in the 1897 it tooked the modern arrangement.

Neighbourhood

El Populo

“El Populo” (The population) is the first neighbourhood and it was born on the old mediaeval traces. The king Alfonso X of Castille buld it again on the old Phoenicians, romans and arabs ruins. The neighborouhood takes its name from a virgo image placed on a door of the old walls in XVI century in order to protect the city and its inhabitants. In fact, it is possible to read “Ora pro populo” from latin “Pray for the citizens”. The architecture of the neighbourhood is still characterized by old buildings as: - Casa Estopiñan; - Casa de la Contaduria; - Casa del Almirante; - Cattedral vieja; - Teatro Romano; - Ayuntamento de San Juan de Dios. - Plaza Fray Felix, current religious spot of the city, preserved its old cobblestone pavimentation designed by the famous neoclassical architect Torquato Benjumeda in the XVIII century. In XVIII and XIX centuries El Populo will be transformed by inner reforms, keeping the beforementioned architectures. Neverthless, the neighbourhood was born as main core of the old city but the old walls around it will make the hood always cofined from the rest of the city.

Ayuntamento Càdiz

Arco de El Populo

Arco de Los Blancos Casa del Almirante

Teatro Romano Arco de La Rosa

Casa Estopiñan Casa de la Contaduria Plaza Fray Felix

Catedral vieja

2 1 8 1

Santa Maria and Santiago

Santiago

Santa Maria

When the population amount increased they started to move into two directions: East, close to the mainland (Santa Maria neighbourhood) and West to the sea (Santiago neighbourhood). The first neighborhoud is still surviving and preserve the existing traces towards the mainland. “Convento Santa Maria” (the Santa Maria convent), “convento Merced” (the Merced convent) and “Calle Sopranis”(Calle Sopranis street) were the three elements that defined the street trend. In particular the latter was the city centre where shops took place. The neighbourhood own several old buildings with an high number of baroque houses not restored as it happened in others zones during the Neoclassicism. Santiago neighbourhood is not visible anymore since it developed in different directions towards the West side of the island, creating other neighbourhood.

Plaza San Juan de Dios

Calle Sopranis

Convento Merced

Convento Santa Maria

181

Puertas de Tierra

Santiago

Santiago and its growth Santiago neighbourhood started to grow towards two directions, developing in other neighbourhoods. One part was increasing along the bay side towards Los Remedios chapel, today San Francisco Convent and “Baluarte San Felipe” (San Felipe fortress). Since the business was moving North-West a new commercial area was taking place in “Calle Nueva” (new street), the main shops moved from “Calle Sopranis” to this new location. Baluarte San Felipe

The other one was expanding towards “Campo del Sur” (the south field), “Puerto Chico” (small canal - bay which was allowing the entrance of boats from the Atlantic Ocean during the Phoenician and Roman period) , passing by the windmils located close to “Iglesia de Capuchinos” (Capuchins Church) and “Santa Catalina” and “San Sebastian” chapels, facing the Ocean, denominated Mar de Vendaval (the stormy sea). Orchards, vineyards and wax factories were still untouched in between these two growth areas, creating a considerable detachment between North and South. Moreover, this separation was hemphasized since it was built “Convento de Los Descalzos” (Los Descalzos Convent), contributing to the neighbourhoods segregation.

Los Remedios Santa Catilina

Convento de Los Descalzos Calle Puerto Chico San Sebastian

Iglesia de Capuchinos

Calle Nueva

San Juan and Viña

San Juan and Viña The result of the Santiago growth is the development of two neighbourhoods in the South part: San Juan and Viña. San Juan, previously known as Santiago neighbourhood, had a very great importance as small harbour during the Middle Ages, which disappeard with the construction of the defensive walls in the XVIII century. La Viña neighbourhood was decentralised from the social - commercial life of that time. For this reason, the land was less expensive for the distance from the harbour area, the trading location. Moreover, It was characterized by social housing since it was born to guest the lower classes.

San Juan Viña

The neighbourhood developed along two main street axis: “Calle de la Rosa”, facing the upper part and “Calle Corralon de los Carros”, facing the Atlantic Ocean.

Calle de la Rosa

Plaza de la Reina

Calle Corralon de los Carros

Valcarcel

Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma

In the XVIII century it started to take place a sistematic process of urban packages where the old orchyards and open spaces of the urban setting were reorganized in lots. The proposal was sent to the urban department of the city that together with the military department were integrating it into the street pattern, alligning it with the existing street and rectifing them. For this reason the ancient orchiards “Cepeda” on the North-West side of the neighbourhood disappeared to make way for the “Antiguo Ospicio Varcarcel” (old hospice), which became prison, mentally ill clinic and primary school. Nowday it is abandoned and used as parking lot. In this period, the only space not built was “Plaza Reina” (Reina square) becoming the main core of the neighbourhood together with “Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma” (Nuestra Señora de la Palma church), which it is in straight line with “La Caleta” beach.

Mentidero

In 1650 the middle class started to move above the Vina neighbourhood, looking for a more healthy place and developing the Mentidero neighbourhood. The latter took is name from the Mentidero square which represents the exit from the city centre towards the Ocean. The Mentidero started to develop along “Calle Ancha” (Ancha street) and Plaza de San Antonio (San Antonio square), where the “Pozo de la Java”(Jara well ) was probably located. The hood is based on a simple system of street. In fact they can be divided in two family of straight lines: one is parallel to “Calle Nueva” and Jara well while the other one is parallel to the main street embending the hospital. The two family of straight lines matched in the old and not existing anymore “Plaza Gaspar del Pino” (Gaspar del Pino square).

Calle Nueva

Plaza de San Antonio

El Pozo de la Jara Calle Ancha

Plaza Mentidero Calle Cervantes

In the XVIII century several new architectures enriched Càdiz as the “Hospital Real” (the Royal hospital). In particular in 1755 José Barnola, spanish soldiers and engineer, established a sectorial plan for the city where it is possible to recognize new streets integrated in the existing pattern as “Calle Hercules” in the Mentidero

Plaza Gaspar del Pino

Calle Benjumeda Calle Sacramento

Hospital Real

Nuevo Mundo

In the XVII century the city experienced an incredible growth (5.000 citizens in 1600, 22.000 in 1650, 40.000 in 1700). The main reason is that the maritime trade was shifted from Sevilla to Càdiz, where it was located the house of bargaining in charge of the trades between the Iberian Peninsula and the Spanish Indies.

Oficina de Correos

Calle Hospital de Muejeres

“Nuevo Mundo” neighbourhood was born to fulfill the impending working class rise. The hood can be associate to an extension of “Viña” neighbourhood since it is located above this one. This area was famous because of the orchards, the cherry and the wax factories. “Viña de Malabar” was occuping much of this area but it has been sold by the minucipality in the way that the new neighbourhood could take place. In 1692 the urbanisation process of Nuevo Mundo started to be visible. In particular, Juan de Peñalva, engineer and owner of the wax factory in front, designed a strict streets layout based on their width and orientation. This plan is still visible nowadays through the streets: “Calle Diego Arias”, “Calle San Rafael”, “Calle Encarnacion”, “Calle Hospital de Muejers y Soano”.

Mercad Central de Abastos

Parroquia San Lorenzo

Calle Diego Arias

Calle Encarnaciòn Calle San Rafael Plaza Jesus Nazareno

San Carlos

In 1710 the Army Corps of Engineers was responsible of the management of the city, aiming a better centralization. One of the main goal was to build and repair the defensive walls, promoting the urban development. “San Carlos” neighbourhood was on of the result of this new policy. Since 1730 several proposals were exposed as the one from Ignacio Sala, suggesting to build two defensive walls departing from this area : one untill the “Baluarte de San Antonio” (San Antonio fortress)and the second one untill “Baluarte de San Felipe”(San Felipe fortress). Moreover, the idea was to locate new shops and businesses behind the walls, improving Càdiz commercial activities . Unfortunately, the project was abandoned after ten years. In the 60’s they decided to pursue Sala plan since the existing shops were not enough to fulfill the flourishing trade and the population increase. The project will be definitely abandoned in 1776 and several plans will be submitted to the Fortification council. The final result is the semi-fortress of San Carlos from which the neighbourhood took the name. The new area was mostly inhabitated by the aristocracy, leading the trades and controlling the city. Consequently the housing had elegant lines and mostly closed to the outside street

Baluarte de San Felipe

Baluarte de San Carlos

Element

The Patio The housing in Càdiz had always showed a recurrent element: the patio. This space was considered not only as main core but also as cornestone for the organization of the spaces in plan. Usually, it was extending in height while it had a small size in plan. It developed different kinds of shape with the time which can be divided in three main groups.

1. Columns and Arches shape was the most ancient one and their combination could be represented in the upper plans.

2. Balustrade Gallery facing the inside of the patio.

3. Wooden Patio supported by a system of wooden beams.

4. In the XIX century the patio underwent refinements about the constructive solutions. The consequences were round corners, marble or wood balaustrades, extra glass layers in the gallery to create more intimacy in the houses. In this period the patio regained the central position lost in the XVII century, changing its shape to an upside down prism, reflecting more lights in the buildings.

The “Mirador“ Tower The “Mirador“ Tower is an element that developed soon in the city of Càdiz. In fact, narrow streets and the sea caused the creation of an upper world above the rooftop of the building which was sunny and refreshed by the sea breeze. As time passes the tower became a prestigious element to have on top of the merchant’s houses. In the XVII century the first towers are reflecting religious model in their architecture. In the XVIII century they started to have particular features, dictated by the family wishes. The most common colours were red, coming from a red pigment typical of the arab culture called “almagra“ , and white from white lime. In some cases the tower was used to enrich the architectonic composition of public space, emphatising street and square’s prospective as in “Plaza de España“ and “Plaza de Arguelles“.

9. Lantern, Michael Zapke

10. Postcard, 1900

The Arches “Arco de la Rosa”

“Arco del Populo”

12 m

10 m

12 m

“Arco de los Blanco”

“Puertas de Tierra” 6m

6m 3m

12 m

6m 3m

10 m

6m 3m

The Fortress 1. Embankment

A. Embankment

2. Front elevation

B. Rampart

3. Gully

C. Ditch

4. Side elevation

D. Covered Passage

5. Barracks

E. Slope

Material and Symbol

Experiencing Gadir

The walk I Day : 6.5 km tot II Day : 11.8 km tot III Day : 12 km tot IV Day : 12,9 km

0 12 Recurring features: - Several paths to reach same places; - Feeling of being lost in each inner street; - People are friendly and welcoming, they know how to deal with new people visitng their land; - Small distances between places; - La Caleta beach is the most popular and touristic area.

Distribution

The Park

The Harbour

The City The beach

The Entrance

Recurring features: The historical city centre has been fragmented in different areas. Each area has its own attraction and activity. The borders of the city are better organized since the old walls are giving a structure while the inside is not well distributed.

Axis

Recurring features: The streets are a combination of different layers drawn in the history. Probably, the Romans settled a Cardo and Decumano structure which has been changed several times untill the last arrangement from where it is not possible to identify principal axes.

Main Historical Buildings

Recurring features: The city is equipped by many historical buildings from different period. In fact, it is possible to find Phoenician ruins or more recent intervention as the Balneario De la Palma. Every buildings or ruins is a clear proof of the old history of Càdiz and of the several influences and cultures that stopped in this small land.

Open Space Green Square

Jardines del Paseo de Carlos

Jardines de Alameda Apodaca

Parques Genoves

Plaza de San Antonio Plaza Fragela

Arbol del Mora

Plaza de Espana Plaza de Mina

Plaza de la Candelaria Paseo de Canalejas

Plaza de la Reina Plaza de la Catedral

Plaza de Juan de Dios

Recurring features: Càdiz is an open garden with its marvellous green squares or wooded boulevard. There are differents typology of greenery that characterized the city: - inner squares that suddenly open up when the streets merge together. The feeling is that the city is breathing and making space for people to take a rest from the sun or enjoying the view of the cathedral. - boulevard or special park where the trees are old Ficus and the water is poured by fountains made of tiles, sparkling at the sun.

Water

Recurring features: The city is completely sorrounded by the water and originally it was cutting the land in two pieces. There was a big canal passing through the city and it was used as harbour. Now, the city is completely filled by buildings and it is almost never possible to see the sea from the inside The streets are narrow and embedded in a dense urban system, unsuitable for pedestrian traffic and daily car use

Overlapping

One main street towards the sea.

3 1 2

Neighbourhoods extending towards the sea

Sea as final destination of the journey

La Caleta Beach

Historical Context

According to Juan Ramón Ramirez hypothesis (already taken as true), in ancient times, the city of Cádiz (and more specifically its old town) would be crossed in two by a channel that would be neither more nor less than the extension of the paleocauce or old riverbed of the Guadalete river in the Holocene. About 10,500 to 14,000 years ago, the sea level would be about 120 meters lower than the current one, so the coastline was displaced some 14 km offshore. Therefore, the Guadalete River did not flow into the Port of Santa María (then inland as well) but continued its course through the old town of Cádiz and leaving through the current Caleta until reaching the sea, a few kilometers beyond. The thaw after the last glaciation favors the rise of the sea, forming the Bay and the beautiful Caleta.

Present Guadalate river mouth

Ancient Guadalate river mouth

The bay in ancient times Marqués pier 2010 Queen Sofia pier eighty of the XX century The Harbour Starting of 1874 - San Felipe dam - Ribera pier - Capitania pier

Gades Main Roman area reshaped by the Balbo family from the I BC, which it will be named “Neapolis”

City Pier forty of the XX century

Outside the walls of the Phoenician and Roman Gadir

ERITHEIA

Canal Bay Puerto Chico Exit to the Ocean from the “Campo del Sur” zone

Salty fish Factory

La Paz Neighbourhood Originally Corals Polygon of 400 000 m2, later social housing

GADIR

Salty fish Factory

Astilleros Bay Originally water and later idle ground

Maritime promenade

Sedimented area from the roman period where it was built the road and an aqueduct

Necropolis area from the IX BC untill the IV AD Astarte Temple Baal Hammom Temple

GADIR

Legend Roman Middle Ages Modern Age XIX - XX Century

ERITHEIA

Canal Bay - Caleta

Connecting the current commercial dock with “La Caleta” beach

Rocks, shallow

Melqart temple

The old water flow Mercado de Abastos Calle de la Rosa

Calle San Juan

Calle Pelota

Puerta de Muelle

Plaza de San Juan de Dios

Playa de la Caleta

Plaza de la Catedral Calle Desemparados Plaza de la Cruz Verde

La Caleta is a term that actually groups two well-defined coves: - The first, from Santa Catalina , received the name of the hermitage that existed at the door of the same, located next to the Bastion of the Martyrs . This creek can be determined between Punta del Sur and Punta del Nao. - The second creek is called rattan . On the origin of the name there are two opinions: one is that it is named for being in front of the Villa de Rota , and another for being located in it known as broken stone. It is also known as Caleta del Bonete , for being located behind this bulwark of the wall. It can be delimited between Punta del Nao and Punta Piedra de los Diablos . La Caleta is a visible remainder of the old and blinded Bahía-Caleta canal . Formerly it was the port of the city of Cádiz, used since the time of the Phoenicians. Today it is a well-known beach, very popular, especially in the nearby Barrio de la Viña. Its length is 450 meters and an average width at low tide of 50 meters. The rear boundary of the sand surface is the wall of the promenade that borders it along its entire length. It has an area of active sand of 22,352 m², and a resting area of approximately 5,500 m², has a slope of 8% with fine sand, golden colour and a calcareous nature.

The area of La Caleta, north west of Cadiz, is a key location for studies of the relationship between the Phoenician city of Gadir and the Ocean. The port channel and the small islets that characterize the area was one the busiest sectors of the city, and there are abundant underwater remains attesting to past commercial activities. The area also had an important religious role: two sanctuaries were located at the western end of the rocky promontories that surround the channel, and many items identified as offerings have been found. According to certain literary and historiographic traditions, the Phoenician foundation of Gadir occurred during the early stage of Phoenician expansion in the Western Mediterranean. From the start the city appears to have been one of the main places of settlement for Eastern colonists who were endeavouring to open new routes towards the Atlantic Ocean. Archaeological research carried out in the Bay of Cadiz over the past few decades has confirmed the important role played by the Phoenician presence on the islands of Cadiz—from Cadiz itself to the area of Sancti Petri—and at the mouths of the main rivers. Also, both archaeological and Classical literary sources indicate that the city was from its earlier stages intimately connected with the sea, through activities such as fishing, salt extraction, and maritime commerce. This relationship became stronger over time until it reached its peak with the Balbo family during the Roman Republican and the Early Imperial periods. The evidence available for Phoenician settlement in the bay and for its maritime projection is still incomplete, although it seems clear that the northern area of the island of Cadiz was occupied by a small settlement, and that its southern end was chosen for the construction of a sanctuary devoted to Melqart. It seems that in the 7th and 6th centuries BC, Gadir was consolidated as a political and economic centre, gained control over the hinterland, and grew in international prestige, wealth and influence as a result of a strategy of increased maritime commerce. The bay thus entered a period of expansion, the archaeology of which remains only partially known During the Punic period, between the late 6th and the early 3rd centuries BC, the bay underwent substantial demographic and economic growth. In the 5th century BC the city’s salted fish became internationally known; the archaeological and written sources indicate that it was in high demand in Greece. In contrast with the renown of these preserves, the information available concerning harbour facilities, shipyards and fleets is scarce. In any case, these must have been substantial, as the whole city was sea oriented—even the sanctuaries—and commerce was its key activity throughout the 1st millennium BC. The town was annexed by Rome in the aftermath of the First Punic War (206 BC), and this marked the beginning of a period of renewed economic growth and increased exports to the Mediterranean markets.

The beach of La Caleta and the associated maritime environment are key to the analysis of the historical development of settlement on the island. In recent decades, this coastal sector has been actively investigated by geoarchaeologists, and it also plays an essential role in the analysis of the maritime and religious activity on the island during both the Phoenician Punic (Gadir) and the Roman periods (Gades). The area is located in the north western sector of the islands. Some ancient sources refer to this group of islands as the archipelago of Gàdeira. The key feature of the area is a stretch of sea framed by the reefs of Santa Catalina Punta del Nao (island of Erytheia) and San Sebastián (island of Kotinoussa). According to Strabo (3.5.3), the original Phoenician oppidum was built on the small northernmost island, and later sources suggest that a sacred area dedicated to Astarte/Venus (at the site of the Castle of Santa Catalina) was also built there. In Kotinoussa, in the area known as ‘the Vendaval front’, which stretches as far as the Castle of San Sebastián, on the opposite shore of the channel Bahía Caleta, a sacred area dedicated to Kronos or Baal Hammon was also built. This area would have been also characterized by constant sea traffic, the presence of anchorage areas and some port facilities such as berths or warehouses.

11. a) Aerial view of Cadiz, which shows the location of La Caleta at low tide (Astillero and Garófano, 2003) b) San Sebastián Castle and the southern part of La Caleta beach (photo provided by Isabel Dugo, IAPH); c) view of the central channel of La Caleta from the current sand bar of the beach (photo by A. Higueras Milena); d) view of the rocky surface next to the Santa Catalina Castle, the northern side of La Caleta Channel, taken from the CAS building (photo by A. Higueras Milena).

A very remarkable set of archaeological finds of Phoenician Punic date has been collected from La Caleta and its immediate surroundings since the early 20th century. These artefacts have either been found by chance or as a result of scientific work, and are of diverse typologies, with very different interpretive implications . In this regard, special mention must be made of the immediate environment of La Caleta and, especially, the Punta del Nao and the Aculadero, where a large number of ceramic items have been recorded and interpreted as religious offerings. The southern flank of the channel of La Caleta has been less prolific in purely quantitative terms, but the finds discovered in it include pieces of particular interest, such as the ‘Proto Ionic’ capital found near San Sebastián. This item, no parallel for which has been found to date in relation to Western Phoenician settlements, has been related to religious uses of uncertain date, perhaps as part of the architectural ornamentation of the Kronion mentioned by Strabo.

12. Plan of the northern area of Cadiz Island and its maritime extension, indicating (in brown) the shape of the Erytheia and Kotinoussa Islands in Phoenician and Punic times. Underwater sites: a) ‘Juan Villa’s shipwreck’; b) Punta del Nao; c) Canal del Sur 1; d) Canal del Sur 5; e) La Cepera; f ) Bajo de Chapitel; and g) Laja Herrera. Phoenician and Punic sites on the main islands: 1) Castle of San Sebastián; 2) Castle of Santa Catalina; 3) Gregorio Marañón; 4) Hospital Real; 5) Calle Hércules; 6) Teatro Cómico; 7) Teatro Andalucía; 8) Cánovas del Castillo; 9) Calle Ancha; 10) Casa del Obispo; 11) Concepción Arenal esquina a Botica; and 12) Santa María del Mar beach. 91

In addition to this piece, other important items have emphasized the use of this area and the island of Erytheia for religious purposes, from the Archaic Phoenician period onwards. The best known of these items is the so called thymiaterion. This item has been at the centre of multiple debates, and there are divergent interpretations as to its origin, function and chronology. The thymiaterion was the first of a series of emblematic pieces that flagged La Caleta as important for the study of maritime and religious activity in Phoenician Cadiz. Other significant finds have occurred since, but none have been decisive in solving the unanswered historical questions on the religious and maritime function of the area, or in providing a more secure context for the numerous finds recorded by different means. In addition to the thymiaterion, we should mention the discovery of various singular terracotta objects such as Egyptian and Nubian style heads, statuettes representing suppliants or warriors, dog heads, female figures and two discs with schematic vegetal decoration. These artefacts have been connected to the operation of the sanctuary located in the western sector of Erytheia and also to the Kronion located in San Sebastián. One of the most characteristic and common items are the miniature amphoras, which are generally interpreted as dating to the Classical period. A huge number of these were raised as chance finds both before and after scientific exploration in the area commenced—and therefore, without recorded archaeological contexts. Their presence throughout the whole area of La Caleta has been attributed to a gradual deposition pattern between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. They have been interpreted as offerings presented in order to propitiate a good voyage; probably tossed straight into the sea as part of a ritual that also involved the deposition of offerings in the sanctuaries located around La Caleta. 13. Plan of La Caleta showing the approximate location of the main types of finds discovered during the 20th century: 1) proto aeolian capital; 2) ‘Canaanite’ pyxis; 3) thymiaterion; 4–6) terracotta objects; 7) pottery disc; 8) incense burner; 9) miniature amphoras; and 10) T11210 amphora from ‘Juan Villa’s shipwreck’

In relation to this important collection of archaeological items, it is important to highlight the almost total absence of shipwreck remains of pre Roman date in the area. This stands in contrast to the abundance of Punic items found in secondary contexts. There are vague and, up to now, unconfirmed references to a possible 4th or 5th century BC shipwreck near La Albujera, located at the entrance of the channel, referred to as ‘Juan Villa’s Punic Shipwreck’, in honour of its discoverer. Local divers are well aware of this sector and refer to it as ‘La Escombrera’ or ‘the pottery dump’. The oldest material in La Cepera is unique in the underwater archaeology of the Bay of Cadiz, as it represents the first solid evidence for the systematic use of the harbour during the Archaic period. The presence of a minimum of ten amphora specimens, pithoi and perhaps also several pots from La Cepera suggest an increase in maritime traffic, and the use of the zone of La Caleta between the mid 7th century BC and the end of the Archaic period. The evidence suggests that this natural channel was used as a harbour, and that it was connected with the Phoenician habitation sites in Casa del Obispo, Calle Ancha, Cánovas, Teatro Andalucía and Teatro Cómico, Based on the evidence collected in 2008–2010, it is not possible to determine if the materials have been deposited as a result of regularly occurring activities or isolated events, such as a shipwreck possibilities that should not be disregarded—instead, the evidence points to progressive accumulation caused by the use of the area as a mooring place.

14. Results of the bathymetric research conducted in 2008–2010 north and west of La Caleta. Inset: detail of the possible location and remains of the ‘Juan Villa’s shipwreck’ 92

The three Shrines of Càdiz

larga un miglio, in cui prima c'era la città di Gades. E' chiamata Erythea da Eforo e da Filistide, Aphrodisias da Timeo e da Sileno, e Iunonis dai nativi. Timeo afferma che l'isola più grande è detta da questi ultimi Kotinousa; ma la nostra gente la chiama Tarteso e i Cartaginesi Gadir.”…“Certi autori credono che vi abitasse Gerione, quello a cui Ercole avrebbe portato via le mandrie. Ma altri suppongono che l'isola fosse un'altra, al largo della Lusitania, e battezzano con lo stesso nome una certa isola di quelle parti.»20 (Nat. Hist. IV 119-120). Anche Plinio, quindi, afferma che la città si trova su un'isola, aggiungendo però che in precedenza era situata sull'isola più piccola, chiamata Erythea, Aphrodisias o Iunonis.21 A differenza di Strabone però, che poneva l'isoletta a Occidente di quella principale, Plinio la posiziona “dal lato che guarda alla Spagna” quindi probabilmente a Nord-Est.

The Phoenicians habitually consecrated promontories, islets and river mouths to their gods. Putting these places under the protection of the divinity ensured their necessary neutrality as stopover points and, with that, the protection of the sailors. In particular three are the most mentioned shrines in the Phoenician and Roman history in Cadiz: Temple of Melqart; Oracle of Astarte; Sanctuary of Baal Hammom.

15. Traditional reconstruction of the ancient Gaditan archipelago, ESCACENA 1985 FIG. 4. Ricostruzione tradizionale del antico arcipelago gaditano (ESCACENA 1985).

Il fatto che Gades si trovasse su un'isola è confermato anche da altri autori latini, come Velleio Paterculo (Hist. Rom. I 2,3) e Pomponio Mela (Cor., III 6,46). Quest'ultimo, essendo nato nella Hispania Betica, è inoltre probabilmente l'unico che descrive la zona avendola vista di persona. E' interessante quindi notare come egli descriva un'unica isola, corrispondente alla Kotinousa di Plinio e Strabone, e posizioni invece Erytheia in Lusitania. Di conseguenza sembra certo che in epoca romana l'insediamento principale fosse

Melqart, God of Tyre, King of the Underworld

Melqart, Son of Baal (or El, Ruler of the Universe), God of Tyre, King of the Underworld, Protector of the Universe symbolized the annual cycle of vegetation and was associated with the female deity Astarte in her role as the maternal goddess. Also, he was considered the Heracles or Hercules of the Tyrians though he came from a more distant past than the Greek Heracles/Hercules.

20 Traduzione di A. Barchiesi, R. Centi, M. Corsaro, A. Marcone, G. Ranucci in Storia Naturale, vol. I, Einaudi, Torino 1982. 21 Secondo Avieno l'isola era consacrata alla Venus marina (OM 267-270). Tutte queste definizioni dovrebbero essere interpretazioni della dea fenicia Astarte.

Many historians refer to Melqart and Heracles interchangeably. There were several Melqart’s Temples the most mentioned is the one in Tyre. It had two pillars one of pure gold and the other of emeralds which shone brilliantly at night.

Near Gades/Gádeira (modern Cádiz) was the westernmost temple of Tyrian Heracles, near the eastern shore of the island. It was made of two bronze pillars within the temple, each 4 meter high, were widely proclaimed to be the true Pillars of Heracles by many who had visited the place and had sacrificed to Heracles there. Strabo believes the account to be fraudulent, in part noting that the inscriptions on those pillars mentioned nothing about Heracles, speaking only of the expenses incurred by the Phoenicians in their making.

diatribe tra gli studiosi che sorgono ad ogni nuovo ritrovamento.

Oracle of Astarte One of the most interesting contributions to the study of the archaeologist is the hypothesis that the possible location of the oracle of the goddess Astarte in the Holy Cave. Accurate in this regard that “the findings underwater in Punta del Nao, opposite the Castillo de Santa Catalina, have been related by most researchers to the location of the temple of the Phoenician god, assimilated then to the Roman Venus and Juno in that area. These archaeological remains, which extends dating from the seventh century BC to II, is believed to come from a sunken ship near the sanctuary. It suggests that it was a votive ship that is built to an important nautical ceremony related to the cult of Astarte. This ship was loaded with gifts and liturgical objects, fallen off, it was left to navigate and sometimes wrecked. 16. Illustration of Astarte by flemish painter Joris Hoefnagel (1564)

FIG. 25. Ubicazione topografica del Castillo de San Sebastian e la Avanzada Isabel II (MAYA et al. 2014).

17. Topographical location of Castillo de San Sebastian and Extention of Isabel II

FIG. 9. “Gades ab occidvis insulae partibus” (Joris Hoefnagel, 1564).

L'erosione marina poi ha fatto il corso, ma da questo processo è stata risparmiata una piccola isola centrale, 33 circondata da scogliere. Con la costruzione della fortificazione e del suo fosso perimetrale all'inizio del XVIII secolo, il luogo è stato diviso in due isolette: il vero e proprio Castillo de San Sebastian e la Avanzada Sanctuary of Baal Hammom Isabel II, collegate tra loro da un ponte. L'identificazione di questo luogo con la ubicazione del famoso Kronion risale molto indietro nel tempo: infatti, già nel 1610, Suarez de Salazar chiama la Punta de San Sebastian «cabo Cronio».150 Quest'idea si è mantenuta nel tempo anche senza prove archeologiche a At the north end, near the sacred island and the city of Balbo, according to written sources, stood the sanctuary of Baal Hammon, Saturn to the Romans. Explains the suffragarla, tanto che è attualmente accettata dalla maggior parte degli studiosi.151

1.3 L'URBANISTICA DI CADICE: STATUS QUAESTIONIS FINO A 10 ANNI FA

archaeologist who “is a god that spreads east across the area of Carthage from V century BC. Most researchers place it next to the Castillo de San Sebastian, suppor40 2.4.1XVII Lo scavo del 2009-2012è Anche se ofletheprime notizie pervenuteci provengono dal secolo, ted by the archaeological documentation capital found proto-aeolic nearby. There isriguardo also news of atheritrovamenti nineteenth centuryarcheologici that speak of a concrete foundation L'isola è rimasta dei zona militare fino adper anni recenti partire daltimes. 1887 cheItpossiamo parlare dei scavi archeologici città. A causa lavori la e di conseguenza non era mai stato possibile verificare that could be remains of thea shrine in Roman Currently, is accessible through a stone pierprimi built oververi a cliff, the only one remaining evidencenella of the strip of land mediante scavi stratigrafici la presenza di eventuali resti. La situazione, però, è cambiata di recente in that, at least until the middle of the 16th century, united the small island to theinfatti, rest of the city. Below modern layers, the recorded structures punica, and objects seem to Exposicion Maritima Nacional, venne scoperta una necropoli detta di deiPunta de Vacadelle(o occasione lavori di riqualificazione fortificazioni effettuati tra il 2009 e il 2012 nell'Avanzada Isabel II. L'attività archeologica principale 41 è stata la realizzazione di sondaggi cronostratigrafici e lo scavo indicate the existence of aanche building complex, possibly connected to a sanctuary, and evidence of a continuity of use from the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 2nd Puertas de Tierra) dal toponimo della zona, appena al di fuori delle muradi della alcune aree città in relazionevecchia. ai lavori edili. Al di Isotto dei livelli moderni, le strutture e gli oggetti registrati century A.D. From these layers emerged two structural groups (A and B) separated by a space of about 10 m, interpreted as a transit zone due to the lack of any type sembrano indicare 42 l'esistenza di un complesso edilizio, forse collegato a un santuario, e l'evidenza di una rinvenimenti furono numerosi, conostioner”a vari insiemi diwith tombe inumazione di tipo silleria” (fig. continuità d'uso dalla fine 10). del VII sec. a.C. al II sec. d.C., con una riconoscibile divisione in tre periodi of floor. The walls of these buildings have foundations built with bricks or “piedra held together clay andaincorporated in foundation boxes“de dug out of differenti. In questo lavoro si analizzerà soltanto il primo di questi periodi (fine VII/ inizio VI sec. a.C.), in quanto unico ad essere stato pubblicato finora. natural red clay. Only two structures preserve part of the elevation of the walls, which seem to be built with the so-called opus Africanum technique. In rooms 3-7 of group A small portions of floor are made of crushed piedra ostionera, while in rooms 8 and 9, very large, the material used is a blue marl, commonly called green 1564) e Antonio van den Wyngaerde (GADES, 1567). Cfr.: MAYA et al. 2014, p.156, fig. 2. 150 SUAREZ DE SALAZAR 1610, pp. 10 e 49-50; MAYA et al. 2014, p. 158. clay, also used in group B. Taking into account the limited size of the intervention, it has however been deduced that there is a space built with a minimum surface 151 RAMIREZ 1982, pp. 111-112, nota 158; ESCACENA 1985, p. 46; MARIN – JIMENEZ 2009, pp. 373-394; AUBET 2009, p. area of 1100 m2, which can easily reach an estimate of 1500 m2. Structural group A, which covers a minimum surface area of 600 m2 (it could still be more than 276. 152 MAYA et al. 2014, p. 177. 900 m2), consists of at least nine rooms, most of which are parallel and elongated. Structural group B, on the other hand, it shows a quadrangular trend plan, with FIG. 26. Pianta e profilo stratigrafico del Periodo I o Fenicio (MAYA et al. 2014). a minimum area of 400 m2. 94 18. Plan and stratigraphic profile of the Phoenician Period 152

Dagli strati pertinenti a questo primo periodo (denominato dagli scavatori Periodo I o Fenicio) sono emersi

Moreover, the coastal shrines served as navigational waypoints. Thus, the importance of their geographic location in places of reference for the sailors. The analysis begins by examining the importance of the spatial component in archaeological research and, in particular, of the way in which the societies and their individuals organise the space they inhabit. Extrapolated to a maritime coastal area, we find ourselves before a city dedicated to its condition as a maritime port and defined by that fact. This space is characterised by the interaction between a terrestrial and a maritime landscape, the joint study of which defines the society inhabiting it. This is because the maritime landscape should not be studied in an isolated manner, given that is an extension of the terrestrial landscape . In this respect, it is also necessary to include in the study the concept of “Landscape The Shrines of Gadir (Cadiz, Spain) as References for Navigation. GIS Visibility Analysis 291 Archaeology”, as it is understood in the framework of the dialectical relationship between the society and the natural environment, according to certain patterns that it is possible to analyse from the archaeological perspective. 290 N. López-Sánchez, et al. the case of the Temple of Melqart, situated the islet of Sancti Petri, theoretical potential TheIn“Visual landscape” is defined asonthe articulation ofthethe visualorproperties generated by a specific spatial configuration. This concept is fundamental in order to gain a richer and multidimensional understanding of the territorial patterns of past viewshed i.e., that strictly based on topography and lines-of-sight, achieves an important visual societies. Likewise, visual control can serve either to determine the security limits of a community and its resources in the face of other hostile communities, to reinforce its hierarchical structure/internal stratification, or to act as a symbol of preponderance (fig. 3), this being understood as the capacity of a natural or artificial element to be appreciated in the distance (Criado-Boado, 1999, p. 34). This temple would have a viewshed oriented prestige based on power relationships. preferably towards the west i.e., the open ocean. However, it has a considerable draft towards the east in the interior of the Bay which, at least from a theoretical point of view, visually associates it with the Phoenician fortification of Cerro del Castillo (Chiclana de la Frontera) (Bueno & Cerpa, 2008, pp. 169–200). The visual connection with the rest of the sanctuaries is also verified, since both the Punta del Nao (shrine of Astarte) and the San Sebastian Castle (shrine of Baal Hammon) form a part of the line-of-sight, or intervisibility, of the potential theoretical viewshed of the possible temple of Melqart. With regards to the second of the points under examination, the shrine of Baal-Hammon, the theoretical maritime preponderance that we can determine by means of this calculation is most likely exaggerated and does not correspond to reality (fig. 4). However, the form and orientation of its viewshed, distributed mainly towards the open sea area, does correspond to reality, as evidenced by the fact that a lighthouse is currently located there. On the other hand, the viewshed carried out from the third of the sanctuaries (the one dedicated to Astarte) (fig. 5), penetrates more towards the interior of the Bay, thus leaving the entire maritime zone of the hinterland formed by Gadir (the port areas, as well as the facilities related to the fishing industry and commercial activity) under the protection of their main gods. Also outstanding (and we do not think it coincidental) is the fact that the maximum limit of this theoretical viewshed reaches the site of Castillo de Doña Blanca situated on the mainland next to the old mouth of the Guadalete River, that forms one of the three main nuclei of population (together with the Cerro del Castillo in Chiclana and the Teatro Comico in the city of Cadiz) making up this polynuclear city that must have been Gadir in Phoenician times (Ruiz-Mata, 2018, p. 249–280).

This is what must have happened when the Tyrians built a temple dedicated to Melqart, thus legitimising the foundation of Gadir. As patron and protector of sailors, temples dedicated to the Phoenician god Melqart were also erected at the principal stopover points on the westbound route. The Cadiz shrine is situated at the entrance to the Bay of Cadiz, on the southern border of the territory controlled by the City of Gadir. From this location, it would act as a form of “reception” for sailors arriving from the Mediterranean. Likewise, its geographical position would allow the building to be visible from the rest of nearby settlements and from the open sea. This would be one of those sites specialising in visual control such as watchtowers, look-out towers or lighthouses. Once the first of the temples had been built, another two shrines were erected and dedicated to the gods that form the triad of Tyre together with Melqart: Astarte and Baal Hammon. These shrines were built in geographical locations between which there is a certain visual association. A determining factor when building a specific monument had to be the possibility of contemplating, or visually dominating, other pre-existing constructions from it. In this case, it is not unreasonable to think of a visual confluence between the three shrines. We must remember that Astarte, without ever being the sovereign of the sea, is a goddess linked to it by her origins and her marital ties with Melqart. One of the attributes acquired by this divinity in the western colonies is that of protector of sailor. This is a port, seafaring and oracular cult that follows a common pattern in all the coastal shrines dedicated to this divinity. They are situated far from the urban area, at a height above Figure 4. Theoretical or potential viewshed of the presumed shrine of Baal Hammon/San Sebastian Castle (right). Expansion sea level, in a dominant position from which they visually controlled the navigation routes, atthethe same time, asof the a symbol of power and dominion over the territory; as well as a referenceThepoint navigation. Shrinesfor of Gadir (Cadiz, Spain) as References for Navigation. GIS Visibility Analysis of theserving, same to beyond islet of Sancti Petri and part continental interior (left). ©Authors. The sanctuary of Baal-Hammon, a divinity characteristic of the Punic period, could have been erected at a later time and incorporated that aspect of power and legitimacy.

19. Projection of the GIS analysed viewshed of the temple of Melqart (right). On the left, detail of the orientation and shape of this viewshed integrated into the morphology of Figure 3. Projection of the GIS analysed viewshed of the temple of Melqart (right). On the left, detail of the orientation and shape of this viewshed into times. the morphology of the archipelago in Phoenician times. ©Authors. the archipelago in integrated Phoenician ©Authors.

20. Analysed theoretical viewshed for the shrine of Astarte/Punta del Nao. Projection of this viewshed extended towards the mainland. ©Authors.

Figure 5. Analysed theoretical viewshed for the shrine of Astarte/Punta del Nao. Projection of this viewshed extended towards the mainland. ©Authors.

Unauthenticated

291

21. Theoretical or potential viewshed of the presumed shrine of Baal Hammon/San Sebastian Castle (right). Expansion of the same to beyond the islet of Sancti Petri and part of Figure 4. Theoretical or potential viewshed of the presumed shrine of Baal Hammon/San Sebastian Castle (right). Expansion of the continental same to beyondinterior the islet of Sancti ©Authors. Petri and part of the continental interior (left). ©Authors. the (left).

cannot affirm whether there existed, on the part of the Phoenician population, a conscious strategy for creating a visual landscape explainfollowing the variability in thethe spatial of the group gadirite Several are the hypothesis formulated that towardmight these elements, traditional theses, entranceplanning to the bay were to have beenof made from the north going around the archipelago, the three sanctuaries (and their gods) would have fulfilled temples. is truethe that theofshrines – should be the ofcase andwould thehave settlements the function It of showing way.the The distribution first to be sightedofis both the shrine Melqart, god of the citythis and protector sailors– who to be thanked for the success of the campaign; followed, after leaving the first behind, by the appearance of the sanctuary of Baal-Hammon/Kronos, (associated ancient with Baal-Saphon, as viewshed a result of theof integration of theshrines metropolisshows into the the colony) and, finally, the shrine of Astarte. The proximity of these last two shrines could be explained points to this. The overall analysis ofinthe GIStimes based theoretical the three because they functioned as entrance “columns” to the outer port of the island nucleus of Gadir, situated on the present day at La Caleta beach, which they flank; or by the need to mark two key points for navigation on the route to the interior of “Accumulated visibility”, understood to be the sum of the visibility from various positions, in this case from the bay from the north, which bordered the island of Erytheia and made it necessary to overcome the obstacles of the reefs on which both sanctuaries are situated. the three shrines, with a great predominance over the open sea and the interior of the Bay (fig. 20); a fact the maritime-coastal character shrines. Itthat it notjustifies possibile to affirm whether there existed, on the partofof these the Phoenician population, a conscious strategy for creating a visual landscape that might explain the variability in the spatial planning of the group of gadirite temples. It is true that the distribution of both the shrines – should this be the case – and the settlements points to this. The overall analysis of the GIS based theoretical viewshed of the three shrines shows the “Accumulated visibility”, understood to be the sum of the visibility from various positions, in this case from the three shrines, with a great predominance over the open sea and the interior of the Bay; a fact that justifies the maritime-coastal character of these shrines.

22. Representation of the analysis of visual association between the three shrines. Their visual control over the mainland and the sea can be observed. ©Authors.

Tras los trabajos de Mac-Pherson, con su Bosquejo Geológico de lade Provincia ioceno Superior y forman muchos losde Cádiz, relieves característicos del entorno de la Bahía de no es hasta 1924 en que J. Gavala publica su hoja y memoria de la hoja del mapa geológico de flechas litorales como la de Valdelagrana y Sancti Petri (Figura 9), que favorecen el desarrollo Cádiz, que presenta en 1927 en el XI Congreso Hispano-Luso de la Asociación para el de ambientes estuario y marisma,Vejer, con el progresivo avance de de los fenómenos de colmatación z, tales como Sierra de Cristóbal de de Santa María), acantilados Progreso de las Ciencias, la celebrado en Cádiz, y en el que San expone su hipótesis sobre el Origen(Puerto y Geological Evolución de la Bahía de Configuration Cádiz. Después de estos autores, entran a trabajar en la provincia y y que acaban configurando un paisaje muy similar al actual. temáticas de geológicas diferentes, muchos geólogos europeos como Se Blumenthal, ate, con cerro Medina Sidonia, etc. ha Fallot, usado este tipo de roca como materia prima en la Bourgois, Didon, Chauve, así como españoles comoalong Fontboté, The occupation of the etc.; territory of the Bay oftalesCadiz theLinares, historyPendón, has been also determined by his geological characteristics and his geomorphological evolution. Martín Algarra, etc.; trabajos que se prolongan hasta la actualidad (Gutiérrez et al., 1991: 20trucción de muchos edificios, en especial en 5.laEvolución elaboración frisos y capiteles, recientede de columnas, la ciudad de Cádiz. Geofísica del Canal Bahía-Caleta o de Ponce 29). Geología en el entorno de como laaciudad RAMPAS, 2008. Hoy podemos observar que la actual ciudad de Cádiz se encuentra enclavada formando el substrato la ciudad de Cádiz; que yade seCádiz. ha comentado, tiene of the first book about the geological situation of Càdiz was published in 1775 Sobre by Guillermo Bowles, Irishrocoso scientist,desince Carlos III asled him to conduct survey regarding the mineral10, sites of the country. Bowles described the materials of 121 en esOne unafácilmente estrecha lengua de tierra erosionable. entre masas de agua, en una zona central de la bahía del mismo Càdiz asconstituyendo a mix of marble, quartz,depebbles, shells polished by the sand anduna the sea. nombre, el límite suroeste la misma. Su constitución geológica se fundamenta naturaleza conglomerática, basada en la denominada “roca ostionera”, que aparece asentada en unos materiales rocosos, no muy antiguos desde un punto de vista geológico y que son El resto de materiales del Plioceno, Pleistoceno y Holoceno, aparecen en su mayoría en margas azules; se puede como básicamente conglomerados cementados, con ostras y pectínidos; las popularmente llamadas sobre las arenas y areniscas con pecten y las arcillas de yToros y de un pozo en la observar ciudad (Mac-Pherson, 1873: 88) (Figura 2). Se pueden Today we can see the junto current city of Cadiz is represented byellos a narrow “rocas ostioneras”, quethat aparecen con materiales margosos y arenosos. Todos forman tongue of land between water. Its geological constitution is based on rocky materials, not very old from a geological point of view and which is basically solid conglomerates, accidente más destacable, una zona deprimida que como una estrecha banda atraviesa en nínsula por que serán descritos a continuación. asimismo observar en emerging otras zonas dewaters, la bahía, como en La Barrosa-Torre del Puerco la citada gaditana lengua de tierra que emerge de lo las aguas, cubierta por cordones litorales arenosos, que with oysters and scallops; those popularly called “oyster rocks”, which appear along with marly and sandy materials. All of them form the aforementioned tongue of land from the covered by sandy coastal ridges, which separate

dirección E-O el casco histórico de la ciudad.

separan el interior de la bahía del mar abierto.

(Chiclana). 23 24 25• Arenas amarillas con pectínidos, del Plioceno23. Bathymetry of the Bay oflaminaciones Cadiz (according to Parrado, Medio-Superior, cruzadas Geología en el entorno de la ciudad de Cádiz. RAMPAS, 10, 2008. 121 1997; in Llave et al., 1999), showing different areas and onstitución geológica de la ciudad de Cádiz muy fosilíferas. Acantilado de Santa María delchannels Marof(Figuras 3 A y B). the port and inner bay, artificially dredged. • que Conglomerados cementados, ostras2).ySepectínidos, la popularmente llamada “piedra de Toros y de un pozo ensuelen la ciudad (Mac-Pherson, 1873: con 88) (Figura pueden Otros materiales postorogénicos serían un grupo de materiales sedimentarios asimismo observarostionera”. en otras zonas Aparecen de la bahía, como en La Barrosa-Torre del Puerco discordantes con las arenas son ofdel Pleistoceno y 24. A: Map ofanteriores; the route of the sections the Guadalete River ecer íntimamente asociados entre sí, con edades comprendidas entre el (Chiclana). Pliocenoforman Inferior y paleo-channel, detected by geophysics (stratigraphy una lámina de unos 2 m de espesor. En algunos puntos aparece un segundo • Arenas amarillas con pectínidos, del Plioceno Medio-Superior, laminaciones cruzadas, seismic and sequential) and soundings (Llave et al., 1999). nivel de del este intercalado arenas3. amarillas, fosilíferas. de Acantilado de Santa María Marmismo (Figuras 3 material, A y B). io-Cuaternario, aflorando entre Chipiona y el Cabo de Trafalgar, siendomuy típicos la inferior Bahía Legend : I) 1.con Land; las 2. swampland; salt plan; 4. rockcomo outcrops 1. normal fault; 2. anticline; 3. inferred • Conglomerados cementados, con ostras y pectínidos, la popularmente llamada “piedra ocurre en Santa María del Mar (Cádiz). Estos depósitos proceden demorphologiun medio cal-structural directions. ádiz y formando paquetes tectónico-sedimentarios. ostionera”. Aparecen discordantes con las arenas anteriores; son del Pleistoceno y sublitoral de alta energía. Se trata de una secuencia claramente con facies IV) 1. normal leak; 2. anticline; 3. regresiva, Inferred morphostructural forman una lámina de unos 2 m de espesor. En algunos puntos aparece un segundo directions Se trata de las arcillas y margas azules, las arenas amarillas connivelpectínidos, y los marinas como las margas y arcillas azules, que pasan a facies menos profundas como inferior de este mismo material, intercalado con las arenas amarillas, como ocurre en Santa las María del Mar (Cádiz). Estos depósitos proceden de un medio arenas con pectínidos y luego sublitorales como lathefacies de with roca 25. B: Map of city of Cadiz, the ostionera supposed route(Figura for lomerados con ostras y cantos; todos ellos han sido sometidossublitoral a una tectónica de alta energía. Se trata de una secuencia claramente regresiva, con facies the Bahia-Caleta, according to survey and archaeological data 3). marinas como las margas y arcillas azules, que pasan a facies menos profundas como the interior of the bay from the open sea.

(Llave et al., 1999). uaternaria, con fenómenos de fracturación y basculamiento. Estos materiales sípectínidos aparecen y las arenas con y luego sublitorales como la facies de roca ostionera (Figura Legend : III) 1. Survey data in the city (circles) and the Bay 3). of Cadiz (squares); 2. Proposed limits for the palaeochannel an en la ciudad de Cádiz. layout; 3. Roman urban zone; 4. Necropolis; 5. Tuna Factory; 6. 26

Figura 1. Batimetría de la Bahía de Cádiz (según Parrado, 1997; en Llave et al., 1999), mostrando diferentes zonas y la canal del puerto y de la bahía interna, dragada artificialmente.

Revista Atlántica-Mediterránea de Prehistoria y Arqueología Social, 10, 2008, 117-130.

Universidad de Cádiz

Prehistoric stone industries.

Figura 10. A: Mapa del trazado de los tramos del paleocauce del río Guadalete, detectados por geofísica (estratigrafía 26. Geological cut from the South Beach to the bay, according sísmica y secuencial) y sondeos (Llave et al., 1999). B: Mapa de la ciudad de Cádiz, con el trazado supuesto para el to J. Mac-Pherson (1873) Canal Bahía-Caleta o de Ponce, según datos de sondeos y arqueológicos (Llave et al., 1999). 27. Stratigraphic section in the old cliff of Santa María del Mar LEYENDA (A): I. 1. Tierra firme; 2. Marismas; 3. Salinas; 4. Afloramientos intermareales de roca. IV. 1. Falla Beach (Cádiz), showing normal; 2. Anticlinal; 3. Direcciones morfoestructurales inferidas. levels of sandstones with pectinids and sands with crossed LEYENDA (B): III. 1. Datos de sondeos en la ciudad (círculos) y la Bahía de Cádiz (cuadrados); 2. Límites stratification propuestos para el trazado del paleocanal; 3. Zona urbana romana; 4. Necrópolis; 5. Industrias de salazones; 6. 28. General aspect of the flowering of these materials, where two levels of conglomerates with pectinids and ostreids

Revista Atlántica-Mediterránea de Prehistoria y Arqueología Social, 10, 2008, 117-130.

Figura 2. Corte geológico desde la Playa del Sur a la bahía, según J. Mac-Pherson A(1873).

Universidad de Cádiz B

The Oyster Stone Nowadays, the only thing left of the Bahía-Caleta Canal is precisely the so-called Canal de la Caleta, a water passage formed between the sedimentary stone reefs or “ scallop stone “.

This tongue of water between the rocks had its importance when the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and the subsequent tsunami . The fury of the sea was partially suppressed by the reef, but it found an open door through which to penetrate the city: precisely through this channel. 29. Top view of the La Caleta bay

30. Oyster stone sample

Moreover, the oyster stone is not only in the Caleta. In fact, the entire city of Cádiz sits on a cluster of this characteristic sedimentary stone. It was very used in the construction of buildings in the city and also in nearby towns of the bay, it was used in the Chipiona Lighthouse and even the Cathedral of Seville. Perhaps the best work in Cádiz de ostionera stone is the crypt of the New Cathedral, the last example of stonework mastery in Spain. Traditionally, the oyster stone was not considered a noble material and was covered in the buildings in which it was part of its structure. In this way, the house was painted white and the city dazzled the view from the high seas, earning the city the nickname “Tacita de Plata”(silver cup).

31. Crypt of the new Cathedral of Càdiz

32. Wall of the defense wall of the historical city center of Càdiz

“...aja mola, aja mola.. aja mola, aja mola... oh crowned queen aja mola, aja mola... holy saviour body aja mola, aja mola... holy fishermen father aja mola, aja mola... holy white bear father you bring the keys of hope, you bring the keys of heaven, and move over the sharks from me, and move over the corsairs. Aja mola, aja mola... God brings us the safety do not bring us downwind aja mola, aja mola... Mary helps us who are your sons. Aja mola we are going on aja mola, aja mola... “

Bluefin Tuna Ritual

In the southern Spanish coast, where the Atlantic encountered the Mediterranean sea, there is a town that lives sleepy for much of the year. The construction and the architecture style of the village resembles the African villages on the other side of the sea. Earth’s resources are not enough to keep all its inhabitants, the sea is the only one giving sustenance and generation after generation have become accustomed to carve its future over the waters. In the spring, a wave of restlessness makes the village alive. They are waiting the arrival of the big tunas. The abandoned boats on the beach seems to feel this moment, the dark sea call transmits its echo by the whole coast and the life become strong again in the bay.

35. The very first images of the beach seine fishery in Càdiz

33.Historical photo of the life in Càdiz

34. Painted document made in XVI century, from the archives of the Duque de Medina Sidonia, showing the bluefin tuna fishery by beach seine (from Lopez Gonzalez & Ruiz, 2012)

102

36. The first comple image of the bluefin tuna beach seine fisheri and the land-based factory activities in Càdiz, engaved by Georg Hoefragel and include in “Civitates Orbis Terrarun“ by Braum and Hogerberg, surely included in the second edition in 1578, but which is also presenti in some copies of the first volume of the first edtion in 1572

The most precious utensils are gigantic anchors and many kilometres of hemp nets are transported to the barges. Ancient songs are brought by an African wind and they accompany the rhythmic work of the fishermen. The arrival of the big fish is dictating the future of the “almadraberos”

37. Three ancient Hspano - Arabic coins from southern Spain, showing bluefin tuna on one side.

39. Main tools of the fishermans: kilometers of net and massive anchors

38. The coastal tuna trap fishery as it was carried out along the north-eastern Adriatic Sea between the second part of the XIX century and the first part of the XX century (Krisch, 1900). Tunas were spotted from the top of a long ladder or poles and the trap was partly set and partly mobile and operated by small boats.

40. Bluefin tuna preparation in Conil, engraved by Georg (Joris) Hoefnagel and included in “Civitates Orbis Terrarum“ by Braun and Hogenberg, 1572-1617 103

Once they are aboard on their vessels they look for a spot with clear water where they can cast the nets following the ancient tradition of the Phoenicians. Once they the tunas entered in the nets system they all gathered together forming an closed box with their vessels. The fish will swim until it will reach the death chamber and the last boat will close the circle.

41. Two slightly more complex types of bluefin tuna set traps used in Spain in the XVIII century (Sañez Reguart, 1791).

43. A simple type of set tuna trap for bluefin tuna used in Spain in the XVIII century (Sañez Reguart, 1781).

42. Another symple type of bluefin tuna trap, an “almadraba de buche”, because of the use of boats for closing the entrance (Sañez Reguart, 1791). This image is possibly a graphic modification of a coloured design hold in the Archives of Duque de Medina Sidonia (García García, 2012). 104

44. Almadraba in a Spanish tuna set trap, in a nice engraving by Sañez Reguart (1791); the trap owner and his hosts are in the vessel with a tent (at the bottom right of the image).

Two hundred fishermen slowly lift the nets following the song rhythm and hoping to have a good catch. The mastery and success of the operation is entrusted to only one man: the captain in chief of the almadraba. The tireless tunas are pulled out from the water after hours and hours of work . The most poor fishermen jump in the water and they start to catch the tuna provided with hooks and praying the fish will not kill them. At the end of the battle the sea tinged with red. The fishermen return tired but happy to have extracted from the sea his great thing at the nightfall and the sea calms down.

46. Another example of a tuna double beach seine used in Spain in the XVIII century, as reported by Sañez Reguart (1791).

45. Two different types of beach seines used for bluefin tuna in the early XVIII century, from the archives of the Duque de Medina Sidonia (from López González & Ruiz, 2011). 105

47. A Spanish tuna boat seine by Sañez Reguart (1791).

48. Plan and details of a bluefin tuna trap (type “Almadraba de monteleva”) used along the Spanish coast in the XIX and XX century (Rodriguez Santamaria, 1923).

50. Plan and details of another bluefin tuna trap (type “almadraba de buche”) used along the Spanish coast in the XX century (Rodriguez Santamaria, 1923).

49. Plan and details of a bluefin tuna trap (type “almadraba de buche”) used along the Spanish coast in the XIX and XX century (Rodriguez Santamaria, 1923).

51. The slaughtery (“almadraba”) of bluefin tuna, as illustrated by Buffon (1834); this image is from the Spanish edition, but it was the same as that in the original French edition.

106

49. Details and names of the various vessels used in Italian tuna traps, with their distribution for the slaughter in the death chamber of the trap (“mattanza”) (Parona, 1919) Technical details of the tuna trap of Sant’Elia (Palermo, North Sicily) in 1896, with a very detailed description of the various components and their technical details (Sarà, 1983).

54. The tuna fishery at the trap of Sausset (South France). Sketch by Ch. Roux, engraved by Fuchon (L’Univers Illustré, June 21, 1865).Figure around the area close to the harbour in a procession (etching by M. Durand-Broger, Le Monde Illustrée, 1861).

52. Image of a tuna trap in the Egadi Isles, showing the transport of a tuna. Etching by M. Reinhardt (1852).

56. Images of Turkish paintings showing bluefin tuna fishery in Turkish area, made by unknown artists. The paintings are made in tempera colours, possibly done between the last part of the XIX century and the first part of XX century, on older pages, both possibly coming from a Holy books. The image on the left shows a fisherman harpooning the tunas. Due to the artistic component of these images, it is not sure if they are related to tuna seine fishing, maybe the same type of “traps” used in ancient times, or if they show a normal “set 53. Image of the first bluefin tuna caught at the beginning of the fishing season (May) in Palermo and carried 55. The tuna fishery in the French Mediterranean. Sketch by N. Cosmand (La Chasse Illustrée, XIX century). Figure around the area close to the trap fishery”, as suggested by the presence of several vessels around the net in the right image. around the area close to the harbour in a procession (etching by M. Durand-Broger, Le Monde Illustrée, 1861). harbour in a procession (etching by M. Durand-Broger, Le Monde Illustrée, 1861).

57. Left Patchwork of various photographic images of tuna trap activities in the Mediterranean Sea in the XIX century and in the first part of the XX century, from Spain, Sicily and Sardinia (Rodiguez santamaria, 1923; Consolo, 1987; various magazines and newspapers).

58. Right Patchwork of various photographic color images of tuna trap activities and old tuna trap buildings and anchors in Spain, Sicily and Sardinia in recent times.

4 109

Tuna net analysis

31 m 63 m

Axonometry of the tuna journey

Diagram of the journey phases

31 m 63 m

Net diagrams

110

Fishermans’s boats

111

Ongoing debates

Cádiz a Project for the city Cádiz Smart City Contributing to an improvement in the quality of life bringing the administration closer to the citizens, promoting dynamization and social participation of the citizens in general.

Cádiz Sustainable City - Improving environmental conditions by reducing CO2 emissions, implementing energy and environmental models more sustainable transport.

Cádiz main Problems Cádiz Smart City Slow implementation of conversion measures of Cadiz in Smart City.

Cádiz Sustainable City - Lack of soil and soil exhaustion. - Lack and need for housing rehabilitation.

- Promoting the regeneration of the area through rehabilitation and enhancement of public spaces, equipment and social and cultural infrastructures, improving the connections of the urban area, favouring connectivity and transversality.

- Isolation and disconnection of some areas in the territory. - Scarcity of equipment and green areas. - Lack of awareness of climate change. - Underutilized natural space.

Cádiz City of Integration

- Encourage the creation of new innovative companies under the principles of social economy.

- Loss and aging of the population.

- Revitalize the area from a social focus, prioritizing the struggle against inequality of opportunity, social exclusion and unemployment, taking into account the vulnerable groups in the area (young people at risk of exclusion, dependent persons, women at risk...) 114

- High unemployment and loss of economic activity in the municipality.

3.5. ANÁLISIS DEMOGRÁFICO

Zoom into the demographic Analysis

CALIDAD DEL EMPLEO

El análisis demográfico de la ciudad de Cádiz arroja cifras determinantes de 3.5. ANÁLISIS DEMOGRÁFICO una progresiva pérdida y envejecimiento de la población, circunstancias que deben identificarse como de losde problemas máscifras importantes a abordar El análisis demográfico deuno la ciudad Cádiz arroja determinantes de por su influencia en la realidad económica y social de la ciudad. una progresiva pérdida y envejecimiento de la población, circunstancias que

city of Cadiz shows dervicios The es eldemographic que genera el analysis 83,43% deoflathe contratación del municipio, termining figures of a progressive and aging of the a la Bahía (75,41%), Provincia (73,87%) y loss Andalucía (55,27%). population, circumstances that must be identified as one of the most important problems to be addressed because of their influence on the economic and social reality of the city.

deben identificarse como uno de los problemas más importantes a abordar CARACTERIZACIÓN DE yLAsocial POBLACIÓN por su influencia en la realidad económica de la ciudad. La población de Cádiz, según el PadrónDEMunicipal a 1 de enero de 2014 es CARACTERIZACIÓN LA POBLACIÓN de 121.739 habitantes, siendo 57.599 hombres (47,31%) y 64.140 mujeres (52,69%) La población de Cádiz, según el Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2014 es

io 2015 se registraron 61.054 contratos, representando el 43,71% ión a mujeres; casi la totalidad de la contratación femenina en el The city has fewer and fewer young people, which means produce en el sector servicios (97,45%), no siendo representativa a decrease in the active population, and the ageing of the s sectores de actividad (Industria, Construcción, Agricultura y (-8,63%), Enpopulation los últimos diez años, Cádiz hademand tenido unfor crecimiento negativo means a greater social protection tores aendiferencia los que continúa subrepresentada. del resto de municipios de la Bahía y la Provincia, entre los que

EVOLUCIÓN POBLACIÓNsiendo CÁDIZ-BAHÍA-PROVINCIA 2004-2014 de 121.739 habitantes, 57.599 hombres (47,31%) y 64.140 mujeres Es el segundo municipio más poblado de la provincia, representando su (52,69%) población un 9,82% del total provincial (1.240.175 hab.), tras Jerez de la Frontera con 212.226 habitantes (17,11%)dey la seguido por Algeciras 117.974 Es el segundo municipio más poblado provincia, representando su hab. (9,51%), y concentrando la provincia el 14,76% de tras la población población un 9,82% del total provincial (1.240.175 hab.), Jerez de de la Andalucía. Frontera con 212.226 habitantes (17,11%) y seguido por Algeciras 117.974

benefits, especially health care and welfare services,

destaca el crecimiento de Chiclana de la Frontera (+20,75%) y Puerto Real which requires more public investment in dependency. (+10,69%). La falta de suelo del municipio eleva el precio de la vivienda, siendo ésta una de las principales causas del éxodo de la población joven, parte de la cuál reside en las poblaciones limítrofes retornando a diario a Cádiz por razones laborales. Esta pérdida de población, 11.503 habitantes menos en la última década, ha venido acompañada de una disminución de la población joven y de un correlativo aumento de la población mayor de 65 años, la cuál representa actualmente el 21,07% del total.

hab. (9,51%), y concentrando la provincia el 14,76% de la población de Dado su escaso término municipal, 12,3 km2, presenta una alta densidad de Andalucía. población (9.897,48 hab/km2), siendo el municipio de la provincia con mayor densidad de población. Dado su escaso término municipal, 12,3 km2, presenta una alta densidad de

60. Evolution of population 1998-2014, Urbanism department of Càdiz based on the IECA datas, 2020

población (9.897,48 hab/km2), siendo el municipio de la provincia con mayor Una de las densidad deprincipales población. características que arroja la evolución demográfica Elaboración propia partir de datos del IECA. de la ciudadFuente: es la pérdida deapoblación, especialmente significativa en los últimos decenios, tendencia de crecimiento negativo que se mantiene en la Una de las principales características que arroja la evolución demográfica 57. Registered sector of activities, Urbanism department of Càdiz based on the actualidad (laby última cifra dedepoblación delespecialmente Padrón Municipal a 1IECA de datas, enero de de la contracts ciudad es la pérdida población, significativa en2020 los 2015 es de 120.468 habitantes). últimos decenios, tendencia de crecimiento negativo que se mantiene en la actualidad (la última cifra de población del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de Se trata además deEn laloscapital andaluza que más un población perdido en últimos diez años, Cádiz ha tenido crecimientoha negativo (-8,63%), 2015 es de 120.468 habitantes). a diferencia del resto de municipios de la Bahía y la Provincia, entre los que estos últimos diez años, tendencia de crecimiento negativo que comparte destaca el crecimiento de Chiclana de la Frontera (+20,75%) y Puerto Real con Sevilla, Granada, ylaJaén. Se trata además de(+10,69%). capital andaluza más población ha de perdido en La falta de sueloque del municipio eleva el precio la vivienda,

61. Evolution of population in the Andalusian capitals 2004-2014, Urbanism department of Càdiz EVOLUCIÓN POBLACIÓN CÁDIZ-BAHÍA-PROVINCIA 2004-2014 based on the IECA datas, 2020

siendo ésta una de lasde principales causas del éxodo de que la población joven, estos últimos diez años, tendencia crecimiento negativo comparte parte de la cuál reside en las poblaciones limítrofes retornando a diario a 94 con Sevilla, Granada,Cádiz y Jaén. por razones laborales. Esta pérdida de población, 11.503 habitantes menos en la última década, ha venido acompañada de una disminución de la población joven y de un correlativo aumento de la población mayor de 65 años, la cuál representa actualmente el 21,07% del total.

59. Evolution of population in Càdiz 2004-2014, Urbanism department of Càdiz based on the IECA datas, 2020

115

62. Evolution of population in the province of Càdiz 2004-2014, Urbanism department of Càdiz based Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de datos del IECA. on the IECA datas, 2020

Management of EU fisheries The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)

The International Dimension of the EU Common Fisheries Policy

The new Common Fisheries Policy: sustainability in depth

Non-tuna RFMOs

The European Maritime And Fisheries Fund 2014-2020

Tuna RFMOs

Allocated in total from 2014-2020.

What?

To help fishermen adapt to sustainable fishing, create jobs for the sector and diversify economies in coastal communities.

11%

Distributed between:

The EMFF assists Member States to co-finance operational programmes and projects, to reach the objectives of the reformed Common Fisheries Policy.

It is one of the five European Structural and Investment Funds which complement each other to deliver more jobs, welfare and growth in the EU.

Managed by the European Commission To support EU-wide objectives in maritime and coastal affairs:

MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield is the best possible objective for renewable and profitable fisheries, harvesting the maximum amount of fish on a long term basis.

Regionalisation Natural resources and the socioeconomic fabric vary greatly from one place to another. A balanced representation of local stakeholders knows best how to apply EU rules in their respective areas.

Fisheries science

Scientific advice is the basis for good policy making, setting fishing opportunities according to the state and productivity of fish stocks.

Multiannual plans

Contain the goals and tools for fish stock management and the roadmap to achieving the objectives in a sustainable and inclusive way.

How?

NEAFC: North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission

SEAFO: South-East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation

GFCM: General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean

ICCAT: International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

IATTC: Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission

NAFO: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation

SPRFMO: South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

CCBSP: Convention on the Conservation and Managemente of Pollock Resources in Central Bering Sea

IOTC: Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

CCSBT: Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna

NASCO: North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation

SIOFA: South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement

CCAMLR: Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

Because fishing is an activity that exploits common natural resources, it needs to be regulated to safeguard fair access, sustainability and profitability for all.

• Total Allowable Catches • Fishing licenses • Boat capacity management • Reducing environmental impact

• Minimum fish and mesh sizes • Design and use of gears • Closed areas or seasons

The EU, as a large maritime power and as the world’s biggest market for seafood, actively promotes better international governance across the world’s seas and oceans to keep them clean, safe and secure. It is a leading player in the bodies established under UNCLOS and UNFSA, notably the FAO Committe on Fisheries and RFMOs. As a follow-up to the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) efforts focus on the launching of an Implementing Agreement under UNCLOS for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. United Nations and the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation)

Discards

Targeted funding

Aquaculture

Control

The landing obligation (to be gradually introduced from 2015 to 2019), prohibits this wasteful practice and will provide more accurate data on real catches, and will be a driver for more selectivity and better planning.

For low impact, small scale local fleets: important for employment, marine stewardship and holding together the coastal communities.

With wild fish no longer able to supply the world population, sustainable aquaculture is called to meet the growing demand for seafood.

Good management relies on awareness, compliance and enforcement. Sufficient and reliable data must be collected, managed and supplied by Member States.

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)

89%

Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) are international organisations formed by countries with fishing interests in an area. Their role is to guarantee the management, conservation and sustainable exploitation of the living marine species covered in their remit by setting catch limits, technical measures and control obligations. There are two types of RFMOs: those which only manage highly migratory fish stocks, like tuna (tuna RFMOs), and those which manage other fish stocks (non-tuna RFMOs). The EU plays an active role in 6 tuna RFMOs and 11 non-tuna RFMOs.

Reducing impact of fishing on the marine environment More market tols for professionals and consumers Joint stewardship of protected areas ans Natura 2000 sites Special support to small-scale fishermen

SFPAs

IUU

Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreements allow EU fleets to fish in third countries’ Exclusive Economic Zones, with a regulated and guaranteed environment. New SFPAs target surplus stocks only, and aim towards resource conservation and environmental sustainability, ensuring that EU fishing laws and principles (including human rights) are respected abroad just as at home. In exchange for access rights, the EU, firstly pays for those rights, and secondly also contributes financially to support local fishing sectors and third countries fishing governance, including IUU fight and scientific research. Besides the SFPAs, the EU has fishing agreements with northern countries which are based on mutual exchange of fishing possibilities.

Illegal, Unreported or Unregulated fishing is a global threat to the marine environment and honest fishermen alike. The EU is committed to fighting IUU fishing worldwide, publishing with international organisations a list of blacklisted vessels and non-cooperative countries, and penalising offenders.

Tuna: Cape Verde, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Kiribati, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Sâo Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles

Northern: Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway

62. The common fisheries policy (CFP), European Commission 116

Among which:

Estimation of global IUU fishing:

€10 ≈15 11-26

B/Year

% of world catches

mT/Year

Mixed: Greenland, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco

Managed by the member states Divided amongst EU countries, the funds are used for:

Ocean governance RFMOs

Rules

International governance Cooperation through exchange of information and best practices Public informatio n and support to networking platforms Marine Knowledge Maritime Spatial Planning

WCPFC: Western and Central Pacific Fisheires Commission

€4340 €580 M

Sustainable Fisheries

Making fisheries and aquaculture more sustainable and profitable

Control and Enforcement

To monitor compliance with the European Common Fisheries Policy and protect a fair access to healthy stocks: Ensuring and creating sustainable jobs Access to fishing grounds Local development and support to Controlling fishing effort, TACs fisheries areas and quotas Marketing and processing Other technical measures to improve selectivity and sustainability

€520

Data Collection

To collect the data the scientists need to improve our knowledge of the seas and the long term management of our fisheries: Understanding and monitoring of commercial species Dynamics of single stocks and mixed fisheries Ecological modelling of regional basins

€71

Blue Economy To unlock sustainable growth and job creation from our seas and oceans, in areas such as: Maritime surveillance (CISE) Improved knowledge of the seas and ecosystems Enabling rational exploitation of new marine resources (e.g. energy, biotech)

Cádiz Assets, Resources and Potential Cádiz Smart City The University and culture as an engine of innovation

Cádiz Sustainable City The Natural Environment as an economic opportunity

Cádiz City of Integration Tourism

Project Ambitions The University of Cadiz develops, in collaboration with the business community has an important role to play in the field of research and innovation, making it one of the engines of growth and wealth generation in the municipality and Bahia, given the importance of knowledge and innovation, achieving economic growth. The cultural potential of Cadiz with projection in Europe and Latin America must be used to attract and preserve talent in the sciences, arts or thought that will stimulate research and culture in the city, which will contribute to demographic change, by having human capital with the capacity and inventiveness.

Strengtening the citizens identity, bringing back the old importance of the bluefin tuna.

The goodness of natural and public spaces is a quality of life factor and an opportunity to attract activities that require environmental quality for their location. In this sense, the main values of the city and the territory: the climate, the light, the sea, the beaches, the salt mines... are resources with great potential for development and wealth for municipality.

Work with the social differences, aiming to a social cohesion against poverty and social exclusion, promoting forms of dialogue within people for a better understanding of the community.

Tourism is an important economic resource of the city and the Bay, with a specially accredited quality mark in the national tourism, the first sector of the Spanish and one of the great engines of the world economy. That is why in recent years, progress has been made in promoting tourism and creation of new infrastructures, although it is necessary to consolidate and expand the role of tourism and leisure in the city’s economy, taking advantage of its natural assets and cultural heritage and landscape, to contribute to territorial and social cohesion with quality employment.

Promote the surrounding which is the key element of the society well-being.

117

Marine Research Institute sailing towards new horizons WHAT :

Past, Present,Future and adaptability of the fishing tradition in a changing world. Addressing important scientific research and societal question pertinent to the functioning of the fishing; Achieving scientific excellence;

Innovation

Education

World - class facility that will help recruit talented scientists and support ongoing research for the conservation and management of the region’s living marine resources

New solutions for the interaction between the Marine Ecosystem and Socieconomic system of human society

Raise social awareness campaigns on the state of the marine environment and its problems.

Create a network and research school within resource, fisheries management and economics connecting universities, research instituitions and researchers.

Facing societally relevant issues; Promoting and protecting the culture and tradition of the place.

HOW:

Open Forum; Intercultural dialogue; Skills development; Network of changemakers;

Programme

Training events.

WHERE:

Research;

- Clinic and rescue of marine species

- Master degree in Sea and Society

Education and Training;

- Conservation, Investigation and Training tasks

- Summer research programme

Administration.

- Social awareness campaign

118

119

Project Location

La Caleta buildings

Santa Catilina Castle

- Individual buildings connected by public route;

Faculty of Marine engineering

Caleta main entrance

Santa Catilina Castle

- Five whatchtowers facing the sea. 130 m

Lido Nuestra Señora de la Palma y del Real

Carcel Real Arbol de Mora

100

78 m

Faculty of Marine engineering

130

- inside and outside patios; 120

- one main whatchtower facing the sea.

124 m

Arbol de Mora

- Natural element as representative core of the bay.

36 m

17 m 123

Carcel Real

- Three patios organizing the building plan. m 40

Lido Nuestra Señora de la Palma y del Real 46 m

- Connecting the street with the sea side:

28 m

- Two arcade walks; - Four watchtowers.

Caleta main entrance

m m

- Vestibule flanked by a sequence of arches on one side.

- Two main arch opening as entrance:

124

Route BEFORE Unique walkway connecting the bay with the Castle

NOW Keep the pre-existence alive in the memory, attaching it the new design.

63. Walkway of La Caleta, XVII

Original Entrance to the bay = Starting point Design = Stop

125

64. Aereal view, google maps, La Caleta

Castle = Ending point

Collage south elevation original walkway

Collage north elevation original walkway

South elevation walkway high tide

South elevation walkway low tide

North elevation walkway high tide

126

North elevation walkway low tide

Zoom north elevation high tide

Zoom north elevation low tide

Zoom south elevation high tide

127

Zoom south elevation low tide

+3000

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Total plan original walkway

+3000

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Zoom plan original walkway low tide

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129

Design

Memory - City -

Memory

Principle

Translation

Portion of the old city of Cádiz, characterized by narrow winding alleys connecting large plazas and markets.

The urban textile has been drawn following a grid based on Cardo and Decumano structure.

Design layout of the Insitute, ruled by the same principle of the city, showing the same characteristic structure.

“Plaza San Juan de Dios“ (San Juan de Dios square) is an open agora to the sea, connecting the bay with the medieval area and splitting in half two neighbourhoods.

Connection element between two neighbourhoods, open view on the sea and main aggregation core. It is characterized by a main connection and secondary narrow streets entering the city.

Main platform developing from the inside of the design to the outside. It is posible to reach others spots through a main linear street and others departing from that one.

Alhambra plan portion characterized by an open courtyard with a water basin, emWater basin bedded in closed walls.

Main longitudinal core characterized by the water, enclosed in wall with openings directing the view on the water mirror..

The aquarium is a journey through peforeated walls, streams and bay view.

Grid pattern

Open cut

Memory

Principle

Translation

chapel

opening

railing

Lantern

Light-sea breeze glimpses

Upper world above the rooftop of the building which was sunny and refreshed by the sea breeze. In some cases the tower was used to enrich the architectonic composition of public space, emphatising street and square’s prospective.

The tower was composed by three main elements: the railing embedding the main terrace, a covered area from where have acces to the tower and the chapel, an upper element stretching more the tower to the sky.

The main entrance to the institute characterized by total glass hall extending in height, transforming from access to lightouse, recalling the ancient memory of the temple situated nearby, functioning as entrance gate to the city. it is also facing the aquarium above, highlightining it.

The city has adopted a natural ventilation screensystem, called moucharabieh.

The system is allowing the light to enter but cooling down the air and keeping privacy in the room.

The moucharabieh is part of the design either for its peculiar qualities but also because it keeps the surpirse of the sea undiscover untill the view gets wider. Moreover, some of them are entering into the water allowing the latter one to flow from one side to the other one, creating movement and amusement.

134

Memory - Sea -

Tuna Ritual The entire design is tribute to the ancient bluefin tuna ritual. The main goal is to reintegrate the phases of the “almadraba” ritual, bringing back the tradition and creating a journey through the building.

Tuna Net Translation of the old net memory into a people collector, using a series of perforated walls.

Water as architectural tool

Mirror plane

Water volume 65. Patio de los Arrayanes , Alhambra, Granada c. XIV

Attention grabber

66. Cuarto dorado, Alhambra, Granada c. XIV

Water movement waves on the surface

67. Fuentes del Palacio de los Leones, Alhambra, Granada c. XIV

Creating comfort

linear movement

Color filter 69.Patio de la Acequia, Alhambra, Granada c. XIV

70. Patio del Cipres de la Sultana, Alhambra, Granada c. XIV

137

68. Alberca del Partal Bajo,Alhambra, Granada c. XIV

Dynamic geometry Duality

Loop path

Focus of attention

The duality is between the lighthouse or main entrance and the aquarium. The first raised the sky while the other is climbing the water down.

The result is a fenced area, reminding the tuna net, where the visitor has been caught by the mistery hidden inside.

The tower on top and the water tank are generating a focus of attention, following to different scales. The tower is more fare away, dominating the view while the movement of the water is catching the attention and twisting the images reflected.

Different viewpoint

Occultation

Links

Several will be the views on the aquarium and one of them will have a specific direction.

The moucharabieh walls are enclosing the perimetral view, englightening the main core.

The overall coposition is dinamic since there is not one main trajectory while the shape of the basin tend to stretch the water to the outside.

138

Tides in time

Low tide simulation

HIgh tide simulation

Tides rythm

Summer

Sunrise: ~ 7:00 am Low tide: ~ 6:00 am - 11.00 am Sunset: ~ 21:00 pm Low tide: ~ 18:00 pm - 23.00 pm

Winter

Sunrise: ~ 8:40 am Low tide: ~ 1:00 am - 6.00 am Sunset: ~ 18:00 pm Low tide: ~ 13:00 pm - 19.00 pm

2nd high tide 1st high tide

2nd low tide 1st low tide 0 hours

+ 5 hours

+ 10 hours

+ 15 hours

+ 20 hours

PM AM

Sunrise Low tide

Morning HIgh tide

Afternoon Low tide

Specific Water Mechanisms

Fase 1 low tide

Fase 2 high tide

139

Fase 3 low tide

Fase 4 high tide

Sunset High tide

City - Sea The wall and the sea

The height difference

ll and the Sea

High tide

The Height difference

Low Tide

Ancient boardwalk

Caleta Beach

Atlantic

3.00 m

4.00 m

5.00 m

8.00 m

City

7.00 m

0.50 m

3.00 m

0.50 m

0.00 m

Low tide

Physical elements

Design in place

Physical Elements

Trend of the Atlantic water flow

Sun Orientation

Castle Santa Catalina

2.50 m 0.50 m

3.00 m

4.00 m

Fortress San Pedro

2.50 m La Palma Spa

Fortress San Pablo

Fortress Orejon

la Caleta Entrance

Fortress Los Martires

2.00 m

140

Vendaval wind

4.00 m

Programme

Programme distribution pattern Entrance

Patio

Terraces

Corridor

Room

Multi-functional programme

142

Programme - Square meters

1 25 25

20 17,66 %

1 15 2 4

3 5

6 7 9

22 17

18 10

Ground floor

GSEducationalVersion

19 12

Mixed use 1. Toilet Aquarium 37 m² 2. Entrance hall 174 m² 3. Lighthouse - Bar - Cafeteria 170 m²

Research 6. Reception 14 m² 7. Toilet 28 m² 8. Dressing room 26 m² 9. Specimen Processing Lab 51 m² 10. Photogrammetry Lab 35 m² 11. Genetic Lab 32 m² 12. Hospitalization room 39 m² 13. Kitchen 40 m² 14. Storage 12 m² 15. Room care 150 m² 16. Operating room 60 m² 17. Pre-operating room 23 m² 18. Hospitalization room 60 m² 19. Room care 30 m² 20. Administration office 73 m² 21. Necropsy Lab 100 m² 22. Freezer rooms 84 m² 23. Toilet - Dressing room 53 m² 24. Experimental Aquarium 560 m² 25. Storage 25 m²

-1st floor

Legend

Research - Education 1st floor

GSEducationalVersion

Education 1. Conference room 74 m² 2. Archive 25 m² 3. Toilet 30 m² 4. Education room I 48 m² 5. Education room II 53 m²

143

Mixed use

Programme - Square meters Legend Research - Education corridor and outside 675 m² Mixed use outside 4200 m² 17,66 %

17,66 %

-1st floor

Version

Ground floor

GSEducationalVersion

lVersion

Version

Legend Research - Education total 5300 m² Entrance - Lighthouse total 1900 m²

17,66 %

Total surface 7200 m²

-1st floor

Ground floor

GSEducationalVersion

lVersion

Version

1st floor

144

Drawings

Main core

The main core is represented by the lighthouse which is also the entrance, funtioning as main hub.

Orientation bay

15 min

5 min walkway

The design is developing in two directions. The firs one is following the walkway line while the other one is extending towards the bay.

Stop

MRI

Castle

employees/delivery visitors/veichles Entrance door

The idea is to create an in between stop, mandatory for the employees or optional for the visitors. The ancient walkway is leading the ensemble orientation towards the Bay and is followed by the new ramp which is the entrance to the institute. This one represents the direct connection to the Institute while the walkway has been kept free in the way people and vehicles can still reach the Castle.

Void

The entrance hall is establishing a direct connection between the rocks, the sea and the sky.

Chimney

The cool air draw into the void directly from the sea and is ventilating each space is passing through. The sun heats up the chimney, using convenction, the warm air moves and is exhausted through the roof openings.

Lightness

The entire building looks very strong and rough due to concrete slabs and oyster stone as covering while the lighthouse is characterized by four glass facades, shaded by a series of moucharabieh panels.

Research Public

Aquarium

The aquarium is extending under the sea level from where the visitor can discover the tunas, mantaining the view on the Bay. The top part is intended for the researchers from where they can bring the tuna out from the water.

Gap

The design reveals the working spaces to the public, aiming a better connection between scientists and environment, they want to preserve, but also to reinforce the visitor-employee relationship.

Square

The entire complex is distributed around a main platform, extending from the inside to the outside and connecting the most important functions through a linear axis.

North elevation

South elevation

150

151

East elevation Legend Private route Public route

Memory

The experience of the Institute is ending in the lowest platform, inteded for a recreational and contemplation purpose. The floor is located along the water line and characterized by few steps, that are also working as seating spot. These are partially or completely flooded by four tides per day. The terrace is completely open, facing the west side from where is possible to contemplate not only the marvellous view of the Castle but also the sunset. The purpose is to create a space where everyone could rest after the multiple experience in the Institute and finally reconnect with the sea and its memory.

West elevation

Storeys

The lighthouse block is representing the partition between the two main storey levels of the project. The first one, characterized by the main entrance, is at the same height level of the beachfront promenade and enriched by a completely open terrace. The second storey is lowered and more in relation H beachfront H sea

First tide

-1st floor

Ground floor

1st floor

Second tide

-1st floor

Ground floor

1st floor

Third tide

-1st floor

Ground floor

1st floor

Fourth tide

-1st floor

Ground floor

1st floor

158

Detail lighthouse 1:50

Study model

160

161

162

163

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All of a sudden it didn’t bother me not being modern Roland Barthes

Dedicated to My family Gianmarco Ferrari Katia Santuccio Imane Boutanzit Martijn Troost Peter Schuitmaker Lucrezia Cipriani