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Grammar Book About Current Events By: Andie Venegas

Grammar Book About Current Events

Grammar Book Table Of Contents 1. Parts of speech

(520)

2. Phrases

(2123)

3. Clauses

(2427)

4. Sentences

(2834)

5. Paragraphs

(3539)

6. Essays

(3843)

7. Capitalization

(4446)

8. Punctuation

(4749)

9. Commonly Confused Words

(5053)

10. Quizzes (110) Answer Key

(5463)

11. Works Cited Page

(6465)

12. Back Cover Dedication

(66)

Introduction This Grammar Book about current events explains the usage of correct grammar and proper mechanics in english that serves two purposes. One purpose is to inform the reader and raise awareness of what’s going on in the world around us, near and far, from politics to new medical advances. The second purpose is to further improve english skills that will be applied to everyday life. About The Author Writing is by far a skill that fascinates me. It’s a skill which one never learns enough of, one can always improve. I was exposed to writing in elementary, second grade to be exact. Although I wasn’t proficient I practiced and wrote about endless topics and worked to where I am now but don’t plan on stopping here. Writing is a way of venting thoughts to no one exactly, kind of like an email that was never delivered. It’s out there, just never got to its proper destination. I enjoy writing and what can be done with it. It’s an art that fascinates me.

Current Events Grammar Book Grammar Book Section 1 Parts Of Speech I.

Nouns A. Types of nouns 1. Common Nouns : name a class of people, place, things, or idea . Ex: culture, politics, economy, activist, government 2. Proper Nouns : give the name of title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized) . Ex: Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders, Barack Obama 3. Compound Nouns : consist of words used together to form a single noun. Ex: aftermath, bandwagon, courthouse 4. Concrete Nouns : refers to material things, to people, or to places. Ex: senate, governor, representative 5. Abstract Nouns : name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes. Ex: determination, bitter, similitude, abstract, torture

B. Noun identifiers : 1. Noun endings : bitter ness determinat ion abstraction ism activ ist tort ure similit ude govern ment accept ance consequ ence collectivi ty admini ster advis ory election eer man hood 2. Following a noun marker (NM) : a, all, an, both , each , every, her , his , my, our, several , some , that , their, these , this , those , one , two, three, etc. Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some animals are square. (‘’Some’’ acts as an adjective, so it’s a noun marker.) Some are square. (‘’Some’’ acts as a noun so it’s not a noun marker.) NM N NM N The courthouse is grandiose. The grandiose, polished courthouse is squarely shaped.

3. Plural Form : for example: ‘’governors’’ or ‘’representatives’’ 4. Possessive form : for example: ‘’ governer’s job’’ or ‘’ governers’ job’’ 5. Following a preposition : Donald trump surprisingly didn’t back away from his campaign. (preposition) These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. Note : Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs. The republican wisely stayed away . (adverb) C. Functions (How nouns are used): N V 1. Subject (comes before the verb) S V Donald Trump criticized the latino population. S V Republican Donald Trump harshly criticized the latino population, pointing news reporter, Jorge Ramos out and telling him to ‘’go back to univision.’’ N V N 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) S V DO IO President Barack Obama signed a law allowing immigrants to obtain a driver's license. (signed what?) Michelle Obama gathered mothers who had interest in bettering the nutrient their children receive both at home and outside of home. (gathered whom?) N V N N 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) S V DO IO Jorge Ramos gave a report to news reporters at several appearances after the incident with Donald Trump.

S V DO IO Candidates running campaigns attempt to persuade the audience by speaking of a promise future if elected for presidency, in hope of casting their vote. N V N 4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) S V AO Senators work year round to maintain a good stance for the people. (works when?) S V AO Politicians run for office every four years to effectively run the country, promising citizens better opportunities and new laws. (works when?) Prep N 5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition) S V Prep OPrep Barack Obama will go to Antarctica ground expeditiously to find a possible solution for global warming. (to the what?) S V Prep OPrep Barack OBama will go to Antarctica ground expeditiously to find a possible solution for global warming that not only affect ice sheets, but the continent in a broader statement. (to the what?) N LV N 6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb ) S LV SC Barack Obama is the president of the United States after being elected twice. (president renames Barack Obama) S LV SC Barack Obama is the president of the United States who is a proud man after being elected twice and between both terms increased the economy and rose the state from its great depression. (SC can also be an adjective. Proud describes Barack Obama) N V N N 7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) S V DO OC American Citizens anonymously voted Barack Obama President because of his strategies. S V DO OC American Citizens anonymously voted Barack Obama President because of his strategies, not only does he take into consideration every minority, but has done great things such a issue driver's license to immigrants, and helped funding of education for children across the country. N , N 8. Appositives (rename nouns, separated by commas)

S APPP V Mr.Jimenez, me teacher, lectures news through various methods. S APPP V Mr.Jimenez, me teacher, lectures news through various methods, one method is by listening to current events, jotting down important points and create group discussions to help us further understand how history affects our modern day world. N N 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) S V Adjvl The senators went to the senate house. S V Adjvl The senators went to the senate house, where they meet to raise standards and coincide for better tactics to improve the wellbeing of this country. N , N or N, N 10. Noun In Direct Address N Mr. Jimenez , which politicians are running for office ? N How is it that presidential elections work, Mr. Jimenez , may you further explain this in depth? Gerund N 11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund ) G OG Winning the elections made the latino population happy. (winning what) G OG Winning the elections made the latino population happy, they were leaning towards a democrat to be elected as president and hoped for him to pass laws benefitting immigration. Participle N 12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle ) Part OPart After debating during the current event discussion , I understood compare and contrast of events better. (debate what?) Part OPart After debating during the current event discussion , I understood compare and contrast of events better, modern day events are similar or a shadow of what happened decades ago (debate what?) Infinitive N 13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive ) N Olnf President Obama’s purpose is to help. N Olnf

President Obama’s purpose is to help, to help reshape the economy. II. Pronouns 1. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them He is running for president, but that decision is up to us , the people. Possessive My, mine our/ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, it’s, one’s their, theirs My teacher, Mr. Jimenez takes interest in student’s education and their knowledge on current news affairs. 2. Relative : Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose That that of that those/this The fact that Donald Trump would even consider deporting every immigrant even children whose parents brought them with no notice is simply absurd. It’s important to know who is running for presidency, this country needs someone who is efficient. 3. Interrogative : who, which, what, whatever, whoever Modern news affairs and history are similar in the way that both connect, one way or the other, whatever you study, happened years ago, if not alike then very similar. What most affects global warming is the usage of fossil fuels instead of natural energy.

4. Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix self or selves ) Used only: A. When the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: i. It’s impossible to learn by yourself as compared to a study group. A study group can benefit more than a few people and you can help yourself out . B. to intensify a point: i. She herself alone didn’t finish the assignment. She seeked help amongst peers who had trouble themselves and together formed ideas about the debate discussion for the following day. 5. Demonstrative : this, these that, those This lecture relates to taxation in tea that now affect the economy and taxes. These past few days have been very stressful, keeping up with these news affairs has become almost impossible, it’s obvious that something must be done. 6. Indefinite : all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such. All anybody ever does nowadays is blame people of color for either violence or disturbance in society, few fail to admit that several of them are part of the blame as well. Anybody who votes for Donald Trump is either ignorant or enjoys discriminating as well. III. Verbs A. How verbs are identified: (s, ed, ing) 1.Verb Ending (runs, talks, adress, elected, addressed, delegated, delegating, running, electing) 2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: 1. simple past (took) 6.present(take) 2. past(took) 7.present perfect(has been taking) 3. past perfect(had been taking)8.present progressive(has taken) 4. past progressive(had taken) 9.present perfect progressive(am taking) 5. simple present(take) 10.future(will take) 11.future perfect(will be taking)

3. Forms: a. Forms of ‘’to be’’ : am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verb, they are always linking verbs true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem ). b. Forms of ‘’to do’ ’: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). c. Forms of ‘’to have’’ : have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). 4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs): might, must, shall b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence usually the predicate) appears, remains, getting c. lexical verbs (main verbs) arrive, see, do d. dynamic verbs (indicate action) abandon, ask, beg e. stative verbs (describe a condition) astonish, satisfy, understand f. finitive verbs (indicate tense) promised, wanted, became g. infinitive verbs (infinitive or participles) to follow, to believe, to wonder h. regular verbs (weak verbs) believe, discuss, argue i. irregular verbs (strong verbs) broadcast, fought, understood j. transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) bring, send, write k. transitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) promise, refuse, show 5. Voice : Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The english language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE 6. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) a. Gerund : word ending in ‘’ing’’ used as a noun. i. Mr Jimenez briefly took some of our lunch time explaining how the presidential elections work. b. Participle : word ending in ‘’ing’’ or ‘’ed’’ used as an adjective i. The olympics have consisted of many beaten records such as swimming times. ii. Candidates forget to think before they speak, and fail to speak wisely . c. Infinitive : verb preceded by the word ‘’to’’ (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. i. I like to read about current events on my own time. (noun: direct object likes what?)

ii. I carry a set of cards with me to study history while on a break. (adjective: modifies cards what’s being studied?) IV. Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds : Demonstrative adjectives : point out nouns ( this candidate , that election , these politicians , those global conflicts) Common adjectives : describes a noun in a general way ( flexible l aws , hidden background , sharp turn) Proper adjectives : are derived from a proper noun and are capitalized ( California, Texas, China) 2. Endings: al, ary, ful, ic, ical, ish, less, like, ly, ous, y (brut a l), (moment ary ), (aw ful ), (histor ic ), (log ical ), (self ish ), (power less ), (war like ), (cost ly ), (danger ous ), (dirt y ) 3. Conversions : adverb to adjective : remove the ending suffix, commonly ly ( quickly to quick) noun to adjective : When a noun is used to describe another noun, the first noun acts as an adjective (historic teacher) verb to adjective : add an ending ( selfishly ) 4. Articles : Articles are actually adjectives, they describe the nouns that they precede.

There are only three articles : the, a, and an, and used in specific circumstances. (a proposal , an article , the congressmen ) 5. Comparatives/Superlatives : A comparative adjective is used to compare two things. A superlative adjective is used when you compare three or more things. ( wiser men, wisest men) ( sadder people, saddest people) ( politer response, politest response) V. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. a. endings i. cowardly, frontwards, likewise b. conversions i. A noun can act as an adverb when it is telling us the location of the subject. (He stays at the White House . The White House is where the president stays.) In this case White House tells us the location. ii. A verb can become an adverb by adding ending ly (furious, furiously)

iii. An adjective becomes an adverb with ending ed or ing. ( tir ing controversion, disappoint ing decision) C. Types : Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time D. Intensifiers : show emphasis and those that amplify and those that play down or downtone the actions of verbs. i. (There’s been a huge controversy, a huge, awfully , disappointing case to be honest.) ii. (He walked in, gracefully striding across the floor.) iii. (It’s no surprise, he’s lonely, bound to get into trouble, costly , trouble.) E. Comparatives/Superlatives : The comparative form of an adjective or adverb compares two things. *The superlative form of an adjective or adverb compares three or more things. i. The population suggested the law to be processed more slowly . The law will be passed by most slowly . ii. The topic of immigration is bound to be brought up later . The topic of immigration is bound to be brought up in a couple of months at latest . iii. Donald Trump’s ideas could get worse . Donald Trump’s ideas are worst than previous republicans. Manner : i. Donald Trump quickly suggested a plan. ii. Donald trump quickly suggested a plan that would deport immigrants back to their country, miscalculating the negative impacts it would take on the country. Time : i. Action must be taken immediately . ii. Action against melting ice sheets in Antarctica as a result of global warming must be looked at immediately , someone must do something about it. Place : i. They searched everywhere for a possible solution. ii. They searched everywhere for a possible position, collecting signatures, signing petitions but their efforts were hopeless. Degree :

i. The idea of voluntary suicide with a doctor's help is extremely serious. ii. The idea of voluntary suicide with a doctor's help is extremely serious, medical doses could go wrong, and families will not only be separated, but may need counseling to help them wrap their head around the idea. Frequency : i. Laws are constantly being passed. ii.Laws are constantly being revised and planned, some helping minorities, others oppressing them. VI. Conjunctions A. Coordinating : (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

i. Michelle Obama is an advocate for families. ii. Michelle Obama is an advocate for healthier families and better lifestyle. B. Correlative : Either/or: neither/nor; not only/ but also; both/and; wether/or; as/so

i. Neither plan will be passed, nor thought about. ii. Neither plan of voluntary suicide or lethal medicine will be passed, nor nevertheless thought about, it's absurd. C. Subordinate : after, though as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while. i. Legislature treats the law though as if there’s no concern. ii. Legislature treats the law though as if there’s no concern or worry, voluntary suicide through lethal medications involves religious views and personal beliefs. D. Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or non living objects) i. President Obama is a leader who people root for. ii. President Obama, president of the UNited States, is a democratic leader who people root for.

VII. Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, enar to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without i. Above all, according to the declaration of independence every man is equal, however as far as we’re concerned, recent encounters with discrimination have proven otherwise. ii. Being fit goes far beyond healthy, despite the grand majority of obese children in the U.S. advocate for healthy living, Michelle obama stepped foot forward to reach out to inform and help families make healthier choices. iii. Life inside prisons is sad, in addition , traumatizing but in spite of the hardships inmates face, they stand up to make clear their cause and rebel by being on strike, refusing to eat, in regard to hopes of making a statement and receiving more freedom. VIII. Interjections Interjections are the final part of speech. aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw,bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr,cheers, congratulations,dang, drat, darn, duh,eek, eh, encore, eureka,fiddlesticks,gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh,haha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, huh?, humph, hurray, oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow, phew, phooey, pooh, pow, rats, shh, shoo, thanks, there, tuttut, uhhuh, uhoh, ugh, wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow, yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck i. The way racism and discrimination has taken an upturn in the past months, not even years is disappointing, like hello , yuck !

ii. Hallelujah ! Illegal immigrants can finally obtain a driver’s license in the state of California, this means my friend’s parents can now drive ! iii. HOLY COW I didn’t know one could be so cruel and careless, uh it almost makes me shame my american pride. Key Associated Term to Know For Parts of Speech: VIII. Antecedents: An antecedent is an expression, word, phrase, clause, that gives it meaning to a proform pronoun, pro verb, adverb. i. Donald Trump delivered his proposal during his campaign about one month ago. The pronoun his refers back to Donald Trump . Donald Trump is the antecedent for the pronoun his . IX. Complements: Complements can be understood as a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression. i. Politicians are cowards , majority of the time being reluctant to accept the negative impact their choices have on its citizens. The noun cowards tells us something about the subject, politicians. X. Objects : (Direct and Indirect) A. Direct Object: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. i. Advocates for better treatment on inmates spoke out by rebelling. Advocates spoke out for who? B. Indirect Object: An indirect object is a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. i. Michelle Obama recruited various families and encouraged them to come with her on the journey of changing their lifestyle to a much healthier one. Michelle Obama recruited who.

XI. Modifiers : Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences. i. Citizens aren’t always to stand up for what they believe, they stroll and toll on ideas until their families or people around them, even themselves are drastically impacted and it is then when they do something about it, they are first introverted and quiet , resilient even until something or someone triggers that burst of fury. XII. Transitions Size Transitions The largest Larger than The smallest The smallsized The tallest The next largest Equal to The next smallest The mediumsized The shortest The smallest Smaller than The largest The largestsized _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Time Transitions First, Now At the beginning of Thereafter, By this time Before Then, Soon In the middle of Presently, At the same time In the meantime Next, Then At the end of After a short time, At that instant Meanwhile At last, Later Soon thereafter, Immediately, During Simultaneously, Afterwards First, In the morning, Yesterday, The first Second, Before noon, Today, A more recent Third, In the afternoon, Tomorrow The most recent Finally, In the evening, The day after tomorrow, In the past, The next day, This year, The earliest In the present, Two weeks later, Next year, The next earliest In the future, Six months later, In the next few years The most recent _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Space Transitions behind on the edge of beside in front of west of high over toward around facing east of against under throughout near in back of north of alongside below to the right of side by side in the center south of ahead of beneath to the left of close to inside at the here low down on top of next to outside in there

on the bottom at the top down at the end of on beyond on the corner by up between above farther on _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Importance Transitions The best The most important The first The best The next best Equally important More important than The next best The least best The next important Most important The worst The least important _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ ChainLink Transitions On the one hand, One example of In the first place, In other words, The first On the other hand, For instance, In the second place, In fact, The second Another example In the third place, Also, The third Again, A further example Besides, For another example, Moreover, For example, One Because First, Another Since Second, Still another A further As Third, In addition, Further, Still, Specifically In the same way, Furthermore, While More specifically In fact, Instead In particular, The opposite of _is_ Additionally, On the contrary side Lastly, The last Indeed, As a result, To the contrary, Similar to _is_ Last Although Consequently, In contrast, Another similar _is_ Even though Naturally In spite of Likewise, Nevertheless, Even if After all, Despite the Similarly, Nonetheless, A dissimilar _is_ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Concluding Transitions To conclude In sum, To sum up As you can see, In conclusion, In brief, To summarize, As a result, In summary, In short, Therefore, Finally,

i. Primarily , immigrants are the minority facing most difficulties, in addition to being discriminated, they are challenged and oppressed, all in all , the last thing they need is to be submerged by idiots like Trump.

XIII. Expletives: are words or phrases that do not add any structural or grammatical meaning to the sentence. These words and phrases are often referred to as empty words, meaningless phrases, or redundant pairs because they do not add any information to the sentence. i. It was his arrogant attitude that ticked off the crowd. XIV: Agreements: (SubjectVerb) (NounPronoun) A. SubjectVerb agreement: means the subject and verb must agree in number.

This means both need to be singular or both need to be plural. My mom or dad are meeting you at the post office to protest.

B. Noun Pronoun : Pronouns must agree with antecedents for person, number, or gender. Mr. Jimenez and his students debate important internal and external conflicts impacting the country under governor Jerry Brown’s iron hand rule.

Section 1 Quiz Determine whether the following statements are true or false, be sure to write your answer in the blank. 1. Verbal phrases consist of gerund, participial and prepositional phrases. _____ 2. A prepositional phrase ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. _____ 3. There are 3 kinds of phrases. _____ 4. Gerund is defined as words ending in ‘’ing’’ only. ____ 5. Participle is used as an adjective, ending in ‘’ing’’ or ‘’ed’’. _____ 6. Explain the function of phrases. Highlight, underline, or circle the prepositional phrase in the following sentence. 7. At last, in the end, who remained were the final candidates. Highlight, underline, or circle the prepositional phrase in the following sentence. 8. Donald Trump, the business icon, is running for president. Match the following sentences to their appropriate phrase by circling the correct answer. 9. The African American’s were unmoved when hearing racist remarks from Trump. (verbal/adjective) 10. Voting for random candidates can be a disastrous experience. (gerund/appositive)

Grammar Book Section 2 Phrases 2. Phrases : Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech. A. Prepositional : A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun , and is used as an adjective or an adverb. P N i. (simple sentence) At last , in the end, who remained were the final candidates. P ii. (complex sentence) At last , in the end, the final round, who remained were the final N candidates , what was left was now elections, which would shape our country once more in the four years that followed after his election. B. Appositive : A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. app. i. (simple sentence) Donald Trump, the business icon, is running for president. app. i. (simple sentence) Donald Trump, the business icon, is running for president, a current event not many democrats and minorities are content with, he’s disturbing the peace through remarks that read hatred. C. Verbal : A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. V V i. (simple) The African American’s were unmoved when hearing racist remarks from Trump. V V ii. (complex) The African American’s were unmoved when hearing racist remarks from Trump, they knew to expect more from the failed republican and it was to no surprise. I. Gerund : word ending in ‘’ing’’ used as a noun. i. Voting for random candidates can be a disastrous experience. (‘’voting for random candidates’’ is the subject of the verb can be )

ii. Voting for random candidates can be a disastrous experience, not only will people who chose without being informed regret it but they will bring the country to a very low point. (‘’voting for random candidates’’ is the subject of the verb can be ) II. Participle : word ending in ‘’ing’’ or ‘’ed’’ used as an adjective. i. (simple) The republican rising up in the polls hopes to be elected for president. ii. (complex) The republican rising up in the polls hopes to be elected for president, however the people of this nation second guess that. III. Infinitive : verb preceded by the word ‘’to’’ (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs i.(simple) To appoint someone with smart instincts is what the people hope for. ii.(complex) To appoint someone with smart instincts is what the people hope for, enough of this country having a negative connotation, the blue state needs to prosper.

Section 2 Quiz Determine whether the following statements are true or false, be sure to write your answer in the blank. 1. Verbal phrases consist of gerund, participial and prepositional phrases. _____ 2. A prepositional phrase ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. _____ 3. There are 3 kinds of phrases. _____ 4. Gerund is defined as words ending in ‘’ing’’ only. ____ 5. Participle is used as an adjective, ending in ‘’ing’’ or ‘’ed’’. _____ 6. Explain the function of phrases. Highlight, underline, or circle the prepositional phrase in the following sentence. 7. At last, in the end, who remained were the final candidates. Highlight, underline, or circle the prepositional phrase in the following sentence. 8. Donald Trump, the business icon, is running for president. Match the following sentences to their appropriate phrase by circling the correct answer. 9. The African American’s were unmoved when hearing racist remarks from Trump. (verbal/adjective) 10. Voting for random candidates can be a disastrous experience. (gerund/appositive)

Grammar Book Section 3 Clauses 3. Clauses: are a group of words with a subject and a verb. A. Independent : CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. (simple) Making the right choice takes common sense. (complex) Making the right choice takes common sense, furthermore critical thinking skills and someone who can weigh out right and wrong. i. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. a. Where he grew up plays a role in what he plans to do for the youth of his community. [subject] b. Please give whoever votes for democrats a high five on my behalf. [indirect object] c. That republican was racist , not that he did a good job at hiding it. [subject] d. Every candidate had to weigh out what she or he had on their side . [direct object] e. Debating is what politicians enjoy doing most. [Predicate Noun] f. Place your ballot in whichever box you want. [Indirect Object] ii. Adjective Clause : Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. A. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: a. This is the place where Ronald Reagan spent most time as president. [‘’where’’ is an introductory word] b. There is the republican that I absolutely hate. c. The president that you wanted is at the bottom of the polls. B. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: a. Donald Trump is the one who got the most votes. [‘’ONE’’ is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.]

b. There goes the candidate whose statements are usually bad. [‘’CANDIDATE’’ is the antecedent of whose and is modified by the adjective clause] c. The elections are held to show strengths and weaknesses that candidates have. d. NOTE : The relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces the clause and it is used as a sentencepart within the clause. i. Is that the global problem that you strongly feel should be solved first? [ THAT is the direct object of WANT] ii. Donald Trump is the candidate whom is racist towards latinos and african americans. [WHOM is the direct object of towards] iii. The person of whom which you refer to is an idiot. iv. Donald Trump is a republic who easily disregards others opinions. 3. Adverb Clause : Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. a. Modifying Verbs: i. Unfortunately not many hispanics could vote, voting took place where a few minorities lived. (place) ii. When the decision was finally made , the people dispersed. (time) iii. We didn’t vote because we were not well informed or aware. (purpose) iv. The president talked as if he had not gone throughout financial problems himself. (condition) b. Modifying adjectives: i. The economy seemed to be going twice as down as it used to be . (how much) ii. Donald Trump is as controlling as Hitler. (to what extent) c. Modifying adverbs: i. President Obama achieved much more than President Bush ever did . (condition) 4. Relative Clauses : dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun a. The person who arrives there firs t will be given priority. 5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. a. When voting , the staff make sure you keep your eyes on your own paper. 6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence a. The current event that most interests Mr. Jimenez is the Iran Nuclear Deal. 7. Nonessential Clauses: clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence a. Elections, which will begin in a few months , will escalate controversy.

Section 3 Quiz Determine whether the following statements are true or false, be sure to write your answer in the blank. 1. An independent clause consists of 7 components. _____ F 2. A subordinate clause consists of 7 components. _____ T 3. An independent clause can’t stand along as a complete sentence. _____ F 4. A subordinate clause comes before a subordinate conjunction. _____ F 5. The purpose of both adjective clause and adverb clause is to modify. _____ T Fill in the blank to make the sentence true. 6. A relative clause begins with what a _________ pronoun. 7. Adjective clause is used to _______ a noun in an _________ clause. 8. Explain at minimum, one function of a relative pronoun. 9. Adjective clauses begin with an ________ word. For the following sentence, explain your answer in less than 3 sentences. 10. Explain the difference between an essential clause and nonessential clause.

Grammar Book Section 4 Sentences 4. Sentences a. Sentence Patterns i. Simple : A simple sentence is a sentence that is just one independent clause. (simple) I sabotaged the votes. (complex) I deliberately, with every bad intention sabotaged the votes. ii. Complex : A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. (simple) I learned a valuable lesson in the fifth grade when running for class president. (complex) I learned a valuable lesson in the fifth grade when running for class president, everyone thought I wouldn’t win, so did I and therefore went around bribing my class to vote for me. iii. Compound : A compound sentence is a sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. (simple) He was part of a scheme, it appeared to be corrupt. (complex) He was part of a malicious scheme in which more than a few people were involved it, it appeared to be corrupt. iv. Complex/Compound: A complex/compound sentence has multiple independent clauses and dependent clauses. (simple) He was part of a scheme, a scheme that appeared to be corrupt and later on was proven to be so.

(complex) He was part of a devious scheme, a scheme that appeared to be corrupt and later was proven to be so, it was unbelievable, the media was brought in and it became inevitable for the issue to be kept away from the press. v. Loose sentence : A loose sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or a phrase). (simple) First the plan was proposed, revised then sent to congress. (complex) First the plan to abolish human trafficking was proposed, revised thoroughly and further on, was sent to congress. vi. Periodic Sentence : A periodic sentence is a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. (simple) Despite the hardships, the negatives, the gossip, the struggle, teenage pregnancy is something many religious people don’t support abortion. (complex) Despite the extensive hardships, endless nights of no sleep, what people have to say, the struggle, teenage pregnancy is something many devoted religious church members don’t support. vii. Balanced Sentence: A balanced sentence is a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeliness of structure, meaning, or length. (simple) Every man is created equal, make every man feel free. (comlex) Every man is created equal, make every man feel free, do not restrain his happiness, let him marry whichever gender he wishes to marry. viii. Parallel Structure: A parallel structure sentence is a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. (simple) He is a politician, a democrat, and an advocate. (comlex) He is a politician, a democrat, and an advocate for abortion to be abolished.

ix. Chiasmus : A chiasmus sentence is a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. (simple) ‘’My job is not to represent Washington to you, but to represent you to Washington.’’ said President Obama. (complex) ‘’My job is not to represent Washington to you, but to represent you to Washington.’’ said President Obama, genuinely caring for the well being of his people and nation as a whole, continuing to shape this country. x. Asyndeton : An asyndeton sentence is a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. (simple) He was rude, he was ignorant, he was mean, he was a coward. (complex) He was rude, he was ignorant, he was mean, he was a coward, he wasn’t wanted around. xi. Polysyndeton : A polysyndeton sentence is a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. (simple) Things are bad like guns and abortion and politicians and the corrupt nation. (complex) Things are bad like guns and abortion and politicians and the corrupt indigent society we live in. xii. Anaphora : A anaphora sentence is a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. (simple) I remember it like it was yesterday. (complex) I remember it like it was yesterday, it all happened so quick. xiii. Epistrophe : A epistrophe sentence is a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.

(simple) The government is not the best, we are the best, we need the best, we deserve the best. (complex) The government is not the best, we are the best, we need the best, we deserve the best, that I will strongly stand by and will abide by for as long as I live. d. Sentence Errors (incomplete/incorrect types) i. Fragment (error) He ranted repeatedly. (fixed) He ranted repeatedly to the point where security was forced to remove him from the assembly. ii. Run on/Fused Sentence (error) Abortion is bad because it kills a life, it allows society to think that the way out is by killing someone, it makes killing okay, it’s ironic, it is not right. (fixed) Abortion is bad because it kills a life. It allows society to think that the way out is by killing someone. It makes killing okay, it’s ironic and it is not right. iii. Misplaced modifier (error) His blue mood matched his suit. (fixed) His mood matched his blue suit. iv. Comma Splice (error) It’s not useless we can still do something at this point. (fixed) It’s not useless, we can still do something at this point.

v. Double Negative (error) That won’t do you no good. (fixed) That will do you no good.

Section 4 Quiz Match the following definition to its sentence by writing the letter next to the number. 1. A sentence that is just one independent clause. 2. A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 3. A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a phrase or clause). 4. A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length. 5. A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. 6. A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. 7. A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. a. balanced b. epistrophe c. simple d. complex e. polysyndeton f. chiasmus g. loose 8. There are ___ sentence patterns. 9. Name at least 2 missing sentence patterns. True or False? 10.’’ I sabotaged the votes. ‘’ is a simple sentence.

Quiz: Sentence Errors (incomplete/incorrect types) 1. Name two frequent sentence errors. True or False? 2. A fragment does not have to be fixed. 3. A complete sentence is the way to fix a fragment. 4. A run on sentence can be corrected by removing commas. 5. Comma splice means misuse of commas. 6. A double negative is correct and adds interest to your sentence. 7. A double negative is used in math. 8. A double negative makes a positive. 9. A misplaced modifier means misplacing an adjective before an incorrect noun. 10. A run on sentence can be solved by breaking it down into multiple sentences or integrating commas.

Grammar Book Section 5 Paragraphs 1.Introductory Paragraphs: a. Hook/Lead : i. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) 1. Ex . Sitting in a history class was Helen, a naive teenager running on three hours of sleep. Her mind wandered off, as she pictured herself sitting on a few clouds while she vaguely listened to the lecture Mr. Jimenez was giving. The pen and paper were not in her hand, Mr. Jimenez called her attention and although she began to take notes, her mind was somewhere else. As he lectured about the articles of confederation, a failed constitution that led to the Constitution of the United States she knew she was part of something, the fight for independence would serve U.S. citizens in the 21st century but wandered off at the idea of where she stood in such great population. ii. Query Based ( Question that brings the reader to the topic) 1. Ex . What does being an american citizen mean ? b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writingusually one sentence in lengthand something that is arguable) i. Assertion (claim) 1. Ex . Being an American Citizen means being part of an equal opportunity nation. ii. Fact (empirically verifiable) 1. Ex . American Citizens are everyone who resides in the United States. iii. Opinion (personal position on a topic) 1. Ex . Being an American Citizen synonymously means forming a part of a team of equality and freedom. iv. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1. Ex . American Citizens abide by the power of the pope. v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half avoid using this type of thesis statement ) 1. Ex . Everything about America is good, better than other countries inclusively. vi. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic)

1. Ex . In the preamble of the Declaration of Independence a crystal clear movement is explained, the foundation that would create of Americans a soon to be powerful, free country is established. vii. Theory ( a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 1. Ex. American Citizens have more opportunities compared to other countries. 2. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) a.Topic sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence and support) i. Ex . Multiple sources indicate and support the idea of equal opportunity, and freedom American Citizens benefit from. b. Evidence from Quotations ( quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences quotes should be embedded within sentences) i. Ex . Many people agree on the idea that the U.S. is a free nation because ‘’ all

men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness’’ (Nash A2). ii. Ex . ‘’A ll men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator,

with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness’’ and therefore agree that the U.S. is a free nation (Nash A2). iii. Ex . Sadly other countries can’t say ‘’all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness,’’ unlike American Citizens (Nash A2). iv. Ex . Sadly other countries can’t say ‘’all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with [a variety of] certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness (Nash A2).

v. Ex . Sadly other countries can’t say, all men are created equal … with unalienable rights … these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (Nash A2). vi. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) 1. Original Quote: ‘’all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness’’ (Nash A2). 2. Ex. Paraphrase: Every American Citizen is born with freedom to do almost anything as long as they follow rules, given by someone of higher power, freedom applies to life, freedom and being your own person to create a happy life. vii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 1. Original Quote: ‘’all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.’’ 2. Summary: Every person is equal. viii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, ‘’what if’’ examples AVOID) 1. Ex . People wouldn’t have these right if they resided somewhere else. ix. Concrete Examples (actual, referenceable examples) 1. Ex . A study in the March 2012 issue of Times Magazine shows that 66% of the population thinks positive towards the country. c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word possibly an adverb and should echo the thesis of the essay). i. Ex . Clearly, American Citizens enjoy of much more freedom and liberty in comparison to any other country 3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay)

a. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis could be one or more sentences) i. Ex . In comparison to other countries, American Citizens have a greater variety of opportunities at hand. b. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) i. Ex . What many Americans take for granted is another man’s wish, many are ignorant of the fact that America offers what the rest of the world years for, depict it, analyze it, evaluate it, cherish it.

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Section 5 Quiz Anecdote is a brief ______ to set the mood. Assertion is a ______ you can _____. Opinion is a _________ position of a topic. Theory is a ________ that can be tested. Belief is an ________ by religion.

True or False : 6. The closing paragraph is not a summary of the previous paragraphs. 7. Final statement connects to the hook. 8. Body paragraph echoes the thesis. 9. Quotes are used as individual sentences. 10. A concrete statements isn’t testable.

Grammar Book Section 6 Essays Essays : Explain the purpose of each type of essay and show the tactics used to create successful essays . a. Types i. Persuasive (Argumentative): Also known as creative writing or an argument, is a piece of writing in which the writer uses words to convince the reader that the writer’s opinion is correct with regard to an issue… ii. Expository : 1.Expository is a genre of essay that requires students to investigate an idea and evaluate evidence. 2. It can be accomplished through comparison and contrast, definition, example, the analysis or cause and effect 3. It can be accomplished through compare and contrast 4. It can be accomplished through cause and effect iii. Analytical/ Critical: Analytical/Critical is informative to emphasize the work being studied rather than feelings and opinions of the person writing the work, all claims must be backed up with evidence. 1. (evaluative) Analytical focuses on analyzing the context and having more profound understanding of the message. 2. Interpretive iv. Narrative: (tells a story) 1. Personal Anecdote: tells a story that you are familiar with and that you can relate to in an interesting and entertaining manner. It allows students to express themselves in a creative way.

v. Research : In a research essay, an individual will review the works of others and note his or her views, while annotating and analyzing the documents. These essays commonly introduce a topic or controversy in need of research. 1. MLA Format: A formal definition is based upon a concise, logical pattern that includes as much information as it can within a minimum amount of space. The primary reason to include definitions in your writing is to avoid misunderstanding with your audience. A formal definition consists of three parts. 1. The term (word or phrase) to be defined 2. The class of object or concept to which the term belongs. 3. The differentiating characteristics that distinguish it from all others of its class 2. APA Format: is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. vi. Timed : 1. Document Based Question (DBQ): is an essay or series of shortanswer questions that is constructed by students using one's own knowledge combined with support from several provided sources. Usually it is employed on timed history tests. 2. Prompt Based: A prompt based question is to be answered and developed as an essay and can range from any topics. b. Strategies/ Planning Tips/ Steps i. Pre writing/ Prompt evaluation : gathering concrete details and mapping them before structuring them in the form of a paragraph. Tactics – bubbleclusters, outlines, freewriting, brainstorming and researching. ii. Outlining : provides the essential features and salient aspects of a discussion or texts. Tactics – Cornell notes and “think aloud” outlines are both forms of outlining. iii. Researching for sources : the practice of compiling accurate and credible supporting evidence. Tactics – determine topic question; understand difference between primary and secondary research, referencing the topic of interest. c. Works Cited Page i. MLA Citation : is a practice of referencing and citing information that commonly uses parenthetical citation within its texts, citing the page number of the works and/or text referenced. ii. APA Format : is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and books.

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Persuasive Narrative Expository Analytical Research

Section 6 Quiz A. see other people’s works and annotate it B. you need to evaluate evidence C. analyze context D. a story you can relate to E. convince the reader

True or False 6. Prewriting is recommended to skip 7. MLA is done by copying and pasting only links 8. Outlining can be skipped 9. Wikipedia is absolutely not reliable because it isn’t credible 10. Persuasive doesn’t need an argument

Grammar Book Section 7 Capitalization 7. Capitalization There are 25 rules . Buildings, Streets, Parks, Statues, Monuments The White House Supreme Court Continents, Countries, Counties, Districts, Cities, Towns Kentucky Virginia Courts Supreme Court of Canada United States Circuit Court Degrees Academics Gina Raimondo , M.D Carson, PhD Eras and Historical Periods – Scientific and Common names Ice Age Colonial days Flags The American Flag Mexican Flag Geographic Terms Canyon Lake Geographic Words Sea Equator Government State Government Federal Government Government Departments Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Reserve Board (FRB) Government Terms Administration Legislature Holy Bible Ten Commandments Old Testaments

Military U.S Army U.S.Navy Names/Persons Andie Venegas Luis Cerezo Nation or Republic Republic Nation Organized Bodies Elks Shriners Organizations Human Rights Campaign National FFA Foundation Poetry Let America be America again Let it be that great strong land of love Point Form ● Barack Obama is president ● Hillary Clinton is in the lead Quotations “How are the polls?” “Did you ever see yourself becoming president.” Sentence Most people have no knowledge about the Senate and House of Representatives. The Articles Of Confederation were a failed Constitution that served as a basis for the Constitution that exists today. State or Province/Provincial New York State State’s legislation Titles Personal Senator Bernie Sanders President Obama Titles Other Washington’s Farewell Address U.S. Constitution

Section 7 Quiz Directions: For the following words and phrases circle and fix the word or phrase if misspelled and fix it. 1. right 2. my favorite Candidate 3. United states 4. trump is so salty 5. When will we leave this House? 6. I love your watch 7. Bernie Sanders is a great Person Mark true or false 8.. Only nouns are capitalized such as people, places and things 9. How many difference things are there to be capitalized ? 20 ? 10.When an ellipsis begins the sentence the first letter after the ‘’...’’ doesn’t need to be capitalized.

Grammar Book Section 8 Punctuation 8. Punctuation 1. Brackets – each of a pair of marks [ ] used to enclose words or figures so as to separate them from the context. Basic She stopped and pondered [pathetically], she didn’t know the answer. Advanced Although it seemed like a long time, she stopped and pondered [pathetically], she didn’t know the answer and felt eyes on her. 2. Parenthesis – a word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation or afterthought into a passage that is grammatically complete without it, in writing usually marked off by curved brackets, dashes, or commas. Basic He (foolishly) blurted out his response. Advanced – He (foolishly) blurted out his response to Bernie Sander’s Global Warming concerns. 3. Period – a punctuation mark (.) used at the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. Basic – Donald Trump should not be president. Advanced – Someone so obnoxious, rowdy and racist as Donald Trump without a doubt should not be given the responsibility of protecting our people. 4. Comma – a punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence. It is also used to separate items in a list and to mark the place of thousands in a large numeral. Basic Global Warming is a big issue, it needs to be stopped. Advanced – Global Warming is a drastic issue, it increases as we speak taking a huge impact on natural disasters across state borders. 5. The endash – a short dash, the width of an en/n, used in punctuation. Basic State borders come from Land Ordinances from 17851787. Advanced – State borders derive from Land Ordinances from 17851787, clearing land for schools, townships and serving as a foundation today. 6. The emdash – an emdash is the width of an m. Use an em dash sparingly in formal writing. In informal writing, em dashes may replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parenthesis to indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought. Basic – I enjoy watching debates at home. Advanced – Thanks to Mr. Jimenez’s eagerness, I have learned to love current events, I no longer find them enui as I watch them attentively at home.

7. Colon – a punctuation mark (:) indicating when a writer is introducing a quotation or a list of items and or the separation of two clauses. Basic – I want to travel: Islam, Kentucky, Alaska, and China. Advanced – I want to travel the world with my best friend Stephanie going to: Islam, Kentucky, Alaska, and China. 8. Semicolon – a punctuation mark (;) indicating a pause, typically between two main clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicate by a comma. Basic – High school is enjoyable; but it is overwhelming. Advanced – Your high school experience can be enjoyable; but it can also be very stressful. 9. Question Mark – punctuation mark (?) indicating a question. Basic – How knowledgeable are you ? Advanced – The real question is, how knowledgeable are the candidates, are they ready for disaster, are they ready to prosper, are they ready to fail ? 10. Exclamation Mark – punctuation mark (!) indicating an exclamation. Basic – He’s an imbecile ! Advanced – He’s an imbecile, why does he stand before the podium, remove him ! 11. Apostrophe – punctuation mark (‘) used to indicate either possession or the omission of letters or numbers. Basic – Barack Obama’s family is very humble. Advanced – Barack Obama’s family is very humble, such as the first lady, Michelle Obama who associates and cares for the well being of middle and lower class families. 12. Quotations – a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other that the original author or speaker. Basic – “ We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness’’ Advanced “ We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness’’ could be a debatable topic, there’s evident that says otherwise. 13. Ellipse – the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues. Basic – Did she really just …. Advanced – Did she really just say such ominous thing ...

Section 8 Quiz Directions: Explain what the following punctuation marks are used for. 1. ‘’.’’ : used at the end of a sentence or as an abbreviation 2. ‘’?’’ : indicates a question 3. ‘’’’ : used in formal writing and used to replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parenthesis to indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought 4. ‘’,’’ : used to separate items in a list 5. ‘’!’’ : add emphasis such as in feeling Directions: Using the punctuation marks above, write 5 different sentences of your choice using the following words : senate president precedent law global warming 6. ___________________________________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________________________________ 8. _________________________________________________________________ 9. _________________________________________________________________ 10. ________________________________________________________________ Grammar Book Section 9

Commonly Confused Words 9. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices: a. Who refers to the nominative case while whom refers to the objective case. Who in the GOP debate won and made reasonable points, I would like to know. b. Their(adjective) – of belonging to, made by, or done by them; There (noun) that place or point; They’re – contraction of They and are Their points are valuable and came across well, they were exemplary. There seems to be a misunderstanding about certain propositions. They’re acting like children, immature and stepping over each other's words. c. Lie is an intransitive verb meaning “to recline” Lay is a transitive verb meaning “to put” or “to place” Lie down, I can see it in your face, you’re not feeling well. Lay the rules down once and for all, make them crystal clear. d. Laid is an intransitive verb meaning, “to recline”. Lain is an intransitive verb meaning, “to recline”. He’s laid back and that’s why no one will take him seriously. Lain back and think about what it is you just falsely accused him of. e. Affect (verb) – to have an effect on; influence; produce a change in; to stir the emotions; Effect (noun) – anything brought about by a cause or agent; result Elections will indeed affect the nation, for better or for worse. Once the law goes into effect , many will rise and join in violent riots. f. Accept (verb) – to receive; Except (conjunction) – apart from; otherwise than; were it not true If you can’t accept criticism, don’t debate. Mostly all candidates are former senators, except Carson. g. Should have (contraction) meaning with the intent to do; Should of (colloquial) informal speech, but speaks of the same intent. I should have not slacked off on my homework and paid close attention to the current events I now have no knowledge of. I should of paid attention to the current events, not taking note of them was a bad decision. h. Loath is an adjective meaning unwilling or reluctant; loathe is a verb that means to dislike intensely

I loathe having to sit in this waiting room for hours, waiting on my turn. I loathe to do my current event assignments.

i. To imply is to hint at something; to infer is to make an educated guess. He implied her emails should be carefully examined. He inferred Hillary Clinton was hiding things. j. Weary means tired, fatigued, physically or mentally exhausted from hard work; Wary means watchful, cautious, being on guard against danger. Most people are simply weary of arguments that end up with no solution. Are you wary of the negative impact global warming really has? k. Precede means to come before. Proceed means to go forwards, or to continue. Scheming precedes a plan. Before you proceed , be sure to be knowledgeable about the subject. l. Discreet means on under the radar, careful, or go without notice but discrete means individual or detached Be discreet about what it is you hear. Don’t discrete the information that’s inside the envelope. m. Conscious means to be awake. Conscience or aware of right and wrong. Someone check if he’s conscious , he seems to have no pulse. Are you conscience about the drastic impact this would take? n. May is used to ask or give permission informally. Can is used to determine ability. May you keep me updated? Can you read charts? o. Its (adjective) – of belonging to, made by, or done by it; It’s – contraction of It and is Do you see this paper, its plagiarized. It’s fairly amazing, most legal documents are actually plagiarized, such as the Declaration of Independence and John Locke’s theories. p. Desert (verb) to forsake or abandon; Dessert (noun) a sweet course served at the end of a meal or a dry and barren place. Desert the idea, it’s irrelevant and of no use. Dessert sounds good right about now, but think of Donald Trump and your appetite will surely go away. q. Two as in you have two more days left. To as in going somewhere. I would vote for two candidates if possible, Bernie and Carson.

When are you going to apply for a Driver’s License?

r. Buy as in I am going to buy a new purse. Bye is in “bye I am leaving”. He needs to buy a new suit, that one looks thrifty. It’s about time he says bye and gives up this term. s. Allusion, Illusion: An Allusion is an indirect reference. An illusion is a misconception or false impression. Being united is an allusion. Was it an illusion of mine or did it really happen? t. Capital, Capitol: Capital refers to a city, capitol to a building where lawmakers meet. Capital also refers to wealth or resources. The capital of California is Sacramento. The lawmakers met in the capitol .

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may loath desert except imply

Section 9 Quiz (a)is an adjective meaning unwilling or reluctant (b)means apart from; otherwise than; were it not true (c)is used to ask or give permission informally (d)means to hint at something (e)is a verb meaning to abandon

Are the following phrases correct or not ? Mark them by writing true or false. 6. Lie the paper down (false) 7. Precede with the plan (false) 8. Can you teach? (true) 9. Everyone is here accept the teacher. (false) 10. Be discrete (true)

Section 1 Quiz Answer Key 1. Verbal phrases consist of gerund, participial and prepositional phrases. false 2. A prepositional phrase ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. true 3. There are 3 kinds of phrases. true 4. Gerund is defined as words ending in ‘’ing’’ only. false 5. Participle is used as an adjective, ending in ‘’ing’’ or ‘’ed’’. true 6. Phrases are groups of words that can function as a part of speech. 7. At last , in the end, who remained were the final candidates. 8. Donald Trump, the business icon i s running for president. 9. verbal 10. gerund

Section 2 Quiz Answer Key 1. Verbal phrases consist of gerund, participial and prepositional phrases. false 2. A prepositional phrase ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. true 3. There are 3 kinds of phrases. true 4. Gerund is defined as words ending in ‘’ing’’ only. false 5. Participle is used as an adjective, ending in ‘’ing’’ or ‘’ed’’. true 6. Phrases are groups of words that can function as a part of speech. 7. At last , in the end, who remained were the final candidates. 8. Donald Trump, the business icon i s running for president. 9. verbal 10. gerund

Section 3 Quiz Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. relative 7. modify, independent 8. A relative pronoun introduces the clause and it is used as a sentencepart within the clause. 9. introductory 10. An essential clause is necessary to the meaning of the sentence, a nonessential clause are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

Section 4 Quiz Answer Key Match the following definition to its sentence by writing the letter next to the number. 1. (C) A sentence that is just one independent clause. 2. (D) A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 3. (G) A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a phrase or clause). 4. (A) A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length. 5. (F) A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. 6. (B) A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. 7. (E) A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. a. balanced b. epistrophe c. simple d. complex e. polysyndeton f. chiasmus g. loose 8. 13 9. compound, complex compound, periodic, parallel, asyndeton, anaphora 10. true

Quiz: Sentence Errors (incomplete/incorrect types) (answer key) 1. fragment, run on/fused sentence, misplaced modifier, comma splice, double negative 2. false 3. true 4. false 5. true 6. false 7. false 8. false 9. true 10. true

Section 5 Quiz Answer Key 1. story 2. claim;prove 3. personal 4. belief 5. opinion 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. False 10. False

1. Persuasive 2. Narrative 3. Expository 4. Analytical 5. Research 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. False 10. False

E. D. B. C. A.

Section 6 Quiz Answer Key A. see other people’s work and annotate it B. you need to evaluate evidence C. analyze context D. a story you can relate to E. convince the reader

Section 7 Quiz Answer Key Directions: For the following words and phrases circle and fix the word or phrase if misspelled and fix it. 1. right 2. my favorite Candidate (my favorite candidate) 3. United states (United States) 4. trump is so salty (Trump is so salty) 5. When will we leave this House? (When will I leave this house?) 6. I love your watch 7. Bernie Sanders is a great Person (Bernie Sanders is a great person) Mark true or false 8.Only nouns are capitalized, people, places and things (false) 9. How many difference things are there to be capitalized ? 20 ? (false) 10.When an ellipsis begins the sentence the first letter after the ‘’...’’ doesn’t need to be capitalized. (false)

Section 8 Quiz Answer Key Directions: Explain what the following punctuation marks are used for. 6. ‘’.’’ 7. ‘’?’’ 8. ‘’’’ 9. ‘’,’’ 10. ‘’!’’ Directions: Using the punctuation marks above, write 5 different sentences of your choice using the following words : senate president precedent law global warming 6. ___________________________________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________________________________ 8. _________________________________________________________________ 9. _________________________________________________________________ 10. ________________________________________________________________

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

may loath desert except imply

Section 9 Quiz Answer Key (a)is an adjective meaning unwilling or reluctant (b)means apart from; otherwise than; were it not true (c)is used to ask or give permission informally (d)means to hint at something (e)is a verb meaning to abandon

6. Lie the paper down 7. Precede with the plan 8. Can you teach? 9. Everyone is here accept the teacher. 10. Be discrete

Glossary Adjective a word whose main role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more detail information about the noun or pronoun. For example, "The big dog ran down the street." The word big is the adjective describing dog. Adverb any word used to modify any part of language other than the noun. Adverbs usually answers questions such as how? when? or where? Apostrophe a punctuation mark used to mark the omission in one or more letters or assist in possessives in pronouns or nouns. Colon punctuation mark used when joining two independent clauses without a conjunction. Comma punctuation mark used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause. Compound Sentence two independent clauses joined together to form one sentence. Conjunction a word that joins two parts of a sentence. For example, words such as and, but, nor, for, or would be used in a sentence to join another idea. Declarative Sentence a statement that ends in a period or exclamation point that states an idea. It does not ask a question nor gives a command. Direct Quotation statement from another individual or source usually used to support facts relating to a given topic. Ellipsis a series of marks, typically three periods in a row, used to indicate a pause in a speech, thought, or at the end of a sentence. Exclamation an interjection or act of exclaiming when used as a noun. Exclamation Point punctuation mark that indicates strong feelings or intended to show astonishment. Fragment incomplete or unfinished part of a sentence that never finishes the thought or idea of the sentence.

Hyphen punctuation mark used to join words and also separate syllables which spaces should not be between the words or the hyphen except when using a suspended hyphen. Linking Verb word that connects the subject of the verb to other information about the subject and they do not express action. Noun word used to name a person, place, thing or abstract idea. Paragraph two or more sentences dealing with a particular idea or subject. Period punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence statement after giving a complete thought of the subject or idea. Phrase group of words operating as one in a given sentence to complete an idea. Predicate one of two main parts of a sentence which modifies the subject. Preposition words used to connect nouns, phrases, and pronouns in a given sentence. Pronoun word used to replace a noun or pronoun. For example, the name Michael could be converted to "he." Proper Noun noun that is the name of a specific object, place, or individual. Question Mark also known as an interrogation point is a punctuation mark that comes at the end of an interrogative sentence that replaces the period mark. Quotation Mark punctuation marks used in pairs to set off a phrase or a word. Semicolon punctuation mark used to connect two independent clauses into one sentence. Subject one of two main constituents of a clause which the other constituent is the predicate. Usually the subject is a noun that comes in the beginning of a sentence. Verb word that usually states action or state of being in a given sentence.

Works Cited http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/pronouns http://www.englishgrammarrevolution.com/verbtenses.html http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/adjectives http://www.grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverbs.htm http://www.englishgrammarrevolution.com/sentencetypes.html http://www.writtingcenture.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/subjpred.html http://www.easybib.com

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