In the Spotlight by Bravo Grammar Con Online

In the Spotlight [Grammar] Guide to Hollywood favorites

Use correct grammar and proper mechanics in English and you can also sound like star dazzling celebrity. By Ashley Medina Edited by Ashley Medina

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Table of Contents Page Numbers Introduction......................................Page 3 About the Author..................................Page 4 Section One: Part of Speech.......................Page 5 Nouns .............................................Page 5 Pronouns ..........................................Page 8 Verbs .............................................Page 9 Adjectives ........................................Page 11 Adverbs ...........................................Page 12 Conjunctions ......................................Page 14 Prepositions ......................................Page 15 Interjections .....................................Page 15 Key Associated Terms ..............................Page 16 Quiz Number 1 .....................................Page 19 Section Two: Phrases..............................Page 21 Prepositional .....................................Page 21 Appositive ........................................Page 21 Verbal ............................................Page 21 Section Three: Clauses............................Page 22 Independent .......................................Page 22 Subordinate .......................................Page 22 Quiz Number 2 & 3 .................................Page 2425 Section Four: Sentences...........................Page 27 Sentence Parts ....................................Page 27 Sentence Types ....................................Page 28 Sentence Patterns .................................Page 29 Sentence Errors ...................................Page 31 Quiz Number 4 .....................................Page 33 Section Five: Paragraphs..........................Page 35 Introduction ......................................Page 35 Body ..............................................Page 36 Conclusion ........................................Page 37 Quiz Number 5 .....................................Page 38 Section Six: Essays...............................Page 40 Types .............................................Page 40 Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps ....................Page 41 Work Cited Page ...................................Page 41 Quiz Number 6.....................................Page 42 Section Seven: Capitalization.....................Page 44 Quiz Number 7&8&9.................................Page 545556 Section Eight: Punctuation........................Page 47 Section Nine: Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices Page 50

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Introduction Most people go through all of their school years and never mastering very small grammar rules. Written in this book are the correct ways and proper mechanics in English. If you weren’t taught before you will be shown in this book. During the browsing and learning there will be various famous people facts introduced. Just ride along the the nine different sections along the book. All the different types of speeches are taught first off. Later on different kinds of phrases are shown. After it’s the clauses. Fourth the sentence types and patterns. Half way through the three types of paragraphs are explain in depth. A way to incorporate the paragraph skills is to combine with the essays skills. In order to wrap all of these lessons together there has to be correct capitalization, punctuation, and commonly confused/misused words used correctly. Luckily to be able to 100% learn this there is examples incorporated in each section. Page 3

About the Author Ashley Medina was born in Los Angeles, Ca. Ashley is the eldest of three. She has to be the role model to her younger siblings which is the key role she plays throughout her life. She attended Logan Elementary School, Thomas Starr King Middle School, and she’s currently enrolled in Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. She will continue her studies at a future college once she graduates high school. In her limited spare time she enjoys listening to music, and reading books. Books have helped her learn how to write because it expands her vocabulary. Her middle school english teachers really helped her develop some of the english skills she carries around. In high school the teachers are the ones helping her develop next level writing skills she will soon need for her senior year for college applications, college scholarships etc. She strives for the best because that’s what her parents really ever ask from her. Her parents are her number one supporters and are always lending her a hand when needed. They cheer her on every step of the way. Her goal in life is to make her parents proud.

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Section 1: Part of Speech I.

Nouns

A. Types of nouns 1. Common nouns: concerts, fans, followers 2. Proper nouns: Montreal, Instagram, New York 3. Compound Nouns: boyfriend, girlfriend, bodyguard 4. Concrete Nouns: books, glasses, pen 5. Abstract Nouns: brave, outstanding, creative B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun endings: creativity attitude optimistic career artist cleanness barrister blockbuster abduction accomplishment absence accessory bachelorhood mature 2. Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an, both , each , every, her , his , my, our, several , some , that , their, these , this , those , one , two, three, etc. Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some boxes are square (“Some” act as an adjective, so its a noun maker). Some are square. (“Some” act as a noun so it’s not a noun maker) NM N NM N The charity event was cheery. The huge charity event had a great turn out. 3. Plural form: “fans” “autographs” 4. Possessive form: for example: “fans’s picture” or “fans’ picture:” 5. Following a preposition: NM N ADJ V Prep NM N The bodyguard possessively protected behind the celebrities back. (preposition) These are common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, out, out of, outside,

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outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, forward, under, underneath, until, unto: up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. Note: Sometimes the words above are used as adverbs. C. Functions (How nouns are used): 1. Subject (comes before the verb) N N V N Ad N Celebrity manager explained no press is bad press. N Adj Adv N N Fans are dedicated, yet, some that are aren’t fans at all. 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom): N V N Adj N N N The designer gave back the final dress at the end of the week. N V N N V V N Photographer offer suggestions to celebrities that need help choosing pictures. 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or whom): N N V V Adj N Adj N Friends of celebrities can ask for premier tickets in advance as guests. N N Adj V N N N N V Nail artists are required to have a variety of nails colors for their clients visit. 4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when): N N V N V V V N N The hair stylists meet at noon to get an early start on the hair style. V N V ADV N N N V V Getting dress will begin promptly at one in the afternoon, soon after everyone is ready to leave. 5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition): ADJ V N N N ADV ADJ N ADV Moving away from one place to another is probably the hardest thing to do when it comes to N N being famous. N ADV V V V P V Actors are required to pick up their program card in the booth. 6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb): Page 6

N N ADV N V N Shay Mitchell is one of the many celebrities that won an award. N ADJ N V N She is astonished that the award was won by her. 7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it): ADV N N N ADJ N ADJ N Since the basketball player retired, Bob substituted him as a new team mate. N N ADJ N N N The travel scouts made the hipster photographer chief because of his pictures. 8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas): N N N N N V N ADJ N His home school teacher, Cassandra, was from a school by her old town. ADJ N N V N N N The board member, Sally, approved of the popstar to live in the building. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it): N V N N N N N Jennifer Lawrence was asked to report immediately to the trailer for meetings. N ADJ N V N Waiters are not involved in parties because they have a job. 10. Noun in Direct Address : N N AJ N N Manager, when is the final shooting for the movie? N V N V N N N V V Did you ask the tailor to fix the hem of the dress, Alex, or did you forget again? 11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund): V N N ADJ N N N V ADV V Receiving an Oscar nomination at an early stage of her career made her truly grateful. V ADJ N ADV V N ADJ V ADJ Spending vigorous amount of time studying his lines was worth it when he found out that the N N movie was a success. 12. Object of a participle (noun that follows a participial): ADJ N ADV V N V N N V Page 7

After receiving a standing ovation, the singer kept practicing the songs her fans liked the most. N V N V N N N V N The understudy brought a puppy so it can keep her company while she watched the play. 13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive): N N V N V N In order for Miley Cyrus to swim at her sister’s pool party she had to wear a bathing suit not her N birthday suit. N V N N V ADJ N The hooligans encouraged the pool boy to sing which caused him his job because he wasn’t N doing so.

II. Pronouns 1. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you your/yours he, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/ them Possessive My/mine our/ours your/ yours your/yours his, her, hers, its, one’s their/ theirs N V ADJ N ADJ N N She is applying for an internship job cleaning prop closets. N N V ADJ N ADV V N Their applications were turned in last minute due to the lack of time management. 2. Relative: Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose that that of that those/this N ADJ N ADJ N N N ADJ N Who knows where the wedding cake is supposed to be placed for the West’s wedding? N ADJ V N N ADV V Is that the new script we have to memorize for the next shooting? Page 8

3. Interrogative : who, which, what, whatever, whoever N V N Which on the agencies are you applying to? ADV V ADJ N N V ADJ N Whoever is retrieving my hot chocolate in the morning is not doing a good job. 4. Reflexive (personal pronouns plus the suffix self or selves): Used only: A. when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: N V N N N The director makes himself coffee everyday. B. to intensify a point V N V N N Even though her nerves were getting to her, “I can go out there and smash it” Halsey said to N herself 5. Demonstrative : This, These That, Those N V N ADV V N ADV V N Around this time, her article was coming out and everyone found out who she really was. N N V ADJ N N Those paparazzi pictures don’t capture the best angles of your face, 6. Indefinite : all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such. N V N N N V Several companies wanted to use him in their company commercial but he declined them all. N V N ADJ N V ADJ N Everybody was chanting for an encore but the lead singer had messed up his vocal cords.

III. Verbs A. How verbs are identified ; 1. Verb ending : Mansions, Wealthiest, thanked, changing 2. Tense (verbs indicate time via tenses): Page 9

1 simple past: applied, surprised, raised 8 present progressive: not protesting 2past: practiced, devoted, avoided 9 present perfect progressive: have been polishing 3 past perfect: had not explored 10 future: will rise, will explode, will dream 4 past progressive: changing, progressing, laughing 11 future perfect: will have spent, will have smiled, will have talked 5 simple present: thinks, drinks, suggests 6 present: sleeps, walks, runs 7 present perfect: will tweet, have seen, will see 3. Forms : A. Forms of “to be” : am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verbs, they are always linking verbs true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem ). being graceful am courageous is scandalous B. Forms of “to do” : do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). done shopping do jog does eat C. Forms of “to have” : have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs) having carisma have celebrated has picked 4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) can change, been distant, were in trouble b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence usually the predicate) tasted exotic, appeared fine, smell luminous c. lexical verbs (main verbs) arrive, see, walk d. dynamic verbs (indicate action) help, ask, listen e. stative verbs (describe a condition) adore, believe, satisfy f. finitive verbs (indicate tense) went, painted, wanted Page 10

g. h. i. j. k.

nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) to go, arriving, trying regular verbs (weak verbs) jump, catch, climb irregular verbs (strong verbs) keep, know, lose transitive verbs (verbs followed by direct object) maintain, loves, face intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) work, laughed, sang

5. Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interact with the action. There are two types, ACTIVE and PASSIVE . active: clarify, indicate, employ passive: coached, activated, adapted 6. Verbals: (Verb forms not used as verbs) a. Gerund : word ending in “ing” used as a noun N V ADJ N V ADJ N Actors spend rigorous hours researching for their new characters. b. Participle : word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. N V N ADJ N N ADJ N Everyone was running towards the boy band that everyone looked up to. c. Infinitive : verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs N N N N V ADV Anyone is welcomed to the play as long as they sit quietly .

IV. Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds : a. Demonstrative : They point out nouns, they always answer the question which one? ex. that, this, that b. Common : is just a simple, regular adjective, it describes a noun in a general way ex. nice, hidden, female c. Proper : is derived from a proper noun and is capitalized ex. Californian, Hollywood, Universal 2. Endings : Suffixes that are adjective endings a. ER ex. (abolisher, analyzer, shorter) Page 11

b. EST ex. (shortest, funniest, fattest) c. ING ex. (alarming, amusing, annoying) d. ED ex. (astonished, challenged, confused) e. ABLE ex. (likeable, debatable, adaptable) f. IVE ex. (absolutive, acceptive, interactive) g. IBLE ex. (illegible, incredible, invincible) h. LESS ex. (merciless, powerless, flawless) i. OUS ex. (fabulous, loquacious, devious) j. AL ex. (Personal, Universal, Brutal) k. ARY ex. (Complementary, Honorary, Dietary) l. FUL ex. (Beautiful, Skillful, Successful) 3. Conversions : Other parts of speech can be converted into adjectives by adding ly or ally. ex. (curly, earthly, elderly) 4. Articles : Articles are a, an, the. They are used to modify adjectives. ex. (a, an, the) 5. Comparatives/Superlatives : Comparatives are comparing two things or persons. Superlatives are comparing three or more things or persons. They’re used to compare things. ex. (larger, largest; smaller, smallest; richer, richest)

V. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 1. Endings : a. ly Page 12

ex. (accidentally, actively, anxiously) b. wards ex. (awkward, forward, cityward) c. wise ex. (anywise, fanwise, streetwise) 2. Conversions : Adding ly or ally to any adjective or verbs to adverbs. ex. (romantic, romantically) (academic, academically) (music, musically) 3. Types : Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time ex. (anxiously, always, absolutely, happily, faithfully) 4. Intensifiers : ex. very famous, really rich, absolutely well known 5. Comparatives/Superlatives : i. Comparatives you add ‘r’ to the end. Superlatives you add ‘st’ to the end. ii. Superlatives are used, however, to compare to show the difference between more than two things or more than two people. Comparatives to compare two things or two people. Examples: a. Manner N V N ADV Belinda started her performance anxiously . N N N ADJ N V N ADV In her first headline tour show marvelous Belinda started her first performance anxiously . b. Time N V ADV N N The fans walked faithfully to the singer to get an autograph. ADJ N V ADV N N N The excited fans walked faithfully after the concert to the singer to get a one of a kind N autograph. c. Place N ADV V N V N The crowd cheerfully applauded the contestants that moved to the next round. N N N N ADV V N N In the famous game show the crowd cheerfully applauded the new contestants that moved to the N next round. Page 13

d. Degree N N ADV N The more the rapper got famous the less loved family he had. N ADJ N N N ADV V N Living in the multimillion house the more the rapper got famous the less love his family had for N him. e. Frequency N ADV V N N The boyband always practice before they perform. ADJ N N ADV V N N N NN The semi famous boyband always practice before they perform any show that benefits them.

VI. Conjunctions A. Coordinating: (FANBOYS): a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank. N N N N ex. Taylor Swift is friends with Cara and Ed Sheeran. ADJ N V ADJ N ADJ N N N ex. The redhead Ed Sheeran gave the blond Taylor Swift a grand gift and a hug for her 25th N N birthday at her birthday party. B. Correlative : pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence. N N N N V N ex. Harry Styles not only can he sing but also he can take pictures. N N N N ADJ N ex. The boyband One Direction not only has many fans but also its a multimillion boyband. C. Subordinate : conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause N ADJ N N ex. As long as celebrities keep their personal life private they’ll be okay. ADJ N V ADJ N N N ex. As long as famous people know how to handle their personal life their celebrity life will N flourish. D. Relative Pronouns : Introduces dependent clauses V N N N Page 14

ex. Who helps Drake with his song writing? ADJ V N N N ex. Who is responsible for making such great songs with Niall from One Direction?

VII. Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to the other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. Common prepositions are: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in space of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without N V V N N N ex. Rihanna was looking for her makeup bag N N N above the toaster in the tour bus. ADJ N N V Surprisingly her friend found it across from N N V N N her pillow that was on top of her bed. N V ADJ N N She was so grateful she was able to find the N N N bag toward the time the show was about to V begin.

VIII. Interjections Interjections are the final part of speech. Alphabetical list : absolutely, achoo, ack, ahh, aha, ahem, ahoy, agreed, alas, alright, alrighty, alack, amen, anytime, argh, an9yhoo, anyhow, as if, attaboy attagirl, aww, awful, bam, bah, humbug, behold, bingo, blah, bless you boo, bravo, cheers, crud, darn, dang, doh, drat, duh, eek, eh, gee, geepers, gee whiz, golly, goodness, goodness, gracious, gosh, ha, hallelujah, hey, hi, hmmm, huh indeed, jeez, my gosh, no, nah, oops, ouch, phew, please, rats, shoot, shucks there, tut, uggh, waa, what, woah, woops, wow, yay, yes, yikes, yowza Page 15

ex. Yowza ! Zendaya looks marvelous in that designer dress. Yikes ! Jennifer Aniston is wearing the same dress as Zendaya to the movie premier. I hope nobody is able to notice or they will be judged, eek ! Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech : viii. Antecedents a word, phrase, clause, or sentence to which another word ex. (anybody) ix. complements is a noun and verb ex. (untenable) x. Objects 1. Direct a noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb ex. (kicks) 2. Indirect is a prepositional phrase in which the prep. to or for is not stated but understood. ex. (his manager) xi. Modifiers a word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun ex. (accidentally caught lying) xii. Transitions

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xiii. Expletives a word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to the sense ex. (damn it) xiv. agreements 1. SubjectVerb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in number ex. (The fan always yells at the singer. 2. NounPronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase ex. ( When a singer is sick, the singer should call a doctor so they won’t damage their vocal cords.

Quiz #1 Matching with the best answer: 1. Adverbial Object 2. Indirect Object 3. Direct Object 4. Appositives 5. Subject

A. comes before the verb B. comes after the verb and answer what or whom C. answers to who or whom D. comes after the verb and answers when E. renames nouns, separated by commas Page 19

True and False Circle one: 6. True and False: I/we and you/you are personal pronouns 7. True and False: Regular verbs are weak verbs 8. True and False: that and whom are interrogative pronouns 9. True and False: There is 3 types of voice verbs 10. True and False: A conjunction is placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank Matching Answer Key: 1. Adverbial Object (D) 2. Indirect Object (C) 3. Direct Object (B) 4. Appositives (E) 5. Subject (A) 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. True

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Section 2: Phrases 2. Phrases a. Prepositional a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. P ADJ V S 1. After several minutes the director found the missing prop for the show. P ADJ ADJ V S 2. After several crucial minutes the movie director found the missing small prop for the new show. b. Appositive A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. S APP Adj N 1. Angelina Jolie, the great movie actor , is also a mother. Adj S APP Adj N N 2. The beautiful Angelina Jolie, the great movie actor , is also a mother of six children. c. Verbal A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. S Adj G 1. Gerund : The actors favorite exercise, running , made her healthy. Adj S Adj N G Adj The popular actors favorite exercise, running , made her body really healthy. PAR. N N Adv V 2. Participle : Lost many years ago , that celebrities hairbrush was never found. PAR. Adj N Adj. N Adj. V Lost many years ago , that latina celebrities pink hairbrush was never found by the custodian. INF. V N 3. Infinitive : To prepare for the storm , we needed to cover up the cars. INF. V ADJ V ADJ To prepare for the loud storm , we needed to carefully cover up the expensive prop N cars in the garage.

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Section 3: Clauses 3. Clauses A. Independent CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Indy. N N Andrew Lincoln has a beard because he is in The Walking Dead . Indy. Adj. N Adj. N The English actor Andrew Lincoln had a big beard because he is in the amc The Walking Dead . B. Subordinate CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION . 1. Noun Clause : S N N a. Where he grew up made him the youtuber he is now. S Adj N Where he grew up made him the successful youtuber he is now. Adv V IO N b. Carefully give whoever passes by the message. Adv V IO Adj N Carefully give whoever passes by the crucial message. S N Adj. Adj. c. That the cameraman was joyus was noticeable. Adj S Adj Adj That the latino cameraman was very joyus was totally noticeable. N Adj. V DO d. Josh Hutcherson concerned revised what he had for his schedule . Adj. N Adj V DO The handsome Josh Hutcherson concerned revised what he had for his morning schedule. V N PN S Adj e. Restoring cameras is what Dorothea Lange enjoys the most . V Adj N PN S Adj Adj Restoring old cameras is what Dorothea Lange enjoys the very most . V N ADJ S f. Redeem that voucher at whichever movie theater . V Adj N ADJ S N Redeem that gold voucher at whichever movie theater in your area. N APP N N Page 22

g. Jennifer Morrison, famous actress , is the protagonist in Once Upon a time. ADJ N Adj N Adj The marvelous Jennifer Morrison, famous television actress , is the feisty N N N protagonist in the ABC TV show Once Upon a time. 2. Adjective Clause Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. S N Adj a. This is the agent where actors become successful . Adj Adj N Adj N Adj This is the careful acting agent where amazing actors become very Adj successful. 3. Adverb Clause Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Ajd V N Purpose N a. They lazily walked to the studio because they didn’t have their coffee . Adj V Adj N Purpose They slowly walked to the fancy studio because they didn’t have their N N N Starbucks coffee this morning . 4. Relative Clauses Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun . N N V Adj N a. The stage crew individual who finishes first will get the job. Adj N N Adj V N V The overachiever stage crew individual who neatly finishes first will get N N V the job that everyone applied to. 5. Elliptical Clauses Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. V N V N a. When cleaning , the janitor makes sure to clean the props. V Adj N V Adj V When cleaning , the white janitor makes sure to thoroughly clean the Page 23

Adj N N important props in the closet. 6. Essential Clauses Clauses necessary to thee meaning of the sentence. Adj Adj V N N N a. The warm up that most interests the coach is leg swings. Adj V Adj Adj N Adj N The first warm up that most interests the morning coach is long leg V Adj N swings in the private gym. 7. Nonessential Clauses Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. S V N V Adj V a. Miley Cyrus acting career, which began when she was thirteen , ended V N N when she finished the show Hannah Montana . S Adj V N V Adj Miley Cyrus young acting career, which began when she was thirteen , V Adj Adj N N ended when she finished the popular show Hannah Montana .

Quiz #2 (Phrases) Matching with the best answer (2): 1. Prepositional 2. Appositive 3. Verbal 4. Gerund 5. Participle

E. word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective C. words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun A. Begins with a prep and ends with a noun D. words ending in “ing” and used as a noun B. Include all words or phrases that modify an appositive

True and False Circle one (2): 6. True and False: An infinitive phrase is started with “to” 7. True and False: An Independent Clause CANNOT stand alone 8. True and False: A Subordinate CAN stand alone 9. True and False: A predicate can be used in a noun clause 10. True and False: An object of a preposition can be used in a noun clause Page 24

Quiz #3 (Clauses) Match it with the best answer: 1. Independent A. Can function six different ways 2. Subordinate B. CANNOT stand alone 3. Noun Clause C.CAN stand alone 4.Subject noun Clause D. can start with “whoever” 5. Indirect Obj. Clause E. can start with “where” True and False Circle one (3): 6. True and False: An adjective clause is used to modify a noun in an dependent clause 7. True and False: An adjective clause can start with a relative pronoun 8. True and False: An adverb clause is used to modify only verbs 9. True and False: A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun 10. True and False: An elliptical clause is an adverb clause in which part of the clause is omitted Matching Answer Key (2): 1. Prepositional (C) 2. Appositive (B) 3. Verbal (A) 4. Gerund (E) 5. Participle (D) True and False Answer Key (2) 6. True and False: An infinitive phrase is started with “to” 7. True and False : An Independent Clause CANNOT stand alone 8. True and False : A Subordinate CAN stand alone 9. True and False: A predicate can be used in a noun clause 10. True and False: An object of a preposition can be used in a noun clause Matching Answer Key (3): 1. Independent (C) 2. Subordinate (B) 3. Noun Clause (A) 4.Subject noun Clause (E) Page 25

5. Indirect Obj. Clause (D) True and False Answer Key (3) 6. True and False : An adjective clause is used to modify a noun in an dependent clause 7. True and False: An adjective clause can start with a relative pronoun 8. True and False : An adverb clause is used to modify only verbs 9. True and False: A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun 10. True and False: An elliptical clause is an adverb clause in which part of the clause is omitted

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Section 4: Sentences 4. Sentences a. Sentence Parts: There are two different parts to a sentence, which are the subject and the predicate. i. Subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about 1. Complete: A complete subject consists of all the words that tell whom or what a sentence. N N V N ex. Beyonce and Jay Z bought a home. Adj N Adk N V S N ex. The talented Beyonce and rapper Jay Z bought a new home for their family. 2. Simple: A simple subject is just the noun or pronoun out of all the words that modifies it. adj N V Adj ex. The four new models arrived early. Adj Adj Adj N V Adv N ex. The four extremely tall four new models arrived early for the fall show. 3. Compound: A compound subject contains a simple subject consisting of more than one noun or pronoun N V N N Adj N ex. Selena Gomez read her script, but she didn’t agree with the points. Adj N V Adj N Adj V N ex. Actress Selena Gomez read her new movie script, but she didn’t agree with the key points. ii. Predicate tells something about the subject 1. Complete: A complete predicate includes the verb and all the words that tell what happened in the sentence. Adj N N Adj V N ex. The seven camera men were late to the meeting. Adj Adj N V Adj N N ex. The seven old camera men were late to the important movie meeting. 2. Simple: A simple predicate is the verb or verbs that link up with the subject. Page 27

S N V N ex. Johnny's daughter became a model. S Adj N V N Adj N V ex. Johnny’s young daughter became a model at a young age and he is worried. 3. Compound: A compound predicate is a predicate that includes more than one verb pertaining to the same subject. N S V V N ex. His son Jaden looked and walked to his girlfriend. N N N Addj V Adj V Adj N ex. Will smith son Jaden carefully looked and rapidly walked to his beautiful girlfriend. b. Sentence Types: (def) i. Declarative: sentences make a statement to relay information or ideas N N V AdjN ex. The world tour starts in two hours. Adj N N Adj V Adj V N ex. The explosive world tour rapidly starts in two exciting hours. ii. Interrogative: sentence ask a question and end in a question mark N V N ex. Is she ready to begin? N Adj V ADj N S ex. Is she finally ready to cheerfully begin the performance? iii. Imperative: sentences issue commands or requests or they can express a desire or wish N V

ex. Please lower your voice. N Adj Adj Adj N Adj N ex. Please respectfully lower your loud voice during the open curtain. iv. Exclamatory: sentences express strong emotion. It doesn’t really matter what the emotion is, an exclamatory sentence is the type of sentence needed to express it V

N Page 28

ex. I can’t wait to watch her movie! N

Adj

ex. I can’t wait to excitedly watch her successful movie!

4. Sentences C. Sentence Patterns 1. Simple Sentence : a sentence that is just one independent clause Adj N V ex The fashion show started. Adj Adj N N Adj V ex The expected fall fashion show has finally started. 2. Compound Sentence : A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses N V N N V N ex She read the paper, but she didn’t enjoy the plot. N Adj V Adj N V V Adj N ex She kindly read the long paper, but she didn’t enjoy the confusing plot. 3. Complex Sentences : A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause N N V V ex After the storm passed, she appeared. N Adj N ADJ V N V ex After the tough storm quickly passed, she appeared. 4. ComplexCompound Sentences : A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause N V V N N N N ex Although she worked to gain recognition, people did not know who she was, and N V N her friends did not even appreciate her work. ex N V Adj V N Adj N N N ex Although she worked hard to gain recognition, many people did not know who she was, and N V N Page 29

her friends did not even appreciate her work. 5. Loose Sentence : A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) N V N V ex This office considered your proposal for the modeling. Adj N Adj Adj V N ex This luxurious office considered your generous proposal for the modeling. 6. Periodic Sentence : A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense N V N N V ex In order to get better, everyday this summer, she has to practice. N V Adj V N Adj N V Adj ex In order to get extremely better, everyday this upcoming summer, she has to practice daily. 7. Balanced Sentence : A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length N V V N N ex The tree had to be cut to prepare the backyard for the video. Adj N V V N Adj N ex The decayed tree had to be cut to prepare the backyard for the music video. 8. Parallel Structure : A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written N N N adj V ex She likes swimming better than diving. N N Adj N Adj Adj V ex She likes acting swimming better than acting diving. 9. Chiasmus : A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words. phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order N V N N V ex One should live to act not act to live. N Adj V N N Adj V ex One should energetically live to act not act to energetically live. 10. Asyndeton : A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose Page 30

N V V V V V ex The cast dove, splashed, floated, swam, snorted. Adj N V V V V V ex The huge cast dove, splashed, floated, swam, snorted. 11. Polysyndeton : A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose N V V N V N ex Natalie Portman had to hunt her and find her and kill her. Adj N N V V V N V N ex Talented actress Natalie Portman had to hunt her and find her and kill her. 12. Anaphora : A sentence that features the purposeful repetitions of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention V V N N V Adj ex If you cannot attend a management meeting in the , you can go for an afternoon one. V V N N Adj V Adj ex If you cannot attend a management meeting in the morning, you can go for an afternoon one. 13. Epistrophe : A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. V N V N V N ex Ignore the media, ignore the paparazzi's, and ignore the haters. V Adj N V Adj N V Adj N ex Ignore the pesky media, ignore the pesky paparazzi, and ignore the pesky haters. D. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/ Incorrect Types) 1. Run On/ Rambling : a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction Adj N V N N V N Mistake: New costumes were introduced in the cast. After the director came to the meeting. Adj N V N N V N Correction: New costumes were introduced in the cast after the director came to the meeting. 2. Fused : A sentence where a writer has connected two main clauses with no punctuation. Page 31

N V Adj N V V Mistake: We knew she was too young to act all she did was scream and not cooperate with the Adj N rest of the cast. N V Adj N V V Correction: We knew she was too young to act. All she did was scream and not cooperate with Adj N the rest of the cast. 3. Fragment : A sentence that fails to stand by itself. N Mistake: In the movie. N N V Adj Correction: The actress in the movie was great. 4. Misplaced Modifier : Is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it describes. N V N N N Mistake: The waiter served a dinner roll to the actor that was buttered. N V N N N Correction: The waiter served a dinner roll that was well buttered to the actor. 5. Double Negative : A grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence. Adj N V V N Mistake: Famous artist couldn't find no paper. Adj N V V N Correction: Famous artist couldn’t find any paper. 6. Comma Splice : A comma splice incorrectly joins two main clauses with a comma. N V N V V N N Mistake: She is sleepy, She has to go to a CD signing. N V N V V N N Correction: She is sleepy. She has to go to a CD signing.

Quiz #4 (Sentences) Page 32

Match it with the best answer (1): 1. Simple A. one independent clause and at least one dependent clause 2. Complex B. multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause 3. Compound C. a sentence that is just one independent clause 4. Complex/Compound D. multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses 5. Loose Sentences E. contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction True and False Circle one (2): 6. True and False: Periodic Sentence is a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense 7. True and False: Balanced Sentence is a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length 8. True and False: Parallel structure is a sentence using different pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written 9. True and False: Chiasmus is a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words. phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order 10. True and False: Asyndeton is a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose Answer Key for matching (1): 1. Simple (C) 2. Complex (A) 3. Compound (D) 4. Complex/Compound (B) 5. Loose Sentences (E) Answer Key for True and False (2): 6. True and False: Periodic Sentence is a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense 7. True and False: Balanced Sentence is a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length

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8. True and False : Parallel structure is a sentence using different pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written 9. True and False: Chiasmus is a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words. phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order 10. True and False: Asyndeton is a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose

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Section 5: Paragraphs 5. Paragraphs: a. Introductory Paragraphs i. Hook/lead 1. Anecdotal (brief story to set the mood and intro topic) N Adj N Adj N Adj Ex. Celebrities some may have very different lives from a normal person. Their own personal N Adj N V V lives are even at times out in the world even if they would like it or not. One should respect the N N privacy of a celebrity. 2. Query Based (questions that brings the reader to the topic) N Adj N N V Adj N Ex. Does knowing the personal life of a celebrity make you a bad person ii. Thesis statement (the purpose of a piece of writing usually one sentence in length and something that is arguable) 1. Assertion (Claim) N Adj V Adj N Ex . Celebrities don’t usually have a personal life. 2. Fact (empirically verifiable) N V N N N Adj N N Ex . Anyone can google any celebrity's name to get a general description of their life. 3. Opinion (personal position on a topic) N V Adj N N N Ex . Celebrities are the most entertaining people in the world. 4. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature an opinion held by many to be fact, though it is not necessarily) N V N Adj N Ex. Celebrities are known for their sinful behavior. Page 35

Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half)

N V V Adj N N Ex. All celebrities have been in front of a paparazzi camera. 6. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) N V N Adj N Adj N N Ex. People who get picked to be in a singing competition have a higher chance to become N famous. 7. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) N N V N N Adj N Ex . In Huffpost Live, Ryan Buxton explains that celebrities lives out in the open can lead for them to N N N N have sadness, anxiety, or depression. b. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) i. Topic sentence (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) Adj N V N Adj N N N Ex. There is many people that make celebrities their role models. Some suggest that famous N N N N people shouldn’t be looked up to. ii. Sentences with examples 1. Quotes (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences) a. MLA Citation N N N N N N V Ex. Some people suggest, “c elebrities are affected by the attention and end up doing Adj N inappropriate things.” 2. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) N V N N N N Page 36

Ex. Original: “C elebrities are affected by the attention and end up doing inappropriate things” N Adj N N Adj N N Paraphrase: Celebrities make poor decisions because they have too much attention focused on them. 3. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) N V N N N N Ex. Original: “C elebrities are affected by the attention and end up doing inappropriate things” N V Adj N Summary: Celebrities aren't a good influence. 4. Concrete examples (actual, referenceable examples) N N V N N N Adj Ex. A 2006 study by USA Weekend found that half of teens agree that friends are more likely to N V N smoke or drink because they see celebrities do it. 5. Abstract examples (hypothetical, “what if”) N V V N Adj N Ex. Teenagers wouldn’t be so influenced by celebrities if they didn’t watch much television. iii. Closing sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating wordpossibly an adverband should echo the thesis of the essay) V V N N N Adj Ex. Clarity was shown into this situation and concluded that celebrities might play a role in a Adj N person's life. c. Closing Paragraphs (conclusion should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) i. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis could be one or more sentences) N Adj V N V N V N N Ex. If a person usually spends their time watching television or surfing the web celebrities might Adj N N be a big influence in their life. ii. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) N N N N N V N N N Ex. In some cases thanks to the lives of celebrities being out in the open we are able to entertain N Page 37

our own lives…

Quiz #5 (Paragraphs) Match it with the best answer (1): 1. Anecdotal A. the purpose of a piece of writing usually one sentence in length and something that is arguable 2. Query Based B. questions that brings the reader to the topic 3. Thesis statement C. brief story to set the mood and intro topic 4. Fact D. personal position on a topic 5. Opinion E. empirically verifiable True and False Circle one (2): 6. True and False: A belief is a social, religious, or political in nature an opinion held by many to be fact, though it is not necessarily 7. True and False: Generalization uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half 8. True and False: Theory is a statement that can’t be tested and potentially proven 9. True and False: Document Based cites a specific source and its position on a topic 10. True and False: Statement(s) of Extension is not extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis could be one or more sentences Answer Key for matching (1): 1. Anecdotal (C) 2.Query Based (B) 3. Thesis statement (A) 4. Fact (E) 5. Opinion (D) Answer Key for True and False (2): 6. True and False: Periodic Sentence is a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense 7. True and False: Balanced Sentence is a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length 8. True and False : Parallel structure is a sentence using different pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written Page 38

9. True and False: Chiasmus is a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words. phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order 10. True and False: Asyndeton is a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose

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Section 6: Essays 6. Essays: a. Types i. Persuasive (argumentative) also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea ii. Expository (Informative) An expository essay does exactly what the name says, it exposes. The purpose of an expository essay is to inform the reader and backup all the facts with things like examples, graphs, charts, and statistics. It is structured exactly like any other essay with an introductory paragraph, main body paragraphs, thesis statement, and a conclusion paragraph. The most important feature to remember when writing an expository essay is that it shouldn't be written about personal opinions. 1. Definition/ Description A genre of essay that requires a person to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expand on the idea, and an argument concerning that i dea in a clear and straight manner 2. Process/ Howto A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay 3. Compare/ Contrast Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing discusses elements that are different 4. Cause and Effect Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). iii. Analytical/Critical To write critically and/or analytically it is expected to do more that just describe something. It is to analyse a text and examine the various parts, interpret a text with a view to understanding what it means, compare ideas and/or evidence, and evaluate the worth of a text. It shouldn't be automatically accept that information about something/somebody is valid. Instead, it should be to gather the evidence, analyse all aspects of the topic, and with an open mind, reach a conclusion. 1. Evaluative This essay is known as a response to a reading that an individual might of read then they criticize it. An evaluation of the explicit and implicit assumptions the author of the original text makes and how these assumptions create other implied arguments within the text 2. Interpretive An interpretive essay clarifies the meaning of something according to one's own understanding

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iv. Narrative (Tells a story) When writing a narrative essay, it’s telling a story. Narrative essays are told from a defined point of view, often the author's, so there is feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the reader involved in the elements and sequence of the story.The purpose it just to describe on a personal experience sometimes. 1. Personal Anecdote When a person writes their own first hand experience story which incorporates introduction, plot, characters, setting, climax, and conclusion. These are creative or very moving essays. v. Research A research paper is an expanded essay that presents a own interpretation or evaluation or argument. When writing an essay, it’s necessary to use everything that you personally know and have thought about a subject. When writing a research paper it’s good to incorporate what personal knowledge about the subject and make a deliberate attempt to find out what experts know. A research paper involves surveying a field of knowledge in order to find the best possible information. 1. MLA Format People who property write the MLA format research are taken more serious than a person who might not know. This format is specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. 2. APA Format In this format which stands for American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. vi. Timed When it comes to writing a timed essay it is important to understand the prompt and stay on topic, keep track of time, organize your ideas, and use specific details to support your thesis. 1. Document Based Question It is a type of essay that provides a person with s documents to serve as sources of information for a person's writing. 2. Prompt Base d Essay prompts are statements that focus on a topic or an issue, followed by questions. These are the most common in tests that are sent to colleges. b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i. Prewriting/Prompt Analysis/Outlining When first writing an essay a person should do some planning they should clearly mark in the introduction which also states the point that is going to make and also how they are going to proceed. ii. Research/ Evaluation of Sources The source has to be reliable. A person should verify the information to check if it’s correct because there is no point to use in research if it's incorrect. The point that is made them turn incorrect too. c. Work Cited Page Page 41

i. MLA Format The basic rules for this format is to have white paper, eligible font with size 12, one inch margin, and a header with page numbers. ex. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Harper, 1995. Print. ii. APA Format The general format is covers the basic page layout for a typical APA manuscript, including everything from margin widths to the use of headings visuals, and double spacing. ex. Lee, H. (1995). To Kill a mockingbird. New York: Harpercollins.

Quiz #6 (Essays) Match it with the best answer (1): 1. Persuasive A. When a person writes their own first hand experience story 2. Expository B. A genre of essay that requires a person to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expand on the idea, and an argument concerning that i dea in a clear and straight manner 3. Interpretive C. also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea 4. Personal Anecdote D. People who property write the MLA format research are taken more serious than a person who might not know 5. Research E. personal position on a topic True and False Circle one (2): 6. True and False: Expository is A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay 7. True and False: Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). 8. True and False: Evaluative is an essay is known as a response to a reading that an individual might of read then they criticize it. 9. True and False: Narrative These are creative or very moving essays. 10. True and False: APA format is this format which stands for American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. Answer Key for matching (1): 1. Persuasive (C) 2. Expository (B) 3. Interpretive (A) Page 42

4. Personal Anecdote (E) 5. Research (D) Answer Key for True and False (2): 6. True and False: Expository is A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay 7. True and False: Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). 8. True and False: Evaluative is an essay is known as a response to a reading that an individual might of read then they criticize it. 9. True and False: Narrative These are creative or very moving essays. 10. True and False: APA format is this format which stands for American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.

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Section 7: Capitalization

7. Capitalization 1. Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title. ex. Grammar Project 2. Capitalize titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name ex. Aunt Cecilia 3. Capitalize the name of organizations ex. American Red Cross 4. Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days ex. Veterans Day 5. Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title. ex. our Tuesday meeting 6. Capitalize brand names but not the product(s) ex. Gucci purse 7. Capitalize business names ex. Google 8. Capitalize institution names ex. Cornell University 9. Capitalize names of particular geographic places ex. Gulf of Mexico 10. Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents ex. American Revolution 11. Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being Page 44

ex. Roman Catholic 12. Capitalize languages ex. English 13. Capitalize specific names of structures ex. Eiffel Tower 14. Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names ex. Professor Manuel 15. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence ex. She saw a blue bird. 16. Capitalize the pronoun I ex. I own a red car. 17. Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline ex. I. Energy A. Types 1. Physical 18. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation. ex. “Did you,” asked Roger, “open the door?” “I’m finished,” yelled Cassandra. “Let’s go.” 19. Capitalize government bodies and departments ex. The Senate 20. Capitalize races and ethnic groups ex. Hispanic 21. Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world ex. I live in the North of Los Angeles. 22. Capitalize political parties and their members ex. Democrat Page 45

23. Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence. ex. Twentytwo dollars 24. Capitalize a specific, wellknown area or event ex. The military officers met at the Pentagon. 25. Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter ex. Dear President,

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Section 8: Punctuation 8. Punctuation 1. [Brackets] add information to a sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence ex. They [Alyssa and Venice] got detention for talking on set. ex. Charles Duhigg claims that “[r]ather, to change a habit, you must keep the old cue, and deliver the old reward, but insert a new routine.” 2. (Parentheses) to clarify or to add detail. ex. Sam won the lottery and took acting classes ($1000). ex. The NBA (National Basketball Association) improved the rules. 3. Period. they are used at the end of a sentence, to indicate a full stop. ex. She decided she didn’t want to wear that for the photoshoot. ex. Drake made a song with Future and it’s my sisters favorite. 4. Comma , 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. 3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause. 4. Do not use commas to set off essential elements of the sentence, such as clauses beginning with that (relative clauses). That clauses after nouns are always essential. That clauses following a verb expressing mental action are always essential. 5. Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. 6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with noncoordinate adjectives. 7. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.

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8. Use commas to set off phrases at the end of the sentence that refer back to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases are free modifiers that can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion. 9. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names. 10. Use a comma to shift between the main discourse and a quotation. 11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading. ex. The game show was over, but the crowd refused to leave. ex. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to the fanciest dinner. 5. Dash , that is used in writing or printing to connect numbers or to connect elements of a compound adjective ex. 1880 1945 ex. 9am 10am 6. Hyphen , compound word or name or between the syllables of a word ex. backtoback ex. exfriend 7. Colon : The first is after a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series. It is also often used after the salutation of a business letter. The second is within time expressions. Within time, it is used to separate out the hour and minute ex. 9:30 ex. She bought three different items: a pen, a dress, and a folder. 8. Semicolon ; is used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer relationship between the clauses than a period would show. ex. Samantha reads scripts; her friends read comics. ex. He loved tea; she loved coffee. 9. Question mark? indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence ex. Why’d she buy a red dress for a red carpet? ex. She only had one kid with her famous husband? 10. Exclamation mark! is used when a person wants to express a sudden outcry or add emphasis. ex. I can’t believe it! ex. Her performance was spectacular! Page 48

11. Apostrophe’ is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, or the plurals of lowercase letters ex. They’re ex. It’s 12. “Quotation” are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated word for word ex. Max said, “I want donuts.” ex. “Don’t blink” (song) 13. Ellipses… within quotations to jump from one phrase to another, omitting unnecessary words that do not interfere with the meaning ex. ...Oh i’m sure you understand ex. Wait what…

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Section 9: Commonly Confused Words

9. Commonly Confused/ Misused Words a. who/whom who= subject, he/she N Adj V N N Adj N Tommy is cautiously teaching him how to stunt a pose. whom= object, him/her N V N N Adj N N Whom is teaching him to stunt a fabulous modeling pose? b. Their/There/They’re their= pronoun to show possession N Adj Adj N Adj N V Adj Their new luxurious car was white but they actually wanted a red one. there= adverb meaning location N V N N Adj N N Do you see that over there, that is where they shot that funky iphone commercial. they’re= contraction of ‘they are’ N V V N N N N They’re planning on eating pizza after the Victoria Fashion Show. c. Lie/Lay Lie= be in or assume a horizontal or resting position on a supporting surface N V N N Adj N Adj N N He lies on the ground while she fake cries for the sensible moment in the movie. Lay= to put or place N V N N V V N Adj N N We lay him there while she was trying to put eye drops for the fake crying on set. d. Laid/Lain Laid= past participle of lay N V Adj N N N He was laid there but little did people know that he was acting. Lain= past participle of lie Page 50

N N N V N N He was lain on the bed but was left alone to rest for the 10min. e. Affect/Effect affect= is a verb V N N N Adj N The dye affected the hair of the movie star for the next movie. effect= is a noun N Adj N N V V V N N The effect was so shocking that she didn’t want to move from the hotel room. f. Accept/Except accept= to receive N V N V N N N She accepted the fact that she wasn’t going to win the famous award. except= take out of leave out or exclude N V N V N N N N Everyone seemed to believe that she was going to win except the movie star. g. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of C/W/Should have= past events that did not happen V V V Adj N Adj N Should have bought the white shoes instead of the black ones. C/W/Should of= something that is possible but did not occur N V V N N N Should of helped her with selecting her pieces of clothing for the wedding. h. Loath/Loathe loath= unwilling, reluctant N V V N N Adj N N V She loath to leave without drinking a few more champagne glasses to forget her breakup. loathe= hate very much V N N adj V N N She loathe him so much because he cheated on her twice and also had a baby with one of the girls. i. Infer/Imply infer= conclude N V N N N V N V N N Page 51

She can infer by all the tape measurers that they’re going to finally adjust the dress for the night out. imply= strongly suggest the truth or existence N V N Adj N N N V N He implied that the pictures clearly showed that his sister’s boyfriend was cheating on her at the club. j. Weary/Wary weary= showing tiredness N V Adj N N Adj N N N After going up the long flight of stairs there was a long weary sigh from the child of the model. wary= showing caution N V Adj N V Adj N Adj N She was wary that her cute child was going to whiny through out the action movie. k. Proceed/Precede proceed= begin or continue a course of action N V N N N N Adj N We had to proceed on the shooting even if the protagonist bursted out of the studio. precede= come before in time N V N V N N N She enjoyed the commercials that preceded the movie because the movie in her opinion wasn’t that great l. discrete/discreet discrete= individually separate and distinct V N N V N N N V N The discrete units of sound threw her off from the focus when she was watching her acting. discreet= careful and circumspect in one's speech or actions, especially in order to avoid causing offense or to gain an advantage N V N V N Adj N N He was discreet with the news that she was going to be the new angle for Victoria's Secret. m. conscience/conscious conscience= an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior N adj N V N N N Tamar’s guilty conscience was there when she was performing when she could of been at the hospital. conscious= aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake Page 52

N V N N N adj N She wasn’t conscious that her health issue was very severe that it could of killed her. n. Can/May can= be able to N V N V N N She can drive the car that was given to her by her boyfriend but she doesn’t want to. may= expressing permission N V N V N N You may kiss him at the party but make sure the paparazzi doesn’t get any pictures or you’ll be exposed. o. 1. Freshmen/Freshman freshmen= 9th graders as a whole N V N N N N V V adj N She entered NYU and her freshmen class wanted to have an acting career. freshman= 9th grader as an individual N N N V N N N The freshman at NYU actually wanted to become a photographer not an actor. 2. Wine/ whine wine= alcoholic drink N V Adj N Adj N N N N N She wanted red wine for a cocktail party but that would cause many stains among her guests. whine= high pitched sound when bored or complaining N V N N N V N Please don’t whine I promise after one more picture we’ll buy some donuts. 3. adapt/adopt adapt= to adjust N V N adj Adj N N Adj N She had to adapt to the new bald director which she wasn’t very fond of. adopt= accept as your own N V N Adj N V N Please adopt this puppy for the summer photoshoot we’ll take very good care of it. 4. aid/aide Page 53

aid= help or assist N V N N V N V N N Adj N We aid her because she scraped her knee trying to slide on the floor like a rock star. aide= person who helps N N N V Adj N V Adj N The aide was there to make sure the crazy girl didn’t slide on the wooden floor again. 5. all right/ alright all right= everything is right N N N V V V V N The answers to your test were all right which means you can keep making commercials. alright= single word meaning okay N N V V N N V V V Alright so you’re going to have to study for the test or you won’t be able to keep making the N commercials.

Quiz #7 (Capitalization) Match it with the best answer (1): 1. First word A. of organizations 2. Titles B. when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name 3.Capitalize the name C. the last word, and all important words in a title. 4. Capitalize names of day, D. but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title. 5. Capitalize a proper adjective E. month, holidays, and special days True and False Circle one (2): 6. True and False: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s) 7. True and False: don’t Capitalize business names 8. True and False: Capitalize institution names 9. True and False: Capitalize names of particular geographic places 10. True and False: don’t Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents Answer Key for matching (1): 1. First word (C) Page 54

2. Titles (B) 3. Capitalize the name (A) 4. Capitalize names of day (E) 5. Capitalize a proper adjective (D) Answer Key for True and False (2): 6. True and False: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s) 7. True and False : don’t Capitalize business names 8. True and False: Capitalize institution names 9. True and False: Capitalize names of particular geographic places 10. True and False : don’t Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents

Quiz #8 (Punctuation) Match it with the best answer (1): 1. brackets A. they are used at the end of a sentence, to indicate a full stop. 2. parentheses B. to clarify or to add detail. 3.period C. add information to a sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence 4. Comma D. 5. Dash E. to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. True and False Circle one (2): 6. True and False: Hyphen , compound word or name or between the syllables of a word 7. True and False: Colon: The first is after a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series. 8. True and False: Semicolon; is not used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer relationship between the clauses than a period would show. 9. True and False: Question mark? don’t indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence 10. True and False: Exclamation mark! is not used when a person wants to express a sudden outcry or add emphasis Answer Key for matching (1): 1. Brackets (C) Page 55

2. Parantheses (B) 3. Period (A) 4. Comma (E) 5.Dash (D) Answer Key for True and False (2): 6. True and False: Hyphen , compound word or name or between the syllables of a word 7. True and False: Colon: The first is after a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series. 8. True and False : Semicolon; is not used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer relationship between the clauses than a period would show. 9. True and False : Question mark? don’t indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence 10. True and False : Exclamation mark! is not used when a person wants to express a sudden outcry or add emphasis

Quiz #9 (Commonly Confused Words) Match it with the best answer (1): 1.who/whom A. be in or assume a horizontal or resting position on a supporting surface; to put or place 2. Their/There B. pronoun to show possession; adverb meaning location 3. Lie/Lay C. subject, he/she; object, him/her 4. Laid/Lain D. is a verb; is a noun 5. Affect/Effect E. past participle of lay; past participle of lie True and False Circle one (2): 6. True and False: Accept/Except + to receive; take out of leave out or exclude 7. True and False: Loath/Loathe + past events that did not happen; something that is possible but did not occur 8. True and False: Infer/Imply + unwilling, reluctant; hate very much 9. True and False: Weary/Wary + conclude; strongly suggest the truth or existence 10. True and False: Proceed/Precede + showing tiredness; showing caution Answer Key for matching (1): 1. who/whom (C) Page 56

2. Their/There (B) 3. Lie/Lay (A) 4. Laid/Lain (E) 5. Affect/Effect (D) Answer Key for True and False (2): 6. True and False: Accept/Except + to receive; take out of leave out or exclude 7. True and False : Loath/Loathe + past events that did not happen; something that is possible but did not occur 8. True and False : Infer/Imply + unwilling, reluctant; hate very much 9. True and False : Weary/Wary + conclude; strongly suggest the truth or existence 10. True and False : Proceed/Precede + showing tiredness; showing caution Page 57

Glossary adjectives a word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe it citation a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work grammar the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics knowledge facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject mechanics the way in which something is done or operated; the practicalities or details of something noun a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things common noun, or to name a particular one of these proper noun. object a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed speech the expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sound verb a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear , become , happen

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Works Cited Berry, Chris, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "Welcome to the Purdue OWL."

Purdue OWL: Verb Tenses . N.p., 13 July 2011. Web. 9 Sept. 2015. Harris, Robert. "Transitional Words and Phrases." V irtual Salt . N.p., 16 Dec. 2013. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. O'Brien, Elizabeth. "List of Interjections." List of Interjections . N.p., 14 Sept. 2010. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. "Pronouns." P ronouns.N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Sept. 2015. Simmons, Robin L. "Terms." A t Grammar Bytes! Robin L. Simmons, n.d. Web. 9 Sept. 2015. Page 59

Dedication I dedicate this book first off to my parents because without them I wouldn’t exist and I wouldn’t have this class. My siblings for testing my patience when working on the book. My computer, wifi, and laptop for being key factors to making this grammar project. Celebrity gossip shows and their social medias for inspiring my examples throughout the making of this.

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