A Gamers' Guide to Correct Grammar

A Gamers’ Guide to Correct Grammar

Emily Sandoval 1

A Gamers’ Guide to Correct Grammar

Emily Sandoval

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Table of Contents Intro………………………………………………………………………………….

I. Parts of Speech……………………………………………………………… a) Nouns………………………………………………………………… b) Pronouns……………………………………………………………… c) Verbs…………………………………………………………………… d) Adjectives……………………………………………………………

II. III. IV.

V. VI.

VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV.

4 5 5 7 9 11

e) Adverbs………………………………………………………………… 11 f) Conjunctions…………………………………………………………… 11 g) Prepositions…………………………………………………………… 11 h) Interjections……………………………………………………………

12 Phases…………………………………………………………………………

16 Clauses………………………………………………………………………… 18 Sentences……………………………………………………………………… 20 a) Sentence Parts……………………………………………………… 20 b) Sentence Types……………………………………………………

21 c) Sentence Patterns………………………………………………

21 d) Sentence Errors……………………………………………………

24 Paragraphs…………………………………………………………………….

26 Essays………………………………………………………………………… 29 a) Types……………………………………………………………

29 b) Strategies/ Planning Tips…………………………………………

30 c) Work Cited Page…………………………………………………

30 Capitalization…………………………………………………………………. 31 Punctuation…………………………………………………………………….

34 Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices………………………………. 35 Quizzes (all sections)………………………………………………………… 38-51 About the Author……………………………………………………………… 52 Glossary…………………………………………………………………… 53- 59 Work Cited …………………………………………………………………… 60 Dedication ……………………………………………………………………... 61

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Introduction Grammar is the toughest skill to master, and there are so many rules involved. How can we possibly know all of them? Well stop your worries, you are now about to read a book on guidelines to use grammar correctly. Examples are provided with a little entertainment of video games.

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Section 1: Parts of Speech` I.

Nouns

A. Types of nouns: 1. Common Nouns: name a class of people,places, things, or idea.

Ex: Mario, Luigi, Bowser castle , Princess Peach 2. Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized).

Ex: Fishin Lakitu, Volcano Lotus, Pidgit Bill 3. Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun.

Ex: Princess Peach, Princess Daisy, King Toad 4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places.

Ex: mushroom, coin, gumbas, flower 5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes Ex: excited, furious, frustrated, anxious

B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun Endings: abstractness action dignity endurance consequence brotherhood excitement abolitionism accessory adventure demonist queer monster 2. Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some boxes are square. (“some” acts as an adjective, so it's a noun marker). Some are square. (”Some” acts as a noun so it's not a noun marker).

N adj n adj The beginning of the game is calm.

The end of the game is not calm 3. Plural Form: for example: “Toads” or “coins” or “mushrooms” 4. Possessive Form: for example: “ Bowser’s castle” or “Bullets’ territory” 5. Following a Preposition: n. adv. v. prep. n Mario carefully jumped on top of the secret entrance wayto the castle.( prepositional) These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around,as, as far as, aside from, at , away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, 5

including, in front of, in place of, in regard of, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of off, on, on account, of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. (Sometimes these word are used as adverbs).

C. Functions (How nouns are used): 1. Subject (comes before the verb) S. v. n n Mario jumps on top of the flag and earns coins.

S v n n Within the game Luigi pops out and joins his brother off to the castle 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) s. v. DO Princess Peach hires Mario to save her toads S v DO n Mario 3D Land, any character throws soccer bombs at Bowser’s car 3. Indirect Object (answers who or to whom) N. v IO Videogames give everyone a sense of enjoyment N IO Mario is always ending up saving Princess Peach.

4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) N v AO None of the levels Mario pass are at night.

AO v n Summer vacations are the best to play videogames all day.

5. Object of the Preposition(follows a preposition) N v OP Luigi is the only one that knows around Luigi’s Mansion. v N OP I gave the videogame controller that was on the shelf to the next player.

6.Subject Complement (following a linking verb) N N adv SC n Pac Man is usually the winner of the game.

N v SC The ghost all try to eat pac man before he ends up escaping.

7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) V n OC n Have you ever wondered why Mario is the main character in every game?

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OC n n There is no captain in video games only leaders.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) N

A

v

Mario, the main character, is always chosen first and never last.

N A Pac Man, the yellow half circle character, is the hero.

9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) Adj n Red hat with an M on it is Mario’s cap.

N adj n Bowser’s castle is located in a lava ground.

10. Noun in Direct Address N

n

Luigi is the brother of Mario.

N n n Princess Peach, is always the damsel in distress throughout the game.

11.Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund) n

OG

Mario Kart 8 is a racing contest.

N OG It includes every character throughout the competition.

12. Object of the Participle (noun that follows a participle) n OP n After the racing match, Mario is usually the winner.

N

OP

v

Yoshi Falls is the hardest level to pass.

13. Object of the Infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive) N adv n n A challenge mainly in the videogame is the fact that every level is different.

II. Pronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

1. Personal: A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the grammatical sense. When discussing “person” in terms of the grammatical, the following rules apply: First person, as in “I” Second person, as in “you” Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/ We me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them 7

Possessive My, mine our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs V n n Ex: I love to play videogames with many friends of mine.

V n If playing Mario Kart, You will lose against me.

2. Relative: A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. You see them used everyday with the most common relative pronouns being: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that.

Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose that

that of that those/this n n p Ex: Pac man is the main hero in that 80’s generation O N adv v Many of those back in the day videogames are hardly played.

3. Interrogative: An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are five interrogative pronouns. Each one is used to ask a very specific question. Interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns, which may be found in questions. who, which, what, whatever, whoever IP v n Ex: Whoever plays Halo ends up forming an addiction.

N adj IP Violent games are also quite disturbing, to what I have heard.

4. Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix -self or -selves) A reflexive pronoun is a special kind of pronoun. It is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject, as you will see below. Each personal pronoun (such as I, you, and she) has its own reflexive form.

A. when the action verb is directed towards the subject of the construction: B. to intensify a point IP adj adj n Ex: I myself do not enjoy any violent, gore, type of games. adj IP Others may disagree, and enjoy themselves.

5. Demonstrative: Demonstrative pronouns are the same pronouns used for demonstrative adjectives - this, that, these and those. The difference is in the sentence 8

structure. The demonstrative pronoun takes the place of the noun phrase. The demonstrative adjective is always followed by a noun. this, these that, those n. v. dp n. v.

Ex: Chiron exclaimed, “These are the rules for this game, breaking them will have consequences!” dp adj v. n v. adj Those that were good at healing stayed in the tents and tended to the wounded.

6. Indefinite: An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some of these are: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such. ip v. n v Ex:Everyone was anxious for the game, to prove that they could win a game against the n. immortal hunters. n v ip n Dust filled the air showing that many monsters were getting killed everywhere.

III. Verbs Verbs show the time, action and state of being of a subject.

A. How Verbs are Identified: 1. Verbs Ending:-s, -ed, -ing,-tate, -ive, -er, Ex: Jumped, swam, ran, celebrate, singing 2. Tense: Verbs indicate time via tenses: 1. simple past 6.present 9.present perfect progressive 2. past 7.present perfect 10. future 3. past perfect 8.present progressive 11. future perfect 4. past progressive 5. simple present 3. Forms: a. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. when used as main verbs, they are always linking verbs- true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem). b. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). c. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

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4. Types: there are at least 11 types of verbs: A. auxiliary verbs(helping verbs) : the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.

B. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence- usually the predicate) linking verbs C. lexical verbs (main verbs) typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning D. dynamic verbs (indicate action)usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen E. stative verbs (describe a condition)usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change.

F. finitive verbs (indicate tense)the locus of grammatical information of gender, person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and/or voice.

G. non-infinitive verbs (infinitive or participles) H. regular verbs (weak verbs)those whose past tense and past participles are formed by adding a -d or an -ed to the end of the verb. "To roll" is a good example of a regular verb: roll, rolled, rolled.

I. irregular verbs (strong verbs) J. transitive verbs ( verbs followed by a direct object)takes one or more objects K. intransitive verbs( verbs that do not take direct objects) that does not need a direct object to complete its meaning. Run, sleep, travel, wonder, and die 5. Voice: voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action.

Active: When the verb of a sentence is in the active voice, the subject is doing the acting, as in the sentence “Mario defeated the monster” Mario(the subject of the sentence) acts in relation to the monster Passive: A verb is in the passive voice when the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb.

6. Verbals: (verb forms not used as verbs) A. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun n v vg n v n 1. Mario enjoys jumping on monsters while he says his catchphrase.

B. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective vp n v v 1.The raining outside the castle did not bother or interfere with the Mario’s mission C. Infinitive: verbs preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as adjectives, or adverbs. n v vi 1. Emily wanted to win the level with as less deaths as possible.

nouns,

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ADJECTIVES: Adjectives: modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.

1. Kinds: Demonstrative (The demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those. They are used to point out specific people or things), Common ( A common adjective is an adjective that is not written with a capital letter. Most adjectives are common- ones that are written with a capital letter are proper adjectives), Proper (an adjective, typically capitalized, derived from a proper noun) EX: these children, those armies, this sword. talented, well-designed, terrified. Roman, American, Titan 2. Endings: -al, -ary, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -y, -able, -ible, -ant, ent, -ive, -ing, -ed, -en. EX: exciteful, 3. Conversions: usually by adding -ing to verbs, 4. Article: Put simply, an article is a word that combines with a noun. Articles are actually adjectives because they describe the nouns that they precede. In English, there are only three articles: the, a, and an. However, the three are not interchangeable; rather, they are used in specific instances.

5. Comparative/ Superlatives: A comparative adjective is used to compare two things. A superlative adjective is used when you compare three or more things. For example, looking at apples you can compare their size, determining which is big, which is bigger, and which is biggest. The comparative ending for short, common adjectives is generally "-er"; the superlative suffix is generally "-est."

V. Adverbs An Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group.

A. Endings: -ly, -ily, -ally, -wards, -wise ex: quickly, wisely, B. Conversions: by adding one of the suffixes into the word.

C. Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time D. Intensifiers: Adverbs often have words called intensifiers that denote or describe the quality of the action - how strong or weak it is. There are several types of intensifiers: those that show emphasis, those that amplify and those that play down or down tone the actions of verbs. In addition there are premodifiers which are words that change the meaning of an adverb.

E. Comparatives/ Superlatives: add -er to comparatives and -est to superlatives.

I. Conjunctions A. Coordinating:(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)  Mario and Luigi are brothers.  Throughout the Super Mario Bros videogame so many levels are there to be unlocked.

B. Correlative:(either/or,neither/nor;not only/but also;both/and;whether/or)  Bowser neither his son and daughter are ever considered the good guys.  Not only is Bowser bad but all the little monsters he creates as well.

C. Subordinate:(after,though as,because,before,in order that,since,unless,where) 11



After you pass all eight worlds of Mario, there are 3 secret levels for you to discover.  Since Princess Peach is always the damsel in distress, what is Princess Daisy?

D. Relative Pronouns: (who;refers to people,which;refers to non living object or animals,that;may refer to animals or non living objects)  Who is the creator of the famous videogame since the 1980s?  Which of the little monsters in Mario land is the most difficult to beat?

VII. Prepositions (Prepositions link nouns,pronouns,and phrases to other parts of the sentence) (Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs)  Examples:  aboard, about, beneath, concerning, in front of, near to, in regard to, down from, beyond, notwithstanding, toward, ect.

Sentences: 1. Beneath the land of the evil and towards the land of the innocent, there lyes a set of video games where each child is in front of ready to grab toward their number one game.

2. In behalf of all video game creators everywhere,underneath all that nerd science brain of theirs we thank them today for creating the most awesome video games before us.

3. In spite of everyone’s certain taste in the gaming world without video games where do you think the world would have ended like.

VIII. Interjections A aah ack agreed ah aha ahem alas all right amen argh as if aw ay aye B bah

G gadzooks gah gangway g'day gee gee whiz geez gesundheit get lost get outta here go on good good golly good job gosh gracious

L la la-di-dah lo look look here long time lordy M man meh mmm most certainly my my my my word N

Q quite R rah rats ready right right on roger roger that rumble S say see ya shame shh shoo

U ugh uh uh-oh um ur urgh V very nice very well voila vroom W wah well well done well, well 12

blast boo hoo bother boy brr by golly bye C cheerio cheers chin up come on crikey curses D dear me doggone drat duh E easy does it eek egads er exactly F fair enough fiddle-dee-dee fiddlesticks fie foo fooey

Addition

great grr gulp H ha ha-ha hah hallelujah harrumph haw hee here hey hmm ho hum hoo hooray hot dog how huh hum humbug hurray huzza I I say ick is it ixnay J jeez just kidding just a sec just wondering K Kapish

nah naw never no no can do nooo not no thanks no way nuts O oh oho oh-oh oh no okay okey-dokey om oof ooh oopsey over oy oyez P peace pff pew phew pish posh psst ptui

shucks sigh sleep tight snap sorry sssh sup T ta ta-da ta ta take that tally ho tch thanks there there there time out toodles touche tsk tsk-tsk tut tut-tut

Milder

Stronger

a further x and

further furthermore

what whatever whee when whoa whoo whoopee whoops whoopsey whew why word wow wuzzup Y ya yea yeah yech yikes yippee yo yoo-hoo you bet you don't say you know yow yum yummy Z zap zounds zowie zzz

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and then then also too next another other nor

moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually 14

next before after today tomorrow

currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly 15

Section 2: Phases 2. Phases -a group of words that function as a part of speech.

A. Prepositional: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. n v prep n Mario ran across the cloud to get all the blue coins.

N prep n v Videogame creators are always near advanced technology equipment to create games.

B. Appositive: a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive.

N app v n Yoshi, Mario’s dinosaur pal, gives you new advantages to pass the levels N app n Luigi, the green Italian character, is Marios brother throughout the game C. Verbal: a group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.

I. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun 

Luigi was jumping over gumbas, but then got bit by one behind him, and died instantly. n

v

n

n

v

adv 

Character Mario was next and instead he was running across the floor avoiding all the n

adj

adv

v

v

enemies. n II. Participle: word ending in”ing” or”ed” used as an adjective 

Princess Peach gets annoying whenever she cuts you off on the road in Mario Kart. n



adj

v

n

n

After world eight I was shocked to have found a secret level that leads to outer space. n

v

adj

v

n 16

III. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun. adjectives, or adverbs 

Press letters A and B on the remote to jump higher on any character used.

V



n

v

adj

n

The last world in Bowser’s castle has a secret door to go to the secret level.

Adj

n

n

n

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Section 3: Clauses 3. Clauses:group of words with a subject and a verb.

A. Independent- CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern  Mario is always saving Princess Peach from the enemy Bowser.

N adv v n n  Princess Peach cries for help when she is trapped inside the cage.

N v v n B. Subordinate (Dependent) - CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a Subordinate Conjunction I. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.  Mario sneaked into what seemed like a tunnel but was a trick.

N v v n n  What looked like a lava pool actually turned out to be Bowser’s roar of fire. v n adv n v II. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.  The moment where a person realizes video game creating is a real job. n n v n adj  The bullet is what gets you closer to first place in Mario Kart. n v n n III. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/ or concession.  Do not get a star in Bowser’s castle because you will fall and lose a life. n n n v v  Behind the blue waterfall in world seven, where the statue of Bowser is, there you will Adj n n n find a hidden life.

V adj IV. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. 

The enemy who is most deadly to Mario and his gang is the main villain Bowser.

N adj n n  Princess Daisy who wears an orange dress is less known than Princess Peach.

N adj n adj n V. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted  When playing, every video game is addicting so be warned.

V N adj  When going against the enemies, you must hit every main villain three times in order to V n v adj defeat them.

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v VI.Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentences  Mario is the brother with the red hat.

N n adj  Wario is the yellow hat character which is the complete opposite of Mario.

N adj adj n VII. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.  Yoshi is the green dinosaur which is Mario’s companion in eating future enemies ahead.

N adj n v n  Bowser’s castle which is surrounded by lava is crucial to your gamer lives if you do not N v n time your actions wisely.

V adv

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Section 4: Sentences Sentence Parts Sentence Parts: 1.Subject : what or whom the sentence is about A. Complete:  Princess Peach cries out for help when Bowser takes her hostage to his fire castle. n v n  As always Mario leads the way to a usual repetitive rescue. n v adj B. Simple:noun or pronoun (or more) that, when stripped of all the words that modify it  A drop of water fell and soon the ocean rises and there is the Cheep Cheep again. n v adv v n Part of Yoshi’s power is being able to eat everything in front of him. n adj v p C. Compound:a simple subject consisting of more than one noun or pronoun  By the castle Mario finally meets Bowser and is prepared to battle for the princess. n n adv n v n  The princess is always getting captured by Bowser, and of course Mario goes after her. n v v n n v pn 2. Predicate: tells something about the subject A. Complete:  The giant gumba took the crown from the king and took it to Bowser for him to have. adj n v n  Now a dilemma has developed and it is up to Mario to retrieve the crown and take it back adj n v B. Simple: the verb or verbs that link up with the subject  Princess peach cries in agony to get out, yet Mario has not defeated Bowser, until he n v n v n pn jumps on his head for the last time. v pn 

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

The Cheep Cheep jumps out of the water and starts to attack the land of paper. n v v v n C. Compound:a predicate that includes more than one verb pertaining to the same subject  Mario is the most used to jump for a longer distance while Luigi is hardly chosen unless n v v n v you are player two.  The giant gumba pounds around the floor to make you lose your characters balance and adj n v v fall to the ground where you are jumped on. v Sentence Types: 1. Declarative: Used to make statements  Mario jumps into the secret waterfall to enter the secret lair of the enemy.  Mario ends up dying so, Luigi goes through the same path that his brother took but could not accomplish.

2.

Interrogative: Used when wanting to ask Questions  Where is the hidden space level in mario 3D land ?  How do you defeat the cheep cheep fish before it goes back into the water to regain its energy levels ?

3.

Imperative: Used to give an order  Go into the tunnel that is in level 2 to head to the space world.  Show the toad the green gem and get the hook.

4.

Exclamatory: Used to input feeling into your sentence.  Watch out behind you the cheep cheep has regained full power!

Wow Mario is floating in space, there is no gravity even in a video game!

Sentence Patterns: 1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one Independent clause.  The main damsel in distress is the pink dress princess known as Princess Peach. n adj n n  Two Italian brothers that wear the colors red and green, are the characters Mario and adj v n Luigi. n

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2.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause  Mario and Luigi end up combining forces to defeat the lava level of Bowser’s home. n n v v n  When the giant gumba rises so does the fear of the towns people. adj n v n 3.

Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.  Because the people were obviously stuck with fear, the gumba made a disaster of the n adv v n town. n  With the heros out of town, it was up to the toad kingdom to save the day. n n n v 4.

Complex- Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.  Princess Peach cried for help constantly, so the hero’s showed up to save the day. n v adv v v  With the heroes in sight, the crowd becomes hopeful of the outcome. n n v 5.

Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase)  Mario jumped , Luigi squatted, and both ended up throwing the gumba out to sea in their n v n v v n n own way.  The gumba is dazed, can hardly stand, and so it was time to finish the job. n v adv v n 6.

Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense  

When all seemed it was over, the gumba rose again seeking revenge. v n v v n Fear rose again, the second match between hero and monster begins. n v prep. n n v

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7.

Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length  Come into toad’s town again, and you will suffer the consequences. v n v n  The gumba was not frightened at all, so it faced the danger ahead. n v v adv 8.

Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written  You win some fights, and then you lose some fights. v n v n  Video games bring the anger out of some players, while others are completely calm. n n n adv 9.

Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas(words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order  Video game world is all your attention focused onto one screen. n v adj n  Computer programing explores the mind as well as playing it. n v n n 10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose  The brown magical feather helps Mario glide avoiding enemies. adj n v n v  No magical flute in Mario 3 is ever easy to find. adj n adj v 11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose  With the Mario brothers conjoined again Toad’s castle and the town was under the heros n v n n prep



protection. v Also, Princess Peach was grateful and also the Toad king, but the people as well since n adv n there is no longer fear surrounding them. adj adj 23

12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. 

Video gaming is life, Video gaming is love, Video gaming is the world. n n n  Nerds love video games, Nerds love books, Nerds love learning. n n n v 13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words  Mario jumped on turtles and Luigi as well, but not as well as Mario. n v n n n  Princess Peach and Daisy are both princesses but the well known girl is Princess Peach. n n n v pn n Sentence Errors (Incomplete/ Incorrect Types) : 1. Run-On / Rambling : A sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction  Mario is the main character from the video game and everyone likes to chose him he is player one control after all.  Fixed: Mario is the main character from the video game, and everyone likes to chose him since he is player one after all.

2.

Fused: A sentence (also known as a run-on sentence) occurs when two independent clauses are joined without any punctuation or connecting word between them.  Princess Peach is training to become the Queen of Toads town to take over king Toad and become the new leader of the town.  Fixed: Princess Peach is training to become the Queen of Toads town, to take over king Toad ,and become the new leader of the town.

3.

Fragment: A sentence that fails to be a sentence in the sense that it cannot stand by itself.  Princess Peach cried out later on.  Fixed: Princess Peach cried out later on after Bowser attacked her town.

4.

Misplaced Modifier: A word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes.  The level most difficult is the last one where Mario needs to fight.  Fixed: The level most difficult is level 8, the very last one, where Mario needs to fight off Bowser at his castle

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5.

Double Negative: Two negative words used in the same sentence but are not encouraged to use because they are poor grammar and confusing.  The last level wasn’t uninteresting enough to attract all my attention to.  Fixed: The last level was not interesting enough to attract all my attention to it.

6.

Common Splice: Similar to run-on sentences because they also incorrectly connect independent clauses.  Mario and Luigi went to Toad town to see what trouble caused, they went to see princess peach as well, and defeat any monsters nearby.  Fixed: Mario and Luigi went to Toad town to see what trouble was caused.

They also went to see Princess Peach and defeat any enemies nearby.

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Section 5: Paragraphs A. Introductory Paragraphs i. Hook/Lead 1. Anecdotal: (Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic)  Tommy began to read his history textbook, then suddenly noticed not all of the n v n adv information about the subject was there and he wondered why. n v 2.

Query Based: ( Question that brings the reader to the topic)  Is the information about history over the years really true, or is it all full of lies and n adv n myths? n ii. Thesis Statement (6 types) Thesis Statements: the purpose of a piece of writing-usually one sentence in length- and something that is arguable.

1. Assertion (Claim):  History is the second most subject in which students take and have no trouble on. n n n v 2.

Fact (emperically verbal):  History is not a very likeable subject throughout high school. n adv adj n n 3.

Opinion: personal position on a topic  History is really boring and lacks any students attention. n adv adj n 4.

Belief: social, religious, or political in nature- an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily  History is the true culture of how all religion began to form. n adj n n v 5.

Generalization: uses absolute or statistical pronouns  Everything in History is not what you think it is, it is a complete lie on facts. n v adj n 6.

Theory: (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven)  Students would do well in a History class than in any other subject. n v adv n adj B. Body Paragraphs 26

i. Topic Sentence: (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support)  History facts have been told in a lie, leaving out information that tells the whole complete n v v n v adj adj story of whatever era. n n ii. Sentences with examples 1. Quotes: (5 ways to integrate quotes into sentences)  “History is furious debate informed by evidence and reason” (Loewen 235). n adj n adj n 2.

Paraphrase: (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing source)  Original Quote:“History is furious debate informed by evidence and reason” (Loewen 235).  History is clearly based on information by proof of evidence and reason (Loewen 235). n adv n v n n 3.

Summary: (condensing larger quotes or sections)  Original Quote:“History is furious debate informed by evidence and reason.”

(Loewen 235).  History is based upon facts (Loewen 235).

4.

Concrete examples: (actual reference- able examples)  Original Quote:“History is furious debate informed by evidence and reason.”

(Loewen 235).  The History on Christopher Columbus finding America is a lie according to the author in n n v n adv this book.

5.

Abstract examples:(hypothetical “what if” examples)  Original Quote:“History is furious debate informed by evidence and reason.”

(Loewen 235).  History is just a bunch of myths named as facts in an official textbook. n n v n n iii. Closing Sentences: (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminting word-possibly an adverb- and should echo the thesis of the essay)0 C. Closing Paragraphs

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i. Statement extending the thesis: (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis - could be one or more sentences)  If history is so boring and not interesting, yet it is possible that the grade in that class is n adj adj n n higher than any other grade. adj n ii. Final Sentence: (connects to the hook)  The missing information of Timothy’s book has a huge possibility that there is a reason adj n n n it was not there to begin with…... v

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Section 6: Essays A. Types I. Persuasive (Argumentative) : the goal of the persuasive essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation. The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as examples, expert opinion, and sound reasoning. The writer should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation why a certain position is correct.

II. Expository (Informative) : The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the “how to” or process essay. Because expository essays are based on facts and not personal feelings, writers don’t reveal their emotions or write in the first person.

1. Definition or Description : a descriptive essay paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. However, this type of essay is not description for description sake. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use of colorful words and sensory details. The best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with a result that is highly evocative.

2. Process/How-to: Process writing can be classified into two types according to its purpose.

There are two types of process writing. One type explains how to do something.

The other type explains how something works.

3. Compare and Contrast: Compare and contrast essays describe the similarities and differences between two things. The two primary ways are to block, in which the writer discusses either similarities or differences first and the other second, or to alternate similarities and differences between paragraphs 4. Cause and Effect : Cause and effect essays describe the cause and result of a situation or issue. An essay might discuss the d When writing this type of essay, research all possible outcomes and ensure that you can logically support your thesis with information on how a particular cause led to a specific effect. iii. Analytical/Critical : analyze, examine and interpret such things as an event, book, poem, play or other work of art.

1. Evaluative: basically a review of something. As the name suggests, the evaluative essay presents a value judgment based on a set of criteria.

2. Interpretative: gives a text or texts meaning. This essay explains not only what a text is about (summary) and how it works (critique), but asks why the analysis is compelling. The thesis of an interpretive essay answers a what and how question. iv. Narrative (Tells a story) : Narratives tell a story, so narrative essays have a beginning, a middle and an end. Whether the story is truth or fiction will depend upon the assignment.

1. Personal Anecdote: can be about childhood, marriage, schooldays, siblings, embarrassing moments, love affairs and friendship. Using personal anecdotes within an essay is a creative way to draw your audience's attention.

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v. Research: Research papers usually begin with a topic or problem that needs to be researched. Often research essays and term papers are usually described as being the same thing. A research essay should lead the reader to the works of others as it guides the reader to compare previous research to the current research essay. MLA format would be used to show your sources and to show that the work is actually your own. Use APA format in research papers to organize your content, achieve an active, first-person writing style and format intext citations, endnotes, footnotes and reference pages. vi. Timed Times essays as the name suggest are times. You have an x amount of time to write about whatever topic you are assigned. Document Based Question (DBQ) require that you read a couple of articles or documents and write about it. Prompt Based essays are much simpler.

The longer the prompt the easier the essay. Prompt based essays will give you a prompt or a quote and ask you to state your position. Then you must support that position by using your past readings, current events, etc...

B. Strategies/ Planning Tips/ Steps I. Pre- Writing/ Prompt Analysis/ Outlining: analyze the prompt which will allow you to discover the structure/format of the essay. Use a bubble map to come up with main points. If you don’t want to use it you can just set your thesis then the main topic of the body paragraphs. The conclusion should not be a summary of your essay. It should be a last chance to make your stang stronger, more firm.

II. Research/ Evaluation of sources: start by doing research for a topic of your choice. Then analyze and criticize the article on that topic.

C. Work Cited Page I. MLA Format: Whenever you incorporate outside sources into your own writing, you must provide both in-text citations (within the body of the paper) and full citations (in the works cited page). The in-text citations point your reader toward the full citations in the works cited page.

II. APA Format: Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address

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Section 7: Capitalization 1. Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title.

A. Always capitalize verbs.

Example: Enough Is never Enough B. Capitalize prepositions of five or more letters.

2.

Rule 2: Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name.

A. Capitalize the title if it appears with a name.

Example: Aunt Elizabeth 3.

Rule 3: Capitalize the name of organizations Examples: Boy Scouts of America American Red Cross 4.

Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days Examples: Christmas February Thursday 5.

Rule 5: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title.

Example: Columbus Day is a day where no one really pays attention to, the just like the day off.

A.Specific titles are capitalized following the rule: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in any title.

B.Do not capitalize a, an, the, and, but, or, nor, or prepositions of four or less letters unless those words are the first or last word.

Examples: California the Gold Rush 6.

Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s).

Example: Bimbo bread Farmer John ham 7.

Rule 7: Capitalize business names.

Example: American Airline Walmart 8.

Rule 8: Capitalize institution names.

Examples: Golden Hospital University Stanford University 9.

Rule 9: Capitalize names of particular geographic places.

Examples: Mississippi River America Gulf of Mexico 10. Rule 10: Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical document 31

Examples: Ice Age American Revolution Declaration of Independence 11. Rule 11: Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being.

Examples:Christianity San Francisco Church 12. Rule 12: Capitalize languages Examples: English German French 13. Rule 13: Capitalize specific names of structures.

Examples: Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge 14. Rule 14: Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.

Example: Abe Professor 15. Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.

Example. The United States celebrates its independence on the Fourth of July.

16. Rule 16: Capitalize the pronoun I. Example: I am one of those people who buys a ton of fireworks.

17. Rule 17: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry.

(First two lines of Cultivo una rosa blanca by Jose Marti) Example: Cultivo una rosa blanca En julio como en enero 18. Rule 18: Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline.

Examples: I. Energy A. Types 1. Physical 19. Rule 19: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation.

Examples: Kylie asked, “Where is my makeup bag?” “In the drawer,” answered her sister.

A.In a split quotation, do not capitalize the first letter of the word in the second part unless a new sentence is begun.

20. Rule 20: Capitalize government bodies and departments.

Examples: Senate Congress Cabinet 21. Rule 21: Capitalize races and ethnic groups.

Examples: Caucasian 32

Native Americans Hispanic 22. Rule 22: Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world.

Examples: Does your Tia Carmen live in the East of Los Angeles?

23. Rule 23: Capitalize political parties and their members.

Examples: Republican Party Democrats 24. Rule 24: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence.

Example: Twenty-two dollars is all I have left in my pocket after buying everyone Christmas presents.

A. Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated word in titles.

25. Rule 25: Capitalize a specific, well-known area or event.

Example: Do you think Donald Trump will win the election?

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Section 8: Punctuation 1. [ ] brackets are used to enclose words or figures so as to separate them from the context.

2. ( ) parentheses :a word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation or afterthought into a passage that is grammatically complete without it, in writing usually marked off by curved brackets, dashes, or commas.

3. . period : It ends a sentence.

4. , comma: The comma is the punctuation mark most likely to cause angst. This is largely the result of the many different ways the comma is used. Sometimes, the comma indicates a pause that would occur if the sentence were spoken aloud. Other times, the comma separates grammatical components of the sentence. Finally, there are mechanical and stylistic uses of the comma that are simply conventional.

5. - hyphen: the hyphen’s primary function is the formation of certain compound terms.

The hyphen is also used for word division.

6. — longer hyphen: Depending on the context, the em dash can take the place of commas, parentheses, or colons—in each case to slightly different effect.

7. : colon: The colon is used to introduce a list of items.

8. ; semicolon: semicolon is used between two independent clauses (i.e., clauses that could stand alone as separate sentences) when a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) is omitted.

9. ! exclam: usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence.

10. ‘ apostrophe: sometimes a diacritical mark. it serves three purposes:[1] The marking of the omission of one or more letters (as in the contraction of do not to don't).

[2] The marking of possessive case (as in the eagle's feathers, or in one month's time).

[3]The marking by some as plural of written items that are not words established in English orthography (as in P's and Q's). (The use of the apostrophe to form plurals of proper words, as in apple's, banana's, etc., is universally considered incorrect.)

11. “ quotation marks: used to indicate material that is being reproduced word for word, as well as some other important uses.

12. … ellipsis: usually indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning and sometimes hesitation.

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Section 9 : Commonly Confused Words 9. Commonly Confused/Misused Words Choices -- Show the differences between each of these common errors and give example sentences of the proper usage for each variant. One (1) advanced sentence that relates to your subject per word.

A. Who/Whom “who” (and the same for “whoever”) is always subject to a verb, and that “whom” (and the same for “whomever”) is always working as an object in a sentence.

B. Their/There/ They’re There is an adverb specifying place; it is also an expletive. Adverb: Sylvia is lying there unconscious.

Their is a possessive pronoun.

They're is a contraction of they are.

Hints: If you are using there to tell the reader where, both words have h-e-r-e. Here is also a place.

If you are using their as a possessive pronoun, you are telling the reader what "they own. Their has h-e-i-r, which also means heir, as in someone who inherits something.

Both words have to do with ownership.

They're is a contraction of they are. Sound out they are in the sentence and see if it works. If it does not, it must be one of the previous versions C. Lie/ Lay Lie is an intransitive verb meaning to recline or rest on a surface. Its principal parts are lie, lay, lain. Lay is a transitive verb meaning to put or place. Its principal parts are lay, laid.

D. Laid/Lain

laid: present tense of a verb whose basic meaning is ‘place something in a more or less horizontal position’, with the past tense and participle laid. lain: also the past tense of the verb lie while lain is the past participle.

E. Affect/ Effect Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence. Effect is usually a noun meaning result. The drug did not affect the disease, and it had several adverse side effects. Effect can also be a verb meaning to bring about. Only the president can effect such a dramatic change.

F. Accept/Except Accept is a verb meaning to receive. Except is usually a preposition meaning excluding.

Except is also a verb meaning to exclude.

G. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of

· could have:something that was possible but did not occur in the past · Would have:efers to a missed opportunity in the past · Should have:indicates a missed obligation or opportunity in the past · Could of:latter does exist: when could is followed by an expression that begins with of · Would of:latter does exist: when the present conditional would is followed by an expression that begins with of · Should of: latter does exist: when should is followed by an expression that begins with of.

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H. Loath/Loathe Loathe is a verb meaning to dislike greatly. For example, if you have a mean boss, you might say that you loathe him. Loath is an adjective meaning unwilling or reluctant.

I. Infer/Imply Imply is a verb that means to convey meaning subtly or indirectly.

Infer is a verb that means to reach a conclusion as the result of an experience or circumstance.

J. Weary/Wary To be wary is (1) to be on guard against something, or (2) to be watchful or cautious. Weary means physically or mentally fatigued. It’s a synonym of tired.

K. Proceed/Precede The verb to precede means to come before (usually in time). The verb to proceed means to go forwards, or to continue. The noun proceeds (always in the plural) means the profit arising from an event or sale.

L. Discrete/ Discreet The adjective discreet means prudently self-restrained or tactful. (The adjective discreet is related to the nouns discretion and discreetness.)

The adjective discrete means distinct or separate. (The adjective discrete is related to the noun discreteness.)

Invisible hearing aids are becoming an increasingly popular choice for those who want to be discreet about their hearing loss.

The average person can hold seven discrete bits of information in his or her head at a time.

M. Conscience/Conscious The noun conscience means "the sense of what is right and wrong."

The adjective conscious means "being aware" or "deliberate."

N. Can/ May Can means to be physically or mentally able to do something.

May means to have permission to do something.

O. At least five (5) others 1. Allusion, Illusion: An Allusion is an indirect reference.

An illusion is a misconception or false impression.

2. Than, Then: Than is a conjunction used in comparisons then is an adverb denoting time.

Hints: Than is used to compare; both words have the letter a in them.

Then tells when; both are spelled the same, except for the first letter.

3. To, Too, Two: To is a preposition too is an adverb; two is a number.

Hints: If you are trying to spell out the number, it is always t-w-o. Two has a w which is the first letter in word. The opposite of word is number.

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Too is usually used as also when adding or including some additional information.

Whenever you want to include something else, think of it as adding; therefore you also need to add an extra o.

4. Your, You're: Your is a possessive pronoun you're is a contraction of you are.

Hints: Sound out you are in the sentence. If it works in the sentence it can be written as you're. If it sounds awkward, it is probably supposed to be Your.

5. Adapt/Adopt: The verb adapt means to take something and make it suitable for a specific use or situation.

The verb adopt means to take something and make it one's own.

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Quiz on Section 1

True or False 1. A Common Noun names a person, place, or thing 2. Proper Nouns name a person, place or thing 3. Sisters is an example of a plural form 4. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs 5. Shiny/Dull is an example of a comparative 6. Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence 7. Prepositions never follow verbs 8. Adjectives modify ,describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns 9. Concrete Nouns refer to material things 10.

Abstract nouns name emotions

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Answer Key (1) 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.T 9.T 10.T

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Quiz on Section 2 1. Which of the following are prepositions A) across B) near C) above D) all of the above 2.

What is a prepositional phrase A) a phrase that includes a noun B) a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun C) a phrase with many prepositions D) none of the above 3.

What is an Appositive Phrase?

A) a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive B) a sentence that has no prepositions C) a type of graph for math D) all of the above 4.

Which of the following is a Gerund?

A) jumping B) I don’t know C) running D) A and B only 5.

Definition of a verbal phrase is…

A) anything with words involved B) a speech C) a written speech given D) a group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun 6.

Is the following sentence a Participle?  Princess Peach gets annoying whenever she cuts you off on the road in Mario Kart.

A) Yes B) No 7.

Definition of infinitive is ...

A) a noun B) verb preceded by the word “to” used as noun. adjectives,or adverbs C) a type of lyric D) a phrase that includes both a noun and a verb 8.

Is the sentence below a Prepositional phrase?  Mario ran to the cloud to get all the blue coins possible.

A) Yes B) No 9.

Which of the following are infinitives?

A) to run B) cry C) smile Short Answer: What is the difference between a Verbal phrase to an Appositive Phrase?

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Answer Key (2) 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A verbal phrase ends with a noun while an appositive is a group of words that modify the appositive

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Quiz on Section 3 1. What is a clause?

A) group of words with an adjective B) group of words with a pronoun C) group of words with a subject and a verb.

D) all of the above What is a noun clause?

A) used as the pronoun in the sentence B) used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject C) includes a noun D) none of the above What is an adjective clause?

A) includes an adjective B) A and D C) none are shown D) used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

What is an adverb clause?

A) used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause B) used to change a noun to a verb C) used to change a verb to an adverb D) B and C What must a clause include?

A) a period and a comma B) a subject and a verb C) a verb and a adjective D) a pronoun and a preposition Is the following sentence a Nonessential clause?  Yoshi is the green dinosaur which is Mario’s companion in eating future enemies ahead.

A) Yes B) No Is the following sentence an Elliptical Clause?  When playing, every video game is addicting so be warned.

A) Yes B) No What is a Relative Clause?

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9. 

10.

A) Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence B) Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentences C) Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun D) Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted Is the following sentence an adjective clause?

That moment when video game creating is a real job A) Yes B) No Short Answer: What is the difference between an independent and dependent clause?

Answer Key (3) 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, while an independent clause can not

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Quiz on Section 4 True or False 1. A simple sentence has just one independent clause 2. A compound sentence has multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause 3. A complex sentence has two independent clauses 4. A complex compound sentence has multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause 5. A loose sentence has just one independent clause 6. A periodic sentence has multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause 7. A balanced sentence has multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause 8. A parallel Structure has just one independent clause 9. All sentences have one independent clause 10. Not all sentences need to have an independent clause

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Answer Key (4) 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T

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Quiz on Section 5 1. Assertion

A. actual, reference-able examples

2. fact

B. statement that can be tested and potentially proven

3. opinion

C. (condensing larger quotes or sections

4. belief

D. claim

5. generalization E. (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source).

6. Theory

F. personal position on a topic

7. Paraphrase

G. empirically verifiable

8. Summary

H. hypothetical, “what if� examples-avoid

9. Concrete

I. uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half-avoid using these types of thesis statement

10. Abstract

J. social, religious or political in nature-an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily

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Answer Key (5) 1. D 2.G 3.F 4.J 5.I 6.B 7.E 8.C 9.A 10.H

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Quiz on Section 6 True or False 1. A persuasive essay is also known as an argument essay 2. A Narrative essay tells a story 3. A Research essay is the most simplest one 4. An Expository essay is also known as an argument essay 5. An Expository essay informs 6. Timed essays are the most difficult to compose 7. Timed essays can literally be any type of essay 8. A critical essay you need to break it down and study its parts 9. A critical essay is the most simplest one 10. A persuasive essay is meant to persuade your reader

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Answer Key (6) 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. T

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Quiz on Section 7 8 9 True or False 1. You have to capitalize names, special occasions, and organizations 2. Capitalize Pronouns 3. Do not capitalize the first word of a sentence 4. Always capitalize a proper adjective 5. Parenthesis and Brackets are the same 6. Colons and semicolon are used for the same purpose 7. A question mark is used to express doubt 8. An ellipsis is used to make up a missing piece of text 9. Who is always subject to the verb 10. Whom is always the subject if the sentence

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Answer Key 7 8 9 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T

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About the Author Emily Sandoval was born on February 25, 1999. That was also the day she was supposed to die. Her childhood in California was full of doctors and hospitals; you could say it was her second home. At a certain age she was well enough to go home and since then have not had any troubles. School began, and she was not a bright student at first. The school determined that she was a slow kid and needed extra help with learning strategies. So they put her in this program, where she would sit in front of a computer playing educational games.

However one specific teacher, Ms. Torres, that Emily was answering the questions without any difficulty. Thanks to her Emily was no longer in that program, and Ms. Torres recommended her for gifted classes. All the way to 2nd grade Emily was considered below average, but it all changed thanks to Ms. Torres. Once she reached 3rd grade she was no longer average but extraordinary. Emily became quite fond of learning and was reaching her way to the top of the class. Since then it has been nothing but gifted and magnet classes for her. At first her writing was not good as it should have been, but that did not diminish her.6th grade at Gage Middle School, in the Magnet program, is 56where she was taught to write. Every essay, every paper, every article was better than the last.

With the help of her extraordinary teachers, she became a better writer. Many teachers noticed that her writing has improved greatly. They were fascinated by how she embedded her style into it, yet explained the purpose of the writing as well. Now attending Bravo Medical Magnet High School she continues to develop her writing to soon reach to that college level.

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Glossary Achievement: A system installed by Microsoft which awards the Xbox 360 player with virtual trophies when performing certain feats in games.

AI (Artificial Intelligence): This term is descriptive of how smart CPU-controlled characters behave in a game. For example, if an enemy soldier runs for cover when he sees a grenade, it's an indication of AI. It's generally harder to defeat foes that display good AI. Analog control: Unlike digital control, which simply registers as "on" or "off", analog control is highly sensitive and takes into account to what degree the button or joystick is pushed. It provides much greater precision, and in many 3D games it lets use the same joystick to walk or run.

Anime: Japanese cartoon drawing style typified by short characters with large eyes. In video games, this style in most common in RPGs, especially those released in the 90s.

Anti-Aliasing: A programming technique (or hardware capability) that automatically smoothes jaggy edges, and is often used for making low-resolution images look more attractive.

Attract Mode: Most present in early consoles like the Atari 2600, this mode causes a game not being played to cycle through colors on the screen to minimize the possibility of having images burn into the screen. It modern televisions and consoles this is done by dimming the screen after a period of inactivity.

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Beat 'em up: Term used to describe side-scrolling 2D fighters such as Final Fight and Streets of Rage.

Bit: In the early 90's, this term was often used (and misused) to measure the technical capabilities of a console. For example, the NES was 8-bit because its CPU could process 8 bits of information at a time. The Genesis is 16-bits. As technology has progressed there are better ways to measure CPU power.

Boss: In many video games (especially fighters), each stage ends with an encounter with a creature or robot that is typically much larger and tougher than the normal enemies. Which begs the question: Why do they hire henchmen that are weaker than they are?

Bullet Hell: Term used to describe difficult 2D shooters with waves of raining missiles.

CPU: Technically it stands for Central Processing Unit, but in the context of video games it's a general term used to describe the elements of the game controlled by the computer program and not by the player. For example, when playing a basketball game you might control one player and the CPU will control all of the others.

Camera: In most 3D games, the player's vantage point tends to change, often on-the-fly. For example, in Tomb Raider you view the action from the back of your character, but during certain situations (like death-defying leaps) the angle may change to a

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side view to maximize the drama. Your ability to manipulate the view (swing, zoom) is "camera control".

Camp:: Technique often used in first-person shooters, the player will hide in a corner or hard-to-see spot, taking out opponents from there.

Cel-shaded:: Used to describe a style of graphics similar to classic cartoons, in which objects are outlined in black and filled in with solid colors.

"Charge" Attack: Typically found in fighting and shooting games, this is a move that requires the player to hold the joystick (or button) for a few seconds before unleashing the attack.

Cheats: Special codes that allow you bypass the normal limitations of a game. Typical cheats allow you to gain extra lives, become invincible, access different stages, give players big heads, etc. Some cheats are built into games, while others can only be accessed using devices like the Game Shark.

"Cheap hit": A danger that is difficult or impossible to avoid.

Often used to describe traps or bosses.

"Cheated Death": A term used to describe how you miraculously survived a hopeless situation. Often seen in games like Galaxian.

Clipping: A 3D graphics technique used for hiding parts of objects that should be obstructed by another object. Clipping

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problems result in hidden areas being visible, and objects that don't overlap correctly.

Combo: In many fighting games this is a string of moves that can be executed in rapid succession.

Component Video Cable: This cable separates the video signal into three wires that carry the red, green, and blue signals. A red and white plug are used to transmit the audio. Component is the next step up from S-Video.

Composite Video Cable: A video cable with a single yellow plug (usually along with the red/white audio cables). Produces better quality than RF but not as sharp as S-Video.

Console: A system dedicated to playing video games. This does not include PCs or hand-helds.

Cut-Scenes: Short intermissions typically presented between stages to convey elements of a storyline. These can be live or computer-generated videos clips, and are usually non-interactive.

Difficulty Switches: Available on certain Atari consoles (like the 2600), these switches let you to set separate skill level for each player. In general A is hard and B is easy. In some games, these switches serve other functions as well.

Digital control: Until the mid-90s, most video game controllers were digital, only registering each direction or button push as "off" or "on". Analog controls, which became popular on the

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Nintendo 64 and Playstation, provide a much finer degree of control.

Double-Jump: In certain platform games, you can perform a second jump after the first while in mid-air, allowing you to reach high platforms.

Easter Eggs: Undocumented objects or features hidden inside of video games. The first Easter Egg was a secret room in the Atari 2600 game Adventure (1980). These sometimes take the form of built-in cheat codes.

FPS: First Person Shooter. Examples are Doom, Bioshock, and Call of Duty.

Fatality: In certain fighting games this is a gruesome act inflicted on your opponent after defeating him. It was popularized by the Mortal Kombat franchise.

First-Person: A point of view which lets you view the action through your character's eyes. You never see you own body, except maybe your arms. It was made popular by flight simulators and shooters like Doom.

Flicker: Common in early video game consoles, this visual glitch made certain objects look transparent and hard to see. It was often the result of hardware limitations or poor programming.

Frag: A term associated with shooting something in a firstperson shooters, usually a human-controlled opponent.

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Frame-Rate: A term that describes the smoothness of motion in a game. The image on a television screen is really a series of still images shown in rapid succession. A normal television show is broadcast at 33 fps (frames per second). Certain games cannot display the action at this rate due to various reasons, and as a result the animation can appear choppy. Higher frame-rates (like 66 fps) result in more attractive, fluid animation.

Full Motion Video (FMV): Popularized by the Sega CD in the early 90s, FMV games allowed the player to interact (to a limited degree) with live or computer-generated video.

Game Genie: A popular device in the early 90's that allowed you to enter "cheat" codes into games on consoles such as the Genesis or Super Nintendo.

Game Shark: A product from the late 90's that let you use cheat codes in your games.

"Glory Seeking": Taking a particularly dangerous course of action for the opportunity to score bonus points. For example, pursuing the vegetables in Dig Dug. Hack: A game that "reuses" code from an older game. Usually the hack plays much the like old one (except for some graphical tweaks), although some hacks incorporate extensive modifications to the original game. The Atari 2600 system is the system best known for hacks.

Homebrew: A game designed and programmed from the ground up for a classic system.

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Hyperspace: Popularized in Asteroids (1980), this causes you ship to disappear and reappear in a random location. It's useful to escape dangerous situations, but can sometimes put you in a far worse predicament. Death on re-entry is also possible.

Invisible Wall: Often seen in 3D adventures, the player is confined to an area and pushing against a boundary results in walking in place.

Isometric View: Instead of viewing the action directly from above or directly from the side, an isometric view allows you to look at the action from a diagonal, tilted overhead angle.

Kart Racing: A genre popularized by Super Mario Kart (SNES, 1992), involves a group of cartoon characters racing around in tiny go-carts.

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Dedication I like to dedicate friends of mine that have given me ideas on the project and pushing me to work as best as I could. My boyfriend for giving me videogame ideas, since he is a video game expert and has played all kinds through his life time. My best friend, Giselle, who looked over my book and suggested on improvements . And also was my person that woke me up if I fell asleep on working on this. My parents for excusing me form chores to work on this project. And of course last of all Mr. Rodriguez for assigning this project and allowing me to experience learning something in a different way.

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