Grammar Book by Bravo Grammar Con Online

Grammar Book

Arlyne Nunez Period 4

Table of Contents 1.Dedication………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………..1 2.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… …..…………………..2 3.Nouns……………………………………………………………………………..…………… …………………….. 3-7 4.Pronouns………………………………………………………………………………..……… …………………...7-8 5.Verbs……………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………………..8-10 6. Adjectives………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………….....11-12 7.Adverbs………………………………………………………………………………………… ….………………….12-13 8.Conjunctions………………………………………………………………………………… …..…………………..13 9.Prepositions…………………………………………………………………………………… ………….………….14 10.Interjections………………………………………………………………………………… ………………….14-15

11Transitions……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………….16 12.Agreements………………………………………………………………………………… …………..……...16 13.Adjective Quiz……………………………………………………………………….……………………..1 6-17 14.Phrases………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………….17-18 15. Clauses…………………………………………………………………………………………. …………….18-21 16.Sentence…………………………………………………………………………………… ……….………….22 17. Sentence Types……………………………………………………………..……………………………2223 18.Sentence Parts……………………………………………………………………….…………………….24 -27 19.Sentence Pattern Quiz………………………... …………………………………………………....27-28 20.Sentence Errors………………………………………………………………………………………..….2930 21.Paragraphs. …………………………………………………………………………………………….....31-33 22. Paragraph Quiz………………………………………………………………………………………..….3334

23. Essay……………………………………………………………………………………………… ….……...35--37 20.Essay Quiz……………………………………………………………………………………………… …...37-38 21. Capitalization…………………………………………………………………………………… ……….39-45 22.Commonly Confused Words……………………………………………………………………………….45-47 23. Commonly Confused Words Quiz…………………………………………………..…………………….47 24. About the Author………………………………………………………………..…………………………… ..48 25. Glossary………………………………………………………………………..………………… ………………....49 26.Work cited……………………………………………………………..……………………………… …………..50

Introduction This book was created to help explain and make it easier for us to understand the correct usage of grammar in English. The topic of my book was college/universities . I chose this topic because going to college or a university is very important goal that many of us want to reach and good grammar should be too. Also because in college good grammar is a skill that needs to be mastered when it comes to writing paper and many other things. So I combined both of this things and created my grammar book. I hope after going though this book you are inspired to improve your grammar skills.

Grammar Book

I. Nouns

A. Types of nouns:

1. Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea Ex.) Professor, Classroom, Books, Students, Campus, Desk.

2. Proper Nouns: name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea Ex.) UCLA, Berkeley, Stanford, CSULA, UC San Diego.

3. Compound Nouns: words used together to for a single noun Ex.) Classroom, Homework, Hallway

4. Concrete Nouns: refers to material things, to people, or to places Ex.) Books, Computer, Desk

5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotion, or attitudes Ex.) Ambition, Academic, Capable, Balanced, Adventurous

B. Noun Identifiers:

1. Noun endings

-ness : Happiness -tion

: Ambition

-ism :Academicism -ist : Careerist -ture : Mature -ment :Accomplishment

-ance : Advance -ence : Experience -ity : Ability -ster

: Administer

-ory : Dormitory -eer :

Career

-hood : Adulthood

2. Following a noun marker (NM) a, all, an , every, my, our, their, two, three, etc.

(Pronouns that function as nouns markers only when they act as adjectives): both, each, her, his, several, some, that, theses, this, those, one

Ex.) The students studied. The students studied hard for their math test.

3. Plural Form: Ex.) “ Libraries” or “Hallways”

4. Possessive Form:

Ex.) “Professor’s classroom” or “ Professors’ classroom”

5. Following a preposition:

The professor advised the students to stay above all their studies.

These are some come prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside

C. Functions (How nouns are used):

1. Subject (comes before the verb)

ADJ

The students worked hard daily to get into the college of their choice.

The students yearly accomplished their career goals.

2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom)

The professor gave books to his students.

The college students were given a semester long project that needed to be V completed.

3. Indirect Object ( answers to who or to whom)

The students were handed a diploma at their college graduation.

The students grades improved weekly.

4. Adverbial Object ( comes after the verb and answers when)

The student decided to work at night in order to pay for college.

The professor tutored the students weekly after school.

5. Object of the Preposition (follow a preposition)

The student quickly went online to buy a book she needed for her class.

High School prepared students for college.

6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb)

ADJ

The senior was very excited when she received the acceptance letter from a N College.

Vivian the class president received a scholarship.

7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it)

The student became a bruin when she was accepted into UCLA.

Colleges look for someone who can be a leader.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by common)

ADJ

Mr. Rodriguez, my english teacher, is preparing us for college.

Mr. Malletz, the college advisor, helps us with any related to college.

9. Adjectival (describes nouns following it)

Students took college prep classes.

The students signed up for AP classes to impress colleges.

10. Noun in Direct Address

Mr. Malletz, what are something that can impress colleges?

Mr. Rodriguez, what did you learn about your college experience?

11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund)

Getting accepted to Stanford made the student and his family very proud.

Winning a scholarship made the student feel accomplished.

12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle)

The colleges were amazed with the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grades.

Colleges like when students challenge themselves to do better.

13. Objective of the infinite (noun that follows an infinitive)

Vivianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal was to get into Berkeley.

The student won a scholarship so he can play basketball at UCLA.

II. Pronouns

1.Personal: N

My goal is to go to a college that will make my parents proud. AD

I would really like to attend UCLA.

2.Relative: N

I know kids whose goal is also to go to UCLA. N

College is a goal that many can accomplish.

3.Interrogative:

College gives you the opportunity to become whoever you want in life. N

In college many people decide what career they want.

4.Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix -self or -selves)

Used only: A. when the action verb is directed towards the subject of the construction:

i. He grades himself more harshly than his students. She bought herself two books

B. to intensify a point: i. The coordinator himself delivered the speech. Even though it was hard work â&#x20AC;&#x153;I can finish the job myselfâ&#x20AC;? the student though. V

ADJ

She pushed herself to try new things in college. ADJ

He got himself accepted into Stanford.

5. Demonstrative: N

ADJ

Those who set their minds to reach certain goals can and will accomplish it. N

Leadership is a quality that colleges look for in a student.

6. Indefinite:

all, another, anybody,anyone, anything, both,each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such. PN

Anybody who set their minds can go to college. N

There are many opportunities everywhere that will help you get into college.

III. Verbs

A. How verbs are identified 1. Verb ending: -s, -ed, -ing, are the basic ones. Ex.) achieves, committed, accomplishing

2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tense:

1. Simple past: I applied to college. 2. Past: I studied for my test. 3.Past perfect: I read the chapter. 4.Past progressive: I was hoping to get into UCLA. 5.Simple present: Class starts at eight.

6. Present: I am preparing for college now. 7.Present perfect: Have you ever wanted to go to college? 8. Present progressive: I am moving into the college dorms. 9.Present perfect progressive: I’ve been working to pay for college. 10.Future: I will go to UCLA. 11. Future perfect: I will make it to a top college.

3. Forms: A. Forms of “to be”: do, does, did, done, doing (these verbs can be used as a

Helping verbs or main verbs . When used as main verb, they are always linking Verbs - true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem). V

ADJ

Ex.) I am doing what I can to get into a good college.

B. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). V

Ex.) I will do what I can to impress the colleges.

C. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). V

ADJ

Ex.) I will try to have the best grade to get UCLA’S attention.

4. Types: There are at least eleven types of verbs: A.) Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs): has, could, will B.) Linking verbs(verbs that describe action, but connect the subject of a

sentence to other parts of the sentence - usually the predicate): does, get, shall C.) Lexical verbs(main verbs) : say, go, know D.) Dynamic verbs (indicate action): run, swim, ride E.) Stative verbs(describe a condition): like, love, believe

F.) Finitive verbs(indicate tense): walks, walked G.)Nonfinitive verbs(infinitives or participles): she swims, he sings

H.)Regular verbs(weak verbs): achieve, accept

I.) Irregular verbs(strong verbs): read, put

J.) Transitive verbs( verbs followed by a direct object): moved,studied K.) Intransitive verbs( verbs that do not take direct object): laughed, galloped

5. Voice: voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts With the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE

6. Verbals(Verb forms not used as verbs)

A. Gerund: word ending in “-ing” used as a noun V

Ex.) I started researching colleges last year.

B.Participle: words ending in “ing” and “ed” used as an adjective N

Ex.) I’ve seen students studying for college test.

C. Infinitive: verbs preceded by the word â&#x20AC;&#x153;toâ&#x20AC;? (to go to jump) Used as a noun, adjective, or adverbs N

Ex.) Many students have to drive hours to get to college from home.

IV. Adjectives

Adjectives modify, describe, limit and identify nouns and pronouns. Explain what each kind of adjectives is and answer the question below.

1. Kinds : Demonstrative, Common, Proper Demonstrative Ex.) Point out nouns this, that, these

Common Ex.) Regular adjective academic, beneficial, studious

Proper Ex.) Similar to a proper noun and capitalized UCLA, Stanford, Berkeley

2. Endings : What suffixes are adjective endings? Ex.) -able/ible, -al, -ful, -ic, -ive, -less, -ous, Capable, mathematical, helpful, academic, submissive, sleepless, adventurous

3. Conversions: How are other parts of speech converted into adjectives? Ex.) read -> reading, academy -> academic, study-> studious

4. Articles : What are these? How/when are they used? Ex.) a, an, the

5. Comparatives/superlatives :

Comparative is compare two things or persons: Ex.) PN

ADJ

Berkley is as prestigious as Stanford. N

Many student would like to get into to UCLA as to USC.

You have to be organized in college just like you do in high school.

Superlatives is comparing three or more things or persons

Ex.) PN

Harvard and Princeton are as expensive as Yale.

Keeping up with your work is as important as organization and time management in college. N

Books, patience and sleep are three things you will need in college.

V. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

A. Endings -ly, -wards, -wise Ex.)Daily, Financially, Academically

B. Conversions Verbs can be converted to adverbs by adding -ly

Ex.) academic -> academically, accurate -> accurately, patient -> patiently

C. Types Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

D. Intensifiers A word the emphasizes Ex.) AD

I was really excited to hear back from the college. AD

I waited patiently for the college acceptance letter.

E. Comparatives/Superlatives

i. Comparatives are used to compare two things or persons. Superlatives are used when comparing three things.

ii. They can be used by using “as” or “than” N

Manner - The students obediently followed the professor's instruction. N

Time - Colleges constantly get personal statements from students.

Place - The student wanted to attend a college near her home.

AD ADJ

Degree - The student worked really hard to get into Harvard. N

N13

Frequency - The students frequently ask the professor questions.

VI. Conjunctions

A. Coordinating : (FANBOYS) modify, describe, limit and identify nouns and pronouns N

The student didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get into Yale but she did not give up. PN

UCLA and Berkeley are some colleges i'd like to get into.

B. Correlative : Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so N

The student wanted to get into either UC San Diego or Columbia University. N

The student got accepted into both Cal State Long Beach and NYU.

C. Subordinate : after, though, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in, order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while. ADJ

After all her hard work she was able to graduate for Harvard. V

When she moved in to UCLA she became a bruin.

D. Relative pronouns : who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animal or nonliving objects) N

Many people say that many students who graduate from Bravo go to CSUN. N

The student got into NYU which was very far from her home.

VII. Prepositions

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after,

against, along alongside of, along with, amid, , among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at aay from, back of, because of, before, behind, below,

beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on ,on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without, etc.

VIII. Interjections A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw

B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brr

C: cheers, congratulations

D: dang, drat, darn, duh

E: eek, eh, encore, eureka

F: fiddlesticks

G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh

H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray

O; oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow

P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow

R: rats

S: shh, shoo

T: thanks, there, tut-tut

U: uh-hh, uh-oh, ugh

W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow

Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

Key associated terms to know for the Parts of Speech:

Viii. Antecedents A word, phrase, or clause, usually a substantive, that is replaced by a pronoun or other substitute. N

The students took notes and they studied them.

Ix. Complements A word or group of words that completes a grammatical construction n the predicate and that describe or identified with subject. N

ADJ

The students did a magnificent job on their tests

x. Objects 1. Indirect A prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. ADJ

She scored the best in the professor's class.

2.Direct A noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb in a sentence. N

The students kicked started the semester with a test.

Xi. Modifiers A word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun. N

The student was incredibly smart.

Xii. Transitions The process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another N

The student had to fly across the country to attend college.

Xii. Expletives A word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to

the sense

The student scram â&#x20AC;&#x153;OH MY GOSH!â&#x20AC;? when she got her acceptance letter.

Xiv. Agreements Harmony and accordance in opinion or feeling; a position or result of agreeing 1. A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of. N

Of all the students in the school she was chosen to get the scholarship.

2. Used to take place for a noun N

The student chose Stanford and she was very happy.

Quiz

1.What is the purpose of adjectives? 2.What does F.A.N.B.O.Y.S stand for? 3.What is a Transition? 4.What are Antecedents replaced by? 5.What do prepositions link? 6.Give three examples of some common prepositions 7.What should a preposition never be followed by? 8. Give an example of an Interjection 9.Adverbs modify….? 10. How can comparatives and superlatives be used with?

Answer 1.To modify, describe, limit and identify nouns and pronouns 2.modify, describe, limit and identify nouns and pronouns 3.process of changing from one state or condition to another 4.Pronoun 5.nouns, pronouns, and phrases 6.behalf, about, in addition to 7. A verb 8.hallelujah 9.verbs, adjectives and other adverbs 10.”as” or than”

I. Phrases Phrases are group of words that function as a part of speech

A.Preposition: A group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. Ex: V

She worried about everything concerning college. N

ADJ

The girl was very excited to receive emails in regard to UC San Diego.

B.Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive Ex: V

The girl was looking to get into Harvard, a top university, to continue her studies. N

The students were able to attend a seminar by uchicago, a university in PN Chicago, if they were interested.

C.Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal end with a noun.

1.Gerund Word ending with â&#x20AC;?ingâ&#x20AC;? used as a noun Ex. N

The students were researching universities they would like to attend.

The girls was going to be attending Berkeley when the fall semester started.

2.Participle word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Ex. N

The girl used all the money she saved up to pay for college tuition. N

The students were always seen around the college campus with their books V

studying.

3.Infinitive verb preceded by the word ”to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjective, or adverbs Ex.

The girl was determined to go to Yale. N

As an assignment the college students had to go and write a ten page essay.

II.Clauses Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a verb.

A.Independent - CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Ex.

College students are required to do their best and not slack off. N The straight Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s student got into Stanford university.

B. Subordinate - (Dependent) CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION . 1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition. Ex. N

Her parents raised her with the goal of going to college. [subject] N

After high school she wanted to attend college. [Indirect obj.] N

The girl got into UC Riverside. [Direct obj.] N

Determination what colleges look for in their students. [Predicate noun] ADJ

She was very excited to receive the news that she was going to be attending the PN University of Oxford. [Appositive]

2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

A. Some adjective clause begin with an introductory word

Ex.

ADJ

The university expected their students to triumph through in their courses. N

ADJ

Art was the college studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s favorite course.

B Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: Ex. N

What was the name of the senior who got accepted to Harvard? N

The student that was planning on attending CSULB had very good grades.

NOTE: The relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces the clause and it is used as a sentence-part within the clause. N i. The student was very confidence that she was going to get accept to the PN University of Colombia. N

ii. The student was not sure which university she wanted to attend.

3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. A. Modifying verbs: Ex. N

The girl realized that the college where she wanted to attend was out of state. [place] N

When the fall semester started she was able to start school at Northridge. [time]

N The students drank a lot of coffee to help them stay awake and be able to study. [purpose]

B. Modifying Adjectives

Ex. N The college tuition seem twice as much as it use to be. [how much] N

The girls sister wanted to attend a top college as she did. [to what extent]

C. Modifying adverbs: Ex. N

The girl studied harder than other students and it showed on her test scores. 4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clauses that begins with a relative pronoun. Ex. N

The girl was the first in her family who graduated college.

The student who graduated last year is now attending NYU.

5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted Ex. V

When applying to college, you have to write an essay about yourself. V

When going to college, you have to be very prepared.

6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. N

The college that the girl was most interested in was UCLA. N

The college that the student applied to responded to her a week ago.

7. Nonessential Clause: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning. Ex. n

The semester, which started this fall, was coming to an end and so was the N students chance to bring their grades up. N

The tuition, the money paid to enter college was getting higher every year.

4. Sentence A. Sentence Part

1. Subject a. Complete Subject Sentence: tells who or what is doing the verb and it modifiers. N

Ex: The students were able to go to UCLA and see their campus.

b. Simple Subject Sentence: The most basic unit in a sentence with a subject that tells who or what the sentence will be about. N

Ex: The girl always dreamed about go to college.

c. Compound Subject Sentence: has two or more subjects N

ADJ N

Ex: The girl and her older sister both attended the same college.

2. Predicate

a. Complete Predicate Sentence: tells what the subject does N

Ex: The girl is a USC alumni.

b. Simple Predicate Sentence: main verb that explains a specific action what the subject does. N

Ex: the student walks to the university.

c. Compound Predicate Sentence: when one subject is shared by two or more verbs N

Ex: The students needed to be able to stay organize and manage their N

time.

2. Sentence Types 1. Declarative Sentence: describe other things that make a definite

statement

ADJ

Ex: If I had to chose my favorite college would be UCLA.

2. Interrogative Sentence: asks a question ADJ

Ex: Have you applied to any colleges?

3. Imperative Sentence: expresses a request or demand V

Ex: Have you got your acceptance letter yet?

4. Exclamatory Sentence: show emotions V

ADJ

Ex: I got accepted to Harvard!

II. Sentence Parts

Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause.

ADJ

a.The girl’s biggest dream was to attend college.

ADJ

b.The girl’s biggest dream was to attend college at Berkeley.

2. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

The class’s valedictorian got accepted into Yale, to continue her studies.

b. Her goal was to make her parents proud, by attending college.

3. Compound Sentences: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no independent clauses.

ADJ

a. A goal for many students is to get straight A’s, and attend a good college.

ADJ

b. The professor was very picky with his students, but they learned a lot.

3. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause given plus a subordinate clause (either a clause or phrase

ADJ

A good university would be one that pays for you college tuition, dorm, N

and books.

ADJ

b. He decided to major in science, even though he really wanted to study N

art, philosophy, and religion at USC.

6.Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at 24 the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense N

ADJ

Positive thinking, by helping us stay focused and maintaining a good N

attitude, is important when trying to pass a college level class in high N school.

ADJ b. If the price was good and the quality excellent, I might consider going to N that university.

7.Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each

other by virtue of their likeness of structure meaning or length.

a.She researched all the colleges she could possibly apply to.

b. With all the homework the professor left her she didn't have time to do N

the homework for other classes.

8. Parallel Sentence: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written.

In the spring, she will begin college as a freshman.

b.When the college student are on vacation they like to go hiking.

9. Chiasmus Sentence: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses)

V â&#x20AC;&#x153;When the going gets tough, the tough gets going!â&#x20AC;? said the N

professor to his students.

b. She didn't pick the college life, but the college life chose her,

10. Asyndeton Sentence: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases or clause for a rhetorical purpose.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I have found the warm caves in the woods, filled them with skillets, carvings, shelves, closets, silks, innumerable goodsâ&#x20AC;? the professor told his students when he wanted them to read books that were more than 300 pages.

N N N N b.It is a northern country; they have cold weather, they have great college

opportunities.

11. Polysyndeton Sentence: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clause for a rhetorical purpose.

Harvard, UC San Diego, and CSUN all called her back but she didn't know AD where to apply.

b. Books, dorm, and classes were all payed for in the scholarship.

12. Anaphora Sentence: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

Who passed the universities enter exam was guaranteed a place in the ADJ

honors classes.

ADJ N

b. And because of her hard work she was able to go the the university of PN SOKA.

12 Epistrophe Sentence: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.

ADJ

Four years, four summers, four long winters and now we are graduating N

high school and going onto college.

V b. It was her choice to continue studying, her choice to get a job and her choice ADJ

to have a spectacular life in college.

Sentence Pattern Quiz

1.What is a Compound sentence?

2.A chiasmus sentence_________ of ideas

3. Complex- Compound contains multiple_________

4. What does a periodic sentence generate?

5. A parallel sentence uses?

6. What types of sentence leaves out conjunctions?

7. Which sentence uses multiples conjunctions?

8. What sentence type has many phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words?

9. What type of sentence that has parallel clauses and phrases?

10. What type of sentence features purposeful repetition of words?

Answers:

Sentence that is just one independent clause Repetition Independent Clause Suspense

Same pattern of words Asyndeton Polysyndeton Epistrophe Balanced Anaphora

II. Sentence Errors

1.Run-On/Rambling: A run-on/rambling sentence happens when two independent clauses that have been run together without an appropriate conjunction and/or mark of punctuation between them.

Ex: N

ADJ

The college read my paper they thought it was great. N

ADJ

Fixed: The college read my paper, they thought it was great.

2.Fused: A fused sentence happens when two independent clauses are joined without any punctuation or connecting word between them.

Ex: N

It was close to fall the semester was about to start. N

Fixed: It was close to fall, the semester was about to start

3. Fragment: A fragment is an incomplete sentence

Ex: V

ADJ

We went to UCLA. The campus was beautiful. V

ADJ

Fixed: We went to UCLA to see their beautiful campus.

4. Misplaced Modifier Misplaced modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that are in the wrong place in sentences they describe the wrong word in the sentence

Ex: AD

He nearly drove the car for six hours a day to get to college.

Fixed: He drove the car for nearly six hours a day to get to college.

5. Double Negative A double negative is usually created by combining the negative form of verb (e.g., cannot, did not, have not) with a negative pronoun (e.g., nothing, nobody), a negative adverb (e.g., never, hardly) or a negative conjunction (e.g.,neither/nor).

Ex: N

“I ain’t got no time for supper” said the student while doing her college apps.

6. Comma Splice A comma splice happens when two independent clauses are joined only by a comma.

Ex: PN

Andrea read three novels last week, as the English professor instructed.

I. Paragraphs 1.Introductory Paragraphs- the introductory paragraph introduces the main idea of the essay. a. Hook/Lead i. Anecdotal- Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic

ex: There was a girl who dreamed of going to college and making her

parents proud. Throughout her whole high school she focused on school

and ended up going into one of the best colleges in the nation.

ii. Query Based- question that brings the reader to the topic

b. Thesis Statements- the purpose of a piece of writing -- usually one sentence in length -- and something that is arguable iii. Assertion (claim) ex:

ADJ

Many American teenagers have the goal of going to college. iv. Fact (empirically verifiable) ex:

The total number of kids that go to college is 17,487,475.

v. Opinion (personal position on the topic) ex: Not everybody reaches that goal.

iv. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature -- an opinion held by any to be a fact, though it is not necessarily)

ex:

Many people who are strongly religious prefer to go to a religious school.

v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half)

vi. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic)

vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) ex: N

The more involved a student is with the college higher likelihood of student retention.

2. Body Paragraphs- (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand the thesis).

A.Topic Sentences: must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support Ex.) N

Students planning to attend college should have an idea of what they N want as a career.

a. Evidence from Quotations i.“A university is just a group of buildings gathered around a library.”

(goodreads)

ii. “Everybody who is incapable of learning has taken to teaching.”(goodreads) iii.“College is fun as long as you don't die.” (goodreads) iv.“Every year, many, many stupid people graduate from college and if they can do it, so can you.” (goodreads) v.“Rejection is an opportunity for your selection.”(goodreads)

vi. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source

vii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections)

Anybody is capable of attending college.

viii. Abstract Examples(hypothetical, “what if” examples AVOID) ex: N

What if you don't know what college you want to apply to.

ix.Concrete Examples(actual, reference-able examples)

ex: N

My cousin is attending currently attending CSUN.

c. Closing Sentence(must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transition or culminating word - possibly and adverb - should echo the thesis of the essay)

3. Closing Paragraphs- (conclusion - should not be a mere summaries of the previous paragraph of your essay)

a.Statement(s) of extensions(extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis - could be one more sentences)

ex:

As a result many students that graduate high N

school are motivated to attend college.

b.Final Sentance(connects to the hook) ex: N ADJ

Just like the girl who was able to make it to one of N

the best colleges in the nation so can many N students with that goal.

Paragraph Quiz 1.What does the introductory paragraph introduce?

2.The thesis is sometimes is___________? 3.What is an assertion? 4.Generalization uses? 5.What must the body paragraph have? 6.What must the the topic sentence specifically indicate? 7.In abstract examples what must you avoid?

8.What must the closing sentence end with? 9. The conclusion should not be? 10.In statemensts you should?

Answers Main Idea Arguable Claim Uses absolute or statistical pronouns Echo the Thesis Indicate the Topic â&#x20AC;&#x153; What Ifsâ&#x20AC;? End with discussion of topic Not a summary Extend the thesis statement

I.Essay

Types i.Persuasive(Argumentative): In a persuasive essay you attempt to get the reader to agree with your point of view. You present arguments, research, and ideas in order to get the reader on your side. A persuasive essay must provide specific and convincing evidence.

ii. Expository(Informative)

Definition/Description: An expository essay is written to explain or expose. It is sometimes supported by facts, statistics, quotes, examples and is five paragraphs. Some examples

of expository writing are newspapers, magazine articles, instruction manuals, textbooks, encyclopedia articles. Process/How-To: First you should brainstorm. Once you have an idea you want to explain/expose you need to do research and make sure you have solid evidence. Finally make an outline and organize your information. Compare and Contrast: In this type of essay is used to compare two things. While having evidence to support them(facts, statistics, quotes, examples, etc.). When doing this you have to have positive and negative evidence. Cause and Effect: This type of essay is written to provide an explanation of how an action causes an effect. You are comparing to things as a way to inform the audience. In order to do this you must use valid information and references.

iii. Analytical/Critical

Evaluate: In this form of essay you view something from many different angles, provides possible situations and alternative responses and compares and contrasts. Interpretive: One of the most common types of research papers that clarifies the meaning of something according to your own understanding.

iv. Narrative(Tells a Story) :Tells a story to get their point through

kind of like short stories and are often realistic instead of fiction.

1.Personal Anecdote: A personal anecdote narrative essay is about personal experience and usually written in first person. This essay should be written to have an emotional impact on the reader, include a lot of references to sensory perceptions and emotions,have vivid imagery and a short story.

v. Research MLA Format: Stands for Modern Language Association, is defined as a style of writing used for college-level writing. APA Format: Stands for American Psychological Association, is one of several different writing formats used for publications, papers, essays, and books today.

vi. Timed Document Based Question(DBQ): An essay or series of short-answer questions that is constructed by students using one's own knowledge combined with support from several provided sources. Usually used on timed history tests. Prompt Based: Statements that focus on a topic or an issue, followed by questions. Its purpose is to inspire a response in the form of an essay.

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/ Steps: i. Pre-writing/ Prompt Analysis/Outlining: Brainstorm, make an outline, list, and research. ii.Research/Evaluation of Sources: Find primary sources, keep it current, record and learn short cuts.

c. Work cited i. MLA Format: Stands for Modern Language Association and is recommended by them for preparing scholarly manuscripts and student research papers. This style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.

ii. APA Format:used for publications, papers, essays, and books today.

This particular style is established by the American Psychological Association, and used by professionals in psychology and many other sciences.

Quiz:

What does DBQ stand for? What is MLA recommended for? What is APA format used for ?

What do you attempt to do in a persuasive essay? What is the purpose of an expository essay? What does APA stand for? What does MLA stand for? How many types of essays are there? What is the first step in process? What is cause and effect essay written for?

Answers:

Document Based Question College level writing Publications, papers, essays, and books You attempt to get the reader to agree with your point of view To explain or expose American Psychological Association Modern Language Association 5 Brainstorm To provide an explanation of how an action causes an effect

I. Capitalization - using capital, or upper-case, letters.capital letters at the start of a sentence and capitalizing all the letters in a word for emphasis.

Rule 1. the first word of a sentence ex: N

My goal is to attend a four year university.

Rule 2. proper nouns: titles, names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes things ex: N

ADJ

The girl was so happy when she found out she got into UC San Diego.

Rule 3.Family relationships (when used as proper names) ex: V

ADV

She spoke to her Mother about where she planned to attend college.

Rule 4. The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons used generally) ex: N

The college students won't be attending school on Wednesday.

Rule 5.Capitalize brand names but not the product(s). ex: ADV

Almost all the college students carried Apple laptops.

Rule 6.Capitalize business names. ex: PN

The Edison Company was giving scholarships to college students who

wanted to become engineers.

Rule 7.Capitalize institution names. ex:

The girl was going to be attending the University of Florida next spring.

Rule 8.Capitalize names of particular geographic places. ex: N

The girl was going to attend a university in Canada.

Rule 9.Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents. ex: N

ADJ

The college students learned about the American Revolution.

Rule 10. Capitalize languages ex: N

ADJ

The university offered the students a chance to learn French.

Rule 11.Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being. ex: ADJ

ADJ

The Christian College offered the girl a full scholarship.

Rule 12.Capitalize specific names of structures. ex: ADJ

The girl had a beautiful view of the Golden Gate Bridge from her college N dorm.

Rule 13.Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names

ex:

ADJ

The Professor made his students write why they decided to attend college.

Rule 15. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation ex: N

The mom asked her daughter â&#x20AC;&#x153;Which universities did you apply toâ&#x20AC;?

Rule 16. Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline. ex: Universities UC San Diego

Rule 17.Capitalize government bodies and departments ex: N

The universities took their students to meet the Congress.

Rule 18.Capitalize races and ethnic groups. ex: N

Colleges like to have a mix of ethnicities like Hispanics, Polish, Armenians etc.

Rule 19:Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world. ex: V

She moved to attend a college in the East.

Rule 20: Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter. ex: N Dear Director of Admission,

Rule 21:Capitalize the pronoun I ex V I would like to attend Uc San Diego.

Rule 22: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence. ex: N

Twenty-two students attend the field trip to UC San Diego.

Rule 23: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title ex: N

The college students got a day of because the teacher had a Tuesday N meeting.

Rule 24:Capitalize political parties and their members. ex: N

The college students that studied government go to experience what

it was like to be a Democrat.

Rule 25: Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types) ex: N

The student played college basketball wanted to be in the NBA in the future.

II. Punctuation - the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.

1. Brackets: allow the insertion of editorial material inside quotations

2. Parentheses: allow a writer to provide additional information N

ADJ

She and her best friend (Veronica) attended the same college. N

Her dream school [UC San Diego] offered her a full scholarship.

3. Dash:used to represent a span or range of numbers, dates, or time.

4.Hyphen: used in place of commas to enhance readability ex: N

ADJ

Twenty-three students got accepted into a special program at USC. ADJ

The english professor had the students read a book back-to-back.

5. Apostrophe: used to form a plural noun

6.Quotation Marks:used to indicate material that is being reproduced word for word, as well as some other important uses. 7.Ellipses:used to represent a trailing off of thought ex: N

Veronica’s goal was to graduate from a four year university. N

“When will you be here?” asked the mother after not seeing her daughter

in a year.

“So...what happened” asked her friend after she opened the letter from UC San Diego.

8.Braces: used in various programing languages, certain mathematical expressions, and some musical notation ex: N

ADJ

The student was indecisive about where to apply{Berkeley, UCLA, Harvard}

9. Angle Brackets: used to enclose an email or web address.

ex:

<https://ucsd.edu/>

10. Period: ends a sentence ex: V

I am going to apply to UC San Diego.

11.Question Mark: used at the end of a direct question.

ex: N

How many universities can you apply to?

12. Exclamation Mark: indicating an exclamation. ex: ADJ I got accepted into UC San Diego!

13.Comma: the comma indicates a pause that would occur if the sentence were spoken aloud. Other times, the comma separates grammatical components of the sentence. ex: V

They will start college on November 12, 2015.

14. Semicolon: indicating a pause, typically between two main clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicated by a comma. ex: ADJ

The upperclassmen were able to get around campus; the lowerclassmen got N

ADJ

around campus slower because they always got lost.

15.Colon: used to introduce a list of items.

ex: -UC San Diego -UChicago -UCLA -USC

III. Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices

A.Who/Whom Who is a subject of verb. Whom is never a subject of verb.

B. Their/There/Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re

There is the opposite of Here. It means 'in that place' not here. Their is a possessive adjective which is used before a noun. It shows possession, that something belongs to them.They're is a contraction of they are and is usually before an adjective or a verb ending in ING.

C. Lie/Lay

Lay means to put something down.

Lie means to rest or recline

D.Laid/Lain

Lain is the past participle of laid.

Laid is the past tense of lay.

E. Affect/Effect

Affect means to act upon or have an influence on.

Effect means to bring about or create.

F.Accept/Except

Accept means to willingly receive.

Except means to exclude.

H.Loath/Loathe

Loathe means to hate

Loath means unwilling.

I.Infer/Imply

Imply means to state directly

Infer means to deduce

J. Weary/Wary

Wary means to to be on guard against something,

Weary means to tired.

K. Proceed/Precede

Precede means to come before.

Proceed means to continue.

L. Discrete/Discreet

Discrete means individually different.

Discreet means inconspicuous.

M. Conscience/Conscious

Conscience means sense of the quality of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s character and conduct

Conscious means mental awareness

N. Can/May

Use can for ability.

Use may for permission.

O. Farther/Further

Farther is for physical distance.

Further is for non-physical distance.

P. Well/Good

Well is used to describe an activity.

Good is used to describe a thing.

Quiz

1.What is the difference between Loath and Loathe? 2.What is the difference between Accept and Except? 3.What is a Colon used for? 4.What is question mark used for? 5.To form a plural noun you use a ______? 6.Give one rule of capitalization 7.What is punctuation used for? 8.What is the difference between can and may? 9.Give an example of a abbreviation the is capitalized 10.What is the difference between Affect and Effect?

Answers 1.Loathe means to hate and Loath means unwilling 2.Accept means to receive and except meant exclude 3.Introduce a list 4.To end a direct question

5.Apostrophe 6.Capitalize I 7.Used to separate a sentence and clarify a meaning 8.May refers to permission and can refers to ability 9.NBA 10.Effect means create and affect means influence

About the Author A little bit about me is that my biggest goal is to go to a university. This is my biggest goal because I want to make my parents proud and be successful in life.I also really love burgers and finally that I myself, am actually a bad writer.Throughout this project I have learned a lot of new things that have helped my writing skills improve.In elemetry when I was learning to write I remeber I would always write about my family and as I grew up and went on to middle school it became a little harder. I would get writerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s block and it was difficult for me to express myself through paper and pencil, but since I began this semester I have seen my improvement in the daily vocabulary Mr. Rodriguez gives us. Although can be wordy at time that is something I am still working on and hope to improve on soon.

Glossary 1.Adjectives:words that modify nouns and pronouns, primarily by describing a particular quality of the word they are modifying

2.Adverbs:words that function as modifiers of verbs or clauses

3.Capitalization: the act or process of capitalizing

4.Clause: a syntactic construction containing a subject and predicate and forming part of a sentence or constituting a whole simple sentence

5.Essay: a short literary composition on a particular theme or subject

6.Interjections: an exclamation, especially as a part of speech

7.Nouns: words that can function as the main or only elements of subjects of verbs

8.Paragraphs: a distinct section of a piece of writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line, indentation, or numbering

9. Prepositions:a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause 10. Pronouns: used as replacements or substitutes for nouns and noun phrases,and that have very general reference

11. Punctuation:the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning

12. Sentence: set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses

13.Verbs: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence

Links: http://www.chompchomp.com/menu.htm http://www.grammar-monster.com/ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/