Grammar Book Project: The Movie

Grammar Book Project Movie

~ Script ~

By: Denine Lumarque Period 5

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Table of Contents

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Grammar Book Section 1: Parts of Speech …………………………………………………… 5

Grammar Book Section 2: Phrases ………………………………………………………………………… 24

Grammar Book Section 3: Clauses ………………………………………………………………………… 27

Grammar Book Section 4: Sentences …………………………………………………………………… 31

Grammar Book Section 5: Paragraphs ………………………………………………………………… 39

Grammar Book Section 6: Essays …………………………………………………………………………… 45

Grammar Book Section 7: Capitalization ……………………………………………………… 49

Grammar Book Section 8: Punctuation ……………………………………………………………… 53

Grammar Book Section 9: Commonly Confused Words ……………………………… 57

Quiz Section 1­9 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63

Answer Key ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73

Glossary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75

Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76

About the Author ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77

Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79

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Introduction

In today’s generation, the English grammar is being taken for granted. Just because the English language is used in our daily lives, people don’t take it as seriously as they should. The proof itself is in any written document that is written by anyone. The English itself makes sense, however, the grammar part of it does not. There are many grammatical errors that people tend to ignore.

These errors might be seen everywhere, therefore people think they are correct. No one really takes their time in editing any writing they are doing. Especially now with today’s technology, it is easier to type something on an electronic device and let it fixed itself.

Even though this may seem like a positive thing, but in fact it is not. Letting technology fix our writing for us, does not help us in any way. Rather it just makes us rely on technology to do everything that we can do ourselves. Learning how to write grammatically correct is no simple task. But if people just take time and learn it properly, it can lead to many opportunities. The following pages will explain the ideas and have examples of what is needed in order to improve or enhance a person’s grammar.

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GRAMMAR BOOK

Grammar​ is the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 1 PARTS OF SPEECH 1. Part of Speech – ​ Explain the usage and function of each part of speech and give two (2) examples (basic and advance) of each type of usage. Explain and give two (2) examples (basic and advanced) of the key associated terms, as well. a. ​ All Eight (8) Parts i. ​ Nouns 2. Endings 1. Types (5) 3. Conversions 2. Identifiers (5) 4. Articles 3. Functions (13) 5. Comparatives/ ii. ​ Pronouns Superlatives 1. Personal v. ​ Adverbs 2. Relative 1. Endings 3. Interrogative 2. Conversions 4. Reflective 3. Types 5. Demonstrative 4. Intensifiers 6. Indefinite 5. Comparatives/ iii. ​ Verbs Superlatives 1. Endings (13) vi. ​ Conjunctions 2. Tense (11) 1. Coordinating 3. Forms (3) 2. Correlative 4. Types (11) 3. Subordinate 5. Voice (2) 4. Relative Pronoun 6. Verbals (3) vii. ​ Prepositions iv. ​ Adjectives viii. ​ Interjection 1. Kinds (3) b. ​ Keys Associated Terms

i. Antecedents iv. Modifiers

ii. Complements v. Transitions

iii. Objects vi. Expletives 1. Direct vii. Agreements 2. Indirect 1. Subject­Verb 2. Noun­Pronoun

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GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 1 PARTS OF SPEECH

I.NOUNS a. Types of nouns: 1. Common Nouns​ : name a class of people, places, things, or ideas.

Ex: ​ theater, audience, drinks, screen, popcorn.

2. Proper Nouns​ : give the names or title of a particular person, place, idea (must be capitalized).

Ex: ​ Pacific Theater, Glendale Galleria, The Grove.

3. Compound Nouns​ : consist of words used together to form a single noun.

Ex: ​ cup holder, popcorn, blockbuster.

4. Concrete Nouns:​ refer to material things, to people, or to places.

Ex: ​ seats, custodian, ticket​ .

5. Abstract Nouns​ : name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes.

Ex: ​ scared, suspicious, happy, sad, curious.

B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun Endings: Happi​ ness Ac​ tion Critic​ ism Cartoon​ ist Adven​ ture Quie​ tude Com​ ment Perform​ ance Audi​ ence Affectabil​ ity Blockbu​ ster St​ ory Fiction​ eer Child​ hood

2. Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some boxes are square. (“Some” acts as an adjective, so it’s a noun marker). Some are square. (“Some” acts as noun so it’s not a noun marker).

NM N NM N The ​ movie​ was scary. The really scary ​ movie​ scared everyone.

3. Plural form: for example: “​ viewers​ ” or “​ tickets​ ”

4. Possessive form: for example: “​ viewer’s ticket​ ” or “​ viewers’ ticket​ ”

5. Following a preposition: NM N ADJ V Prep. NM N

The audience suddenly laughed ​ at​ the board.

NM ADJ N ADJ V Prep. NM ADJ N Prep. NM N

The quiet audience suddenly laughed ​ at​ the pink board in the movie.

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These are some common prepositions​ : about, above, according to, across, after, against, along, along with, among, apart from, around, as, as for, at, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, during, except, except for, excepting, for, from, in, in addition to, in back of, in case of, in front of, in place of, inside, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, onto, on top of, out, out of, outside, over, past, regarding, round, since, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon, up to, with, within, without

Note: Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs.

The woman accidently slipped ​ down​ . (adverb)

N​ – V

C. Functions (How nouns are used): 1. Subject​ ­ comes after the verb ​ S V She ran towards the car.

S V Angelina Jolie ran quickly towards the big black car.

N – V – ​ N

2. Direct Object​ ­ comes after the verb and answer what or whom ​ S V DO

She threw popcorn to the person she knew.

S V DO Jessica Alba blamed Sandra Bullock for her accidental, horrible fall.

3. Indirect Object​ ­ answers to who or to whom

N – V – ​ N​ – N

S

V

He wanted some chips.

S V The actor wanted a big bag of Lays chips during their lunch break.

4. Adverbial Object​ ­ comes after the verb and answers when

S V N – V – ​ N The custodian cleaned yesterday. ​ S V The custodian cleaned the dirty theater yesterday after everyone left.

5. Object of the Preposition​ ­ follows a preposition

S V Prep – ​ N The viewers went to the screening room.

S V The viewers went to the screening room quickly to watch the much awaited movie.

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6. Subject Complement​ ­ following a linking verb ​ S V N – LV – ​ N John was scared. ​ S V John was scared of the horrible looking monsters in the movie.

7. Object Complement​ ­ follows a direct object and renames it

S V N N – V – N – N ​ The bloggers chose Abby.

S V N The online bloggers quickly chose Abby actress of the year for her captivating performance.

8. Appositives​ ­ renames nouns, separated by commas

S APP N, ​ N Tom Cruise is my idol.

S APP Tom Cruise, my idol, showed his athletic skills in his new blockbuster movie.

9. Adjectival​ ­ describes noun following it ​ S V N​ – N The audience headed to the back row. ​ ADJ S V ADV

The young audience headed quickly to the back row of the movie theater.

10. Noun in Direct Address​ ­ replacing the noun ​ N N N N,​ N ​ or ​ N,​ N Miss, where customer is the restroom? ​ N N N Miss, where can the customers use the restroom?

11. Object of the gerund​ ­ noun that follows a gerund ​ G OG Gerund – ​ N Watching the movie made them believe that they could do the stunts. ​ G OG Watching the action movie made the viewer believe that the stunts are doable in real life.

12. Object of the principle​ ­ noun that follows a gerund ​ Part OPart Participle – ​ N ​ After the dramatic movie, the audience felt affected with the story.

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Infinitive – ​ N

​ Part OPart After the dramatic movie, the sympathetic audience felt too affected with the touching story.

13. Object of the infinite​ ­ noun that follows an infinitive ​ _Inf_ OInf The fans eagerly wanted to enter and win the contest to meet the cast. ​ ​ _Inf_ OInf The amazing fans eagerly wanted to enter and win the raffle contest to meet the movie cast.

II.PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

1. Personal:​ To be able to use personal pronouns that are associated with a particular person, it is required to know about ​ case​ (nominative, objective, and possessive), ​ number​ (singular and plural), person​ (first, second, and third), and ​ gender ​ (male, female, and neutral). ​ PN V ADJ N Prep. ADV They did not want the amazing movie to end quickly. ​ PN V Prep. ADJ N ADV V Our reaction towards the unique characters are really indescribable.

2. Relative:​ Relative pronouns start a subordinate clause and connect it to another noun that leads it in the sentence. ​ NM ADJ N V ADV V Prep. N V Prep. V The excited audience were anxiously waiting to whom the characters were going to choose. ​ NM N V N N Prep. N PN ADJ N The actors did not know whose picture was on the wall of their fake house.

3. Interrogative:​ An interrogative pronoun is used to commence an interrogative sentence. ​ N PN ADV V Whoever the culprit was, he sure was really fast. ​ PN ADJ N V V Prep. Prep. Prep.

The confused characters did not know action to take in order to get out.

4. Reflexive:​ reflexive pronouns point back to the subject of the sentence. (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) ​ PN ADV V PN Prep. PN N She quickly criticizes herself on her appearance. ​ PN V ADJ N V

They themselves did not know why the amazing movie ended a certain way.

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5. Demonstrative:​ a demonstrative pronoun identifies a specific person, animal, place, thing, or idea. ​ N V ADJ N NM ADJ N V N V This movie earned millions of dollars even though the new actors were not as good as expected ​ ADV originally. ​ N V N ADV V Prep. N N

Some people did not know that the survey actually led to a rating for the movie.

6. Indefinite:​ an indefinite pronoun does not specify a specific place, person or thing. It replaces a noun without referring to what noun it replace ​ ADJ N ADV V V NM ADJ N Conj. N Only a few people actually bothered to watch the first screening, but then more and more people ​ V V started to come. ​ N NM N N V ADV V ADJ N N Someone part of the crew or staff had unintentionally leaked key information about the movie.

III.VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

a. How verbs are identified: 1. Verb endings: wait​ s excit​ ed bor​ ing nomin​ ate real​ ize

2. Tense: ​ verbs indicate time via tenses: a. Simple past: ​ watched b. Past : ​ watched c. Past perfect: ​ had watched d. Past progressive: ​ was watching e. Simple present: ​ watch f.

Present: ​ watching

g. Present perfect : ​ have watched h. Present progressive: ​ is watching i.

Present perfect progressive: ​ have been watching

j.

Future: ​ will ​ watch ​

k. Future perfect: ​ will have watched

3. Forms: 10

a. Forms of “to be”:​ am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being are​ becoming, ​ was​ becoming, ​ is​ becoming b. Forms of “to do”:​ do, does, did, done, doing did​ become, ​ does ​ become, ​ do​ become c. Forms of “to have”:​ have, had, has, having has ​ become, ​ have ​ become, ​ had ​ become

4. Types: a. Auxiliary verbs: ​ should ​ act, ​ may​ act, ​ can ​ act

b. Linking verbs: ​ is​ acting, ​ are​ acting, ​ was ​ acting c. Lexical verbs: act, act​ s​ , act​ ed​ , act​ ing d. Dynamic verbs: cleans, sets, takes e. Stative verbs: loves, compliments, supports f.

Finitive verbs: works, acts, directs

g. Nonfinitive verbs: worked, acted, directed h. Regular verbs: affected, shocked, pictured i.

Irregular verbs: wrote, felt, sat,

j.

Transitive verbs: ​ judged ​ the movie, ​ greeted ​ the fans, ​ showed ​ the actor

k. Intransitive verbs: ​ wrote​ impulsively, ​ replied​ thoughtfully, ​ acted ​ carefully

5. Voice:​ Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. ACTIVE​ : ​ viewed ​ the trailer, ​ saw​ the actors, ​ loved​ the movie PASSIVE​ : was ​ viewed ​ by, was ​ seen​ by, was ​ loved ​ by

6. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) a. ​ Gerund​ : word ending in “ing” used as a noun ​ PN V N PN N ADV V She enjoys rehearsing her lines really quick. ​ NM ADJ N V N PN N ADV Prep. N The new actress enjoys rehearsing her lines carefully for the scene.

b. ​ Participate​ : word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective 11

​ PN ADV V Prep. ADJ N She excitedly went to the acting school. ​ NM ADJ N ADV V Prep. ADJ N The aspiring actress excitedly went to the acting school yesterday.

c.​ Infinitive​ : verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjective, or adverbs ​ PN ADV V ADJ N N They suddenly had to act in front of people. ​ NM N Conj. N ADV V ADJ N ADJ The actors and actresses suddenly had to act in front of many ​ N NM ADJ N people during the movie shoot.

IV.ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. Explain what each kind of adjective is and answer the questions below.

1. Demonstrate – These point out the nouns (​ this, that, these, those​ ). They always answer the question ​ which one? ​ ​ V ADJ N N Let’s watch ​ this​ movie tomorrow after school. ​ V ADJ N Prep. N Conj. PN N Let’s watch ​ this​ movie tomorrow after school since we have no school ​ N following day.

Common – A simple, regular adjective. These generally describe the noun. ​ PN ADJ V N Conj. V Art. N It is ​ nice​ to have popcorn while watching a movie. ​ PN ADJ V N Conj. V Art. N Conj. Contr. N It is ​ nice​ to have popcorn while watching a movie because it’s good to ​ V N Conj. NM ADJ N ADJ N have something to eat during the long hour of just sitting down.

Proper – These come from a proper noun and is capitalized. ​ N V ADJ N N Hollywood​ is well known all over the world.

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​ N V ADJ N NM N ADJ N N ADJ Hollywood​ is well known all over the world that most people know a lot ​ ADJ N PN N N of Hollywood celebrities even though they don’t live within the U.S.

2. Endings​ : Some suffixes, when added to a word, the word transforms into a different part of speech. It depends on what suffix is added to determine its new parts of speech. ­able, ­ible:​ afford​ able ­al, ­ial​ : norm​ al ­ful​ : beauti​ ful ­ic​ : romant​ ic ­ical​ : musi​ cal ­ish​ : child​ ish ­ive, ­ative​ : creat​ ive ­less​ : effort​ less ­eous, ­ious, ­ous​ : hide​ ous ­y​ : length​ y

3. Conversions​ : Other parts of speech are converted into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix to it. ​ Ex:​ Adding endings such as ​ ­able, ­y​ , or ​ ­ly.

Afford ​ → ​ Affordable Length​ → ​ Lengthy Critic ​ → ​ Critically

4. Articles​ : There are only 3 articles in the English language. They are ​ the​ , ​ a​ , and ​ an.​

These are words that combines with a noun.

NM N V ADV Prep. NM N

The​ people reacted differently towards the movie. ​ Art. N V ADV N N Prep. ADJ N Conj. V NM An​ invader was slowly making its way to the main city, which scared the ​ N audience. ​ Art. N V N Prep. N ADV NM N Conj.

A​ popcorn was left on the floor accidently by the custodian because it was ​ ADJ Prep. PN unnoticeable from his point of view.

5. Comparatives/Superlatives​ : Comparatives ­ the comparison of two people or things ​ NM N Prep. N N ADJ N N The seats at the other theater were much ​ bigger​ than the seats here. ​ NM N Prep. NM ADJ N V ADJ N NM N 13

The seats over at the other theater were much ​ cleaner​ than the seats ​ Conj. N V ADV NM N here, which made us want to quickly go to the other one. ​ PN V PN NM N ADJ PN Now that we noticed it, the movie that was ​ shorter​ than what we had ​ V anticipated.

Superlatives ­ the comparison between three or more things or people ​ NM ADJ N V This is the ​ biggest​ theater I’ve been to. ​ NM ADJ N V Conj. PN V NM ADJ N This is the ​ cleanest​ floor I’ve seen, and it scared me when the little boy ​ ADV V N accidently dropped ice on the floor. ​ PN ADV V ADJ N I suddenly wondered how long the ​ shortest​ movie of all time is.

V.ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. a. ​ Endings​ : ­ly, ­wards, ­wise i. Surprising​ ly​ , Re​ wards​ , Fan​ wise b. ​ Conversions i. Adjective and verbs can be converted into adverbs by adding the correct suffix.

Happy​ → ​ Happily Excited​ → ​ Excitedly Horrible​ → ​ Horribly c. ​ Types​ : Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Manner: ​ PN V ADV Prep. N They walked ​ quietly​ to their seats. ​ NM ADJ N Prep. N V Art. ADV PN PN The late comers to the theater walked as ​ quietly​ they can so they won’t ​ V N N disturb others in their seats already.

Time: ​ N ADJ V ADV NM N N People ​ often​ think wrongly of the movie before they show. ​ N ADJ V Conj. ADJ N N N People ​ often​ think that just because the main actors of the movie are famous, ​ Conj. N ADJ V 14

then the movie will be an instant hit.

Place: ​ N V ADJ N Prep. N People want the best seats ​ on the theater​ . ​ N V ADJ N Conj. ADV V On the theater​ everyone wants to have the best seats, which is usually far from ​ NM ADJ N the actual screen.

Degree: ​ ADJ N V N N Too​ many people want to watch the movie. ​ ADJ N V N N Conj. N Sometimes ​ too​ many people want to watch a movie just because everyone else ​ V N wants to watch it.

Time: ​ ADJ N V N ADJ PN N ADJ N Most people get to the theater ​ early​ so that they can reserve the best seats. ​ ADJ Prep. N V ADJ N N Those who come ​ early​ to the theater, get the first chance to choose whatever ​ N PN ADV V seat they truly want.

d. ​ Intensifiers​ : conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something (emphasizer, amplifiers, downtoners) Emphasizers​ : ​ PN ADV V V N I ​ really​ did not like the movie. ​ NM N V ADV V NM N ADJ N The audience were ​ simply​ amazed with how well the short, budget movie ​ N turned out.

Amplifiers​ : ​ NM ADJ N V ADV V The premiere night did ​ absolutely​ amazing. ​ NM ADJ N V ADV V N N NM The premiere night did ​ absolutely​ amazing considering the fact that the ​ N ADJ N actors there were not very famous.

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Downtoners​ :

​ N V ADJ V N People were ​ sort of​ surprised with the ending. ​ N V ADJ V NM N Conj. PN ADJ People were ​ sort of​ surprised with the ending because it was predictable ​ N to others.

e. Comparatives/Superlatives: i. These are words that compare things. ii. How are they used?

Comparatives​ : use ​ more ​ NM N V ADV N N N The audience grew ​ more quietly​ as the climax of the movie was coming ​ Prep. near.

Superlatives: use ​ most ​ NM N V ADV NM ADJ N V ADV The audience was ​ most quietly​ when the two couple were finally at the ​ V N N verge of seeing each other again.

VI.CONJUNCTIONS A. Coordinating​ (FANBOYS): ​ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ​ N ADJ ADJ N V V N NM For​ the movies coming up next week, I don’t want to watch the scary ​ nor​ the ​ N V ADJ N drama one, ​ so​ I’ll watch the comedy one. ​ NM ADJ Conj. ADJ N V ADJ ADJ N N The first ​ and​ second trailer received very little views, ​ yet​ when the movie ​ V NM ADJ N ADJ N received the most people on the opening day.

B. Correlative​ : either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so ​ PN V N V N ADJ N

We were given a choice to choose ​ either​ a comedy ​ or​ a scary movie, but we did ​ ​ V V N ADJ N ADJ not only​ want to watch ​ both​ the comedy ​ and​ the scary movie ​ but​ also an action ​ ADJ N comedy movie as well. ​ PN V N V N ADJ N 16

We were being indecisive ​ whether​ to choose the comedy ​ or​ the scary movie.

C. Subordinate​ : after, although, as, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order that, once, provided that, rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while, why ​ NM N V N N After​ the movie was over, ​ rather than​ being happy we were sad. ​ NM N ADJ N V V Conj.

Since​ the movie was 2 hours long, we stayed up ​ till​ 2:00 just to finish it, but ​ V V V N when​ we finished it we felt like we wasted our time.

D. Relative pronouns​ : who (refers to the people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) ​ V N N N Who​ wants to watch a movie this weekend? ​ ADJ ADJ N V ADJ N V ADV V That​ amazingly good actor got his first award, ​ which​ was well deserved.

VII.PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.

Prepositions are never followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: about, above, according to, across, after, against, along, along with, among, apart from, around, as, as for, at, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but*, by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, during, except, except for, excepting, for, from, in, in addition to, in back of, in case of, in front of, in place of, inside, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, onto, on top of, out, out of, outside, over, past, regarding, round, since, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon, up to, with, within, without ​ Prep. N NM N V Prep. Prep. Prep. ADJ N According to​ a critic, the score was ​ between​ 8 or 9 ​ out of​ 10 ​ in spite of​ the low numbers of ​ N N PN people watching it. ​ Prep. NM N N ADJ N V V Prep. ADJ N ADJ During​ the shoot of the movie, a stunt double had to be ​ in place of​ the main lead ​ because of ​ ADJ N Prep. N Prep. ADJ N serious injuries ​ around​ his leg ​ in addition​ to his back pains. ​ Prep. Prep. N N Prep. ADJ N V Regarding​ the ​ next​ plot of the movie, ​ instead of​ having a well­known actor, they decided to ​ V Art. N Prep. N have an audition ​ before​ choosing.

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VIII.INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech.

A​ : ​ aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B​ :​ bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C​ :​ cheers, congratulations D​ :​ dang, drat, darn, duh E​ :​ eek, eh, encore, eureka F​ : ​ fiddlesticks G​ :​ gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H​ :​ ha­ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O​ :​ oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P​ :​ phew, phooey, pooh, pow R​ : rats S​ :​ shh, shoo T​ :​ thanks, there, tut­tut U​ : ​ uh­huh, uh­oh, ugh W​ :​ wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y​ : ​ yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

​ Int. V V N N Conj. Int. Int. Dang​ , I forgot to get tickets in advance, but ​ oh​ ​ well​ it doesn’t matter anymore, ​ eh​ . ​ V V N Int. Int. ADV V N V Int. I got tired of saying ​ shh​ but ​ oops​ I accidently knocked the juice on him to jump up and say ​ rats​ . ​ Int. ADV V Int. Conj. Int. V V Int. Prep.

Oh​ , ​ yeah​ they finally met hurray, but ​ yikes​ they got separated again, anyways ​ congratulation​ to ​ PN them.

Keys associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: Define each of these and give an example. viii. Antecedents​ : preceding in time or order ​ PN V NM N PN V ADV N N We went to the mall first and then we headed quickly to the theater just in time ​ NM N before the movie starts.

ix. Complements:​ word or words needed to complete the meaning of an expression ​ NM N N V N Conj. ADJ N NM ADJ N In the movie, Richard was very weak but in real life he is the strongest in his family.

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x. Objects 1. Direct: the receiver of action within a sentence ​ NM N ADV V NM ADJ N PN V The actor barely caught the lead actress from her fall.

2. Indirect: identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is ​ NM N ADV V NM N Conj. PN V Prep. ADJ ADJ The producer surely got all the money because they invested in a very successful ​ N movie.

xi. Modifiers:​ a word, phrase, or clause which functions as an adjective or an adverb to describe a word or make its meaning more specific ​ NM N ADV V ADJ N Prep. N ADJ N Prep. NM The director accidently fell off the director’s chair after laughing too hard with the ​ N PN V V scene that they were working on.

xii. Transitions: ​ words that change a subject to another ​ Prep. Prep. ADJ N PN V V ADJ N In addition to their hard work, it seems to come naturally to them everything these ​ N V actors are doing.

Transitions of Logic

Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way 19

likewise Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond

at that point opposite to adjacent to 20

nearby next to

on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

xiii. Expletives: the word here, there, or it and is followed by a form of the verb to be ​ PN V PN V ADV ADJ N NM N N It helped them to finish quickly with the great effort of the staff and crew, who 21

​ ADJ N N N worked days and night for the movie.

xiv. Agreements 1. Subject­Verb: the subject and the verb must agree with each other ​ NM N ADV V NM N Prep. N Conj. N N The girl desperately chased the boy in the beginning but in the end their roles ​ V V V seems to have been switched.

2. Noun­Pronoun: noun and pronoun are supposed to agree N V ADJ N PN N Conj. PN V

Sarah wanted to become an actress since she was little, but now she thinks that

​ N PN N N this dream of hers will never be reality.

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GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 2 PHRASES

2. Phrases​ ­ Explain each kind of phrase and give two (2) labeled examples of each. a. Prepositional c. ​ Verbal​ (3) b. Appositive i. Gerund ii. Participle

iii. Infinitive

Phrases are groups of word that function as a part of speech.

A. Prepositional​ : A group of words that begin with a preposition and ​ ends with a noun​ , and is used as an adjective or an adverb.

NM N ADV V Prep. NM Prep. NM N

The students quickly sat in the ​ back of the theater​ .

​ Prepositional Phrase NM ADJ ADJ N ADV V Prep. NM Prep NM ADJ N

The noisy high school students quickly sat in the ​ back of the movie theater​ .

Prepositional Phrase

​ ​ B. ​ Appositive​ : A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive.

​ N NM N V ADV Prep. Art. N Erika, ​ the actress​ , spoke harshly in an interview.

​ Appositive Phrase ​ N NM ADJ N Prep. NM N V ADV Prep. PP N Prep. Art.

Erika, ​ the new actress in the movie​ , spoke harshly towards her co­workers in a

​ Appositive Phrase ​ ADJ N magazine interview.

C. Verbal​ : A group of words that begin with a verbal and ​ ends with a noun​ .

1. Gerund​ word ending in “ing” used as a noun.

​ NM N ADV V Prep. NM N The ​ ending was slowly revealed in the movie​ .

​ Verbal Phrase (Gerund) ​ NM ADJ N V ADV V Prep. NM N V NM ADJ The mysterious ​ ending was slowly revealed after the girl escaped the deadly

​ Verbal Phrase (Gerund) ​ N game​ .

24

2. Participle​ : word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective.

​ NM ADJ N ADV V N The ​ exciting movie​ quickly became popular.

​ Verbal Phrase (Participle) ​ NM ADJ ADJ N ADV V N Prep. PN ADV Prep. N The ​ exciting new movie​ quickly became popular to everyone regardless of age.

​ Verbal Phrase (Participle)

3. Infinitive​ : verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs.

​ N ADV V Prep. V NM N

They really wanted ​ to watch the movie​ .

​ Verbal Phrase (Infinitive) ​ NM ADJ Prep. N ADV V Prep. V NM N Prep. N NM N The group of friends really wanted ​ to watch the movie​ after seeing the trailer.

​ Verbal Phrase (Infinitive)

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26

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 3 CLAUSES

3. Clauses​ ­ Explain each kind of clause and give two (2) labeled examples of each. a. Independent b. Subordinate ​ (7) i. Noun v. Nonessential ii. Adjective vi. Relative iii. Adverb vii. Elliptical iv. Essential

Clauses are group of words with a subject and a verb.

A. INDEPENDENT ­ ​ CAN ​ stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a ​ simple sentence pattern​ .

​ N ADV V ADJ Prep. N Prep. PN N Crews really put a lot of effort on their work.

​ ADJ N ADV V ADJ Prep. N Conj. N Prep. PN N Production crews really put a lot of hard work and effort on their movies.

B. SUBORDINATE (Dependent) ­ ​ CANNOT ​ stand alone as a complete sentence and ​ MUST begin with a ​ SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION​ .

1. Noun Clause​ : Used as a noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

​ NM N HV V ADV Art. N Where the movie was filmed​ clearly made an impact.

​ Noun Clause (Subject) ​ NM ADJ N V HV V ADV Art. ADJ N Prep. NM N Prep.

Where the amazing movie was filmed​ clearly made a huge impact on the setting of

​ Noun Clause (Subject) NM N

the movie.

2. Adjective Clause​ : Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

PN V NM N Deter. PN ADV V

He was the actor ​ that they absolutely needed​ . ​ Adjective Clause ​ N V NM ADJ N Deter. PN ADV Conj. ADV V Prep. NM ADJ Brad Pitt was the veteran actor ​ that they truly and absolutely needed​ for the new ​ Adjective Clause ​ N movie.

27

3. Adverb Clause​ : Used to ​ modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs​ in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate ​ time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession​ . ​ N V N V ADV When filming ended​ , everyone cleaned slowly. (time) Adverb Clause (Modifying Verb)

​ NM N ADV V N V NM N​ ​ ADV When the filming finally ended​ , everyone cleaned up the set unproductively. (time) ​ Adverb Clause (Modifying Verb)

4. Relative Clauses​ : Dependent clause that begins with a ​ relative pronoun​ . ​ NM N RP V ADV V ADV PV N The actress ​ who works hard​ will slowly come to fame. ​ Relative Clause ​ NM ADJ N RP V ADV V ADV PV N NM N N The new actress ​ who works hard​ will slowly come to fame when the time is right. ​ Relative Clause

5. Elliptical Clauses​ : Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ​ Prep. N Inde. HV V ADV V During filming​ , everyone must be extremely quiet.

Elliptical Clause

​ Prep. ADJ N Inde. Prep. NM N HV V ADV V Prep. V During filming hours​ , everyone on the set must remain extremely quiet to avoid ​ Elliptical Clause ​ N errors.

6. Essential Clauses​ : Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ​ NM N RP ADJ N NM N ADV N The movies ​ that most interests the actor​ are clearly comedies. ​ Essential Clauses ​ NM N RP ADJ N NM ADJ N ADV N V Prep.

The movies ​ that most interests the comedic actor​ are obviously ones relating to ​ Essential Clauses ​ N comedy.

7. Nonessential Clauses​ : Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ​ NM N V ADJ N V ADV Art. N

The movie, ​ which showed 2 months ago​ , was surprisingly a hit.

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​ Nonessential Clauses ​ NM ADJ N V Prep. ADJ N V ADV Art. ADJ N The funny movie, ​ which showed about 2 months ago​ , was surprisingly a huge hit ​ Nonessential Clauses ​ Prep. N Conj. N ADJ to kids and adults as well.

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30

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 4 SENTENCES

4. Sentences​ ­ Explain each sentence types and patterns and give two (2) examples of each (one basic and one advanced). a. Sentence Parts i.

Subjects​ (3) ii. ​ Predicate​ (3) 1. Complete 1. Complete 2. Simple 2. Simple 3. Compound 3. Compound b. Sentence Types​ (4) i.

Declarative iii. Imperative ii.

Interrogative iv. Exclamatory c. Sentence Patterns​ (13) i.

Simple viii. Parallel Structure ii.

Complex ix. Chiasmus iii.

Compound x. Asyndeton iv.

Complex/Compound xi. Polysyndeton v.

Loose Sentence xii. Anaphora vi.

Periodic Sentence xiii Epistrophe vii.

Balanced Sentence d. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types)​ (with correction guidelines) i.

Fragment iv. Comma Splice ii.

Run­on/Fused Sentence v. Double Negative iii.

Misplaced Modifier

31

Sentence Parts 1. Subject (3) ­ ​ what or whom the sentence is about a. Complete (subject) ­ consists of all the words that tell ​ whom ​ or ​ what ​ a sentence is about ​ NM N V NM ADV N The woman​ loved the strangely made movie. ​ Subject ​ NM ADJ N ADV V NM N ADJ N Deter. V N N The unique woman​ really loved the strange cartoon movie that came out yesterday. ​ Subject

b. Simple (subject) ­ main word or word group that tells ​ whom ​ or ​ what ​ the sentence is about ​ N Prep. NM N V V ADV Kids​ in the theater are sitting quietly. ​ Subject ​ ADJ N Prep. NM ADJ N V V Prep. V Prep. N ADV V Noisy kids​ in the beautiful theater are told to be quiet after being overwhelmingly loud ​ Subject ​ Conj​ P ​rep. V N that it disturbed others.

c. Compound (subject) ­ having more than one subject that has the same predicate ​ Deter. N Conj. N V NM ADV V N Both adults and children​ enjoyed the amazingly made movie. ​ Subject ​ Deter. ADJ N Conj. ADJ N V NM ADV V ADJ ADJ N Prep. NM

Both young adults​ and ​ little kids​ enjoyed the amazingly made action packed movie of the ​ Subject ​ N summer.

2. Predicate (3) ­ tells something about the subject a. Complete (predicate) ­ consists of a verb and all the words that modify the verb and complete its meaning ​ ADJ N V ADV V NM N N Many people ​ will excitedly watch the movie tomorrow​ . ​ Predicate ​ ADJ ADJ N V ADV V NM N ADV Prep. ADV V N N Many excited fans ​ will excitedly watch the movie when it is finally released tomorrow night​ . ​ Predicate

b. Simple (predicate) ­ main word or word group that tells something about the subject 32

​ NM N V Art. ADV ADJ N The crew ​ created​ a really good movie. ​ Predicate ​ NM ADJ N V Art. ADJ N Deter. V ADV ADJ N The talented crew ​ created​ a blockbuster hit that was incredibly well produced. ​ Predicate

c. Compound (predicate) ­ having more than one predicate with the same subject NM N V V Conj. V Prep. NM N Prep. NM ADV V PN

The critics are ​ excited​ and ​ thrilled​ with the movie as the carefully analyzed it. ​ Predicate ​ NM ADJ ADJ N V V Conj. V Prep. NM ADJ N Art. PN The extremely picky critics were ​ excited​ and ​ thrilled​ with the amazing movie as they ​ Predicate ​ ADV V Prep. ADV V carefully watched out for any flaws.

Sentence Types 1. Declarative ­ states a fact or an argument and ends with a period (.) ​ NM N V ADV N The movie was surprisingly great. ​ NM ADJ N V Art. ADJ ADJ N Deter. N Contr. ADV V The boring movie had a surprisingly great ending that people can’t possibly ignore.

2. Interrogative ­ asks a question and ends with a question mark (?) ​ ADV V NM N V ADV How will the movie end exactly? ​ ADV ADV V NM N Prep. Deter. PN ADJ N Deter. V N How exactly will the movie after all those mysterious events that kept occurring?

3. Imperative ­ a command or polite request that ends with an exclamation point (!) ​ ADV V PN Deter. NM N V ADV V Please tell me that the movie was really awful! ​ ADV V PN Deter. NM N V ADV V ADV ADV Prep. PN N Please tell me that the movie was actually awful not just from my perspective!

4. Exclamatory ­ expresses excitement or emotion; ends with an exclamation point (!) ​ ADV V PN N Deter. N Please watch our movie this friday! ​ ADV V PN ADJ N Deter. HV V NM N Deter. N N Please watch our exciting movie that will hit the theater this friday nationwide!

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Sentence Patterns 1. Simple ­ a sentence that is just one independent clause ​ NM N V Prep. NM ADV V N The director screamed at the really scared staff. ​ NM N ADV V Prep. NM N ADV Prep. NM ADJ N Deter.

The director accidentally screamed at the staff due to the stressful scenes that must be ​ V perfected.

2. Complex ­ Two or more independent clauses, but no dependent clauses ​ NM N HV ADV V Conj. P Cont. V PN The photographer was really impressed, but he did not show it. ​ NM ADJ N HV ADV V Prep. NM N V Conj.​ P ​N The picky photographer was really impressed with how the photos turned out, but he did V PN N Prep. NM N

not show his gratitude towards the actors.

3. Compound ­ One independent clause PLUS one or more dependent clauses ​ Conj. NM N Cont. V PN NM N V ADV V Deter. PN V PN Although the photographer didn’t show it, the actors can easily tell that he liked it. ​ Conj. NM ADJ N Cont. V PN N NM ADJ N V ADV V Although the picky photographer did not show his gratitude, the wise actors can easily tell Deter. PN V NM N V

that he liked how the poster turned out.

4. Complex/Compound ­ Two or more independent clauses PLUS one or more dependent clauses ​ Conj. NM N ADV V NM N V N Conj. PN Cont. V N Although the movie quickly ended, the actors became friends, so they did not lose contact ​ Prep. PN with each other.

Conj. NM ADJ N V ADV NM ADJ N V N Conj. PN

Although the outstanding movie ended quickly, the great actors became friends, so they ​ ADV Cont. V N Prep. PN purposely did not lose contact with each other.

5. Loose Sentence ­ a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) ​ PN V Prep. Art. N ADV V N Conj. ADV V Prep. N He went to see a movie yesterday, bought popcorn and quickly shopped for souvenirs. ​ N V Prep. V Art. ADJ N ADV V ADJ N Conj.

Mr. Rodriguez went to watch an interesting movie yesterday, bought butter popcorn and ​ ADV V Prep. ADV N quickly shopped for movie souvenirs.

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6. Periodic Sentence ­ a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense ​ N Prep. N Prep. N ADV V Prep. NM N V ADJ N N Waiting in line for hours, carelessly sleeping in the streets, is what dedicated fans do. ​ N ADV Prep. N Prep.ADJ N ADV V Prep. NM N N

Waiting tirelessly in line for many hours, carelessly sleeping in the streets outside, is what ​ ADJ ADJ N N super dedicated fans do.

7. Balanced Sentence ­ a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length ​ NM N ADV V N ADJ ADJ N Conj. ADV Art. ADJ N The movie surprisingly broke not only people’s hearts but also a new record. ​ NM ADJ N ADV V N ADJ ADJ N Conj. ADV Art. ADJ N The outstanding movie surprisingly broke not only people’s hearts but also a new record ​ Prep. N V Prep. Art. N for tickets sold in a day.

8. Parallel Structure ­ a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written ​ NM N ADV V V V Conj. V The actor interestingly likes to swim, to ski, and to run. ​ NM ADJ N V NM N Deter. PN ADV V N N Conj. N Prep. PN The new actor told the reporter that he really enjoys swimming, skiing, and running on his ​ ADJ N free time.

9. Chiasmus ­ a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order ​ PN V Prep. V N Conj. ADV N V PN They want to control money, but actually money controls them. ​ NM N Prep. NM N V Prep. V N Conj. ADV PN Cont.​ ​ V Deter.

The actor in the movie wanted to control money, but actually what he doesn’t know is that ​ N V PN money controls them.

10. Asyndeton ­ eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy ​ ADV V NM N PN V V V Prep. Art. N Quickly speed up the film, it should be finished in an hour.

​ NM N V Prep. ADV V NM N V Prep. Prep. ADJ N 35

The director orders to quickly speed up the film, finishing in about one hour.

11. Polysyndeton ­ a sentence that uses conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose ​ NM N HV V Prep. NM N Conj. N Conj. N Conj. N Prep.​ ​ PN The critic was pleased with the actor, and director, and producers, and editors for their ​ ADV ADJ N exceptionally good job. ​ NM ADJ N HV ADV V Prep. NM N N N Conj. N Prep. PN The picky critic was very pleased with the actor, director, producers, and editors for their ​ ADJ ADJ N Prep. V NM ADJ N exceptionally good job in making the outstanding movie.

12. Anaphora ­ a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention ​ PN V N PN V ADJ ADJ N PN V ADV V It was nice, it was very well done, it was extraordinarily made. ​ PN V Art. ADJ N ADJ N PN V V ADV V PN V ADV V It was a very nice romantic movie, it was produced really well, it was extraordinarily made ​ Prep. PN N with lots of effort.

13. Epistrophe ­ a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words ​ Conj. ADV NM N V ADV V Conj. N V V N PN V ADJ Conj. PN Cont.

If only the movie was really good, then critics would have thought it was good, but it wasn’t ​ Deter. ADJ any good. ​ Conj. ADV NM ADJ N HV ADV V Conj. ADJ N V PN If only the new movie was really good, then fault­finding critics would have thought it was ​ N Conj. Prep. N PN Cont. Deter. ADJ good, but in reality it wasn’t any good.

Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 1. Run­on/Rambling ­ independent clauses that are incorrectly joined ​ PN ADV V NM N PN V PN Error: He excitedly watched the movie he liked it. ​ N ADV V NM N PN V PN Correction: Henry excitedly watched the movie; he liked it.

2. Fused ­ two main clauses with no punctuation ​ N ADV V Prep. PN N Conj. Conj. Art. Conj. PN AD N V N 36

Error: Amber anxiously waited for her ticket and after a while her long wait was over. ​ N ADV V Prep. PN N Conj. Conj. Art. Conj. PN ADJ N V N Correction: Amber anxiously waited for her ticket; and after a while, her long wait was over.

3. Fragment ­ does not express a complete thought and is lacking a subject or an action ​ Conj. N ADV V NM N Error: Since everyone really liked the movie. ​ Conj. N ADV V NM N PN V V PN ADV Correction: Since everyone really liked the movie, they decided to watch it again.

4. Misplaced Modifier ­ a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes ​ N ADV V PN ADJ N Prep. NM N Prep. NM N Error: Jackson accidently forgot his movie ticket on the way to the theater. ​ Prep. NM N Prep. NM N N ADV V PN ADJ N Correction: On the way to the theater, Jackson accidently forgot his movie ticket.

5. Double Negative ­ usually produced by combining the negative form of verb with a negative pronoun, adverb, or conjunction ​ Exclam. Deter. Deter. N NM N Prep. NM N Cont. V NM N V ADV V Error: There is no way the character in the movie didn't see the person who was obviously hiding ​ Prep. PN behind him. ​ NM N Prep. NM N Cont. V NM N V ADV V Prep.

Correction: The character in the movie didn't see the person who was obviously hiding behind ​ PN him.

6. Comma Splice ­ when two independent clauses are connected with only a comma ​ PN V Prep. NM N PN Conj. ADV V ADJ Prep. NM N Error: We went to the mall, we then excitedly headed straight to the theater. ​ Conj. PN V Prep. NM N PN ADV V ADJ Prep. NM N Correction: After we went to the mall, we excitedly headed straight to the theater.

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38

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 5 PARAGRAPHS

5. Paragraphs​ ­ Explain what needs to be in each of the three (3) types of paragraphs, how many sentences each paragraph should have, and include (1) example for each of the pieces in each of the paragraph sections. a. Introductory Paragraphs i.

Hook/lead ii.

Thesis statement (6 types) 1. Assertion (Claim) 4. Belief 2. Fact 5. Generalization 3. Opinion 6. Theory b. Body Paragraph i.

Topic sentence ii.

Sentences with examples 1. Quotes (5 ways to integrate quotes INTO sentences) a. MLA Citation 2. Paraphrase 3. Summary 4. Anecdotes 5. Concrete examples 6. Abstract examples iii.

Closing sentences c. Closing Paragraphs i.

Statement extending the thesis ii.

Consequences of disregarding the thesis iii.

Establishing the significance of thesis iv.

Final sentence (“Smokey the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…)

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1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) a. Hook (Lead) i.

Anecdotal​ (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) 1. ​ N V ADJ N N V ADJ N Millionaires have so much luxury in this world. They live in big mansions ​ V ADJ N V ADJ N N N and own expensive cars. They wear branded clothing that costs a fortune. ​ N ADV V ADJ N ADV Millionaires constantly buy new things quite often that is necessary. Sadly, ​ N ADJ N ADV N V this is not the lifestyle that true millionaires actually have. They are often ​ ADJ ADJ N V ADV modest and are very thrifty. This image of a millionaire are mostly just ​ N V N stereotypes that are often seen on the television.

ii.

Query Based​ (Questions that brings the reader to the topic) 1. ​ ADJ N ADV V What do the real millionaires actually look like?

b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing ­ usually one sentence in length ­ and something that is arguable) i.

Assertion​ (claim) 1. ​ N V N ADJ N ADV Millionaires are different from how movies and reality shows constantly ​ V

portray them.

ii.

Fact​ (empirically verifiable) 1. ​ N ADV V ADJ ADJ N Millionaires certainly have a huge amount of money.

iii.

Opinion​ (personal position on a topic) 1. ​ ADV V ADJ It is extremely difficult to become wealthy.

iv.

Belief​ (social, religious, or political in nature ­ an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1. ​ ADJ N V ADV N V N Having lots of money can sadly lead a person into creating a sin.

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v.

vi.

vii.

Generalization​ (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half ­ ​ avoid using this type of thesis statement​ ) 1. ​ N V ADJ N N All​ millionaires own expensive houses and cars.

Document Based​ (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) 1. ​ N N In ​ The Millionaire Next Door,​ Thomas J. Stanley and William D. Danko ​ ADV V N V ADV constantly emphasized how the millionaires that they interviewed are very ​ ADJ V different from what they had expected.

Theory​ (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 1. ​ ADJ N V V ADJ N N If the real millionaire were to be portrayed in a tv show, the reaction of the ​ N V ADV V audience will be completely different.

2. ​ Body Paragraphs​ (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) i. ​ N V N ADJ N ADV V N The media portray millionaires in a different way to quickly engage its viewers to ​ V N watch the show.

b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences ­ quotes should be embedded within sentences) i. ​ ADJ N ADV V ADV ADJ ADJ The two authors strongly agree, “Probably with shock and disbelief. The ​ N ADJ ADJ N ADJ audience’s expectation are not congruent with the reality of most American ​ N N N millionaires” (Stanley and Danko 31).

ii.

​ ADV ADJ ADJ N ADJ ADJ “Probably with shock and disbelief. The audience’s expectation are not congruent ​ N ADJ N ADV with the reality of most American millionaires” according to the medically

41

​ V N N N certified authors (Stanley and Danko 31).

iii.

iv.

​ ADV N ADV ADJ ADJ N Unfortunately for the audience, “Probably with shock and disbelief. The audience’s ​ ADJ ADJ N ADJ N expectation are not congruent with the reality of most American millionaires,” ​ N N N according to the authors (Stanley and Danko 31).

​ ADV N ADV ADJ ADJ N Unfortunately for the audience, “Probably with shock and disbelief. The audience’s ​ ADJ ADJ N ADJ N expectation are not congruent with the reality of most American millionaires” ​ N N (Stanley and Danko 31).

v.

​ ADV N ADJ ADJ N ADJ Unfortunately for the audience, “..... shock and disbelief ..... audience’s expectation ​ N ADJ N N N are [different from] the reality ..... of ….. American millionaires” (Stanley and Danko

31).

vi.

Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) 1. ORIGINAL QUOTE ­

ADV ADJ ADJ N ADJ ADJ

vii.

“Probably with shock and disbelief. The audience’s expectation are not congruent ​ N ADJ N N N with the reality of most American millionaires” (Stanley and Danko 31).

2. PARAPHRASE ­ ​ N V ADV V ADJ ADJ N The audiences will probably be in shock and disbelief with the reality of most ​ ADJ N American millionaires.

Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 1. ORIGINAL QUOTE ­ ADV ADJ ADJ N ADJ ADJ

“Probably with shock and disbelief. The audience’s expectation are not congruent ​ N ADJ N N N with the reality of most American millionaires” (Stanley and Danko 31).

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2. SUMMARY ­

viii.

​ ADJ N ADV N V The real millionaires are really not what people expect.

Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples ­ ​ AVOID​ ) 1. ​ ADJ N V ADV N The real millionaires dress regularly just like other people.

ix.

Concrete Examples (actual, reference­able examples) 1. ​ V V N N According to the interviews and studies made in the book, ​ The Millionaire ​ N N N Next Door​

by Thomas J. Stanley and William D. Danko, the millionaires ​ V N ADV V ADJ mention that they shop at JCPenney and are not really attracted to branded ​ N N N items such as clothings and bags.

c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word ­ possibly an adverb ­ and should echo the thesis of the essay) i. ​ ADV ADJ N ADJ N V ADJ Clearly, the lack of exposure of the real millionaires caused the stir of wrongful ​ N expectations on them.

3. ​ Closing Paragraphs​ (Conclusions ­ should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) a. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis ­ could be one or more sentences) 1. ​ ADV ADJ N V N ADJ N

Probably, the best way to get rid of the people’s wrongful expectation about ​ N ADV V ADJ N millionaire is to actually show them the real millionaires.

b. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) 1. ​ ADJ N V V ADV N ADJ If the real millionaires were to be exposed freely, how will the people’s view on ​ N V millionaires change?

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44

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 6 ESSAYS

6. Essays ​ ­ Explain the purpose of the specific feature of each type of essay. Show the specific tactics used to create successful essays of type. Students do NOT have to include their own examples for each, they just have to explain and discuss each type. If students decide to create essays examples to include in their grammar books, twenty points (20) extra credit will be given for each ​ original example​ (CREATED BY THE STUDENT FOR THIS PROJECT) of a ​ FULL, MULTI­PAGE​ that is included when the essay section is turned in. a. Types i.

Persuasive (Argumentative) ii.

Expository​ (Informative) 1. Definition or Description 2. Process/How­to 3. Compare and Contrast 4. Cause and Effect iii.

Analytical/Critical 1. Evaluate 2. Interpretive iv.

Narrative​ (Tells a story) 1. Personal Anecdote v.

Research 1. MLA Format 2. APA Format vi.

Timed 1. Document Based Question (DBQ) 2. Prompt Based b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i.

Pre­writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining ii.

Research/Evaluation of Sources c. Work Cited Page i.

MLA Format ii.

APA Format

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a. Types i.

Persuasive​ (Argumentative) ­ A persuasive essay is an argument in which the writer is making a certain idea more rightful than another idea.

vii.

viii.

ix.

x.

xi.

­The writer is persuading its reader to side on their argument more than another.

Expository​ (Informative) ­ A expository essay is an informative essay that explains an idea and is backed up with evidence.

1. Definition or Description: A definition essay is to explain an idea. A description essay paints a picture to explain something.

2. Process/How­to: A how­to essay is to explain how to do or how to make something step by step.

3. Compare and Contrast: A compare and contrast essay examine the differences and similarities or two ideas to find its relationship in order to draw a conclusion.

4. Cause and Effect: A cause and effect essay is to explain an idea using cause and effect.

Analytical/Critical​ ­ An analytical/critical essay is a subjective writing that expresses the writer's opinion and examines it.

1. Evaluate: An evaluation essay finds a certain criteria that will be used to evaluate a subject with.

2. Interpretive: An interpretive essay is fully understanding the subject and being able to clearly state them.

Narrative​ (Tells a story) ­ A narrative essay tells a story usually from the point of view of the writer.

1. Personal Anecdote: A personal anecdote is to tell a personal experience.

Research​ ­ A research essay is using other resources other than a personal experience to back up an idea.

1. MLA Format: A MLA format essay is the citation of the resources used in the essay.

2. APA Format: A APA format essay is the citation of scientific resources in the essay.

Timed​ ­ A timed essay is writing an essay in the amount of time given.

1. Document Based Question (DBQ): A document based question (DBQ) essay is a timed writing in which the resources to be used is related to history.

2. Prompt Based: A prompt based essay is a timed writing in which the essay is to be written based on the prompt given.

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b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps​ ­ finding strategies on how to write an essay i.

Pre­writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining: In the pre­writing, the prompt should be analyzed first. Read the given prompt and determine what is being asked. In the prompt, look for the purpose, argument, task, and audience that will be needed to write the essay. For the thesis, it is best to turn the question into a statement. ii.

Research/Evaluation of Sources: First and foremost, the writer must know what they are going to write about. The topic of the essay must be stated clearly and the statements following it must support it. Include researched information in the essay to support the topic. The sources must be relevant and significant to the essay. c. Work Cited Page​ ­ the page in which the sources used must be properly cited according to a format i.

MLA Format: Modern Language Association or MLA format is a style used to cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.

Example: Citing a book J. Stanley, Thomas, and William D. Danko. ​ The Millionaire Next Door.​ Marietta: LONGSTREET, 1996. Print. ii.

APA Format: American Psychological Association or APA format is a style used to cite sources within the history.

Example: Citing a book J. Stanley, T., & D. Danko, W. (1996). ​ The Millionaire Next Door.​ Marietta, GA: LONGSTREET PRESS.

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48

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7 CAPITALIZATION

7. Capitalization​ ­ Define and give one (1) example for each of the ​ twenty five (25) rules.

Rule 1:​ ​ Capitalize all proper nouns that are names of individuals Ex: Tom Cruise really wanted to star in the new movie but decided to decline it after having problems with the director.

Rule 2:​ ​ Capitalize points of the compass when they designate geographical parts of a country, region or city Ex: The movie was to be diligently filmed in Paris, New York, and Bangkok next year with its international cast.

Rule 3:​ ​ Capitalize academic degrees and professional designations Ex: The writer of the book, William D. Danko, PhD, was unexpectedly surprised when the movie, inspired by his book, became a huge hit.

Rule 4:​ ​ Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title Ex: The Hunger Games was actually the most sought after book and movie this year, according to some experts.

Rule 5:​ ​ Capitalize the word ​ " I "​ when referring to oneself in the first person Ex: I wanted to quickly finish my chores so that I can go watch the movie with my friends.

Rule 6:​ ​ Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names Ex: Professor Smith was not impressed with how his students quickly finished their short film.

Rule 7:​ ​ Capitalize the first word of every ​ complete ​ quotation within quotation marks Ex: Mr. Adams said, “Quickly move those books to the side before the others see it.”

Rule 8:​ ​ Capitalize President when it refers to the leader of the United States Ex: The President wanted to watch a movie with his family because they rarely have time to bond.

Rule 9:​ ​ Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter Ex: Dear Mr. Hunter, We hope to see you at the screening of the new movie directed by your friend, Sam Miller.

There will be a seat reserved for you and your family. Hope to see you there.

Sincerely, James Bond.

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Rule 10:​ ​ Capitalize school subjects unless they state a language, or they are numbered Ex: The director quickly admitted that he hated Geometry in high school after being asked about his high school life.

Rule 11:​ ​ Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry Ex: Roses are red, violets are blue That's what they say, but it just isn’t true!

Rule 12:​ ​ Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name Ex: Aunt Sally decided not to let anyone see the movie after getting mad at Samuel’s behavior.

Rule 13:​ ​ Capitalize the name of organizations Ex: Some of the money earned in the movie was given to the American Red Cross as a donation.

Rule 14:​ ​ Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days Ex: There are many action movies coming out on November, so many movie lover are patiently waiting for it.

Rule 15:​ ​ Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title Ex: There are not movie coming out Veteran’s Day, but there are movies coming out the same week.

Rule 16:​ ​ Capitalize business names Ex: The scene where the bad cop was initially chasing the lead actor was filmed in American Airlines.

Rule 17:​ ​ Capitalize institution names Ex: The school that was supposed to look like Harvard, was actually UCLA and many people did not know about it.

Rule 18:​ ​ Capitalize government bodies and departments Ex: The Congress did not allow the law to be passed, at least on the funny movie that was shown in school yesterday.

Rule 19:​ ​ Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents Ex: The setting of the historical movie was during the American Revolution, so it was difficult to find object that was used during those times for the film.

Rule 20:​ ​ Capitalize languages Ex: The international movie unexpectedly contained more than one languages such as Korean, Taiwanese, Spanish, French, and English.

Rule 21:​ ​ Capitalize specific names of structures 50

Ex: The set was carefully designed to make it look like the inside of the Empire State Building because it was difficult to actually film in the real place.

Rule 22:​ ​ Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence Ex: The impatient audience suddenly clapped when the handsome actor and the beautiful actress of the romantic movie finally came out.

Rule 23:​ ​ Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence Ex: Twenty­one years after the movie came out, its story is still one of the classics that are hard to forget.

Rule 24:​ ​ Capitalize races and ethnic groups Ex: According to some movie critics, Americans love action movies more than dramatic movies.

Rule 25:​ ​ Capitalize a specific, well­known area or event Ex: Many well­known actors, actors, and directors came to the Grammy Awards yesterday, and some were even lucky enough to receive more than one trophy.

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52

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 8 PUNCTUATION

8. Punctuation​ ­ Define and give two (2) examples of the uses for each mark. a. [] () . , ­ ­ : ; ? ! ‘ “ ...

1. A period (.) is added to the end of a sentence to create a statement.

NM N ADV V V N N V N​ ​ NM ADJ

2.

3.

4.

5.

The director quickly decided to use one of the extras to play the part of the happy ​ N woman. ​ ADJ N ADV V V N ADJ N V The stressed director quickly decided to used one of the female extras to play the ​ N ADJ N part of the happy woman.

A question mark (?) is used at the end of a sentence to ask a question. ​ N V N N ADJ Will the movie even be a success if the lead is not well­known? ​ ADJ N V N ADJ N ADJ Will the adventure movie even be a success if the main lead is not very ​ N well­known?

An exclamation point (!) is used to create declaration, ​ interjection​ , or command. ​ N V ADJ N The actor was really handsome! ​ ADJ N N ADV V N N The new actor in the movie handsomely played his role with lots of emotion!

A colon (:) is used before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. ​ N N N V ADV V N There is one thing left to do: calmly rewatch the movie. ​ N N N V ADV V N There is only one thing left to do: calmly rewatch the movie so it won’t bother the ​ ADJ N other people.

A semicolon (;) is used before a list or to separate closely related independent clauses. ​ V N ADV N ADV V He went to bed early; his schedule is surprisingly packed.

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​ ADV V N ADV N N ADV V He unexpectedly went to bed early; his schedule tomorrow is surprisingly packed.

6. A hyphen (­) is used in some compound words or to divide a word at the end of a line of type. ​ ADV V V N N N It is really hard to gain self­control when someone gets into character. ​ ADV V V N ADV N It is really hard to regain self­control, especially for actors, when they get into ​ N character.

7. A dash (​ —​ ) is used as a super­comma or set of super­commas to set off parenthetical elements, especially when those elements contain internal forms of punctuation. ​ N N N N ADV V V All of them—actors, actresses, and the director—really worked hard. ​ N N N N ADV V V ADV All of them—actors, actresses, and the director—really worked hard to genuinely ​ V N finish the movie.

8. A parentheses () is used to include material that wouldn't normally fit into the flow of the text. ​ V V N ADV ADJ N V N He wanted to watch the movie (probably not a good idea) since he had nothing ​ V else to do. ​ N ADV V V ADJ N ADV ADJ N Jake really wanted to watch the horrible movie (probably not a good idea) since ​ V N V he had nothing else to do.

9. A bracket [ ] used to enclose words or figures so as to separate them from the context. ​ N V ADV V N Acting [with her] was a truly amazing feeling. ​ N V ADV V N V ADV V V Acting [with her] was a truly amazing feeling that was very hard to forget.

10. An ellipsis (...) is the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues. ​ ADV V N V N They surprisingly won 2 awards… but it was not enough. ​ N N ADV V N ADJ N V 54

The movie and its cast surprisingly won 2 awards… but some people thought it ​ V N was not enough.

11. An apostrophe ( ’ ) is used to indicate either possession or the omission of letters or numbers. ​ N ADJ N V ADV V N The director’s patience with the dog was quickly reaching its limit. ​ N ADJ ADJ N V ADV V N The director’s patience with the small dog was quickly reaching its limit so they ​ V V N decided to take a break.

12. A quotation mark (“ ”) is used either to mark the beginning and end of a title or quoted passage or to indicate that a word or phrase is regarded as slang or jargon or is being discussed rather than used within the sentence. ​ ADJ N ADV V ADJ N V N The “good” actor carefully showed his true self to certain people. ​ ADJ N ADV V ADJ N V ADJ N The “good” actor carefully showed his true self to certain trustworthy people ​ N throughout the movie.

13. A comma (,) is used to indicate a pause between parts of a sentence or to separate items in a list and to mark the place of thousands in a large numeral. ​ N ADV V N N N N The people immediately applauded when the actors, actresses, director, and staff ​ V N all came out on stage. ​ ADJ N ADV V N N N The supportive people immediately applauded when the actors, actresses, director, ​ N V N ADV V N and staff all came out on stage to personally thank everyone​ .

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56

GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 9 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

9. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices​ ­ Show the differences between each of these common errors and give example sentences of the proper usage for each variant. One (1) advanced sentence that relates to your subject per word. a. Who/Whom h. Loath/Loathe b. Their/There/They’re i. Infer/Imply c. Lie/Lay j. Weary/Wary d. Laid/Lain k. Proceed/Precede e. Affect/Effect l. Discrete/Discrete f. Accept/Except m. Conscience/Conscious g. C/W/Should ​ have vs. n. Can/May C/W/Should ​ of o. At least five (5) others

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a. Who/Whom (who­used to introduce a clause giving further information about a person or people previously mentioned, whom­used instead of “who” as the object of a verb or preposition)

The amazing writer, ​ who​ is also a director, wrote an award­winning story that captured everyone’s heart.

The busy kids unintentionally forgot ​ whom ​ they got the borrowed movie from.

b. Their/There/They’re (their­belong to someone, there­location, they’re­an action done by multiple people)

Their ​ realistic movie slowly made people believe in many good thing in life.

There​ was a group of kids who openly advertised the movie for no money in return.

They’re​ grateful with all the love and support they are continuously receiving from people.

c. Lie/Lay (lie­resting position, lay­an action of putting down)

The tired actor quickly decided to ​ lie​ down on the sofa to take a break.

The calm director decided to gently ​ lay​ the movie script on the table before going to bed.

d. Laid/Lain (laid­put down, lain­resting position)

The tired actor had ​ lain​ on the blue sofa for more than one hour.

When the stressed director ​ laid​ his eyes on the noisy actors, he almost lost all his senses.

e. Affect/Effect (affect­to make a difference, effect­cause to happen)

The widely recognized movie had a very unique ​ effect​ on the actors in it.

The unprofessional actress’s behavior began to ​ affect​ the work of everyone involved. f. Accept/Except (accept­to receive, except­to exclude)

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The new actress wanted to ​ accept​ the gift from her awesome fan, but the gift was too expensive.

Except​ for the fact that most of the scenes were predictable, the movie was amazingly not that bad.

g. C/W/Should ​ have vs.

C/W/Should ​ of

The new actress ​ should have​ been more careful, but it was unsurprisingly too late to give everything a second chance.

The new actress ​ should of​ called her hard­working manager before making such hasty decisions.

h. Loath/Loathe (loath­unwilling, loathe­dislike or disgust for)

After the final filming ended, many very were ​ loath​ to leave the amazing set for the last and final time.

The picky actress ​ loathe​ the blue dress that she fashionably had to wear for the premiere night of the movie.

i. Infer/Imply (infer­conclude, imply­suggest the truth)

The confused actor had to quickly ​ infer​ to movie script to prove that he had been right all along.

The confused actor had to ​ imply​ that he was tired as the ultimate reason why he unconsciously made so much mistakes.

j. Weary/Wary (weary­tired, wary­caution)

The sick actress was ​ weary​ continuously having a really packed schedule every single week.

The new actress was very wary about gaining too much weight for her new upcoming movie.

k. Proceed/Precede (proceed­continue, precede­come before)

The director finally decided to just ​ proceed​ to the next intense scenes without the main actress needed from the previous scene.

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The upcoming movie ​ precede​ the last action movie with the same title, but different director.

l. Discrete/Discreet (discrete­separate, discreet­careful)

The great director chose ​ discrete​ scenes to diligently work on for the day.

The production team chose ​ discreet​ details that would really work well with each of the different characters.

m. Conscience/Conscious (conscience­guilt, conscious­awake)

The writer’s ​ conscience​ was building up after more and more evidence were slowly beginning to appear.

The audience really was ​ conscious​ of the huge mistake that the editors made, but they did not mind.

n. Can/May (can­able to, may­expressing permission)

Can someone at least quietly tell the noisy guy in the theater to be quiet?

May I ask if the noisy guy is even interested in watching the movie?

o. At least five (5) others 1. Then/Than (than­conjunction used in comparisons; then­denoting time)

The action movie extremely had more happy audience ​ than​ the comedic movie.

Bella really wanted to watch the romantic movie, ​ then​ she suddenly changed her mind when she accidently found out that it was a horrible movie.

2. To/Too/Two (To is a preposition; too is an adverb; two is a number)

The amazing cast wanted ​ to​ throw a party for their amazing director.

It was ​ too​ late to call the understudy because the director suddenly decided to wrap up the scene.

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They had only ​ two​ hours to finish all the schedule that had to be done that same day.

3. Your/You’re (Your is a possessive pronoun; you're is a contraction of you are)

The little kid really wanted ​ your​ signature but he was too shy to personally ask for it.

You’re​ too young to take those kinds of role, but since you can handle it, we’ll give it to you.

4. Are/Our (​ Are​ is the second­person singular present and the first, second, and third­person plural present of the verb ​ be​ . ​ Our ​ means "belong​ ing to us")

They ​ are​ proud to watch their favorite movie win so much award in one day.

Our​ faith on the team is more than anyone could ever ask for.

5. Buy/By (​ Buy​ means to purchase or spend money on something. ​ By​ is a proposition meaning close to or indicating who did something)

The excited teenagers wanted to buy the movie on their tv, however the cable company apparently stopped showing it.

By​ the time filming was over, the cast quickly celebrated not on finishing the filming, but for everyone that worked hard on it.

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Quiz Section 1­9

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Quiz #1: Parts of Speech

a. Demonstrate

b. Articles

c. Preposition

d. Subordinate

e. Correlative

f. Endings

g. Coordinating

h. Types

i. Transitions

j. Interjection

Match each term

______ 1. ​ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

_______ 2. about, above, according to, across

_______ 3. this, that, these, those

_______ 4.​ aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw

_______ 5. there, here, beyond, nearby, next to

_______ 6. after, although, as, because, before

_______ 7. Surprising​ ly​ , Re​ wards​ , Fan​ wise

_______ 8. ​ the​ , ​ a​ , ​ an

_______ 9. either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

_______ 10. Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

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Quiz #2: Phrases a­c

Matching​ : a. Gerund

b. Appositive

c. Infinitive

d. Prepositional

e. Participle

____1) A group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. ____2) Verb preceded by the word “to” used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs. ____3) Word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. ____4) A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. ____5) Word ending in “ing” used as a noun.

Multiple Choice​ : Identify each underlined words or phrases.​

6) The director was forced ​ to willingly​ accept the actress back. a. prepositional c. appositive b. gerund d. infinitive 7) ​ According to​ the article, the horribly made movie was a huge success. a. appositive c. gerund b. prepositional Phrase d. preposition

Identify the ​ prepositional​ ,​ appositive,​ or​ verbal phrase i​ n each sentence.

8) Many ​ excited audience​ ​ patiently waited​ ​ for the movie​ ​ for finally start​ .​ ​ (hint: verbal) ​ 1 2 3 4

a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 9) ​ According to the news​ , ​ the actress​ ​ slowly gained popularity​ ​ because of her recent roles in ​ 1 2 3

​ movies​ .​ ​ (hint: prepositional) 4

a. 1 and 2 c. 2 and 3 b. 1 and 4 d. none of the above 10) ​ Mr. Rodriguez, our English teacher​ , ​ happily showed​ ​ his favorite movie​ ​ to his enthusiastic 1 2 3

​ period 5 class​ .​ ​ (hint: appositive) ​ 4 a. 1 b. 2 and 3

c. 4 d. none of the above

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Quiz #3: Clauses 4­7

Matching​ : a. Relative Clauses

b. Elliptical Clauses

c. Essential Clauses

d. Nonessential Clauses

____1) Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ____2) Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ____3) Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ____4) Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

Multiple Choice Identify the ​ relative​ ,​ elliptical,​ ​ essential​ , or ​ nonessential clause i​ n each sentence.

5) ​ The actress​ ​ who acts passionately​ ​ will be chosen​ ​ from the audition​ . ​ (​ hint: relative) ​ 1 2 3 4

a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 6) ​ When watching a movie​ , ​ it​ is advisable ​ to eat popcorn​ ​ at the same time​ . ​ (hint: elliptical) 1 2 3 4

a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 7) ​ The trailer​ , ​ which was uploaded 4 months ago​ , ​ made​ ​ the movie​ seem more interesting.​ ​ (hint: 1 2 3 4

nonessential)

a. 1 and 4 b. 2 and 3

c. 3 d. 2

Identify each underlined words or phrases​ .

8) The thing ​ that interests race car drivers​ are sports cars, especially in movies. a. relative clause c. essential clause b. elliptical clause d. nonessential clause 9) ​ When watching the trailer​ , most of the time, the scenes are placed in a way to make the movie more interesting. a. relative clause c. essential clause b. elliptical clause d. nonessential clause 10) The people ​ who criticizes movies​ will most likely write it in their blog. a. relative clause c. essential clause b. elliptical clause d. nonessential clause

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Quiz #4: Sentence Section

Matching: a. Subject

b. Predicate

c. Declarative

d. Exclamatory

e. Compound

f. Chiasmus

g. Fragment

h. Double Negative

____1) one independent clause PLUS one or more dependent clauses ____2) states a fact or an argument and ends with a period (.) ____3) does not express a complete thought and is lacking a subject or an action ____4) ​ what or whom the sentence is about ____5) a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order ____6) usually produced by combining the negative form of verb with a negative pronoun, adverb, or conjunction ____7) expresses excitement or emotion; ends with an exclamation point (!) ____8) ​ tells something about the subject

Multiple Choice Identify the ​ sentence error​ of each given sentence.

9) He excitedly watched the movie he liked it. a. comma splice c. run­on/rambling b. double negative d. fragment

10) Jackson accidently forgot his movie ticket on the way to the theater. a. misplaced modifier c. run­on/rambling b. fragment d. comma splice

Identify the ​ sentence part​ in the sentence.

11) ​ The crew​ created a really good movie.

​ ? a. subject

b. predicate

Identify the ​ sentence pattern​ of the given sentence.

12) They want to control money, but actually money controls them. a. asyndeton c. polysyndeton b. epistrophe d. chiasmus

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Quiz #5: Paragraphs

Matching​ : a. ​ Topic Sentence

b. Paraphrase

c. ​ Closing Sentence

d. Anecdotal

e. ​ Query Based

____1) must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word ­ possibly an adverb ­ and should echo the thesis of the essay ____2) must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support ____3) questions that brings the reader to the topic ____4) rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source ____5) brief story to set the mood and intro the topic

Multiple Choice Identify each kind of ​ thesis statement 6) Millionaires are different from how movies and reality shows constantly portray them. a. assertion c. opinion b. belief d. fact 7) Millionaires certainly have a huge amount of money. a. opinion c. fact b. belief d. theory 8) Having lots of money can sadly lead a person into creating a sin. a. fact c. generalization b. theory d. belief 9) If the real millionaire were to be portrayed in a tv show, the reaction of the audience will be completely different. a. opinion c. fact b. generalization d. theory 10) All millionaires own expensive houses and cars. a. belief c. theory b. generalization d. opinion

Random Question Before: “Probably with shock and disbelief. The audience’s expectation are not congruent with the reality of most American millionaires” (Stanley and Danko 31).

After: The real millionaires are really not what people expect.

11) If the quote changed into the sentence above, what is the sentence? a. paraphrase b. summary 68

Quiz #6: Essays

Matching​ : a. ​ Persuasive

b. Expository

c. Analytical

d. Narrative

e. Research

f. Timed

Define each word ____1. writing an essay in the amount of time given. ____2. tells a story usually from the point of view of the writer. ____3. an argument in which the writer is making a certain idea more rightful than another idea. ____4. using other resources other than a personal experience to back up an idea. ____5. a subjective writing that expresses the writer's opinion and examines it. ____6. an informative essay that explains an idea and is backed up with evidence.

7. Identify the format given below: J. Stanley, Thomas, and William D. Danko. ​ The Millionaire Next Door.​ Marietta: LONGSTREET, 1996. Print. a. MLA Format b. APA Format

8. Identify the type of Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps: In the pre­writing, the prompt should be analyzed first. Read the given prompt and determine what is being asked. In the prompt, look for the purpose, argument, task, and audience that will be needed to write the essay. For the thesis, it is best to turn the question into a statement. a. Pre­writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining b. Research/Evaluation of Sources

Identify which type of expository essay is given 9. A how­to essay is to explain how to do or how to make something step by step. a. Definition or Description c. Process/How­to b. Compare and Contrast d. Cause and Effect 10. A compare and contrast essay examine the differences and similarities or two ideas to find its relationship in order to draw a conclusion. a. Definition or Description c. Process/How­to b. Compare and Contrast d. Cause and Effect

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Quiz #7: Punctuation

a. period (.)

b. ​ question mark (?)

c. ​ exclamation point(!)

d. colon (:)

e. semicolon (;)

f. hyphen (­)

g. dash (​ —​ )

h. parentheses ()

i. bracket [ ]

j. apostrophe ( ’ )

Match each mark to its definition

_____ 1. used to include material that wouldn't normally fit into the flow of the text

_____ 2. used to indicate either possession or the omission of letters or numbers

_____ 3. added to the end of a sentence to create a statement

_____ 4. used before a list or to separate closely related

_____ 5. used to create declaration, ​ interjection​ , or command

_____ 6. used as a super­comma or set of super­commas to set off parenthetical elements, especially when those elements contain internal forms of punctuation

_____ 7. used to enclose words or figures so as to separate them from the context

_____ 8. used in some compound words or to divide a word at the end of a line of type

_____ 9. used before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself

_____ 10. used at the end of a sentence to ask a question

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Quiz #8: Capitalization

Match the example for each rule:

1. ____ 2. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____

3. ____ 8. ____

4. ____ 9. ____

5. ____ 10. ____

1. Capitalize all proper nouns that are names of individuals

a. The Hunger Games was actually the most sought after book and movie this year, according to some experts.

2. Capitalize points of the compass when they designate geographical parts of a country, region or city

b. Some of the money earned in the movie was given to the American Red Cross as a donation.

3. Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all c. Professor Smith was not impressed with how important words in a title his students quickly finished their short film.

4. Capitalize the word ​ " I "​ when referring to oneself in the first person

d. The scene where the bad cop was initially chasing the lead actor was filmed in American Airlines.

5. Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing e. The movie was to be diligently filmed in Paris, with names New York, and Bangkok next year with its international cast.

6. Capitalize school subjects unless they state a f. Aunt Sally decided not to let anyone see the language, or they are numbered movie after getting mad at Samuel’s behavior.

7. Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name

g. The international movie unexpectedly contained more than one languages such as Korean, Taiwanese, Spanish, French, and English.

8. Capitalize the name of organizations

h. Tom Cruise really wanted to star in the new movie but decided to decline it after having problems with the director.

9. Capitalize business names

i. The director quickly admitted that he hated Geometry in high school after being asked about his high school life.

10. Capitalize languages

j. I wanted to quickly finish my chores so that I can go watch the movie with my friends.

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Quiz #9: Confused Words

Choose the correct word for each sentence

1. _____ grateful with all the love and support they are continuously receiving from people. a. Their c. They’re b. There d. None of the above 2. The widely recognized movie had a very unique _____ on the actors in it. a. affect c. Both are possible b. effect d. None of the above 3. The new actress wanted to _____ the gift from her awesome fan, but the gift was too expensive. a. accept c. Both are possible b. except d. None of the above 4. The picky actress _____ the blue dress that she fashionably had to wear for the premiere night of the movie. a. loathe c. Both are possible b. loath d. None of the above 5. The confused actor had to _____ that he was tired as the ultimate reason why he unconsciously made so much mistakes. a. imply c. Both are possible b. infer d. None of the above 6. _____ I ask if the noisy guy is even interested in watching the movie? a. Can c. Both are possible b. May d. None of the above 7. The amazing cast wanted _____ throw a party for their amazing director. a. two c. to b. too d. None of the above

8. They had only _____ hours to finish all the schedule that had to be done that same day. a. two c. to b. too d. None of the above 9. ​ They _____ proud to watch their favorite movie win so much award in one day. a. our c. Both are possible b. are d. None of the above 10. _____ was a group of kids who openly advertised the movie for no money in return. a. Their c. They’re b. There d. None of the above

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Answer key Answer Key (Quiz #1: Parts of Speech): 1. g 2. c 3. a 4. j 5. i 6. d 7. f 8. b 9. e 10. h

Answer Key (Quiz #2: Phrases a­c): 1. d 2. c 3. e 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. d

Answer Key (Quiz #3: Clauses 4­7): 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. a

Answer Key (Quiz #4: Sentence Section): 1. e 2. c 3. g 4. a 5. f 6. h 7. d 8. b 9. c 10. a 11. b 12. d

Answer Key (Quiz #5: Paragraphs): 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. d 10. b 11. b

Answers (Quiz #6: Essays): 1. f 2. d 3. a 4. e 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. a 9. b 10. c

Answer Key (Quiz #7: Punctuation): 1. h 2. j 3. a 4. e 5. c 6. g 7. i 8. f 9. d 10. b

Answer Key (Quiz #8: Capitalization): 1. h 2. e 3. a 4. j 5. c 6. i 7. f 8. b 9. d 10. g

Answer Key (Quiz #9: Confused Words): 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. b 73

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Glossary

Adjacent:​ ​ lying near, close, or contiguous; adjoining

Aspiring:​ ​ to long, aim, or seek ambitiously; be eagerly desirous, especially for something great or of high value

Comedic:​ ​ of, relating to, or of the nature of comedy

Comparable:​ ​ capable of being ​ compared​ ; having features in common with something else to permit or suggest ​ comparison

Consequently:​ ​ as a result, effect, or outcome; therefore

Dependent:​ ​ not used in isolation; used only in connection with other forms

Emboldened:​ ​ to make ​ bold​ or ​ bolder​ ; hearten; encourage

Established:​ ​ bring into being on a firm or stable basis

Fanwise:​ ​ spread out like an open ​ fan

Nationwide:​ ​ extending throughout the ​ nation

Nominative:​ ​ similar to such a case in function or meaning

Notwithstanding:​ ​ in spite of the fact that; although

Subsequently:​ ​ following in order or succession; succeeding

Sympathetic:​ ​ characterized by, proceeding from, exhibiting, or feeling sympathy;sympathizing; compassionate

Unintentionally:​ ​ not ​ intentional​ or deliberate

Unproductively:​ ​ having the power of ​ producing​ ; generative; creative

Virtue:​ ​ moral excellence; goodness; righteousness

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Works Cited

Simmons, Robin L. "Terms." ​ Grammar Bytes​ . Web. 10 Sept. 2015.

"What Is An Adverb." ​ Grammar Revolution​ . Elizabeth O'Brien, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.

"English Adverbs List." ​ English Adverbs List​ . Web. 15 Sept. 2015.

"Adverbs." ​ Adverbs​ . Capital Community College Foundation. Web. 15 Sept.

2015.

"What Is a Research Paper?" ​ What Is a Research Paper?​ Suny Empire State College. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

"Commonly Misused Words and Phrases." ​ Commonly Misused Words and Phrases​ .

Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

"Rules for Comma Usage." ​ Rules for Comma Usage​ . Capital Community College Foundation. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

"Punctuation Marks." ​ Punctuation Marks​ . Capital Community College Foundation. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

"Quotation Marks." ​ Quotation Marks​ . Capital Community College Foundation.

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"The Ellipsis." ​ The Ellipsis​ . Capital Community College Foundation. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

"The Bracket." ​ The Bracket​ . Capital Community College Foundation. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

"Capitalization Rules." ​ Know When and When Not to Capitalize​ . Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

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About the Author

Denine Lumarque was born and raised in Manila, Philippines. At the age of seven, she moved to California with her parents. Her first language is Tagalog, however since she moved to the U.S. at a young age, now she has a tough time reading and writing it. Even so, she is still very fluent in speaking the language. In the Philippines, she attended school from Pre­K to 1st grade. In her 1st grade class, they had a subject on English. Denine does not remember exactly what she was taught in that class, but it became a benefit to her. When she entered school in the U.S., she was back into 1st grade. This was because of the different start and end dates of the school year in both countries. The school placed her in 1st grade because the 2nd semester was halfway done, and so it was irrelevant for her to start in 2nd grade. Denine first started writing in the school while she was still in the Philippines. She does not remember how she started writing. When she got to the U.S. and first started school, she did not have a hard time with English. However, as the grade level gets higher, she began to see how tough learning the English language is. Now, after many years of learning and writing, it has become easier for her to read and write in English, as it is to read and write in Tagalog, her native language.

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I dedicate this book to those who have worked hard to achieve something and felt proud in achieving it.

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