An Order of Food with a side of Grammar

An order of Food and a side of grammar

By Jose Sotelo 1

An Order of Food With a Side of Grammar

By Jose Sotelo

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Table of contents Page 5…………………………..Nouns page 7…………………………..Pronouns page 8…………………………..Verbs page 10………………………….Adjectives page 11………………………….Prepositions page 13………………………….Phrases page 17…………………………..Sentence Parts page 19…………………………..Sentence errors page 22…………………………...Paragraphs page 25…………………………….Essays page 28…………………………….Capitalization page 33……………………………...About the Author page 34……………………………….Glossary page 35………………………………...Work cited page 36………………………………...Dedication

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This book is the ultimate guide for grammar. It ranges from the simple things like commas, periods, etc. to different types of essays, common mistakes, independent clauses, etc. The book contains examples to make things easier.

The examples throughout the book revolve around the idea of food. This book was intended for anyone who wishes to expand their knowledge on grammar.

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Nouns A. Types of Nouns

1. Common Nouns​ : class of people, places, things, or idea.

Ex. African, Mexican, Spanish, Disneyland, Legoland, Six Flags, basketball, baseball, bat, courage, culture, samurai.

2. Proper nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea.

Ex. George Washington, California, Obama, Las Vegas, Lincoln, San Diego.

3. Compound Nouns: ​ words used together to form a single noun.

Ex. Firefighter, bedroom, watermelon, grandson, newspaper, teamwork, daylight, rainbow.

4. Concrete Nouns: ​ refer to material things, to people, or to places.

Ex. Paper, pencils, Pens, Notebooks, chair.

5. Abstract Nouns​ : name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes.

Ex. Annoyance, dedication, curiosity, loyalty, relaxation.

B. Noun identifiers: 1. Noun endings: ​ ­ness, ­tion, ­ism,­ist,­ture,­tude,­ment,­ance,­ence,­ity,­ster,­ory,­eer,­hood.

Ex. Florist, neighborhood, oyster, deer, attitude, emotions, quality, future, entertainment, etc.

2. Following a noun marker (NM): ​ a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc.

Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjective. Both kids like ice cream. Both kids like vanilla ice cream, but one hates chocolate and the other likes it.

3. Plural form: ​ for example “chickens” or “Nachos”. On the field trip the class got nachos. The class received nachos and hot dogs for the field trip to the Science center.

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4. Possessive form: ​ for example “student’s pencil” or “students’ pencil.”

The bully broke the student’s pencil. The enraged bully broke the students’ pencil.

5. Following a preposition: ​ common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, means of, despite, down, down from, except, excluding for, from, from among, in addition to, instead, like, near, past, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, via, with, within, without. The cat was behind the tree. The chunky black cat was behind the tall tree.

C. Functions(How nouns are used): 1. Subject(comes before the verb). ​ Dr. Jose had to diagnose 6 patients.

Dr. Jose had to diagnose 6 patients, each with different illnesses.

2. Direct object(comes after the verb and answers what or whom​ ).

Kevin jumped rope at school. Kevin who is athletic jumps rope at school.

3. Indirect object (answers to who or to whom). ​ Dr. Jose gave medicine to his patient. Dr. Jose gave medicine to his patients to treat diabetes.

4. Adverbial object(comes after the verb and answer them). ​ The police work afternoons to keep the people safe. The police work afternoons to keep people/ businesses safe.

5. Object of the preposition(follows a preposition). ​ Sean returned to Jack in the Box to attend the drive­thru. Sean returned to Jack in the Box to attend the busy drive­thru.

6. Subject complement( following a linking verb). Sean is the manager of Jack in the Box. Sean is the manager of Jack in the Box due to his promotion a week ago.

7. Object complement(follows a direct object and renames it). ​ Jack in the Box promoted Sean Manager. Jack in the Box promoted Sean manager due to his dedication and skill.

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8. Appositives(renames nouns, separated by comma). ​ Dr. Seuss, the author, who wrote Cat in the Hat is my favorite writer. Dr. Seuss, the author, who wrote books for kids is my favorite childhood writer.

9. Adjectival(describes noun following it). ​ Simon works at the $.99 store. Simon works from Friday – Sunday at the $.99 store.

10. Noun in Direct Address. ​ Tyrone, where is the nearest Starbucks.

Tyrone, where is the nearest Starbucks to get a Frappuccino.

11. Object of the gerund(noun that follows a gerund). ​ Winning a noble prize is on my bucket list. Winning a noble prize is a dream come true and part of my bucket list.

12. Object of the participle(noun that follows a participle). ​ After the drawing contest I was very disappointed. After the drawing contest I was very disappointed because my drawing was trash compared to others.

13. Object of the infinitive(noun that follows an infinitive) ​ Jake from state farm wanted to win the drawing contest. Jake from state farm wanted to win desperately the drawing contest to receive the $1,000,000 prize.

Pronouns: take place of nouns that have been established.

1. Personal: ​ Nominative(subjects), Objective(objects), I/we, me/us, you/you, he, she, it, one/they, him, her, it, one/them. Possessive: My/ mine, our/ours, your/yours, His, her, hers, its, one’s, their, theirs. When I first make Jake, we where at six flags and I accidently bumped into him and spilled coke on his girlfriends shirt. I apologized and bought her a six flags shirt and we became best friends.

2. Relative: Nominative: ​ who, that. Objective: whom, that, those/this.

Possessive: Whose, of that. Jack who specializes in burger, makes the juiciest for those who love food. Whom do you think loves these burgers?

3. Interrogative: ​ who, which, what, whatever, whoever. At the wedding the priest said whoever objects speak now. Whoever was in the back shouted I do, but when everyone turned around no one was there.

4. Reflexive​ : personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves used only: a) when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction. b) to intensify a point. Mr. Rodriguez has to grade papers by himself 7

because the papers don’t grade themselves. If the papers did Mr. Rodriguez’s job would be way easier.

5. Demonstrative: ​ this, these, that, those. Simon likes these kind of candy that are filled with peanut butter inside called Reese’s cups. He eats those a lot especially on summer break.

6. Indefinite: ​ all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

Everyone knew how el chapo escaped but, nobody knows where he is.

Very few people know where he is but wont say anything because he pays the people to be quiet.

Verbs 1. verb ending: ​ ­s, ­ed, ­ing. Ex: voted best food. Savoring food. Stomach absorbs delicious food.

2. Tense: ​ verb indicates time via tenses: simple past, past, past perfect, past progressive, simple present, present, present perfect, present progressive, present perfect progressive, future, future perfect. Ex. Did you order. He advised me to pick. You had ordered. I was walking. I ate a burger. Drink soda. Have been here. I am buying. I have been waiting. We will leave. Food would have arrived by.

3. Forms: ​ a)​ to be: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being. (verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verbs they are always linking verbs. ​ b)​ to do: do, does, did, done, doing. (verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. ​ c)​ to have: have, had, has, having.(verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. Being at this restaurant is a pleasure. I don’t like to do projects because it feels like I never finish. I have not had a burger in 2 days.

4. Types: Auxiliary verbs also are known as “helping verbs”. The three most common auxiliary verb are: ​ be​ , ​ do​ and ​ have.​ Linking verb ​ do not express action. Instead, they connect the ​ subject​ of the ​ verb​ to additional information about the subject.​ ​ Lexical verbs typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning. ​ Dynamic verbs ​ shows continued or 8

progressive action on the part of the subject.​ Stative verbs ​ ​ express a state rather than an action.​ Finite verbs is a ​ verb​ which has a ​ subject​ and shows tense​ . Nonfinite verbs describe a verb that is not showing ​ tense​ or not acting like a verb ( the type of verb you need to form a sentence). Regular verbs is one that conforms to the usual rule for forming its ​ simple past tense​ and its ​ past participle​ . Irregular verbs are ​ verbs that can end in a variety of ways, with absolutely no consistent pattern.​ Transitive verbs must have a direct object, and something or someone who receives the action of the verb. Intransitive verbs​ is an ​ action verb​ , expressing a doable ​ activity and it will not have a ​ direct object​ receiving the action.​ Ex. I would have ate. I feel hungry. I ate. I abandoned the burger. I am sick. He wanted the burger. Freshly picked. I ran to the store. Began to eat. He wants food.

James went to café.

5. voice: ​ form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. Active and passive voice. Active voice ​ must have a ​ direct object​ , something or someone who receives the action of the​ .​ Passive voice​ must have a ​ direct object​ , something or someone who receives the action of the verb.​ Ex. The dog ate the burger. The dog had already ate the burger. I ate 6 shrimp. 6 shrimp where eaten by me.

6. Verbals: a) ​ Gerund: Words ending in “ing” used as a noun. His favorite hobby is eating. He enjoys devouring food. b) ​ Participle: Words ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. Jake does not like firing spicy food. Jake likes is chicken tendered. c) ​ infinitive: Verb preceded by the word “to”. Adam likes to eat Italian lasagna. Adam does not like to drive to get food he wants it delivered.

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IV. Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.

1. Kinds:​ ​ demonstrative: ​ are this, that, these, and those. They are used to point out specific people or things. ​ Ex. ​ Those burgers are raw they still have blood coming out.

Common: ​ an adjective that is not written with a​ capital​ letter​ . ​ Ex. ​ The fries look yellow.

Proper: ​ an adjective that is usually capitalized. ​ Ex. ​ Italian lasanga.

2. Endings: ​ ­al, ­ary, ­ful, ­ic, ical, ­ish, ­less, ­like, ­ly, ­ous, ­y. ​ Ex. ​ The food looks colorful 3. Conversions:​ Endings such as ­er, ­est. the food at McDonald's is better 4. Articles: ​ ­​ a​ , ​ an​ , and ​ the​ are adjectives. They are used to create a comparison expressing equality. ​ Ex. ​ The burgers from jack an Applebee's are delicious 5. Comparatives/ Superlatives: ​ Comparative used to compare two things. Superlative used to compare 3 or more things. ​ Ex. ​ The fries from Burger King ​ are less ​ tasty then Jack's fries V. Adverbs a. Endings:​ ­ly,­wards,­wise ​ ex​ . The waiter quickly served our food b. Conversions: ​ Usually you add ­ly. Quick ­> quick​ ly c. Types: ​ ​ manner: ​ tells us how something happened. Ex. ​ time: ​ tells us when something is happening. Ex. ​ place: ​ tells us where something happened. Ex. ​ Degree: ​ tells us how something happened. Ex. ​ frequency: ​ tells us how often something happens. Ex. d. Intensifiers: ​ they modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. e. Comparatives /superlatives: ​ on one syllable words you add ­er for comparative and ­est for superlative. more than one syllable add less or more for comparative and most or least for superlative. Comparatives compare things in a greater and lease degree.

Superlatives compares to the greatest or least degree.

VI. Conjunctions a. Coordinating:​ (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. Ex. McDonald's take 10 min. To deliver food, for a fast food place that is bad b. correlative:​ either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so.

Correlative conjunctions connect using either/or etc. ​ Ex.​ I prefer either Panda Express or Jack in the Box. c. Subordinate:​ after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while.

Subordinate conjunction provide transition between two ideas in a sentence. I love Panda because of the orange chicken. d. Relative pronouns: ​ who( refers to people), which(refers to nonliving object or animals), that(may refer to animals or nonliving objects). Relative pronouns introduces an adjective clause. ​ Ex. ​ The usher asked who dropped the popcorn.

VII. Prepositions a. Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.

Prepositions are never followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across from, after, against, along, alongside, 10

alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, after, against, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by means, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front, in place of, in regard to, inside, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, not withstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. ​ Ex. Upon arriving at hooters ​ near​ the door a sign with ​ private hang over the door. A ​ccording to Jasper, someone stole the burger from him. Jasper was mad ​ over​ the idea his burger was stolen.

VIII. Interjections a. Interjections are the final part of speech. Some interjections are: boo­yah, duh, eek, eww, ha, hello, hurray, huh, oops, ouch, sweet, ugh, whoa, wow, yikes, yo, yuck, yum.

Ex.​ When my food arrived I saw a ladybug and screamed ​ ugh​ ! Jake screamed so many things like ​ hurray​ , ​ sweet​ , ​ whoa​ , ​ wow​ , and ​ yum​ as the waiters delivered all the food to his table. Jill opened the door and hit Susan, Susan said ​ ouch​ and Jill said oops and apologized.

VIII. Antecedents a. Antecedent is words, phrase, or clauses, that can be replaced with 3rd person personal pronouns. Ex. Amy bit ​ her​ lip while eating the new Tex­Mex burger from Carl’s Jr. When Haben was eating in the competition, ​ he​ was replaced as the champion by Charlie.

IX. Complements a. a noun or verb that goes well with something. Ex. Jack is a bit ​ nervous​ when it comes to eating from fast food restaurants. Jason was voted most​ likely to win ​ an eating contest compared to the other competitors.

X. Objects a. A direct object follows a transitive verb and receives the action. Ex. He ate meat and drank juice. Darren made his ​ daughter ​ a hamburger at the beach. Tomas paid the​ chef for his work at the party. ​ Heaping ​ his plate​ with fried ​ chicken​ , Jose winked at Katelee, the cook.

b. An indirect object the verb does not receive the action.Ex. She gave me my food. ​ Zayn and Mario played ​ soccer ​ with a grapefruit pulled from a backyard tree.

XI. Modifiers a. modifiers provide description in sentences. Ex. Lee caught a ​ small ​ fish from fishing.

Jerry accidentally caught a poisonous fish.

XII. Transitions

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a. help connect one idea to another. Ex. ​ Finally​ after waiting 2hrs my food arrived.

XIII. Expletives a) A grammatical construction "it, here and there" Ex. There are 7 different combos now at Jack in the Box XIV. Agreements a. Subject­verb: ​ the verb must agree with the subject. in other words a singular subject must have a singular verb and a plural subject must have a plural verb. Ex. The different kinds of food made ​ me ​ hungry. b. Noun­Pronoun: ​ if the pronoun is plural then the noun has to be plural, and if the pronoun is singular the noun has to be singular. EX. The individual wanted food so ​ the individual asked for food. ­> The individual wanted food so ​ he ​ asked for food.

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Phrases

a. prepositional phrase: ​ A group of words that begins with the preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb.

Basic: ​ Mr. Jimenez went ​ around ​ the corner to get ​ food.

Advanced: ​ Mr. Jimenez sprinted ​ around ​ the corner to get Panda Express on ​ saturday.

b.​ ​ Appositive phrase: ​ A group of words that included all the words or phrases that modify an appositive . ​ Basic: ​ Mr. Chacon, ​ the exploring computer science teacher​ , loves Starbucks.

Advanced: ​ Mr. Chacon,, ​ the exploring computer science teacher​ , drinks starbucks while solving binary code operations.

c. Verbal phrase: ​ A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.

1. Gerund: ​ Word ending in “ing” used as a noun Basic:​ ​ Eating ​ chocolate can cause people to break out in ​ pimples.

Advanced: ​ Eating ​ large amounts of chocolate cause people to gain many ​ pimples.

2. ​ Participle: ​ Word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an Adjective Basic: ​ The man with a ​ bat was beating​ Jack for stealing his burger.

Advanced: ​ The man with an easton ​ bat was beating ​ Jack, a criminal, for trying to steal his big mac.

3. ​ Infinitive: ​ Verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as a noun, adjective, or adverbs.

Basic: ​ ​ To eat ​ is all Albert wants to do after getting home from school. ​ Advanced: ​ ​ To eat​ is all Albert desires to do when he arrives from school

Clauses

A. independent clause: ​ Can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.

Basic: ​ Burger king sells different kinds of burgers.

Advanced: ​ Burger King sells hamburgers, whoppers, and chicken sandwiches B. Subordinate/ dependent clause: ​ Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction.

Basic: ​ I stopped eating​ ​ when​ Ramon sneezed on my food.

Advanced: ​ ​ I stopped eating​ ​ when ​ Ramon sneezed on my salad from Mcdonalds.

1. Noun clause: ​ Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

Basic: ​ Mr. Rodriguez cautiously checked his money ​ while ​ he was at the bank.

Advanced: ​ Mr. Rodriguez cautiously checked his money ​ while​ he was being attended by a clerk.

2. ​ Adjective clause: ​ Used to modify a noun in an independent clause Basic: ​ Tom eats with his mouth open which is why he eats alone.

Advanced: ​ Tom eats with his mouth open which is why he eats alone at school.

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3. ​ Adverb clause: ​ Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and or concession.

Basic: ​ When the bell rang, Sam went to Yoshinoya.

Advanced: ​ When the bell rang, Sam drove to Yoshinoya due to his hunger.

4. ​ Relative clauses: ​ Dependent clause the begins with a relative pronoun.

Basic: ​ The person ​ who​ arrives last​ to Olive garden has to pay.

Advanced: ​ The person ​ who ​ arrives last​ to Olive garden has to pay for food and drinks.

5. ​ Elliptical clauses: ​ Adverb clause in which part of the clause is omitted.

Basic: ​ When eating​ , Tom chews with such a passion and calmness.

Advanced: ​ When eating​ , Tom chews with passion and never in a hurry.

6. ​ Essential clauses: ​ Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

Basic: ​ Freddie, ​ who ordered a hawaiian pizza​ , claims to have a hawaiian descent.

Advanced: ​ Freddie, ​ who ordered a hawaiian pizza​ , claims he has hawaiian ancestors and has hawaiian descent.

7. ​ Nonessential clauses: ​ Clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

Basic: ​ Bob, who won last year, entered the hot dog eating contest again.

Advanced: ​ Bob, ​ who won last year​ , entered the hot dog eating contest and the pie eating contest, ​ for the first time.

Phrases Quiz!!!!

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1. A gerund is a word ending in “ing” used as a noun.(true or false)

2. An infinitive is a word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective.(true or false)

3. Provide your own definition of a prepositional phrase.

4. What is the preposition in ,”Mr. Jimenez sprinted around the corner to get food.”

Clauses Quiz!!!!

1. What is a nonessential clause.

2. An elliptical clause is an adverb clause in which part of the clause is omitted.(true or false)

3. What is the independent clause in “I enjoy eating at a campfire, at night.”

4. A subordinate and a dependent clause are similar.(true or false)

Answer Key 15

​ Phrases quiz;

1. True 2. False 3. Possible answer: A group of words that begins with the preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb.

4. Around Clauses quiz: 1. Possible answer: Clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

2. True 3. I enjoy eating at a campfire.

4. True, they are the same thing

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Sentence Parts 1. Subject a. Complete : ​ (​ basic) ​ Jake from state farm smelled the pizza from his house on the way home. (​ advanced) ​ Jake from state farm smelled the delicious homemade pizza on the way back to school b. Simple: ​ (​ basic)​ The hungry lion ran across the jungle. (​ advanced​ ) The starving lion dashed across the humid jungle.

c. Compound: ​ (​ basic) ​ At Papa John’s Pizza, Sam and Cameron baked the pizza. (​ advanced) ​ At Papa John’s Pizza, Sam and Cameron baked the raw dough to make pizza.

2. ​ Predicate a. Complete: ​ (​ basic​ ) Leonardo sliced the pizza one after another for 2 hours straight. (​ advanced) ​ Leonardo sliced different type of pizza during his 2 hour shift. b. ​ Simple: ​ (​ basic) ​ Johny saw his pizza being made through the window. (​ advanced) ​ While Johny was waiting he could see his pizza being made. c. ​ Compound: ​ (​ basic​ ) Adam likes to eat sushi with rice on the side. (​ advanced​ ) Adam likes to eat sushi at all you can eat sushi with a side of rice to accompany his sushi.

Sentence Types 1. Declarative:​ (​ basic​ ) Jose likes to eat Jack in the Box after 6 pm. (​ advanced​ ) Jose likes to eat Jack in the Box after 6 pm every day.

2. ​ Interrogative: ​ (​ basic​ ) Chris can you buy me a burger from Carl’s J.R. ? (​ advanced​ ) Chris can you buy me a burger with fries from Carl’s Jr. today?

3. ​ Imperative: ​ (​ basic​ ) Haben bring me chow mein and orange chicken from Panda Express . (​ advanced​ ) Haben bring me chow mein with orange chicken from Panda Express and Starbucks.

4. ​ Exclamatory: ​ (​ basic​ )Jack you dropped my delicious burger from Jack in the Box! (​ advanced​ ) Jack you dropped my delicious burger from Jack in the Box and my drink!

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1. Simple Sentence: ​ A sentence that is just one independent clause.

Basic:​ Jerry and Jack like their coffee from Starbucks only.

Advanced: Both Jerry and Jack prefer their coffee from starbucks.

2. ​ ​ Compound Sentence: ​ A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. ​ Basic:​ Albert ate at Panda Express after he went to Starbucks. ​ Advanced:​ Albert feasted at Panda Express after he drove to Starbucks.

3. Complex sentences:​ A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Basic: Tyrone heated his pasta because it was too cold.

Advanced: Tyrone heated his pasta because it was icy.

4. Complex­compound sentence:​ A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. ​ Basic:​ Although Jake likes Olive Garden, he hasn’t had time, and he hasn’t found anyone to go with. ​ Advanced:​ Although Jake likes Olive Garden, he doesn’t have time, or he can’t find anyone to go with.

5. Loose Sentence:​ A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). ​ Basic:​ I went to the mall yesterday, and bought food and clothes. ​ Advanced:​ I journeyed to the mall yesterday, and bought food and clothes.

6. Periodic sentence:​ A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. ​ Basic: ​ Despite his weight, high blood pressure, all you can eat sign,Sergio devoured food. ​ Advanced:​ Despite his weight, high blood pressure, a buffet in front of him, Sergio devoured food until his belly was stuffed.

7. Balanced Sentence:​ A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. ​ Basic: ​ At Lee’s restaurant you can learn how to cook, bake, and fry. ​ Advanced:​ At Lee’s restaurant he teaches how to cook, bake, and fry.

8. Parallel structure:​ A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas are equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. ​ Basic: ​ Abraham loves cooking, baking, and chopping meat. ​ Advanced:​ Abraham loves cooking, baking, chopping, and marinating meat.

9. Chiasmus:​ A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. ​ Basic:​ Smith always asked himself do I live to eat or eat to live. ​ Advanced:​ Before Smith ate he always asked himself do I live to eat or eat to live.

10. Asyndeton:​ A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases. or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. ​ Basic:​ Leonardo loved christmas because of the fire burning, chestnuts roasting, and the snow.

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​ Advanced:​ Leonardo loved christmas because of the warmth from fire, the roast from chestnuts and the snow.

11. Polysyndeton:​ A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clause for a rhetorical purpose ​ Basic: ​ Advanced: 12. Anaphora:​ A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. ​ Basic: ​ James loves food, American food, Mexican food, Chinese food, etc. ​ Advanced:​ James loved to devour American food, Mexican food, chinese food, etc.

13. Epistrophe:​ A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. ​ Basic: ​ Alexander likes beans, pinto beans, black beans, lentil beans, and fava beans. ​ Advanced:​ Alexander cherishes beans such as; pinto beans, lentil beans, and fava beans.

Sentence Errors

1. Run­on sentence/Rambling: ​ Sentences that contain several ​ independent clauses​ in a row, to the point that they sound choppy. ​ Ex: ​ Bob loves cake. Marley loves cupcakes. Mom makes both.

Correct: ​ Bob loves cake and Marley loves cupcakes, so mom has to make both. ​ 2. Fused:​ When two main ideas are connected without a punctuation. ​ Ex:​ Driving home from school, Bryan wanted some food he stopped at Mcdonalds. correct: ​ Driving home from school, Bryan wanted some food so, he stopped at Mcdonalds. ​ 3. Fragment: ​ A sentence without a main clause.

Ex: ​ Worried about something.

Correct: ​ Victor ate a lot when he was worried about something.

4. Misplaced modifier: ​ When words, phrases, or clauses, that is added to the sentence is misplaced. ​ Ex: ​ At In&Out with saggy buns from tomato juice Tom received his burger.

Correct: ​ At In&Out Tom received his burger with saggy buns from tomato juice.

5. Double negative:​ When you combine the negative form of a verb (cannot, did not, have not, etc,) with a negative pronoun (nothing, nobody), a negative adverb (never, hardly), or negative conjunction (neither,nor). ​ Ex: ​ Jacob did not eat nor touch nothing on the plate.

Correct: ​ Jacob did not eat nor touch anything on the plate.

6. Comma splice:​ When main clauses are connected with a comma alone. ​ Ex: ​ John waited for the lobster to cool down, he waited for 5 minutes, he sank his teeth into the lobster.

Correct: ​ John waited for the lobster to cool down, after 5 minutes he sank his teeth into it.

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Test 1) Is ​ "Buy a bucket of chicken and have a barrel of fun,” a Balanced Sentence? (yes) or (no) Circle one.

2) Is “Despite the blinding snow, the freezing temperatures, and the heightened threat of attack from polar bears, the team continued,” a Parallel structure? (yes) or (no) Circle one.

3) True or false a fragment sentence error is two main ideas connected without punctuation.

4)Is “My family bakes together nearly every night, we then get to enjoy everything we make together,” a comma splice? (yes) or (no) Circle one.

5) What is the independent clause in“,Although I like books, I do not like romance novels, but my sister loves them.”

Underline/circle it.

6) True or false a Chiasmus sentence is a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

7) True or false a Loose sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction.

8) What is the misplaced modifier in the sentence “, Andrew told us after the holiday that he intends to stop drinking.”

Answer Key 20

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

yes No False yes I do not like romantic novels.

False True After the holiday

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Paragraphs 1) INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH a. Hook(lead) i. Anecdotal:​ (brief story to set the mood and intro to the topic) Ex. ​ Joshua had an average mind. Ed cooke had an average mind but could memorize more than Joshua. Joshua has a chance to improve his mind and see if it takes an average mind to memorize a bunch of ideas/facts. ii. Query based: ​ (questions that bring the reader to the topic) Ex. ​ Is it possible to memorize 100% of what you hear /see? b. Thesis statements ​ (the purpose of a piece of writing­usually one sentence in length­ and something that is arguable). The different type of thesis statement are: Analytical which breaks down an issue or an idea into its parts, evaluates these, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience; Expository which explains something to the audience; ​

Argumentative which makes a claim about a topic and justifies it with specific evidence; ​ Analysis and definition thesis which the claim analysis something and gives the definition; Compare and contrast thesis when you compare one thing to another in the claim; Cause and effect thesis which uses a cause then explains the effects in the body. i. Assertion: ​ (claim).

Ex. ​ An average mind can memorize 100% of what they see/hear. ii. Fact: ​ (empirically verifiable) Ex. ​ Ben Pridmore a 3 time world­memory champion. iii. Opinion: ​ (personal position on a topic) Ex. ​ Ben does not have an average mind so he has an advantage in the championship tournament. iv. Belief: ​ (social, religious or political in nature­an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily).

Ex. ​ Anyone can train and possibly win in the championship. v. Generalization: ​ (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half­avoid using these types of thesis statement).

Ex. ​ Ben can memorize everything he sees and hears especially cards. vi. Document based: ​ (cites a specific source and its position on a topic).

Ex. ​ In​ moonwalking with einstein​ ​ mnemonic devices are used to memorize things. vii. Theory:​ (statement that can be tested and potentially proven).

EX. ​ Mnemonic devices help people memorize things they need.

2) ​ BODY PARAGRAPHS:​ ​ (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis). a. Topic sentence:​ (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support).

Ex. ​ Such devices like the method of loci, and the POA system are examples of mnemonic devices. b. Evidence from quotations: ​ (quotes should never be used as individual sentences­quotes should be embedded within sentences).

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i. Ex. ​ Ed Cooke agrees,”​ Memory training is not just for the sake of performing party tricks”​ (Foer 178) ii.Ex. “​ Memory training is not just for the sake of performing party tricks” according to Ed Cooke.

(Foer 178) iii. EX. ​ Unfortunately for some,”Memory training is not just for the sake of performing party tricks,” according to Cooke. (Foer 178) iv. Ex. ​ Unfortunately for some,”Memory training is not just for the sake of performing [amazing] party tricks,” according to Cooke. (Foer 178) v. Ex. ​ Unfortunately for some,”Memory training...not...party trick.”according to Cooke. (Foer 178) vi. Paraphrase:​ (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source).

1. Original quote: To improve, we must watch ourselves fail, and learn from our mistakes.

2. Ex.​ Paraphrase: To improve we need to learn from our mistakes. vii. Summary: ​ A brief account of main points and some details.

Ex. ​ Foer tries to improve his memory with some mnemonic devices. The mnemonic devices are taught by Cooke. Starts by memorizing grocery list and then competes in the championship. viii. Anecdotes: ​ A short little scene or story taken from a personal experience Ex.​ Foer provides anecdotes of his training and what he had to memorize. (anecdotes to big) ix. Abstract examples: ​ (hypothetical, “what if” examples­avoid).

Ex. ​ People would remember things if they used mnemonic devices. x. Concrete Examples: ​ (actual, reference­able examples).

Ex. ​ “Bruce Miller, a neurologist at the University of California, San Francisco, studies elderly patients with a relatively common form of brain disease called frontotemporal dementia, or FTD. He’s found that in some cases where the FTD is localized on the left side of the brain, people who had never picked up a paintbrush or an instrument can develop extraordinary artistic and musical abilities at the very end of their lives (moonwalking with einstein). c. Closing sentence:​ (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word­Possibly an adverb­and should echo the thesis of the essay). i. Ex. ​ The characters in the book all agree mnemonic devices help but disagree on which ones need to be used.

3. ​ CLOSING PARAGRAPHS:​ ​ (conclusion­should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraph of your essay). a. Statements of extension:​ (extending) the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis­could be one or more sentences).

Ex. ​ Given all the mnemonic devices, Joshua still had an average brain, but the capacity of memorizing had increased. b. Final sentence: (connects to the hook).

Ex. ​ Given all these mnemonic device, and people with average intelligence, will they use it to memorize?

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Quiz 1. A concrete example is hypothetical. (true or false)

2. A theory is a statement that can be tested and potentially proven.(true or false)

3. "I think animal cloning should be banned in all states”, is an example of an assertion.(true or false)

4. Paraphrase the following ,”An artist never draws a final picture on his first try,”(Soloff,p.3).

5. An anecdotal is a question that brings the reader to the topic.(true or false)

6. Provide your own definition of an anecdotal.

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Answers 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

False True True Possible answer: It takes more than one try for an artist to draw his final picture.

False Possible answer: sets mood and intro to the topic.

Essays a. Types i. Persuasive:​ (argumentative), A persuasive essay is designed to make the reader feel a certain way. A persuasive essay should include in the first paragraph why it’s important then the thesis. The evidence should support the thesis and the evidence should provide a clear idea on your position. ii. Expository:​ (informative), An expository essay requires that students investigate, evaluate evidence, and set forth an argument. The essay presents a fair and balanced analysis based on facts. It should be written in 3rd person. When using compare and contrasting you describe similarities and differences between two or more things. When using cause and effect you explain how things affect each other and depend each other. iii. Analytical/critical: ​ When writing Analytical/critical you have to analyze a text and examine the various parts. You also have to interpret a text with a view to understanding what it means.

You can also compare the similarities with other text or ideas you’ve read about 1. Evaluative:​ Presents an evaluation or grade for an idea .

2. Interpretive:​ The essay explains the meaning of the quote/ phrases given. The thesis of the essay should answer why or how. iv. Narrative:(tells a story): ​ A narrative is often personal because it includes personal anecdotes and experiences. A narrative must incorporate an introduction, plot, characters, setting, climax, and conclusion. Must have this format unless book report. First person can be used.

1. Personal Anecdote: ​ Is the use of childhood, or any other memories that have a significant impact on you that might draw the reader’s attention. v. Research: ​ Primary and secondary sources drive a research essay. The student must explore, interpret and evaluate sources similar to the topic. The essay must include different sources. They can use the MLA format which is a way of referencing your sources so your not accused of plagiarism. In APA format you use the contributor’s name, the title of the source, and the web address. vi. Timed: ​ Timed essays are basically their name an essay that is timed. Examples of timed essays are document based questions(DBQ) and prompt based essays. Document based means you have to use your knowledge and several provided sources. It is recommended to use sources or examples that are not given to you. A prompt based question is when they give 25

you a quote and you have to analyze and plan your essay. Usually it’s a quote or sometimes it’s a small passage where you have to state whether you agree or disagree. b. Strategies/planning tips/steps i. ​ Pre­writing/prompt analysis/outlining: First you analyze the prompt which will allow you to discover the structure/format of your essay. Then you can plot a rough draft using a thinking map if you desire the need. If you don’t want to use it you can just set your thesis then the main topic of the body paragraphs. Lastly you come up with the conclusion where you ​ don’t summarize the essay or main topics.

ii.​ Research /evaluation of sources: You conduct research on the topic picking reliable sources.

Then you begin to evaluate the sources like was it written by a doctor or a person on wikipedia. c. Work cited page

I. MLA Format:​ When you provide sources that are imbedded within the paragraph’s and a page with cited work. The sources within the text should point towards the sources page where the full source is located.

II. APA Format:​ Includes the Contributors name(last edited). The title of the source. Then retrieved from And the full web page source.

Quiz!!!!!!!!!

1) True or false an expository essay analyzes the text.

2) True or false a timed essay example is research.

3) What is a Narrative essay?

4) APA format is when include the contributor’s name, the title and the web page True or False.

5) True or False a persuasive essay make the reader feel a certain way.

6) True or false Narrative essays tell a story.

7) A prompted based essay is an example of timed writing

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8) Chips ahoy are the crispiest and best brand of chips there are. Buy some today. Is an example of what?

9) Write an example of MLA format?

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

False False A narrative True True True True Persuasive

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Capitalization Rule 1:​ Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title.

Example: ​ The Scarlet Letter is a great book. ​ Rule 2:​ Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name.

Example: Rule 3: ​ Capitalize the name of organizations ​ Examples: Rule 4: ​ Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days Example: ​ Rule 5: ​ Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title.

Example: Rule 6:​ Capitalize brand names but not the product(s).

Example: Rule 7: ​ Capitalize business names.

Example: Rule 8: ​ Capitalize institution names.

Examples: Rule 9:​ Capitalize names of particular geographic places. ​ Examples: Rule 10:​ Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents.

Examples: Rule 11:​ Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being.

Examples: Rule 12: ​ Capitalize languages Examples: Rule 13:​ Capitalize specific names of structures.

Examples: Rule 14:​ Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.

Example: Rule 15: ​ Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.

Example: Rule 16:​ Capitalize the pronoun I. Example: Rule 17:​ Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry.

Example: Rule 18:​ Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline.

Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline.

Examples: Rule 19:​ Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation. In a split quotation, do not capitalize the first letter of the word in the second part unless a new sentence is begun.

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Examples: Rule 20:​ Capitalize government bodies and departments.

Examples: Rule 21:​ Capitalize races and ethnic groups.

Examples: Rule 22:​ Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world.

Examples: Rule 23:​ Capitalize political parties and their members.

Examples: Rule 24:​ Capitalize President when it refers to the leader of the United States.

Example: Rule 25:​ Capitalize a specific, well­known area or event.

Example: Rule 26: ​ Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter.

Examples:

Punctuation A. [ ]: ​ Brackets are the squared off notations used for technical explanations.

Example: B. ( ): ​ Parentheses​ are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or qualifying remarks.

Example: C. . : ​ A period is used to end a sentence. Is used at the end of a sentence or as an abbreviation.

Example: D. , : ​ The comma is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence.

Example: E. ­ : ​ A ​ hyphen​ is used between the parts of a compound word or name or between the syllables of a word, especially when divided at the end of a line of text.

Example: F. _: ​ Indicate a break in thought or sentence structure, introduce a phrase added for emphasis, definition, or explanation, or separate two clauses Example: G. : : ​ A colon introduces a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series. It is also often used after the salutation of a ​ business​ letter.

Example:

H. ; : ​ The semicolon is used to connect independent clauses.

Example: I. ? : ​ A question mark is to express doubt or uncertainty about something 29

Example: J. !: ​ A ​ punctuation​ mark is used after a sentence that expresses a strong emotion.

K. ‘ : ​ An apostrophe is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, or the plurals of lowercase letters.

Example: L. “ : ​ Quotations marks are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated word for word. They are also used to indicate meanings and to indicate the unusual or dubious status of a word.

Example: M. … : ​ An ellipse is used to indicate an omission. Some authors use it at the end to leave a suspense.

Example:

Commonly Confused/Missed use word choices A. Who/Whom: ​ To find the difference you use he/she for who and use him/her for whom.

Example: ​ Whom​ should I serve the pizza to. ​ Who ​ is the waiter of this tabe.

B. Their/There/ They’re: ​ Their is used to reference someone. There is used to state a location. They’re is used as they are.

Example: The couple like ​ their​ waiter. The food is over ​ there​ by the kitchen. ​ They’re​ the best waiters in the restaurant.

C. Lie/Lay: ​ Lay require an object while lie does not.

Example:​ ​ The chef needed a plate to ​ lay ​ the meat. Since the chef was tired he decided to ​ lie down.

D. Laid/Lain: ​ Doug , a very hungry human, has ​ lain​ all day at his house in protest. Jack laid​ his hand on a burger for the first time since last year.

E. Affect/Effect: ​ Affect is used when something changes or is influenced. Effect is when something happens due to a cause.

Example: Jack knew the burger would ​ affect​ his health but he didn’t care he was craving it. The effect​ of eating the burger had taken him to the hospital.

F. Accept/Except:​ To accept is to receive and to except is to exclude.

Example: The couple offered the waiter a tip and he ​ accepted​ . The waiter took orders from everybody ​ except​ the single person in the very back.

G. Should have/should of: ​ Phrase should have indicates missing obligation or opportunity in the past.

Example: The waiter ​ should have​ taken the order of the single person as well. He ​ should​ , ​ of ​ his big craving, just order one.

H. Loath/Loathe: ​ Loathe means dislike greatly. Loath meaning unwilling or reluctant.

Example: The single person ​ loathed​ the meal he had that day. The waiter ​ loathly​ attended the single person.

I. Infer/imply:​ To infer means to make an educated guess. To imply means to suggest something indirectly.

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Example: The single person ​ inferred​ that the waiter despised him. The waiter ​ implied​ a hatred towards the single person.

J. Weary/Wary: ​ Wary means to be on guard against something. Weary means physically or mentally fatigued.

Example: After a long day of taking orders the waiter was ​ weary​ . The single person on the other hand was on wary with the waiter.

K. Proceed/Precede: ​ To precede means to come before. To proceed mean to go forward.

Example: The waiter ​ proceeded​ through his day. The waiter ​ preceded ​ towards the manager after the complain.

L. Discrete/Discreet: ​ Discreet means under radar. Discrete means detached.

Example: The waiter tried to keep ​ discreet ​ from the single person after the complain. After the complain the waiter was discreted as the favorite of the manager.

M. Conscience/ Conscious: ​ Conscious means being aware of yourself or world around you. Conscience means a moral understanding.

Example: The waiter was ​ conscience​ of his actions that day. After going to the hospital and almost dying Jack was still conscious.

N. Can/May:​ Can means to be able to. May is used to denote possibility or permission.

Example: The waiter ​ can​ still work at the restaurant, even after the complain. Jack asked the doctors if he ​ may​ still have a burger.

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Quiz!!!!

1. Is a specific language capitalized?

2. Infer means to make an educated guess. (true or false)

3. A question mark expresses doubt?(true or false)

4. A hyphen indicates ​ Indicate a break in thought or sentence structure, introduce a phrase added for emphasis, definition, or explanation, or separate two clauses. (true or false)

5. Can means to be able to. (true or false)

6. Weary means to be on guard against something.(true or false)

Answer Key 1. yes 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 32

About the Author

The author of this book has spend his blood and sweat making it. He learned how to write in 4th grade. He improved his writing throughout the years. Upon arriving to Rodriguez’s class he thought he had good english skills.

He later found out he was not the father of english he thought he was. He began to get decent grades and little by little began to drop due to a lot of small yet significant mistakes. He had become a child who had to relearn how to “walk” and sustain his “balance” in world of English.

With the help and nursing care of Mr. Rodriguez there was improvement. Little by little the little boy started to transform into a man who could use English properly.

Some of the training he received was this very grammar book you possess in your hand. He has passed this book from generation to generation and now it’s your generation that must receive and protect the book.

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Glossary Abstract Nouns​ : name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes.

Adverbial object​ (comes after the verb and answer them) Adjectival​ (describes noun following it) Antecedent: ​ is words, phrase, or clauses, that can be replaced with 3rd person personal pronouns Appositives​ (renames nouns, separated by comma) Appositive phrase: ​ A group of words that included all the words or phrases that modify an appositive .

Compound Nouns: ​ words used together to form a single noun.

Concrete Nouns: ​ refer to material things, to people, or to places.

Direct object(​ comes after the verb and answers what or whom).

(FANBOYS): ​ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Gerund:​ Words ending in “ing” used as a noun indirect object:​ the verb does not receive the action infinitive: ​ Verb preceded by the word “to” modifiers: ​ provide description in sentences Object of the preposition​ (follows a preposition) Object complement​ (follows a direct object and renames it) ​ Participle:​ Words ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Prepositional phrase: ​ A group of words that begins with the preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb.

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Work cited http://www.chompchomp.com/menu.htm http://www.grammar­monster.com/glossary/ prepositional_phrase.htm

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource /685/1/ http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/gra mmar­rules/verbs/

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Dedication I dedicate this book to My family who have seen me struggle to make this book since day 1. They truly know when I say I used blood, sweat, and tears to make this book.

This was a hard accomplishment but I dedicate this to them. They have stood by me in line waiting to buy the supplies I forgot to buy the week before. They were the ones who drove me just to get the supplies I needed. I thank them for this.

Remember friends are temporary family is forever.

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