By:JacquelineVidal Period:5 Gravity GFalls ravity GFalls ravity Falls Book of writing
Table of Content Page Titles 3 4 Introduction About the author Dedication Punctuation & Capitalization 5 Parts of Speech Phrases and Clauses Sentences Paragraphs Essays 6 9 18 23 28 34
The start of my book of writing was for an assignment for my Honor American Literature class. At the being of junior year, we were asked to pick a topic for an upcoming assignment. The topic could be anything we like, for example, music, sports, greek mythology, video games, K-drama, television shows, and etc. The book of writing had a long way to be completed, so many weeks of hard work and dedication were made to make this book come to life.
Introduction
With much thinking process was made, my book of writing is on a famous TV show called Gravity Falls. The TV show isn't a reality tv show but a cartoon show. Gravity Falls has a special place in my heart because I basically grew up watching it. Every episode brought me to the edge of my seat, wanting more out of it.
About the Author
Hello, my name is Jacqueline Vidal, but friends call me Jackie for short. I am the oldest daughter out of four siblings of immigrant parents. My parents come from Mexico, coming from Puebla but in a small Pueblo. They brought me here to the United States for a better chance at life. If I have to describe myself in three words it would be creative, adventurous, and loyal. I like to play the flute and other kinds of instruments such as the violin, guitar, bass, and drums, I am creative. Wanting to travel to new areas when I get the chance to, make me smile, I am adventurous. I look after my loved ones to make sure they are doing all right, I am loyal. I would like to consider myself a musician. I started to play my very first instrument, the flute, at the age of ten. But I didn't want to stay with one instrument just yet, so I try out new instruments such as the guitar and violin. With years of debating on what instrument to stay with forever, I chose the flute because the flute chose me.
Dedication This book is dedicated to my fellow TV bingewatches, my loving considering theorist out there, and overall everyone.
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End Point1. Gravity Falls was a show that I and my brother bonded over. 2. , Comma In the show we are introduced to Dipper and Mabel Pines, they are both twins.
3. – En Dash The Pines saw a flying figure approaching them very quickly, what could it be? - it was Bill Cipher
4. - Dash Mr. Pines was well-known for his tourist trap in a rusty town name Gravity Falls.
6. ; Semicolon Stanford Pines was interested in the secrets Gravity Falls offered, so he worked with Fiddleford McGucket to both learn the supernatural activities happening in this town; however, McGucket messed with a strange technology that took the life of Stanford.
Punctuation & Capitalization
5. : Colon Gravity Falls had shows that were similar to such as: The Owl House, Steven Universe, and Adventure Time.
13.
8. !
9.
Even though Dipper was weak with the energy left he defeated the animatronic! ' Apostrophe Mabel’s pet pig, Waddles, brought Mabel so much happiness, whenever she needed comfort Waddles would be there for her. " " Quotation Marks
10.
Mr. Pines finally had all the things he needed [journeys] to bring his brother back. ( ) Parenthetical Wendy, Robbie, Candy, Grenada, and Gideon (most of the town folks), were transformed into statues for Bill Cipher's throne. 14. / Back Slash Dipper and Mabel were worried/nervous about the battle against Bill, not knowing what could happen, but to save Gravity Falls from his curse.
7. ? Question Mark
Why did Dipper want to know the author of the journals? Exclamation Mark
Bill Cipher once said to Dipper Pines, “Remember: reality is an illusion, the universe is a hologram, buy gold, bye!”. ... Ellipsis Dipper tried to be the hero for his sister, but failed and was lying down on the ground, weak… 12. [ ] Brackets
11.
Capitalize the first word of a sentence: Gravity Falls became a successful TV Show for teenagers.
Capitalize Dyas, Months, and Holidays, But not Seasons: We all know that summer only lasts from June to August, so the show took place during those months. Capitalize Most Words in Titles: Capitalize Cities, Countries, Nationalities, and Languages: The small town of Gravity Falls was in Oregon, United States. Capitalize Time Periods and Events: Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Capitalize Names and Other Proper Nouns: Madel and Dipper weren’t the only ones to find mysteries in their town, with the help of Wendy and Soos they helped them in discovering the mysteries of Gravity Falls.
Don't Capitalize After a Colon: Dipper and Madel didn’t know where they were heading for the summer, all they knew was a small town named Gravity Falls. Capitalize the First Word of a Quote: One famous quote that touched me from this show was “You're scared. Of growing up. And who could blame you; I'm scared, too” said by Mabel Pines.
Types of Nouns:
Subject (comes before the verb): Dipper pines have never agreed to be sent to Gravity Falls for the summer.
Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Ex: Places: town, townspeople, mysterious
Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. nature, friends, family Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. journals, monsters, Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. intelligence, trust, scared Nouns
Functions (How nouns are used): Pronouns: Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.
Part of Speech
Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Gravity Falls, Oregon, Mystery Shack, Dipper, Mabel
Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom): Mabel asks Dipper where they can find Bill Cipher. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom): Stan pines trusted his only friend to keep the journals safe and far away from Gravity Falls.
Personal: Nominative (subjects) I / We You / You He, She, It, One/They Objective (objects) Me / Us You / You Him, Her, It, One/Them Possessive: My, Mine Your, Yours His, Her, Hers, Its, One's Our, Ours Yours, Yours Their, Theirs Relative: Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose That that of that those/ this Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix self or selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: Dipper viewed himself as the hero of the town. Stanford Pines thought himself as the good guy when he saved his brother, Stanley Pines. to intensify a point: Mabel was strong enough to save herself from the bubble prison. The twins themselves were ready to fight Bill Cipher for the last time.
Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present past present past present present perfect progressive future future perfect Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense)
Demonstrative: this, these that, those Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. Verbs: Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.
verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
· Stanley Pines started to explore the mysteries of this town.
Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE.
nonfinitive
· Mabel is playing with Waddles, her pet pig. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · Dipper and Wendy's friends visited an abandoned store. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun.
Passive: The car had just enough gas to make it to Mabel’s jail bubble. (mabel are the subject but treated as the object)
Active: The townsfolk received the news of the town being held hostage. (townsfolk are the subject)
Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)
Kinds: Demonstrative (that), Common (question), Proper (American) Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Abjectives:
Frequency – Dipper constantly thinks about who can be the author of the journals?
Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “Educational” becomes “Educationally”) Types: –ly, -wards, -wise Dipper was anxiously waiting for Stanly to come back home. Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Example Types: Manner – Stan was ready to send the twins home quickly when the Mystery Shack closed. Time – The twins announced that they will be leaving Gravity Falls shortly. Place – Stanford Pines was willingly to get to the Mystery Shack. Degree – Stan greedy missed Stanly for years.
Endings
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.
Conjunctions:
Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) Prepositions: Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of,
in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. Interjections: Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of interjections here. Ahem bingo cheers darn Gee gracious hmm nah phew whoa ahh blah congratulations duh goodbye hallelujah huh opps shh whoops ahoy boo dang eek goodness hello indeed ouch thanks wow bam bravo drat eh gosh hey jeez oh well yeah
Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. The group of teenagers wants to explore the abandoned supermarket.
Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. Dipper and Stanley Pines knew they would be working hard to solve the mysteries behind Bill Cipher. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Pacifica Northwest was welcoming her guest into her mansion. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Wendy, an employer at the Mystery Shack, was pleased to help out the Pine twins.
Phrases: groups of words that function as a part of speech.
Phrases and Clauses
Clauses - groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) Independent: CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. The Mystery Shack is a tourist attraction. Dependent (SUBORDINATE): CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds:
Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective.
Dipper made a discovery in the woods, he was so eager to read the journal he founded. Clauses:
Walking away from the shack, Dipper never knew he would feel this type of sadness leaving home.
Verbal Phrase: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.
Gerund Phrase: verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun.
Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Mabel was trapped in her prison bubble but she wasn’t scared instead she loved it.
Dipper was the one whose feelings got in the way of becoming true to himself. Mabel and her friends were excited and wondered about the offers that the party had.
Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: There's a place where Mr. Pines hide away at night. There is a snow globe that is really important to Stanley. Bill Cipher really wanted to get inside the mind of Stanly. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: People tend to believe that Stan was who created the apocalypse.
Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.
Dipper’s problem was if the journals got into the wrong hands. The twins expect a worse outcome when the giant robot machine explodes. That the mystery shack was succeeding after its failed attempts on gaining an audience. With the Mystery Shack being alone, Mr. Pines was sure that Soos could run this place.
Ford Stan, to which he points at Stan Pines, claims he is the one to start the apocalypse.
Modifying adjectives:
Right here!! Hector is an athlete who easily shrugs off criticism. (who is the subject of shrugs.)
Is this the pet pig that Mabel always talks about. Pacifica was a rich girl whom became good friends with the twins.
Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction, and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. They unfortunately put the bus sign where a few could see it. (place) When the bell finally rang, everyone left. (time) We sluggishly left the library because we were tired. (purpose) The ASB president talked as if she were passionately running for re-election. (condition)
Modifying verbs: Spring semester coldly seems twice as long as it used to be. (how much) Mr. Russell is as amusingly funny as his students. (to what extent)
Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.
Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
The course that most interests Mr. Marks is clearly AP English Literature.
Modifying adverbs: The student who finishes first will earn an indulgently tasty cookie.
Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun: When driving, the instructor keenly keeps her eyes on the road.
Mr. Fette’s choir lessons, which began six months ago, are regretfully over.
Suzy studied harder than her sisters typically did.
(condition)
Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
Sentences
The twins and their friends went on crazy adventures together Predicate – what the subject does The twins and their friends went on crazy adventures together.
Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) What is your theory about the show?
Sentence: a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement ends with a period mark)
Mabel won Waddles fair and square Sentences Types
Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) The show is amazing!
Subject - what/who the sentence is about
Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark)
Sentences
Everyone watch Gravity Falls right now
Compound
Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clausesconnected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). The show Gravity was loved by many views, meaning many were upset when the show ended.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. When watching the show, the audience became more engaged with the plot.
Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Even if are a new or old fan of the show, some episodes can be watched on their own without knowing much of it.
Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. Old or young, everyone can enjoy the series.
Sentences Patterns
Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. Most writing for school is in the form of a simple sentence pattern.
Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry.
Bravo students tend to work hard, stay awake at night, and succeed where others fail.
Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. Bravo students spend their days turning old assignments in and taking new assignments home.
Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. No matter what you major in or how long it takes, college will change your life.
Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. They are many relatable characters that make up Gravity Falls.
Gravity Falls is filled with laughter, fear, surprise, and makes you curious.
Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. Many have different opinions about the show, but we can all agree is a good show.
Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. The fanbase of Gravity Falls is huge, to the point the director notices the fans of Gravity Falls.
The show has many jokes to make us laugh.
Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation.
Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
Sentences Errors
Fans couldn't wait for the finale episode because their curiously was killing them. [RIGHT]
At the team barbeque, the coach gave a steak that was medium rare to the student. [RIGHT]
Misplaced/Dangling
Because the students had no time. [WRONG] Because the students had no time, they had to work faster. [RIGHT]
Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add a description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify
The students wanted to stop working on their English project. They needed to do work for other classes; they had no time. [RIGHT]
At the team barbeque, the coach gave a steak to the student that was medium-rare. [WRONG]
The students wanted to stop working on their English project, they needed to do work for other classes, they had no time. [WRONG]
incorrectly using commas
Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause
Fans couldn't wait for the finale episode, their curiously was killing them. [WRONG]
Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected
Introductory
Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force
The students knew that it wouldn’t do them any good to waste time. [WRONG]
The students knew that it would not do them any good to waste time. [RIGHT] – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook (Lead / Opening Statement) – can begin with the title Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) Ex. Technology has been around for such as two million years ago, but the internet was introduced around the year 1990 when Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. This new generation were introduced to the internet, but of course, they didn’t know how to work it.
Paragraphs Paragraphs
Ex. Technology is comparatively inexpensive. Opinion (personal position on a topic)
Ex. Why we expect more from technology and less from each other?
Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing –usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject)
Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”)
Ex. Technology can have different impacts on everyone's life Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about - better used as evidence to support a claim)
Ex. Apple products are somewhat the best iPhone production. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgment)
Ex. Some belief in how robots can take over the world.
Ex. In Alone Together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other? it explains how kids react towards robots. excruciatingly deep effects on people’s health outcomes by illustrating the unsanitary nature of many fast food preparation tactics. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question)
Ex. Fast food can systematically lead to health problems in young people.
Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long) Ex. The author explains how kids will be more open towards robots than their parents.
Document-Based (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic)
Ex. Everything sold at Apple will succeed.
Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing the source of the data)
Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Ex. Additionally, multiple sources indicate that the consumption of fast food has a dramatic impact on health. Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) Ex: In this quote, " ... but it’s not the same one. It hasn’t had the same things happen to it.”( Turkle 33)
Examining the Evidence Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) PARAPHRASE - hitting reset won’t feel the same as the previous one.
Ex:
Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote)
Ex: Maybe online, we are a socialized person, but in the real world we sit by ourselves, with no friends.
Ex. People don't have to restart their games if they play the game correctly.
Ex: SUMMARY - videos games can make a difference
Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote)
Ex. People don't have to restart their games if they play the game correctly.
Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sectionsuseful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote)
Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote)
Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay)
Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis –CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences)
Ex: Hollywood produces movies about robots taking over the world and how evil they can be, but this isn’t true. Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis (could be one or more sentences)
Final Sentence (closing statement that connects to the hook and finishes the essay (finish your argument) – the “Smoky the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…)
Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay)
Ex: Now in all of this, how is Alone Together connected to the faults of American society. Well, I tend to believe that robots are seen as villains because of Hollywood. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences)
Ex. Robots have yet to take over the world, but for now, we should have some trust in them.
Ex: In conclusion, let’s not have technology fully take over us, we should enjoy this planet called Earth and with the people we love.
Definition or Description: he pattern of narrative development that aims to make vivid a place, object, character, or group Process (How-to): a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end and Contrast: it's written to evaluate the and differences between two or more subjects and Effect: to analyze events and their outcomes to critique or judge according to a set of criteria Interpretive: relating to or providing an interpretation
Essays
Essays – An essay is a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument. Types – Explain each type of essay and state its purpose (Argumentative): good at persuading someone to do or believe something through reasoning or the use of temptation (Informative): intended to explain or describe something
Expository
Cause
Persuasive
Analytical/Critical Evaluative:
similarities
Compare
Research: the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
Personal Statement/Anecdote: written about one’s achievements, hobbies, etc
Timed Document-Based Question (DBQ): to write several paragraphs in response and to use historical documents to analyze a trend or issue from the past
Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining: Starting off to write an essay is to identify what the essay will be about. By doing this, you can have a better understanding of how to write your essay. You can start off by brainstorming ideas and organizing them into preparation for writing. As well having an outline to guide you on your essay.
Narrative (Tells a story)
Synthesis: the combination of ideas to form a theory or system Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps – Explain how to plan and organize essays and how to analyze and break down prompts.
Researching/Evaluating of Sources: Researching is a big deal when it comes to writing your essay. You first off need to find sources, while finding sources you need to check the following; the type of source, publication date, author occupation, and reliability.
Ex: Austin, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ignatius Press, 2008. APA Format: The APA format is a writing style guide and format produced by the American Psychological Association, often used for publications in the social sciences. You begin with the author’s last name then their first name with the year of publication in parentheses. The entries should be organized alphabetically by the last name of the author. It has to be with books, chapters, articles, reports, etc. capitalizing the first word.
MLA Format: MLA format concerns itself with the mechanics of writing, such as punctuation, quotation, and, especially, documentation of sources. It has the entry aligned with the left margin, hanging indent of 0.5 inches to be applied to the second, and subsequent lines of the entry.
Work Cited Page –
Ex: Abdul, J. (2009). How will the arctic survive? National Geographic, 39. http://www.geographic.com/library/JournalArticle_I D=82
