Hannibal Book of Writing

Art by: Birdsbreakfast on instagram & on page 5

Hannibal Book of writing

By: Angela Alvarez

Table of Contents: Introduction About the Author Dedication Punctuation and Capitalization Parts of Speech Phrases and Clauses Sentences Paragraphs Essays

3 ​ 4 ​5 ​ 6-7 ​ 8-13 ​14-15 ​ 16-19 ​20-23 24-25 ​

​

2

Introduction Hannibal is a television series that was officially aired in 2013 by the network NBC. However, currently viewers can watch it on Netflix. The following contents of the book will teach the reader the basic components of writing through entertaining examples based on Hannibal. The examples in this book are both cannon and headcanon. Readers will not only learn more about English writing, but also Hannibal.

Art by: 2jrsy on instagram & on page 25

3

About the Author: My name is Angela, but many call me Angel. I've been a Hannibal fan since 2018; moreover, thats the reason why I choose this topic. I´m a student in Mr. Rodriguez´s Honors American Literature 5th period class.

Psychological horror is my favorite genre of television and any that relate should watch Hannibal. I emotionally relate to the characters in the show, especially Will Graham.

4

Dedicated To:

This book is desiccated to anyone that watches Hannibal in the future or is already a fan. Along with my friends (mainly yasmine) that support my fixation with the show.

5

SECTION 1: PUNCTUATION and CAPITALIZATION Punctuation: . , – - : ; ? ! ‘ “ ” … [] () / 1. Period​(used at the end of a sentence) - Will annoyingly analyzed the corpse while trying to block out the bickering of his colleagues in the back​. ​(double space at the end of a sentence) 2. Comma​(use to switch words around in a list) - He befriended the therapist and found him to be handsome​,​ elegant​,​ and a pain.

3. Em dash​(used to take the place of commas, parentheses, or colons) - Will preferred grilled fish ​–​ Hannibal preferred marinated human.

4. En dash​(used to represent ​ranges in numbers, dates, and time) - The sweaty fbi agent checked his watch to ensure he didn't forget Hannibal Lecters Friday, 8:00 p.m.​-​4:00 a.m. karaoke night.

5. Colon​(used to introduce a list of items) - Will denied being in love with the following​: Alana, Margot, and Molly.

6. Semicolon​(used between two independent clauses) - Friendships involving Will faded away quickly since everyone eventually manipulated him​; ​Winston remained loyal.

7. Question mark​(used at the end of a direct question) - Does Will Graham radiate dog boy energy​?

8. Exclamation point​(used at the end of sentence to add emotion) - The shocked special investigator disbelieved the audacity Mason Verger had when hanging him upside down to bleed to death​!

9. Apostrophe​(used for contractions, plurals, and possessives) - Frequently Will dreamt of Abigail and the lives Hannibal and him couldn​'​t have with her.

10. ​Quotation marks​(used to indicate material that is being reproduced word for word) - Will flinched in distrust at Hannibal's uncalled for action, ​“​Did you just smell me?​” 11. ​Ellipsis​(used to indicate omission or a trailing of thought) - If only he'd said​…​well, it didn't matter since they'd both die.

12. ​Brackets​(used for clarification) - Will embraced his inner self and joined forces with Hannibal to kill ​Francis Dolarhyde ​[​the red dragon​]​.

13. ​Parenthesis​(used to provide additional information) - The antisocial man ​(​and his dogs​) indulged in outdoor activities regardless of the mountains of snow covering the earth.

6

14​. Slash ​(versatile punctuation that can indicate a line break in a poem or represent a function) - Hannibal​/​Chesapeake Ripper incarcerated himself inorder to allow Will without hassle to seek him out.

Capitalization 1. (Capitalize the first word in a sentence) - ​T​he vacant cathedral located in Florence echoed his emotions of betrayal and mournfulness.

2. (Capitalize proper nouns: names of specific people, places, organizations, and etc) H​annibal psychoanalyzed ​W​ill between therapy sessions using manipulation, but he considered him a friend regardless.

3. (Capitalize the pronoun “I”) - Abigail deserved to have lived; therefore, ​I​ advocate for Abigail supremacy.

4. (Capitalize the first word of a quote) - Will fidgeted while turning to face his older partner, “​E​yes are distracting. You see too much. You don't see enough.”

5. (Capitalize days, months, and holidays, but not seasons) - The month ​J​anuary arrived, which meant ​he'd​ avoid incarcerating Will on his birthday.

6. (Capitalize the first, last, and important words in a title) - Will scammed through the book, ​Mu​ rder for ​D​ummies​.

7. (Capitalize cities, countries, nationalities, and languages) - Hannibal elaborated to his acquaintances that the accent originated from ​L​ithuania.

8. (Capitalize time periods and events, but not century numbers) - Hannibal's attire is similar to ​V​ictorian ​E​ra clothing, which is modern day formal with extra steps.

9. (Capitalize names of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups) - Alana handed out pins at the office for Wills campaign for ​P​resident of the United States; their main goal included irradicating anyone with the name Hannibal.

10. (Capitalize family relationships when used as proper nouns) - Abigail anticipated on her fathers killing ​U​ncle ​J​ack soon. ​ 11. (Capitalize directions that are names; ex: North, South, East, and West if used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions) - The retired agent wandered the streets of N​orthern Italy in search of an old friend.

12. (Capitalize names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books) - He noticed Hannibal believed himself to be inferior to god and occasionally mentioned allusions from the B​ible; Will disliked narcissist.

13. ​(Capitalize trademarks) - Will cursed at Hannibal for disturbing his ​P​aw ​P​atrol marathon.

14. (Capitalize the first word of a sentence following a colon) - Cannibals special included the described​: ​E​ar of once daughter, chopped Beverly, and salted Jack.

7

SECTION 2: PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS Types of nouns: · Common Nouns​: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Ex: psychiatrist, detective, dog, office. · Proper Nouns:​ give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized).

Ex:​ Wolf Trap​,​ Virginia, Will Graham, Winston, Baltimore​,​ Maryland. · Compound Nouns: ​consist of words used together to form a single noun.

Ex:​:​ driveway, redhead, gentleman, handcuff. · Concrete Nouns: ​refer to material things, to people, or to places. Ex:​ fish, briefcase, cello, clock. · Abstract Nouns:​ name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes.

Ex:​ disturbance, thrill, betrayal, crime.

Functions​ (How nouns are used​): · Subject​ (comes before the verb) Hannibal Lecter cooks his fancy cannibal meals daily before work. · Direct Object​ (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) ​ annibal lecter loved Will Graham even after stabbing him in the stomach.

H · Indirect Object​ (answers to who or to whom) Will Graham tossed Hannibal Lecter the knife when they fought on the cliff.

8

PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s Relative: Nominative who That

our, ours your, yours their, theirs

Objective whom that those/ this

Possessive whose of that

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive:​ (personal pronouns plus the suffix ​–self ​or ​–selves)​ Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He cooks himself several meals after a successful killing. (Hannibal) to intensify a point: Freddy Lounds herself wrote about the “murder husbands” in her article.

Will Graham thought, “Wish I could catch a fish for myself, but instead I'm stuck at work."

Demonstrative: this, these

that, those

9

Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: ​verbs indicate time via tenses​: simple past past past perfect past progressive

simple present present present perfect present progressive

present perfect progressive future future perfec

Types: ​There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:

auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) infinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice:​ Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action.

The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: ​Will opens the wooden door, and Hannibal charmingly greets him.

Passive: ​The wooden door is opened by Will.

10

Verbals​: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund:​ ​ word ending in “ing” used as a noun.​ -Will Graham habit involved ​avoiding​ eye contact, Hannibal changed him.

Participle:​ ​word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · Hannibal's sinister ​grinning​ drove Will to insanity. · Wills pleads for truth ​filled​ Hannibal's home, and Abel Gideon spectated.

Infinitive:​ ​verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs -Hannibal whined about his broken leg, and in annoyance, Will wanted ​to stab​ the pain away.

ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns​. · Kinds​: -Demonstrative: ​this, that, these, those.

-Common: ​elegant, gloomy, insane.

-Proper: ​Lithuanian.

ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings -ly:​ anxiously, awkwardly, mentally. (describing Will Graham) -wards:​ downwards -wise: ​clockwise · Conversions Ex:​ “Insane” becomes “Insanely” Ex:​ “Cunning” becomes “cunningly” Ex:​ “Psychological” becomes “Psychologically”

·

Types​: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: Manner – ​Hannibal spoke ​gently​, “If I saw you every day, forever, Will, I would remember this time.”

(How did he speak?)

11

Time – ​On Fridays, Hannibal finished his appointments ​early​ to assist Will with F.B.I. duties.

(When will he leave?)

Place – ​When Will sleep walks, he unwillingly stands ​on​ the roof. (​Where was he?)

Hannibal Lecter is ​extremely​ focused on his patients, especially Will Graham.

(How focused is he?)

Frequency –​ Alana worries about Will because he occasionally experiences anxiety and overstimulation.

(How often does he experience anxiety and overstimulation?)

CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating​ (FANBOYS):​ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative​: ​Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate​: ​after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns​: ​who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.

Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are ​one-word prepositions​ and complex prepositions. ​These are ​some​ common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

12

INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech.

A – Ahh, ahoy, aha, ahem, alas, arrggh, aw B – Blah, brrr, bingo, bravo, bam, bazinga, bleh, boo, boo-yah, bah hambug C – Cheers, congrats, catching, cripes, crud D – Damn, darn, darnit, dang, drat, duh, dear, E – Eureka, eek, eh, er, encore, eww F – Fie, fiddlesticks G – Gak, gee, gee whiz, geez, gadzooks, golly, good grief, goodness, goodness gracious, gosh, gesundheit H – Hey, hmm, hooray, huh, hello, ha, ha-ha, holy cow, hallelujah, holy smokes, humph, hurray, hot dog, huh?

K – Ka-ching, O – oh, oh oh, oh dear, oh my, oh my God, oh well, ouch, ow, oww, oops, oy, ooh-la-la, P – Phooey, presto, please, pshaw, pow, phew, pooh R – Rats, S – shoo, shh, shoop-shoop, T – Tut-tut, thanks, U – Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, um, umm V – Viva, voila W – Whammo, wham, whew, whoa, wow, whoops, Y – Yay, yeah, yikes, yippee, yes, yuck, yum, yo, yahoo, yummy Z – Zap

13

SECTION 3: PHRASES and CLAUSES Phrases​ ​– groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun​.

The cabin became covered in snow during the winter, which meant the dogs stayed inside.

Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that ​function as a verb​.

He had been living in Wolf Trap, Virginia, to be secluded from the world.

Prepositional Phrase​: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ​ends with a noun​, and ​functions as an adjective or an adverb​.

Throughout the day​, Hannibal despised the chat between Franklyn and him, and after their session, escorted the man out of the psychiatrist office.

Appositive Phrase​: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective ​- IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Winston, ​a ​catahoula leopard​, turned his head in confusion.

Verbal Phrases​: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ​ends with a noun​. ● Gerund Phrase​ verb ending in -ing that ​functions as a noun​.

Cooking patiently in the marble kitchen​, Hannibal awaited his guests. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective​.

Jack Crowford requested forensic help in investigating the ​abandoned cabin that Jacob Hobbs owned. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs​.

Abigail desperately desired ​to run​ away with her surrogate fathers.

​ ​14

Clauses​ – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech.

There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT – ​CAN​ stand alone as a ​complete sentence​, known as a ​simple sentence pattern​.

Will Graham wore glasses because eyes were distracting to him.

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – ​CANNOT​ stand alone as a complete sentence and ​MUST​ begin with a ​SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION​.

There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause​: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

Hannibal answers his office phone​ to whoever​ calls but secretly dislikes talking to anyone but Will.

Adjective Clause​: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: The freedom ​that Abigail wanted​ could be obtained by manipulating her surrogate fathers.

Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: Will is an FBI agent ​who could determine the motives of all the killers.

Adverb Clause​: Used to ​modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs​ in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate ​time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession​.

Modifying verbs: Jack Crowferd visited the ​town in Italy​ where ​Hannibal and Will went last​.

Modifying adjectives: Will began to realize how time became hazed, and sessions with Hannibal ​lasted longer than before.

Modifying adverbs: Beverly had better aim with a gun ​than Will did​.

Relative Clauses​: Dependent clause that begins with a ​relative pronoun​. ○ The police department couldn't catch the criminal ​who killed​ Abigail Hobbs friend.

Elliptical Clauses​: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.adje ○ Hannibal knew more about manipulation ​than Will did​ at the beginning.

Essential Clauses​: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ Alana worried for Will Graham, ​who suffered from severe mental illness​.

Nonessential Clauses​: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ Will Graham, ​the retired FBI agent​, posted an instagram picture of him in Hawaii.

15

SECTION 4: SENTENCES Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate​ and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.

Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about Hannibal​ contemptibly prepared himself a meal before his door busted open because Will Graham was having a breakdown.

Predicate – what the subject does Jack ​read the latest Tattle-Crime, which he later teased his friends ​about.

Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) The FBI are easier to predict than Hannibal, the actual criminal of the series​.

Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Will Graham, seek therapy immediately because it’s effecting your quality of work​.

Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Will Graham frowned, “What do you mean I’m not allowed to run away with the Luthian cannibal​?​” Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) No, you can't run away with Hannibal, now get back to work​!

16

Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is ​just one independent clause​.

Will Graham has a tendency of picking up random dogs on sidewalks.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with ​multiple independent clauses​, but ​no​ dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;).

Will scrunched his face in disgust​, but​ he acted as if he wasn't disgusted with Allana's cooking.

Complex Sentence: A sentence with ​one independent clause and at least one dependent clause​.

When you went to Italy, did you imagine getting caught?

Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with ​multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause​.

Though Will preferred to be alone, he would often go to Hannibal's home and eat dinner with him, and he felt warm and welcomed.

Loose Sentence: ​A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) ​with your main point at the ​beginning​.

Jack didn't consider Will to be a sane person; he had breakdowns during work often and fantasized about killing.

Periodic Sentence: ​A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense ​with the main point coming at the ​end​.

Regardless of how you felt about Hannibal, he proved to be an elegant killer.

Parallel Structure: A sentence ​using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that ​match​ ​in tense or structure ​to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written ​- this sentence requires symmetry​.

Allana often went ​to​ Will's house; ​to​ take care of his dogs, and ​to​ cook him meals at times.

Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end ​parallel each other​ by virtue of their likeness of ​structure​, ​meaning​, or ​length​ - this sentence requires symmetry.

People told Will that staying besides Hannibal was ​dangerous​,but he felt ​safer​.

17

Chiasmus: A sentence that includes ​a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order​ - this sentence requires symmetry.

Will had all of Hannibal's adoration; he bestowed his heart to him in Italy Asyndeton: A sentence ​that leaves out conjunctions​ between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Hannibal remarked that his patient was extremely sweaty, dirty, smelly.

Polysyndeton: A sentence ​that uses multiple conjunctions​ in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Hannibal often was described as a​ ​gentleman and elegant​,​ ​and obviously ​a sly cat.

Anaphora: A sentence that ​features the purposeful repetition​ of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

Many found Hannibal's attitude to be elegant, while others thought Hannibal was too blunt and rude, but they could all agree that they'd never expected Hannibal to be a murderer.

Epistrophe: A sentence featuring ​several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words​.

Everything Hannibal did was for Will, he murdered for Will, even turned himself in for Will, and killed the red dragon for Will.

Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly ​without punctuation​.

Will Graham’s ex wife divorced him ​BECAUSE​ he’d never come home on week days AND​ would often only fixate on Hannibal instead of their family.

Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly ​using commas Will Graham had warned the BAU about Hannibal; they didn't listen.

Fragment – ​incomplete sentence pieces​ that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because the weather was pleasant, Will sat on the bench.

18

Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence​ and a ​dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify Meanwhile in the BAU, the science trio analyzed the rotting body, which had large all over it Double Negative – ​combining two or more negative words​ in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force Will Graham was instructed that he ​could not​ go ​nowhere​ that night because he was going to have dinner at Hannibals.

19

SECTION 5: PARAGRAPHS Paragraphs​ – ​a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic.

Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook ​(Lead) – can begin with the title ​Anecdotal​ (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) Ex.​ ​The overplayed tale of the hero saving the princess from a dragon usually reminds people of childhood.​ ​The hero is thrown into the unknown, put through obstacles, and ultimately returns to save the princess. Furthermore, the story follows a plot, which is one similar to another handful of stories. ​Query Based​ (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”) ​ Ex.​ Are all hero stories the same?

Thesis Statements​ (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion​ (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject) Ex.​ Mythological hero stories follow the same symbols and fundamental structures of the heroes journey.

Fact​ (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about - better used as evidence to support a claim) Ex.​ Buddist and Christian stories follow the heroes journey.

Opinion​ (personal position on a topic) Ex.​ Hero stories are all essentially the same. ​Belief​ (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement) Ex.​ Mythology and religion, such as Buddhism and Christianity, are connected.

Generalization​ (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – ​avoid using this type of thesis statement ​unless​ citing the source of the data​) Ex.​ All ​hero stories copy the12 stages from Joseph Campbell’s heroes journey.

Document Based​ (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic)

20

Ex.​ Joseph Campbell​'​s book, “The Hero with a Thousand Faces” (​1949​), examines mythological heroes while evaluating that their symbols and fundamental structures are all mirrored.

Theory​ (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) Ex.​ ​Once writers stop using mythology as inspiration for their hero stories, the heroes story won't mirror those of Joseph Campbell's 12 stages.

Clarification/Expansion of Thesis​ (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – ​this could be several sentences long​) Ex. ​The author constructs and reviews the 12 stages of the heroes journey and in each section provides detailed examples from different mythological stories that further support his claim. ​Joseph Campbell's purpose is to open the mind of the reader; mythology corresponds with human emotion; therefore, humans yearn to read these stories that are all the same while embedding themselves or connecting with the hero.

Body Paragraphs​ (must have ​echoes of the thesis​ in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) Topic Sentences​ (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Ex​. M​oreover, Joseph Campbell introduces diverse mythological and folklore stories as examples to demonstrate the constant similarities between different heroes and their journeys.

Presenting Evidence from Quotations​ (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – ​“A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: The hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.” (Campbell, 28) Ex. ​“A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: The hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.”, according to Joseph Campbell.

Paraphrasing​ (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote)

21

ORIGINAL QUOTE – ​“A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: The hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.” (Campbell, 28) Ex. ​PARAPHRASE – ​After the heroes adventure into the supernatural world and assume his victory, he ventures back home with more power than his fellow man (Campbell 28).

Summarizing​ (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – ​“A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: The hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.” (Campbell, 28) Ex. ​SUMMARY –​The hero is now more powerful because of his adventure.

Abstract Examples​ (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE ​– but useful for examining the quote) Ex​ ​Popular hero movies include the heroes journey in their plots.

Concrete Examples​ (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) ​Ex. ​Micheal Rothman’s article, “ ‘Star Wars' history you need to know before seeing ‘The Last Jedi’ ”, provides an overview of the franchise, which the hero Luke Skywalker presents himself, and altogether corresponds with Joseph Campbell’s heroes journey.

Closing Sentences​ (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) Ex. ​Joseph Campbell conveyed the message that hero stories are connected by the 12 stages, using different illusions from mythology.

22

Closing Paragraphs​ (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis​ (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences) Ex.​ Compiling myths from around the world, Joseph Campbell attempts to insist that regardless of which cultural background a story derives from, humans are unable to create a new story.

Statement(s) of Extension​ (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) Ex.​ He mentions the universal problem in the text, “One does not know toward what one moves. One does not know by what one is propelled. The lines of communication between the consciousness and unconsciousness zones of the human psyche have all been cut, and we have been split in two” (359). Furthermore, he believes that mythology influences the intellect of humans today, which enables them from moving forward and discovering a new journey. Humans have become fixated on a journey that effected the livelihood of the mythological hero from the past; however, the symbolic problems are unable to be adapted in modern society. Continuing, Joseph Cambell then suggest in order to break the cycle, “...it is necessary for men to understand and be able to see, that through various symbols the same redemption is revealed” (360).

Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis​ (could be one or more sentences) Ex.​ ​ ​The human psyche is a product of mythology; therefore, humans must look beyond it when creating the new heroes story, or it will continuously mirror another.

Final Sentence​ (connects to the hook and finishes the essay (finish your argument) – the “Smoky the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…)

Ex.​ In conclusion, incorporating the symbols of today's society rather than those in mythological stories is necessary for the construction of the new journey of the hero.

23

SECTION 6: ESSAYS Essays​ – A non-fiction academically composed section of writing that discusses a chosen topic.

Types: Persuasive​ (Argumentative): ​Writing that tries to convince the targeted audience to do or not do something or take the authors sides on a subject.

Expository​ (Informative): Explains the topic in detail to help the reader understand without complication.

Definition or Description Process (How-to) Compare and Contrast Cause and Effect Analytical/Critical:​ Analyzes a subject in different ways.

Evaluative Interpretive Narrative​ (Tells a story): Narration, similar to a short story that is written in an essay format.

Personal Statement/Anecdote Research​: ​Revolves around a researched question from a subject and is meant to answer it.

Timed​: An essay with a time limit that shows a persons understanding of a topic.

Document Based Question (DBQ) Synthesis Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps ​– - Analyzing an essay prompt; discover what it is directly or indirectly asking of the writer.

- Make an outline of ideas using either charts, google docs, or any form of organizer.

- The introduction is the hardest paragraph to write; therefore, form your ideas in the body paragraphs then go back to the introduction.

- Proofereed or ask others to proofread the essay.

Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining Researching/Evaluating of Sources

24

Work Cited Page​ – MLA Format: Typed on white 8.5 x 11-inch paper, indented at the start of each paragraph, double spaced in legible font usually size 12, and with a margin of 1 inch on all sides.

Cited work includes ​last name and first name of the author and title in t​itle case. MLA format uses a work cited page.

Examples: In text citation: (Campbell 1) Citation: Campbell, Joseph. ​The Hero with a Thousand Faces. P ​ rinceton University Press​, 1949.

APA Format: ​Most commonly used in citing sources in the social sciences. Typed with double space on the standard paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on the side, and includes a page header on each page. Professional writing includes a page number and title. The fonts range from those easy to read with the sizes 10-12. APA format mentions author's last name and first initial, title in sentence case, and no period after a URL. APA format uses a page called “References”.

Examples: In text citation: (Campbell, 1949, p.1) Citation: Campbell, J. (1949.) ​The Hero with a Thousand Faces.​ ​Princeton University Press.

25