Japanese Culture in Grammar

Japanese Culture in Grammar

December

2015

Open the book and take a look inside. You will experience the unique culture that comes from the land of the rising sun, Japan.

By Isel Honorato Period 4

Japanese Culture in Grammar

By: Isel Honorato Period 4

Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….………...i 2. About the Author…………………………………………………………….…….….i 3. Section 1: Parts of Speech……………………………………………………….…....1 a. Quiz #1………………………………………………………………….…….8 4. Section 2: Phrases…………………………………………………………………….9 a. Quiz #2……………………………………………………………………….10 5. Section 3: Clauses……………………………………………………………………11 a. Quiz #3……………………………………………………………………….12 6. Section 4: Sentences………………………………………………………………….13 a. Quiz #4……………………………………………………………………….15 7. Section 5: Paragraphs………………………………………………………………...16 a. Quiz #5……………………………………………………………………….18 8. Section 6: Essays……………………………………………………………………..18 a. Quiz #6……………………………………………………………………….20 9. Section 7: Capitalization……………………………………………………………..20 a. Quiz #7……………………………………………………………………….21 10. Section 8: Punctuation……………………………………………………………….21 a. Quiz #8……………………………………………………………………….21 11. Section 9: Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices…………………………...22 a. Quiz #9……………………………………………………………………….23 12. Glossary……………………………………………………………………………....24 13. Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………..24 14. Dedication………………………………………………………………………….....25

Introduction Every experience counts, no matter how small or big it may be, it counts. I invite you to explore this book and experience Japan’s unique culture. Japan is the place where you would be able to experience the four seasons; autumn, winter, spring, and summer. I’m sure that its variety of martial arts will interest you, for we always like a good action movie, don’t we? As you go along, you’ll read and see different aspects of Japan, from its beautiful cherry blossoms to its variety of martial arts.

It may not be to your liking, but I’m sure you will know something knew by the end of this book. So as they say, *watashi no sewa o shite kudasai!

*Please take care of me!

About the Author Talking about me is not really my forte, but I’ll try. I am just a normal high school student, which got to go through the making of this book. I may complain about the work we have to do in this class in my head, since others don’t, but I don’t back down from a challenge. It is part of who I am, therefore I will see through it. I have learned many things along the making of this project; I was able to learn the different types of sentences and how to use them properly. I enjoyed doing this project at times since the theme is something I enjoy learning about, Japanese culture. I find their culture unique and intriguing, like the different types of martial arts it offers to kids of all ages or their blooming cherry blossom trees. I hope you find my scrapbook to be interesting and the door to the island of the rising sun, Japan.

Grammar Book Section 1 i.

Nouns A. Types of Nouns: 1. Common Nouns: a word used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things a. Ex. Osaka, school, temple, festivals, dragons 2. Proper Nouns: a name used for an individual person or place, or organization, spelled with initial capital letters a. Ex. Tokyo, Hiro Mashima, Imperial Palace 3. Compound Nouns: words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of two or more words. a. Ex. football, skyscraper, earthquake 4. Concrete Nouns: a noun which can be identified through one of the five senses (taste, smell, see, touch, or hear) a. Ex. computer, desks, clothes, book 5. Abstract Nouns: a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object a. Ex. Intelligence, passionate, creative, traditional B. Identifiers 1. Noun Endings 1) Politeness 2) Glory 3) Commitment 4) Solution 5) Fortitude 6) Future 7) Socialism 8) Register 9) Science 10) Freelance 11) Career 12) Specialist 13) Adulthood 14) Curiosity

2. Following a noun marker (NM) 1) A tall tower.

2) The Tokyo Tower is known as a symbol of Tokyo, Japan.

3. Plural form: 1) Cherry blossoms, computers, restaurants, shops 4. Possessive form: 1) Author’s books, Chef’s creation, People’s religion 5. Following a preposition: 1) Geishas gracefully dance along with the traditional music.

2) Geishas perform gracefully alongside traditional music while wearing traditional clothes, such as a long kimono.

C. Functions (How nouns are used): 1. Subject 1) Mr. Mashima draws.

2) Mr. Mashima draws manga with his own style.

2. Direct Object 1) The people prayed to their gods.

2) The people prayed at the temples that were made for their gods.

3. Indirect Object 1) People bought enough special charms for the year.

2) The worshipers bought enough special charms to ward off evil for the year.

4. Adverbial Object 1) The author submits his script monthly.

2) The author submits his new script for the upcoming release of his comic monthly.

5. Object of the Preposition 1) The actors for the kabuki play quickly went to practice.

2) The selected batch of actors for the kabuki play quickly went to practice for the upcoming show.

6. Subject Complement 1) The head of the hot springs is currently excited for it is the busy time of the year.

2) Yuki is currently the new head of the hot springs for the busiest time of the year.

7. Object Complement 1) The head priest decided that Hiroshi would become the new priest.

2) The wise head priest named Hiroshi priest of the new temple with honor.

8. Appositives 1) Sakura, lives in Osaka, has an accent compared to those in the city of Tokyo.

2) Sakura, who was born and raised in Osaka, has a different dialect to those from the city of Tokyo.

9. Adjectival 1) The traditional shrine quickly got crushed.

2) The abnormal earthquake caused the shrine to crumble on itself.

10.

Noun in Direct Address 1) Natsu, did I forget to collect the novels?

2) Where you here when I collected the novels, Natsu, or where you the one that got called to the office?

11.

Object of the gerund 1) Constantly observing the landscape proved to help the young artist to get inspired.

2) Maintaining an observant eye proactively helped the young artists to evolve their creativity.

12.

Object of the participle 1) The training system helped the actors to build up stamina.

2) The established training program has successfully helped many idols to keep in shape.

13.

Object of the infinitive 1) Some anime encourage other to chase after their dreams.

2) The creators of the anime want the viewers to simply have fun and others tell you to never give up on your goals.

ii.

Pronouns A. Personal 1. As we came back from the temple, we could see her house, which was a traditional Japanese house that belongs to her ancestors.

2. They went inside her house to find many pictures of her family and she told them about their history.

B. Relative 1. Who was the person that drew the landscape of Mt. Fuji, and the pink petals of a cherry blossom tree?

2. That night, the thief came through the roof of the Edo – Tokyo Museum and took the paintings that belonged to Hokusai.

C. Interrogative 1. Who created the Buddha statue?

2. Who was responsible for the creation of the Buddha Statue located in Kotokuin Temple?

D. Reflective 1. The designer herself couldn’t feel any prouder. She made the designs herself.

2. The bakers themselves thought it was impossible to bake. Even though they felt like that, each had the same thought “We could bake the wedding cake by tomorrow themselves” E. Demonstrative 1. These new cloths and silk will be useful in making new kimonos for the upcoming tea ceremony.

2. Those lovely flowers are for the ikebana (flower arrangement) club, we need to put them in water before they go dry.

F. Indefinite 1. Everyone in Japan has come to known anime at one point of their lives and is very popular around the world.

2. Young teens mostly read either novel from Murakami Haruki or Yoshimoto Banana, while others might read manga. iii.

Verbs A. How Verbs are Identified: 1. Verb Endings 1) - ing a. Designing, Enjoying, Cooking 2) – ed a. Viewed, Arranged, Worshiped 3) –s

a. Acts, Sings, Reads 2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses 1) Simple Past a. passed 2) Past a. went.

3) Past Perfect a. had to go see 4) Past Progressive a. We were 5) Simple Present a. Love 6) Present a. We are.

7) Present Perfect a. They have 8) Present Progressive a. You are 9) Present Perfect Progressive a. We have been 10) Future a. We will 11) Future Perfect a. I will quickly B. Forms 1. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being, (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verbs, they are always linking verbs – true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem).

2. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

3. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

C. Types 1. Auxiliary Verbs (helping verbs)

1) Do, could 2. Linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) 1) Be, is, was 3. Lexical verbs (main verbs) 1) Made, called 4. Dynamic verbs (indicate action) 1) Ran, go, shower 5. Stative verbs (describe a condition) 1) Believe, anxious 6. Finitive verbs (indicate action) 1) Promises, cuts 7. Nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) 1) Illustrating, Creating 8. Regular verbs (weak verbs) 1) Put, walk 9. Irregular verbs (strong verbs) 1) Began, grew 10.

Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) 1) Was drawn, cooked

11.

Intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) 1) Laughed, cried

D. Voice 1. Active 1) Approved, took 2. Passive 1) Taken, moved E. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) 1. Gerund (words ending in “ing” used as a noun) 1) Practicing a. Hana happily prefers to enjoy her practicing in the vast soccer field.

2. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective 1) Streaming water

a. As the head priest patiently took a stroll around the Zen garden, he noticed the gentle streaming water as it gave him a peace of mind.

3. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to� (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs 1) To pray a. Ryuutaro likes to pray to the gods, since he hopes for the safety of others.

Quiz Section 1 – Parts of Speech 1. What are the 5 different types of Nouns? Give one example of each.

2. What would a sentence need in order to have a subject complement? Label the subject complement.

3. Give at least two examples of interrogative pronouns.

4. What do verbs show? Give an example of past perfect, present, and future perfect.

5. Name at least and explain 4 types of verbs.

6. What are the two voices that the English language has?

7. How are other parts of speech converted into adjectives?

8. What are the articles of adjectives, when are they used?

9. How can adjectives/verbs be converted into adverbs?

10. Explain FANBOYS and make two sentences with two.

11. What do modifiers do to a simple sentence?

12. “The chefs were currently busy attending to the different orders. They had run out of sashimi and rice.” a. Add to the sentences a transition in order to connect the two.

Grammar Book Section 2 I.

Phrases

Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech.

A. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb.

1. Natsu was practicing karate inside the dojo.

2. Natsu was diligently focused on his karate forms inside the spacious dojo.

B. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive.

1. Sakura, the over achiever of the class, was working on the project.

2. Sakura, the astute student, decisively chose to work on her ikebana project, even though her friends asked her to hang out.

C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.

1. Gerund 1. Walking in gardens is peaceful.

2. Walking in Buddhist gardens quickly brings me a peace of mind and tranquility.

2. Participle 1. As the musicians were preparing, the blinding lights helped a lot in setting up, 2. The orchestra was setting up for the opening act, while the blinding lights offered assistance by illuminating the darkened place.

3. Infinitive 1. Hikari likes to draw manga as a hobby.

2. Hikari honestly enjoys to draw manga as a way to pass the time and one day hopes to become a mangaka herself.

Quiz #2 – Section 2 Phrases 1. Explain what a prepositional phrase is and give an example of a prepositional phrase.

2. What are the three verbal type phrases?

3. An ________________ is a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an _________________.

4. Connect to its proper definition. a. Gerund

1. Verb preceded by the word “to”

b. Participle

2. Word ending in “ing” (noun)

c. Infinitive

3. Word ending in “ing” (adjective)

Read the following sentences and determine to what type of phrase each underlined part belong to.

5. Gon, the astute student, chose to work on his ikebana project, even though his friends asked him to hang out.

6. Natsu was diligently focused on his karate forms inside the spacious dojo.

7. The orchestra was setting up for the opening act, while the shining lights offered assistance by illuminating the darkened place.

True or False 8. Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech.

9. Appositives are groups of words with a subject and a verb.

10. Verbal is a group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.

Grammar Book Section 3 II.

Clauses

Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a verb.

A. Independent: CAN stand alone as long as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.

1. The people go to temples on New Year’s Eve 2. The devoted people traditionally go to various temples that are closest to their homes on New Year’s Eve. B. Subordinate: CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. 1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

1. Kirito checked that his katana (long sword) was polished.

2. Kirito regularly checked that his precious katana was polished and ready to strike.

2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

1. This is the school where students go to learn culinary skills.

2. Hattori Nutrition College is where future chefs go to study and polish their culinary skills.

3. Adverb: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.

1. They unfortunately placed the origami where certain people could only see it.

2. The staff unfortunately believed that the origami could be best seen where only V.I.P. could enter.

4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun 1. The anime, that is popular, will be turned into a regularly scheduled drama.

2. The anime, which is mostly viewed by teens. will be turned into a regularly scheduled drama starting next year.

5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.

1. When fighting, the fighter must closely pay attention to his/her opponent.

2. When doing Kendo, the fencer must attentively pay close attention to his/her opponent in order to find an opening to strike a point.

6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

1. The season, that attracts many tourists, is clearly the season of spring.

2. The season, that attracts many tourists, is clearly the season that brings the sakura to bloom, which is spring.

7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

1. Aoi went to the convention, which had people in cosplay, for merchandize.

2. Aoi went excitingly to the Anime Expo, which had various people cosplaying, to look for new merchandize.

Quiz #3 – Section 3 Clauses 1. What is an independent clause?

2. Name at least 4 of the 7 types of subordinate (dependent) clauses.

3. What is an adjective clause and give an example of it.

Match the following clauses.

4. where students go to learn culinary skills.

5. that is mostly viewed by teens 6. When doing Kendo

a. Elliptical b. Adjective c. Relative

True or False 7. Essential clauses are dependent clauses that begin with a relative pronoun.

8. Adverbs clauses in which part of the clause is omitted are elliptical clauses.

9. Subordinate clauses CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a preposition.

10. “Aoi went excitingly to the Anime Expo, which had various people cosplaying, to look for new merchandize” This the underlined part of the sentence is an example of a nonessential clause.

Grammar Book Section 4 4. Sentences a. Sentence Parts: The parts of the sentence are a set of terms for describing how people construct sentences from smaller pieces i. Subject: what (or whom) the sentence is about 1. Simple a. A sakura petal fell gracefully on the girl’s blond hair. b. As the season passed sakura petals fell all over and some landing gracefully on a girl’s honey colored hair while making her way to school.

2. Compound a. Mikan went to class late, for she overslept. b. Mikan repeatedly went to class late, for she found it hard to get up in the morning.

3. Complete a. Levy read a book in her favorite place. b. Levy read her favorite book in her favorite place, while her family was playing a game of hanetsuki for the New Year. ii. Predicate: tells something about the subject 1. Simple a. Okonomiyaki is delicious to eat after a good game of soccer. b. Okonomiyaki is deliciously good and satisfying to the stomach after an exciting game of soccer.

2. Compound a. Shiro lives in Tokyo and speaks Japanese. b. Shiro happily lives in Tokyo and is able to speak Japanese fluently along with other languages.

3. Complete a. Hiro was chased by a big dog. b. Hiro was quickly chased down by a big white husky. b. Sentence Types i. Declarative – explains 1. Sora went to the kyūdō tournament in the next town.

2. Sora excitingly went over to the next town, in order to see the kyūdō tournament. ii. Interrogative – questions 1. Who ate before giving their thanks?

2. Who was the culprit that did not say “itadakimasu” and began to eat? iii. Imperative – commands 1. Pass me that bow, would you Yoshi.

2. Pass me the beautifully crafted bow, would you my dear friend Yoshi. iv. Exclamatory – Shouts/ yells 1. We won the newly released set of manga!

2. Hurray, we were able to win the newly released set of manga from the magazine contest! a. Sentence Patterns i. Simple: A sentence that is just one independent clause.

1. Hayato went to the Awa Odori festival, or foam dance festival.

2. Hayato impatiently waited until he was able to go see the Awa Odori festival held every August. ii. Complex: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

1. When Lucy and Natsu arrived at their hanami spot, they found out that it was the best spot in the entire park.

2. When Lucy and Natsu arrived at their exclusive hanami spot, they proudly knew that their spot had the best viewing of the sakura trees. iii. Compound: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses.

1. Yuki and Ryuu went to the dojo, for they needed to train their stances.

2. Yuki and Ryuu determinedly went to the dojo, for they needed to train their stances, yet their strict teachers were nowhere to be seen. iv. Complex/Compound: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

1. When Hisashi arrived at the sushi restaurant, he found out that his family already ate, for he was busy in school and that made him late.

2. When Hisashi arrived at the newly established sushi restaurant, he found out that his family already ate, for he was busy in school and that made him late. v. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) 1. Hibari went to his soccer game, played his best, and went home.

2. Hibari quickly made his way to his school’s soccer game, played his best, and exhaustedly went home. vi. Periodic: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.

1. A harmonious spirit, by helping us stay focused, is important for the art of aikido.

2. Having a harmonious spirit, by helping us stay focused and diligently, is important in the art of aikido. vii. Balanced: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeliness of structure, meaning, or length 1. Looking at Tokyo’s city lights is like seeing stars in a starry sky.

2. Looking at Tokyo’s bright city lights is like seeing a sky full of stars. viii. Parallel: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written.

1. Midori likes to draw, to read, and to meditate.

2. Midori was the perfectly good example of a simple person because she likes to draw, to read, and to meditate. ix. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrase, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order.

1. The closer Aoi got to her sister, the further they drifted apart.

2. Aoi patiently tried to speak with her sister, that was a basketball player, but it seemed that the closer she got, the wider the gap grew. x. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

1. Ryoma was a bag of surprises, a magician, a jack of all trades.

2. The school’s amazingly respected prodigy, Ryoma, he was a bag of surprises, a magician, a jack of all trades.

xi. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

1. Shrines are considered to be Shinto and have a red tori gate, and a water fountain, or a trough, and a bell with a long thick rope.

2. Shrines are considered to be Shinto, but similar to temples, and have a red tori gate, and a water fountain, or a trough, and a bell with a thickly long rope. xii. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

1. If Shirayuki moved to Kyoto, then Zen will do that as well.

2. The end of the year was near, which ultimately meant that if Shirayuki moved to the center of Kyoto, then Zen will do that as well, no questions asked. xiii. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.

1. The school council of the students, made by the students, and for the students, will never turn its back to a challenge, for it is its motto.

2. As generations pass, the school council of the students, made by the students, and for the students will never back down from a challenge, for it is a motto. b. Sentence Errors/Corrections i. Run-On/Rambling: using commas and continue writing without ending a thought 1. Japanese people are very well mannered, we shake hands while greeting, we should visit Japan and experience their culture.

- Japanese people are very well mannered. We shake hands while greeting. We should visit Japan and experience their unique culture. ii. Fused: connecting two clauses with no punctuation (a.k.a. run-on) 1. During the Tenjin Matsuri, people are able to see the parades on the streets of Osaka all in the meantime a parade happens on boats in the river while a fireworks display occurs.

- During the Tenjin Matsuri, people are able to see the parades on the streets of Osaka, yet in the meantime, a parade happens on boats in the river while a fireworks display occurs.

iii. Fragment: an incomplete sentence/idea 1. Until Tsuna finishes his curry.

-Until Tsuna completely finishes his curry, he won’t be able to go outside to play. iv. Misplaced Modifier 1. Impatiently awaiting his new manga, Natsume’s books were all picked up and organized in his shelf to make space.

-Impatiently waiting for his new manga, Natsume picked up his books and organized his shelf to make space. v. Double Negative: two negative words used in the same sentence 1. Manami can’t find her keys nowhere and she needs them for the temple.

-Manami cannot find her keys and she urgently needs them for the temple gate. vi. Comma Splice: incorrectly joins two main clauses with a comma 1. Akane still wears kimonos her sash is in the middle of the decoratively detailed kimono at her stomach.

-Akane still wears kimonos; her sash is in the middle of the decoratively detailed kimono at her stomach.

Quiz Section 4 – Sentences 1. What are sentence parts?

2. Name the 4 sentence types. Give at least one example of each.

Match the Following 3. Declarative

a)shouts/yells

4. Exclamatory

b)questions

5. Imperative

c)commands

6. Interrogative

d)explains

[True or False] If false, please give the word that would make the statement true.

7. ____ A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is known as a complex sentence.

8. ____ A sentence that is just one independent clause is known as a chiasmus sentence.

9. ____ A periodic sentence is a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.

10. What is an asyndeton sentence? Give an example of it.

Grammar Book Section 5 5. Paragraphs

1. Introductory Paragraphs a. Hook – to lead (the opening sentence) I. Anecdotal – brief story to set the mood and intro the topic 1. Every time Akira goes into her literature class, she is expected to know commonly known Japanese folktales. As she grew up, she has heard different kinds of tales in order to keep herself out of trouble or to learn a very valuable lesson. The more she knew, the better she does in literature. As a child she did not know, but as a teenager she values it.

II. Query Based – question that brings the reader to the topic 1. Does exposing a child to traditional folktales have a positive impact compared to one who does not? b. Thesis statement – the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length – and something that is arguable I. Assertion (claim) 1. Exposing a child to a variety of folktales in order to teach a lesson, can be very beneficial in their future.

II. Fact (empirically verifiable) 1. Folktales are comparatively difficult to understand.

III. Opinion (personal position on a topic) 1. Teaching ones’ child about the story of “The Mirror of Matsuyama” will be the best thing for the child.

IV. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1. Not telling a folktale is sinfully wrong, for it brings knowledge of ones’ being.

V. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement) 1. All of Japanese parents tell their kids about folktales, hopefully expecting that it would set their child on the right path.

VI. Document Based ( cites a specific source and its position on a topic) 1. In Myths and Legends of Japan, F. Hadland Davis eloquently explains the significance behind the variety of folktales before giving examples ranging from stories to poems.

VII. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 1. Folktales have a deeper meaning and can potentially be used to explain a phenomenon or demonstrate a life lesson.

2. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) a. Topic Sentence (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) I. There are multiple sources that adequately explain the depth of different types of folktales, which can potentially affect an individual’s morals.

(Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between folktales and an individual’s morals) b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) I. Researchers agree, “The great legendary idea underlying Japanese mirrors is just this, that the mirror, through constant reflection of its owner’s face, draws to itself the very soul of its possessor, and, as we shall see later on, something of the same idea is to be traced in regard to old but much-loved Japanese love” (Davis 190).

II. “The great legendary idea underlying Japanese mirrors is just this, that the mirror, through constant reflection of its owner’s face, draws to itself the very soul of its possessor, and, as we shall see later on, something of the same idea is to be traced in regard to old but much-loved Japanese dolls” according to researchers, in which that such mirrors play an important role when explaining folktales that embed a mirror into its concept (Davis 190).

III. Fortunately for the readers owning Nipponese mirrors, “The great legendary idea underlying Japanese mirrors is just this, that the mirror, through constant reflection of its owner’s face, draws to itself the very soul of its possessor, and, as we shall see later on, something of the same idea is to be traced in regard to old but much-loved Japanese dolls,” according to researchers (Davis 190).

IV. Fortunately for readers, “The great legendary idea underlying Japanese mirrors is just this, that the mirror, through [continuously] constant reflection of its owner’s face, draws to itself the very soul of its possessor, and, as we shall see later on, something of the same idea is to be traced in regard to old but much-loved Japanese dolls” (Davis 190).

V. Fortunately for mirror owning readers, “The great legendary idea underlying Japanese mirrors … [continuously] … draws to itself the very soul of its possessor… traced in regard to … dolls” (Davis 190).

VI. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) 1. ORIGINAL QUOTE - “The great legendary idea underlying Japanese mirrors is just this, that the mirror, through constant reflection of its owner’s face, draws to itself the very soul of its possessor, and, as we shall see later on, something of the same idea is to be traced in regard to old but much-loved Japanese dolls” (Davis 190).

2. PARAPHRASE – Japanese mirrors are incredibly special due to having the belief of reflecting the soul of its owner over time of constant exposure (Davis 190).

VII. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 1. ORIGINAL QUOTE - “The great legendary idea underlying Japanese mirrors is just this, that the mirror, through constant

reflection of its owner’s face, draws to itself the very soul of its possessor, and, as we shall see later on, something of the same idea is to be traced in regard to old but much-loved Japanese dolls” (Davis 190).

2. SUMMARY – Japanese mirrors are believed to reflect ones’ soul over time, which is similar to traditional Japanese dolls (Davis 190).

VIII. Abstract examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples – AVOID) 1. People would better understand the depth of a folktale if they were to have a traditionally old object like a mirror.

IX. Concrete examples (actual, reference-able examples) 1. A study mentioned in the Myths and Legends of Japan done by two professors named Ayrton and Perry show that the special design of Japanese mirrors is what might give an explanation to the phenomenon, but it is the phenomenon that makes the mirror so special in Japanese folktales. c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) I. Clearly, the different explanations for the different folktales – not just the mirror ones – have a positive effect on ones morals as it makes them reflect on their morals.

3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) a. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) I. If folktales had no effect on the morals of an individual, there would probably be many with rudely manners and other individuals that are unable to completely comprehend life situations. b. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) I. Given most of the Japanese folktales’ meanings, we can see how they are a great asset for students such as Akira especially as they are growing up for it can shape ones’ morals…

Quiz Section 5 – Paragraphs Match the following to its definition.

1. Theory

a)personal position on the topic

2. Fact

b)statement that can be tested

3. Opinion

c) to lead (the opening sentence)

4. Thesis

d) purpose of a piece of writing

5. Hook

e) empirically verifiable

True or False: If false give the word that can make the statement true.

6. ___ A summary is the condensing of larger quotes or sections.

7. ___ Concrete examples are hypothetical and contain “what if” examples.

8. ___ Closing paragraphs summarize the previous paragraphs of the essay.

9. Give the definition and purpose of a query based hook.

10. Name at least 3 types of thesis statements that are not meant to be used in an essay.

Grammar Book Section 6 6. Essays

a. Types i. Persuasive (argumentative) 1. A persuasive essay is one in which you attempt to get the reader to agree with your point of view. You are trying to present arguments, research, and ideas in order to sway the reader one way or the other. ii. Expository (informative) 1. The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. a. The expository essay is usually composed of five paragraphs, where the introductory paragraph contains the thesis. The following three paragraphs contain details that support your claim. The conclusion is the last paragraph and it ties everything together.

2. Process/How to: The how-to essay provides readers with a step-by-step guide on how to do something or the steps it takes to finish a job.

3. Compare and Contrast: A compare and contrast essay gives you an opportunity to write about the similarities and differences of the two selected subjects, 4. Cause and Effect: Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). It is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. iii. Analytical/Critical 1. Definition: An analytical essay seeks to explore a central idea or question based on a text(s) and a student's engagement with that text. The student can show that she/he can take a subject, break it into parts, and examine the parts 2. Evaluative: It breaks down the subject into component parts and helps determine whether the standard has been met. It can be seen as an analytical essay, since both have similar formats.

3. Interpretive: It clarifies the meaning of something according to your own understanding. It can be seen as an analytical essay, since both have similar formats. iv. Narrative (Tells a Story)

1. Narrative essays use story telling elements to make their points, but they don't have to be fiction; often, they depict real life events.. They look like short stories, rather than traditional academic essays.

2. Personal: It tells the true story of something that happened to you. It could be about a special memory with someone you love, or an experience you will never forget.

3. Anecdote: It starts with an anecdote to engage the reader by describing a moment, which tries to illustrate a larger point in the essay. Then the rest of the essay is used to explain the broader meaning of the anecdote. v. Research 1. A research paper is an expanded essay that presents your own interpretation or evaluation or argument. When you write a research paper you build upon what you know about the subject and make a deliberate attempt to find out what experts know. A research paper involves surveying a field of knowledge in order to find the best possible information in that field.

2. MLA Format: specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. It is used to build up credibility, making it a powerful tool in a research paper.

3. APA Format: It is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. It helps readers to understand a text by providing a familiar structure they can follow. vi. Timed 1. Document Based Question (DBQ): This essay would be the answer to a given question, and you will support your answer with information given to you through the different documents provided. You will have to interpret the documents in order to use them as support.

2. Prompt Based: An essay that has a given prompt (usually short), that requires the writer to write on, mostly proving an argument or a certain quote, on a certain amount of time. b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining 1. Outline

a. It would be a nice idea to make a quick outline of what you are going to write before you start any kind of essay. b. Plan on how much time you would spend on certain parts, this would be good for timed essays. c. Be sure you are answering what they have asked you, or have stayed on the right topic.

2. Pre-writing: a. Choose a position, where do you stand in an argument (agree/disagree). b. Understand the audience: Have an idea of the reader’s perspective. c. Do the Research: Identify the solid facts.

3. Prompt-Analysis: a. Know what you are going to be answering; always reference to your thesis b. Answer the question completely ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources 1. When looking for reliable sources, always go for primary sources/ a. Primary source: a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

2. Before using information from a website, be sure to double check it by looking at other websites and see if they have the same information as the one you used.

3. Try to avoid sources that have a biased position because that can’t be reliable enough to be a fact since it is based on an opinion, unless it is required for your essay. c. Work Cited Page i. MLA Format 1. This is the most common use format to cite sources, either from books, websites, or poems.

2. At the end of a research essay for example, writers include a work cited page in order to show that the information they used can be found in the following places, at the same time proving that his research is true.

3. Ex: Davis, F. Hadland. Myths and Legends of Japan. New York: Dover Publications, 1992. Print. ii. APA Format 1. APA style is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and books.

2. At the end of an essay, whichever one used, there should be a work cited page, and whatever sources you used should be properly cited, APA format recommended foe collage use.

3. Ex: Davis, F. Hadland (1992). Myths and Legends of Japan. Retrieved from https://archive.org/stream/mythslegendsofja00davi#page/n7/mode/2up

Quiz Section 6 – Essays 1. Name two types of expository writing.

2. Give one tip before writing an essay.

3. Define a how-to expository essay.

Match 4. Narrative

a) informative

5. Persuasive

b) tells a story

6. Expository

c) argumentative

True or False 7. ___ A persuasive essay is one in which you attempt to get the reader to agree with your point of view.

8. ___ An expository essay seeks to explore a central idea or question based on a text(s) and a student's engagement with that text 9. ___ MLA and APA format are two different ways to cite sources from books, websites, or poems.

10. ___ Compare and contrast essays are concerned with why things happen and what happens as a result.

Grammar Book Section 7 7. Capitalization

a. Rule 1. Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title. i. Myths and Legends of Japan b. Rule 2. Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name. i. Natsume Hyuuga c. Rule 3. Capitalize the name of organizations. i. Japan America Society of Southern California d. Rule 4. Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days. i. Tanabata, Golden Week, or Hina Matsuri e. Rule 5. Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns are part of a title. i. It was a Golden Week celebration party. f.

Rule 6. Capitalize brand names but not the product(s). i. Sakura scent shampoo

g. Rule 7. Capitalize business names. i. Toyota, Samsung, or Nissan h. Rule 8. Capitalize institution names. i. Terasaki Center i.

Rule 9. Capitalize names of particular geographic places. i. Mt. Fuji

j.

Rule 10. Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents. i. Meiji Era

k. Rule 11. Capitalize religions, religious demonstrations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being. i. Shinto, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity l.

Rule 12. Capitalize languages. i. Japanese, Ryukyuan, or Ainu

m. Rule 13. Capitalize specific names of structures. i. Tokyo Tower n. Rule 14. Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names. i. Princess Masako, Emperor Hirohito, or Brian Tee o. Rule 15. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. i. The beautiful priestess went up the stage to elegantly dance for the gods. p. Rule 16. Capitalize the pronoun “I�.

i. I went to the summer festival with my family. q. Rule 17. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry. r.

Rule 18. Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline. i. Hana (flowers) 1. Types a. Sakura (cherry blossoms)

s. Rule 19. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation. i. Hiro asked “Where is my onigiri (rice ball)?”

“You ate it last night for dinner,” replied his otosan (father). t.

Rule 20. Capitalize government bodies and departments. i. Cabinet, the Executive branch, the judicial branch, etc.

u. Rule 21. Capitalize races and ethnic groups. i. Japanese, Filipinos, Koreans, or Americans v. Rule 22. Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world. i. Does your friend Kotaro live in the South? w. Rule 23. Capitalize political parties and their members. i. Prime Minister, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) x. Rule 24. Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that are in a sentence. i. Twenty-two ducks use that pond. y. Rule 25. Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter. i. Dear Usagi (bunny),… My beloved oneesan (older sister),…

Quiz Section 7 – Capitalization 1. Name at least 3 of the 25 rules of capitalization.

2. Give an example of each of the following: a. Rule 1 b. Rule 20 c. Rule 14 3. What does Rule 15 say?

Match the following

Love, …

4. Hina Matsuri

a)Rule 9

5. Title of a book

b)Rule 4

6. Geographic places

c)Rule 1

7. Political parties

d) Rule 23

True or False 8. ____ Capitalize the first letter of the second letter of a sentence.

9. ____ Capitalize languages.

10. ____ Capitalize brand names but not the product(s).

Grammar Book Section 8 8. Punctuation a. [] – (brackets) something that is used when adding to a quote b. () – in order to show in a sentence; to draw the reader’s attention i. Hiroshi (karate student), went to practice for the upcoming match, in which he would need to show his improvement. c. . – (period) to end a sentence; to abbreviate i. There was onigiri, takoyaki, dango, etc. all over the picnic blanket. d. , - (comma) whatever is in front and back of it can switch places i. The competitors moved into position, they were anxiously waiting for the starting signal. e. – - (m dash) both a visual and contextual; draws attention; can replace a comma and a colon i. Yuka – which is very strict - went to see how her daughter was doing with her tea ceremony lessons. f.

- - (n dash) to hyphen; connecting two words i. Twenty-two students entered the annual archery competition.

g. : - (colon) introducing a quotation or a list of items; that a writer is separating two clauses of which the second expands or illustrates the first. i. The following students qualified to go to the hot springs trip: Hikari, Mikan, Tadase, Midori, and Kotaro. h. ; - (semi-colon) drive the attention to a revelation; to separate complete ideas; connect relating sentences i. Kaho went to the temple on New Year’s Eve; the temple was overcrowded and caused her to lose sight of her awaiting friends. i.

? – (question mark) used to express doubt or uncertainty about something. i. What was the time when the baseball club starts practice?

j.

! – (exclamation point) indicating an exclamation i. Takuma won against all his opponents without breaking a sweat!

k. ‘ – (apostrophe) for contraptions; ownership; quoting within a quote i. Mikan’s garden has finally given fruit, she is overjoyed because she will be able to share them with her friends. l.

“ – (quotation marks) used for dialogue or to quote the punctuation always go inside i. “Where should we meet for the hanami?” asked Kei.

m. … - (ellipses) usually indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning. i. The end was near, yet Yuki and the others were oblivious to it, or were they…

Quiz Section 8 – Punctuation 1. What is the period used for?

2. What does the comma and parentheses mean?

3. Give an example for using the n dash and m dash.

Match the following 4. Semi-colon

a) ”

5. Colon

b) :

6. Exclamation point\

c) !

7. Quotation marks

d) ;

True or False 8. ___ Quotation marks are used when there is dialogue.

9. ___ The apostrophe drives the attention to a revelation.

10. ___ The exclamation point indicates an exclamation.

Grammar Book Section 9 9. Commonly Confused/ Misused Word Choices a. Who/Whom – Who is used as a subject or as a subject complement while whom is used as an object i. Who is responsible for the collapse of Tokyo Tower? ii. To whom might this poetry book belong to? b. Their/There/They’re – Their is possessive form of they while there is indicates location (hint: think of "here and there") and they’re is a contraction for "they are"

i. Their school project was about the different backgrounds a constellation had and what was the significance of that. ii. There had to be another way to beat the opponent without having to hit the head and there was another way through the side of the stomach. iii. They’re proud of Hoshino, for she was able to efficiently prove her strength by winning the annual Karate tournament. c. Lie/Lay – Lie is (of a person or animal) be in or assume a horizontal or resting position on a supporting surface while lay is to put an object down. i. The nurses told Haru to lie down on the bed before he could reopen his wounds from the fight he had acquired during the Aikido match. ii. The samurai had to lay his sword down for good, since the new government had prohibited people from carrying such weapons. d. Laid/Lain – Laid is the past and past participle of lay while lain is the past participle of lie. i. The place where he was lain is known to be historical and eventful and is located at the biggest temple. ii. The actors laid the various props on the stage, for the play was about to begin. e. Affect/Effect – Affect is to influence while effect is to accomplish i. The affect that China had on Japan in he past, greatly influence its government and lifestyle. ii. The newly developed stage had brand new special effects that helped make illusions to fool the audience. f.

Accept/Except – Accept is to receive while except is to take or leave out i. Yuki accepted the many gifts that her fellow team mates gave her, but she was easily overwhelmed by the quantity. ii. All the arrangements were ready to deliver except for one that had fallen apart due to the poor quality.

g. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of – C/W/Should of does not exist as verbs while C/W/Should have are past modal verbs and are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that didn't really happen in the past. h. Loath/Loathe – Loath is "unwilling or reluctant" and loathe is "to hate" i. Daiske loathed the fact that he would be sharing his poetry textbook with Kuro, the one person he could not stand to even breathe the same air. ii. The mere mention of having to climb the

i.

Infer/Imply - Imply means "to suggest indirectly" while infer means "to draw a conclusion from known facts": i. The constant gestures that Mikan was doing, like glancing at the door, squirming within her seat, and avoiding eye contact with Natsume, implied that she was hiding a secret and could not keep a poker face. ii. Due to the various surveys that the school gave out, the numbers infer that most students play the piano than they play a sport.

j.

Weary/Wary - Wary means "leery and cautious" while weary means "tired and worn" i. After the big game, Midori was feeling extremely weary, for she had made many goals and ran a lot. ii. As Aoi walked down the street that led to her house, she became wary of the man that was drunk and dangerously close to her path.

k. Proceed/Precede - Proceed means "to move forward" while the verb precede means "to come or go before, in front of" i. In order to proceed with the kimono themed dance, the student council had to make the students agree to pay a fee. ii. Although many wanted a dance, the annual charity event preceded that, since it was a traditional event of the school. l.

Discrete/Discreet - Discreet means "modest and prudent” while discrete means "separate and distinct" i. Tsuna was the most discreet person on the block, for he never boasted of being rich or very talented with various instruments. ii. The kendo club had to walk all the way to the discrete location that was known to be unique since strange things happened at night.

m. Conscience/Conscious – Conscience is a sense of right and wrong while conscious means awake i. The conscience of a priest is very holy, since they recite their various mantras in a daily basis. ii. The beautiful paintings up on Tokyo’s art museum exhibit were so intriguing that it caused many viewers to lose conscious. n. Can/May – Both verbs have to do with asking permission and have a small difference, that is that one is more polite than the other, but in some cases there is no difference on the two. i. Can I urgently have the last delicious takoyaki of the day?

ii. May I humbly ask to have the last slow dance of the day? o. Apart/A part – Apart means to be separated while a part means to be joined with. i. The two karate fighters needed to be apart from each other, otherwise they would continuously fight non-stop. ii. A part of the tournament was about groups competing against each other through team effort and skills. p. Allusion/Illusion – Allusion is an indirect reference while illusion is a false perception of reality i. Sho analyzed the different folk tales of the past for his essay and then he would have to create an allusion from the information he gathers. ii. The kabuki actors try to create the illusion of the past by wearing traditional clothes and masks. q. Principle/Principal – Principle is a general or fundamental truth while principal is (adjective) most important or (noun) a person who has authority i. The principle behind the success of a student, lies within the motivation and effort an individual has. ii. The principal called for an assembly in order to announce the upcoming autumn festival and new staff. r.

Advice/Advise - Advice is a noun meaning "an opinion given with the intention of helping" while advise is a verb meaning "to give counsel or advice": i. Kirin remembered the advice given to her by her mother, in which she should do her best while trying out for the Karate Club and leave no regrets. ii. Hibiki advised his best friend to take a break before the upcoming soccer game, or suffer from over exhaustion.

s. Desert/ Dessert - Desert means "to abandon" (and can also be a noun, meaning "a wasteland") while dessert is the sweet course of a meal. i. Ryuu had to desert his idea for the school talent show, since he wanted to bring his family’s samurai swords. ii. Natsu was excited to go to his traditional one-floor, Japanese style house because his mother prepared takoyaki, a Japanese dessert.

Quiz Section 9 – Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices 1. Give three examples of misused words.

2. What is the difference between Lie and Lay?

3. Give an example of each in the correct way. a. Affect and Effect Match the following.

4. Can

a)Discreet

5. Allusion

b)Principal

6. Principle

c)Illusion

7. Discrete

d)May

True or False 8. ___ Proceed means to move forward and precede means to come or go before.

9. ___ Advice means to give counsel or advice and advise means an opinion given with the intention of helping.

10. ___ Desert means "to abandon" (and can also be a noun, meaning "a wasteland") while dessert is the sweet course of a meal.

Glossary 

Aikido – a kind of martial art that involves the use



Anime – a style of Japanese film and television animation, typically aimed at adults as well as children



Dojo – a room or hall in which Judo and other martial arts are practiced



Hanami – flower viewing



Hina Matsuri – Japanese Doll Festival



Karate – an Asian system of unarmed combat using the hands and feet to deliver and block blows, widely practiced as a sport



Kendo – a Japanese form of fencing with two-handed bamboo swords, originally developed as a safe form of sword training for samurai



Kyūdō – “the way of the bow”; the purest of all the martial ways



Manga – a style of Japanese comic books and graphic novels, typically aimed at adults as well as children



Oneesan – big sister



Sakura – cherry blossoms



Tanabata – “Evening of the Seven”; Star Festival; a festival celebrating the meeting of the deities Orihime and Hikoboshi

Work Cited 

http://www.chompchomp.com/menu.htm



http://www.easybib.com



http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/diagramming-verbs.html#transitive_verbs



http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/sitemap.html



http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/verb-tenses.html



http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/list-of-verbs.html#linking_verbs



http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/passive-voice.html



http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/what-is-an-adjective.html



http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/601/02/



http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/601/03/



http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/adjectives



http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives



http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/pronouns



http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/verbs

Dedication I dedicate this book to all my fellow otakus, who love Japanese culture. I also dedicate it to my friend who helped me at the beginning of this journey and encouraged me to finish it. To all future 11th grade students, beware of the dangers of procrastinating, especially in this class.

“Vision without action is daydream, action without vision is

nightmare” – Japanese Proverb

Answer Key (1) 1. The following are the five types of nouns: a. Common Nouns - Ex. Osaka b. Proper Nouns - Ex. Tokyo c. Compound Nouns - Ex. skyscraper d. Concrete Nouns - Ex. computer e. Abstract Nouns- Ex. Creative

2. The sentence would need a subject, a linking verb, and the subject complement. a. Ex. Yuki is currently the new head of the hot springs for the busiest time of the year.

3. Interrogative pronouns: who, which, what, whatever, whoever 4. Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. a. Ex. Past Perfect - had to go see b. Ex. Present – we are c. Ex. Future perfect – I will quickly

5. There are 11 types of verbs, but four are the following: a. Auxiliary Verbs (helping verbs) - Do, could b. Linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) - Be, is, was c. Lexical verbs (main verbs) - Made, called d. Dynamic verbs (indicate action) - Ran, go, shower

6. Active and passive are the two types of voices in English language.

7. Other parts of speech can convert to adjectives by adding a suffix to the end and changing its place on the sentence, in order to identify a noun or pronoun.

8. An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two articles, "a"(or “an” for a vowel), "the"; used to specify a noun 9. Verbs and adjectives can become adverbs by adding a suffix to the word, most commonly the -ly ending.

10. FANBOYS stand for the following for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so, which are coordinating conjunctions. a. Ex. Kendo may be seen as a furious and noisy sport on the surface, yet if we look beneath that we can see the skills and bravery one has put to it. b. Ex. The kimono is beautiful, for it has a flower pattern all around it and it is smooth.

11. A word, especially an adjective or noun, used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun, it gives more detail to a simple sentence.

12. Ex: The chefs were currently busy attending to the different orders, however they had ran out of sashimi and rice.

Answer Key (2) 1. A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. a. Ex. Natsu was practicing karate inside the dojo.

2. Gerund, Participle, and Infinitive.

3. An appositive is a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive.

4. A – 2 B–3 C–1 5. Appositive

6. Prepositional 7. Verbal Participle 8. True 9. False 10. True

Answer Key(3) 1. An Independent Clause can stand alone as long as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.

2. Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Essential, Nonessential, Relative, or Elliptical.

3. An adjective clause is used to modify a noun in an independent clause. a. Ex. This is the school where students go to learn culinary skills.

4. b 5. a 6. c 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. True

Answer Key (4) 1. The parts of the sentence are a set of terms for describing how people construct sentences from smaller places.

2. Declarative: Ex. Sora excitingly went over to the next town, in order to see the kyĹŤdĹ? tournament Exclamatory: Ex. Hurray, we were able to win the newly released set of manga from the magazine contest!

Imperative: Ex. Pass me the beautifully crafted bow, would you my dear friend Yoshi.

Interrogative: Ex. Who was the culprit that did not say “itadakimasu� and began to eat?

3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. True 8. False; simple sentence 9. True 10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Ex. Ryoma was a bag of surprises, a magician, a jack of all trades

Answer Key (5) 1. B 2. E 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. T 7. F; Abstract examples 8. F; do not summarize 9. A query based hook is a question that brings the reader to the topic. Its purpose in an essay is to attract and introduce the reader to the topic of the essay.

10. Three types of thesis statements that should not be used in an essay are generalization, factual, and opinion statements.

Answer Key (6) 1. Compare and Contrast; Cause and Effect 2. Ex. Choose a position, where do you stand in an argument (agree/disagree).

3. The how-to essay provides readers with a step-by-step guide on how to do something or the steps it takes to finish a job.

4. B 5. C 6. A 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F

Answer Key (7) 1. Capitalize languages, capitalize specific names of structures, and capitalize the name of organizations.

2. Examples: a. Rule 1: Myths and Legends of Japan b. Rule 20, the Cabinet or Judicial branch c. Rule 14: Princess Masako 3. Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.

4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. False

9. True 10. True Answer Key (8) 1. to end a sentence; to abbreviate 2. whatever is in front and back of it can switch places and 3. in order to show in a sentence; to draw the reader’s attention 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. True 9. False 10. True Answer Key (9) 1. Conscience/Conscious, Allusion/Illusion, and Principle/Principal 2. Lie is (of a person or animal) be in or assume a horizontal or resting position on a supporting surface while lay is to put an object down.

3. Examples: a. The affect that China had on Japan in he past, greatly influence its government and lifestyle. b. The newly developed stage had brand new special effects that helped make illusions to fool the audience.

4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. True 9. False 10. True