Making Connections by Bravo Grammar Con Online

Making Connections Grammar Book The Secrets of Maintaining a Healthy Relationship with

Anyone

By: Katie Sandoval Honors American Literature and Composition Period: 5

Making Connections Grammar Book The Secrets of Maintaining a Healthy Relationship with Anyone

By: Katie Sandoval H. American Literature and Composition Period: 5

Table of Contents Title Page……………………………………………………………………….. pg. 1 T.O.C…………………………………………………………………………… pg. 2 & 3 Intro……………………………………………………………………………. pg. 3 About the Author………………………………………………………………. pg. 4 Section 1: Parts of Speech ………………………………………………………. pg. 118 Section 1 Quiz ……………………………………………………………………. pg. 19 Section 2: Phrases ……………………………………………………………….. pg. 20 Section 2 Quiz …………………………………………………………………… pg. 21 Section 3: Clauses ………………………………………………………………. pg. 2123 Section 4: Sentences …………………………………………………………….. pg. 2431 Section 4: Quiz ………………………………………………………………….. pg. 32 Section 5: Paragraphs ……………………………………………………………. pg. 3336 Section 5 Quiz ……………………………………………………………………. pg. 37 Section 6: Essays ………………………………………………………………… pg. 3841 Section 6 Quiz ……………………………………………………………………. pg.4143 Section 7: Capitalization ………………………………………………………….. pg. 4346 Section 7: Quiz…………………………………………………………………..

pg.46 Section 8: Punctuation ………………………………………………………….. pg. 4648 Section 9:Commonly Confused Words …………………………………………. pg. 49 Glossary………………………………………………………………………….. pg. 5051 Works Cited………………………………………………………………………. pg.51 Answers for Quizzes……………………………………………………………… pg. 53 Back Cover…………………………………………………………………….. pg. 54

Introduction This grammar book introduces many basic concepts and skills of grammar in way in which the reader can understand the concepts and master it, to use in your daily life throughout the years you attend school/college. The format of this book is engaging the reader to organize and show the reader the steps and style on how to writing a grammatical sentence. The topic sections contribute of many examples in certain sections as well as the examples will have labels of Adverbs, Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives etc. This grammar book with the topic of any type of relationship is written for students to learn grammatical knowledge and mechanical skills. This was a semester long project, it provides helpful quizzes for certain sections as well as a works cited to go to if any extra help is needed.

About the Author

Katie Sandoval is a high school student at Bravo Medical Magnet. She has loved writing throughout her elementary and middle school days, little she knew her life during 11th grade would change from easier to far more complicated. This year would be the first year she’s taking an honors English class because she was always afraid in trying to go over her comfort zone. When she decides to try it she struggled but then after a while with a little help from her teacher and friends she made it. She learned grammatical knowledge, mechanical skills, and writing a proper persuasive essay, after the 1st semester she became a master to these concepts. This class was a big transition for her it was tough for her at times but she made it, by never giving up.

1. N OUNS – a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, place of things

A. Types of nouns : 1.

Common nouns: name class people, places, things, or idea.

EX: Shaggy (dog), home, park, friendship etc.. 2.

Proper nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, idea.

EX: Movie Theater, Zoo, Whittier Narrows Park 3.

Compound nouns: words used together to form single noun

EX: heartbroken, yourself, heartbeat, endless 4.

Concrete nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places

EX: Rose Garden, Park, Disneyland, Six Flags 5.

Abstract nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes.

EX: joyful, fond, compromising, affection

B. Noun identifiers:

1. Noun endings: list one word for each ending

happiness affection

egocentrism

acquaintance confidence

materialist

adventure attitude excitement

effectivity administer

advisory childhood cheer

2. Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his,

my, our,

several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three etc.

NM N Basic ex: Her dog ran to the door. NM

Advanced ex: Her little cute friendly white cat ran out the door and almost got ran over but a blue Toyota. 3. Plural Forms Ex: dogs, stories, cats, etc…

4. Possessive form Ex: “ Katie’s dog” or “ Nat’s bird” 5. Following a Preposition: Prepositions Ex: aboard, about, above, according to, across from after, against, along, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, expect, into, in front of, with, within, without, etc…

NM ADV

Prep NM ADJ N

Ex: The girl was awkwardly look behind the back door. C. Noun Functions :

1. Subject: (comes before the verb) S V

Basic: Britt walked with her boyfriend to the park. S V Adv Advanced: Gabi ran the mile for soccer slowly, I past her, my time was 8:03 and her’s was 9:00. 2. Direct Object: (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) S

V DO

Basic: Coach Ms B kicked the soccer balls at my friends during practice. S V DO

Advanced: Jackie hugged my best friend Mel then hit her on the back of her Adv V V head and quickly left running, Mel chanced her down to get payback. 3. Indirect Object: (answers to who or to whom) N V DO IO Basic: Luis gave a present to his friend for his birthday. N V DO Advanced: My cousin gave a c ute letter with a teddy bear and Adv IO chocolates to his lovely girlfriend for Valentine's Day.

4. Adverbial Object: (comes after the verb and answers when) S V

Basic: The coach worked afternoons to keep the team prepared for games . S

V AO

Advanced: The Science teacher worked mornings and evenings Adv

Verb

to keep the class fully prepared organized and ready for upcoming quizzes. 5. Object of the Preposition: (follows a preposition) S V Prep

OPrep

Basic: Ms. B went to the market to buy chips and sodas for our fundraiser. S V Prep

OPrep

Advanced: My mom went to the salon to make me an a ppointment to do my hair as a congratulations because I raised my grade up for one of my classes I was extremely happy for what my mom had gave me as a gift. 6. Subject Complement: (following a linking verb) S LV SC

Basic: Katelyn is the captain of the soccer team she’s very sweet. S LV Adv SC Advanced: Bell is exceedingly happy for season for soccer to start, because we get to play like a team and work together which gets teammates closer to one another. 7. Object Complement: (follows a direct object and renames it) S V DO OC Basic: The softball squad was voted Karina leader for the jv team. S

V DO OC

Advanced: The baseball team was devoted to Eric friendly because he was IO fair to all players in the team which makes everyone in the team like him.

8. Appositives: (renames nouns, separated by commas) S APP

Basic: Kimberly, my gregarious tutor, helped me with my difficult statistics homework. S

APP V

Advanced: Katherine, my amiable friend, showed me some helpful V

V V

studying techniques for when I’m having trouble or understanding the concept given. 9. Adjectival: (describes noun following it) V

Adjvl

Basic: Usually, junior students go to kickbacks with some friends. Adv Adjvl Advanced: The student class of 2017 went quickly to the student store to V get the junior crewnecks they made to fundraise for our senior year. 10. Noun in Direct Address

N Basc: Lidia, where are my one year friendship present? V

Advanced: Have you ameliorated your ex’s attitudes to find affable V

Adv

boyfriend including, George, or are you cantankerously again? 11. Object of the gerund: (noun that follows a gerund ) G OG Basic: Making the macaroni and cheese with my little brother is V entertaining. G Adv V

Advanced: Losing, a bestfriend is melancholy, because then secrets and V V gossip won’t be shared with a person that you trusted. 12. Object of the participle: (noun that follows a participle ) Part OPart N Adv Basic: After going home, my friend Angie fell simultaneously ad\s my dog. Part OPart V Advanced: Sadies night walking down the stairs, the student tripped on her V Adv dress and got embarrassed so she quickly got up. 13. Object of the Infinitive: (noun that follows an infinitive) N Inf OInf V Basic: Brittany finished playing softball with her favorite friends. N Inf OInf V Advanced: Liz started playing soccer with her friends and got hit on the stomach with the ball, she courageously wanted to get her friend back V for kicking the ball to her stomach.

II. Pronouns (takes place of nouns that have been established) 1. Personal Nominative (subjects)

Objective (objects) Possessive

I/we

You/you

you/you

He, she, it, one/they

me/us My/mine, our/ours your/yours,their/theirs

him, her, it, one/them his, her, it, one/em

P N N Ex: My partner and I are going to sadies together because we fondness O O towards one another, also it would be fun there's going to be tacos being O N P served for us , we are going to dance all night with our friends. 2. Relative Nominative Objective

Possessive

Who

whose

Whom

That

that, those/this of that

Ex: 3. Interrogative (who, which, whatever, whoever) 4. Reflexive (personal pronouns plus the suffixself or selves) 5. Demonstrative (that,those, this, these) 6. Indefinite (all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone such.

III. Verbs Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Explain each kind of verb. Give examples of each type of verb using words related to your subject. No sentences, just example words. A. How verbs are identified 1.

Verb Endings: s, ed, es,ing a.friends b. Graduated c. Chances d. willing

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

3. Forms: A. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verbs, they are always linking verbs true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem).

A. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). A. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs) 4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence usually the predicate) c. lexical verbs (main verbs) d. dynamic verbs (indicate action) e. stative verbs (describe a condition) f.

finitive verbs (indicate tense)

g. nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) h. regular verbs (weak verbs) i.

irregular verbs (strong verbs)

transitive verbs (verbs followed by direct object)

k. intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) 5. Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interact with the action. There are two types, ACTIVE and PASSIVE. 6. Verbals: (Verb forms not used as verbs) a. Gerund : word ending in “ing” used as a noun Adj V N Adv N Ex: The rigorous willing students that were friendly to each other got into a fight. Participle : word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. Ex: My friends were walking back to the store when it opened again. N V N N V Infinitive : verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs Pro V N V Pro

Ex: Every one of my friends ran to the car to see our friend that came to visit us from far.

Quiz #1 Directions : For the words in bold, choose/circle the correct part of speech from the choices listed in a and b.

1. Today, I will wear my yellow skirt.

a . noun b . adjective

2. No , you may not climb onto the roof. a . interjection b . pronoun 3. This warm bath will feel good on my legs. a . verb b . adverb 4. This is a good movie.

a . adverb b . adjective

5. Throw the ball as hard as you can.

a . verb b . noun

6. I am extremely excited for our trip to Costa Rica. a . adjective b . adverb 7. Should be stay in a hotel or in a youth hostel? a.interjection b.conjunction 8. Where is my suitcase?

a . verb b . adverb

9. Your suitcase is in the closet.

a . preposition b . adjective

10.Let’s make cookies!

a . noun b . preposition

2. Phrases group of words functions as a part of speech. A. PREPOSITIONAL : group of words that begins with preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. N Adv N Pro Basic : Kathy was calmly walking her dog. N Adv Noun Advanced: Mr. Rodriguez was gently fixing his Star Wars action figures. B. APPOSITIVE : groups of words that include all words or phrases that modify an appositive. N. Adv. Adv V N Basic: Katie, a lovely kid , quickly made friends. N. Adv Adv V Advanced: Maria's, very friendly brown and white dog , quickly ran to, bunch of little kids. C. VERBAL : group of words that begin with verbal and ends with a noun. 1. Gerund : word ending in "ing" used as a noun. V/Ger Adv Basic: I like having many friendly friends. Pro V/Ger Noun Adv Advanced : I like having communication with many of my kindly friends. 2. Participle : word ending in "ing" or "ed" used as an adjective. Pro Noun Participle Noun Basic : Some of my middle school bffs have graduated from high school. Noun Pro Adv Participle Pro Advanced : Andrew my selfishly brother has burned my toast which I won’t be Verb able to eat because it’s burned a nd hard. 3 . Infinitive : verb preceded by the word "to" (to go, to jump) used as noun adjectives. Verb Inf Noun Basic: I promised to meet with my friend to go to Starbucks. Verb Inf V Advanced: I promised to meet my girlfriend in the mall to go talk and eat then Verb go buy clothe.

Quiz # 2 Directions fill in the best choice/answer Adv 1. Prepositional ___ 1. Appositive ___ 1. Gerund ___ 1. Participle ___ tables. 1. Infinitive ____ already.

a. My friend likes to clearly have many friends. Adv b. I was peacefully walking my dog. Adv c. Katie, is a friendly student d. I promised to see my friend in lunch at the Adv e. Sadly, my cousin graduated high school

3. Clauses group of word or subject and a verb.

A. INDEPENDENT CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Verb Basic: I was walking with my crush. Verb Adv Noun Advanced: I was walking nervously with my crush to the movie theater to watch a scary movie. B. SUBORDINATE (dependent) CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentences MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. 1. Noun Clauses : used as the noun in sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. Pro Adv Noun Clause Basic: My nosily brother knows to not mess with me when I’m frustrated . Pro Noun Clause Pro Advanced: My friends know to not talk to me when I’m mad , because I may tell them off Pro V Verb tell them mean words which may hurt their feelings

2. Adjective Clause : used to modify a noun in an independent clause.n Noun Adv Adj Clause Verb Basic: Ms. Salgado the kindly teacher who explains algebra 2 is good at teaching it very well. Noun Adj Clause Advanced: Mr. Rodriguez is a strict teacher who teaches Honors English Lit and has a Verb V high standards expected from us. 3. Adverb Clause : used to modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition. Adv Basic: When the bell from school finally rang , e veryone left home. Pro Adv Advanced: Summer is very nice weather you can spend time with your friendly friends and bond at the beach with cold drinks or at other places as long as you want. 4. Relative Clauses : Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Adv Basic: The kind of partner who is respectful to you is saintly. Adv Advanced: The shyly best friend who is always there for you is the one that is Verb worth keeping. 5. Elliptical Clauses : Adverb clauses in which part of the clauses is omitted. Verb Noun Adv Verb Basic: When walking , my dog on the serene street we quickly began running. Verb Adv Advanced: When running , at hazard park with my friends we would calmly stop for a while V V Verb take a breathe because the 800 run for soccer was long and tiring. 6. Essential Clauses : Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Noun Verb Adv Basic: The waiter who served the salad did not notice the caterpillar biting on my angrily Noun mom’s lettuce. Adv Verb V Advanced: The car that my happily stepfather purchased from the auto show shines with

Adv brightly red and black and shiny rims. 7. Nonessential Clauses : Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. N Adv V Basic: Mr. Cat, which is only one year old , has quickly ran out the door. N N Adv V Advanced: Mr. Dog, which is on the side of the door , has regretfully spilled his food when N Verb I came home because I kicked it.

4. Sentences Explain each sentence types and patterns and give two (2) examples of each (one basic and one advanced) a. Sentence Parts : The parts of the sentence are a set of terms for describing how people construct sentences from smaller pieces. i. Subject : The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about. 1.Complete complete subject of all the words Subject

Predicate

Basic : Bella and her dog go for a morning jog every Saturday morning . Subject Adv

Advanced : Bella and her black and brown german shepherd go for a gracefully V jog every other Saturday morning at the park .

2. Simple noun or pronoun (or more) that, when stripped of all the words that modify it, is

known as the simple subject. N/Simple Basic : A piece of spaghetti noodle would fulfill my partner’s empty stomach. N/Simple Advanced : A piece of hawaiian pepperoni pizza from California Pizza Kitchen ADV would successfully satisfy my hungry/stomach that I’ve had since the morning. 3. Compound a simple subject consisting of more than one noun or pronoun. Basic : My friend’s room was filled with The Weeknd’s posters and photographs on her walls.

Advanced : At my aunt’s house she has many photographs of her daughter’s Adv fifteen and her other daughter’s three year as well as family photos neatly put in frames. ii. Predicate : the predicate tells something about the subject. 1. Completecomplete subject of all words Predicate

Verb

Basic: The couple that had been together for 3 years had got into a little argument, which resulted the relationship to end . Noun

Predicate

Verb

Advanced: Bella’s dog shaggy had been in critical condition for a while because Adv N of the car crash, besides the fact he was injured badly Bella was always there to care for him. 2. Simple a predicate has at its centre a simple predicate, which is always the verb or verbs that link up with the subject. Simple P

Basic: A slice of a juicy watermelon would make mine and my friend’s day much better because of this heat. Simple P

Adv

Advanced : A drink of frozen/iced lemonade would c ompletely satisfy my buyers Adj that want something delicious and cold to drink when they done with their morning V N

jog with their dogs. 3. Compound The second sentence above features a compound predicate, a predicate that includes more than one verb pertaining to the same subject (in this case, "walked" and "admired"). Verb Basic: Team knights, take posters and signs to their friends that a re out playing in the field. Adv Advanced: Her boyfriend took her a admirable poster to cheer for her loudly so Verb

Verb

she can get encouraged to do better and know that someone is out there looking Verb out for her and believing in her. b. Sentence Types: A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. i. Declarative: used for making statements Basic : Yesterday, I woke up late but thanks to my dog for coming and licking my face I didn’t wake up so late. Adv Advanced : I asked my brother for a big favor, if he can quickly wake me up tomorrow morning if I don’t wake up on time when my alarm rings, so I can have some time to go over SAT practice. ii. Interrogative : when you want to ask a question Basic: Have you gotten into any close relationships with someone you’ve liked in our school year? Adv

Advanced: Would you ever talk to good looking guy just because he’s handsome, but then realize he wasn’t what you had thought about him? iii. Imperative : fancy word for command Basic: Can you please pass me the chili sauce my mom made right now I need it! Noun Advanced: Get out of my way, so I can get the ketchup for my fries because Adv they are too salty for me to eat but I need it like NOW! iv. Exclamation : makes a statement with emotion Pronoun Verb

Noun

Basic: I don’t want to go to my grandma’s house she doesn’t like me she screams at me! Adv

Advanced: No, you cannot dye your hair it will c ompletely damage your ends of your hair, it will Prep make them turn into split ends, then your hair won’t get a long with you anymore because you’re Adv damaging it!

Sentence Patterns

1. Simple: a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate Basic : You’re only as good as your last girlfriend from two years ago. Pronoun

Advanced : Your old guy best friend from middle is as good Verb Pronoun Adv looking than your new loudly guy best friend from high school .

2. Complex: a sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses. Noun N Adv Basic : In six flags, the worker in the park is always in the entrance of the ride Verb speaking to people . Noun Noun Adv Advanced : In Disneyland, the workers in the entrance of the theme park always Adv happily greet and wish you to have a good day at the happiest place on earth . 3. Compound Sentence: a sentence with more than one subject or predicate. Compound Sentence V Basic : I used to get along with many people, but friends are backstabbers now in high school. Advanced : I used to talk to many people , but high school changes sadly you because you don’t usually have time to hang out with friends because of the massive amount of work they give . 4. Complex/Compound : A sentence with two or more independent clauses plus one or more dependent clauses is called compoundcomplex or complexcompound. Noun Verb Verb Basic: My friends and I stopped believing in one of my friend’s when she Verb Verb backstabbed all us, and we asked her why would she do that she kept denying it Verb Verb Verb Advanced : I stopped believing in having true friends when my friend started Verb Verb Adv spreading bad rumors about me, and I had asked her if she was, she completely Verb Verb ignored my question and changed the subject . 5. Loose Sentence : A loose sentence (also called a cumulative sentence) is a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases. LS

Verb Noun

Basic : When there’s a rainy day, and it’s raining outside my friends all huddle up on one umbrella, they knew their hair would get frizzy. LS Verb Advanced : It was a hot day , and my friends and I decided to go to the beach Verb because we had early out, we knew we needed free time from school we Adv Verb frequently had done so much testing we were in need of a break. 6. Periodic Sentence : is a stylistic device employed at the sentence level, described as one that is not complete grammatically or semantically before the final clause or phrase. V e rb Noun Noun Basic : When I was shopping with my cousins in downtown yesterday, I Main Clause saw Gerardo. Verb Advanced : Because she knows me more than the others, I mentioned it to my coach so Verb Adv N Verb she can help me, I trusted her completely , Mel helped me get back on track with some advice . 7. Balanced Sentence: is a sentence that employs parallel structures of approximately the same length and importance. V Basic : On days when it rains it is important to stay close to students, that take the same school bus as you so you won’t miss it. Advanced : And the more I thought about my last relationship, the less I slept, the more I Adv Verb Verb easily got distracted because of how much I thought about how I screwed up on a simple action. 8. Parallel Structure: is repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Basic : Sometimes I win an argument with my friends, sometimes I don’t. I win most times, my friends lose most of the time.

Advanced : Sometimes I lose a bet with my parents because they’re hard, sometimes I win Adv the bet quickly because it’s easy to win. I win four times in a row, my parents lose four times a row. 9. Chiasmus : a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form Verb Adv Verb Basic : When I’m having fun with family and bonding with cousins, I forget what I want to remember, and remember what I want to forget. Advanced : When it comes to relationships with a person you have affection for you have Adj Adv to be careful in what you do always because, they mention “never let a fool kiss you or let Verb a kiss fool you.” So don’t get fooled, fooled them. 10. Asyndeton: the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence Adv Verb Basic : I have found the warmth in people’s lovely hearts, filled them with much love, Verb happiness wealth. Verb Advanced : Without look at my friend’s face, without making a sound just silent both of us, Verb Verb Verb without talking just lip reading we communicated with each other since we couldn’t talk.

Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 1. RunOn/Rambling: is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction. Pro Adv Pro Mistake : I always love the food my mom makes for me and my brother it’s very good it taste like if a professional chef made it makes you want more, I’m always afraid to ask for more. Pro Adv

Correct : I always love the food my mom makes for me and my brother it’s very good . It Adv taste like if a professional chef made it . It makes you want more, I’m always afraid to ask for more . 2. Fused: also called a runon, occurs when a writer has connected two main clauses with no punctuation. Mistake : All teenagers from ages 1318 can only be young once and can immature forever. Correct : All teenager from ages 1318, can only be young once, and can immature forever. 3. Fragment: A group of words that begins with a c apital letter and ends with a period, question mark , or e xclamation point but is grammatically incomplete. Mistake : People who live very near the beach Adv Adv Correct : People who live very near the beach are mostly likely to always feel a good breeze! 4. Misplaced Modifier: a word, phrase, or clause that does not clearly relate to what it is intended to modify. In other words, a misplaced modifier makes the meaning of a sentence ambiguous or wrong. N N Pro Adv Mistake : Katie can hear Ashley when she whispers silently. N Adv N Pro Correct : Katie can silently hear Ashley when she whispers. 5. Double Negative: A double negative is usually produced by combining the negative form of verb (e.g., c annot , did not , have not ) with a negative pronoun Pro Adv Mistake : She is clearly not unattractive. Pro Adv Correct : She is clearly a ttractive. 6. Comma Splice: Two independent clauses separated by a c omma instead of a period or semicolon . Adv Verb Mistake : The lovely garden my friends and I go to is getting dry they don’t water the Noun plants and roses. X Adv Verb Correct : The lovely garden my friends and I go to is getting dry, they don’t water the Noun plants and roses.

Quiz # 4 Directions: Label T for True or F for false if the named error is correct for the

sentence. 1. ____ Fused : It clearly wasn’t uninteresting. 2. ____ Comma Splice : The people can often hear a lot of people yelling. 3. ____ Run-On : Be kind to those that meet you as you rise, you may pass them again as you fall. 4. ____ Fragment : Everyone is aware of the road works in the village, we are still here, come and visit us. 5. ____ Double Negative : I did not have neither her address nor her phone number. 6. ____ Misplaced Modifier : Pick up a copy of our free brochure, this explains how to contact us and reach our showroom. 7. ____ Comma Splice : I have spoken to Vicky, and confirmed the delivery date. 8. ____ Double Negative : I have never been to London, or Paris. 9. ____ Fragment : I didn’t see nothing. 10. ____ Misplaced Modifier : Running quickly improves your health.

5. Paragraph Explain what needs to be in each of three types of paragraphs, how many sentences each paragraph should have, and include one example for each of the pieces in each of the paragraph sections. Introductory Paragraphs a. Hook (lead) i. Anecdotal (Brief story to set mood and intro the topic) 1.Ex. When a person is left in a life or death situation, the first action they’ll do is panic. You either panic and die or make a move and try to survive. The better V V Adv prepared you are for a disaster the chances of you surviving are high, sadly, the less prepared you are the chances you have of surviving are risky. ii. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic) Noun 1.Ex. Does every human being have the ability to think of the correct way to get out Verb of any life threatening situation that occurs? b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writingusually one sentence in lengthand something that is arguable) i. Assertion (claim)

Verb

1.Ex. The more that people know about strategies and etc, the more chances Verb they’ll have in surviving. ii. Fact (empirically verifiable)

1.Ex. 80% of people are more likely to go crazy or panic which can result to death Verb because of the lack of not thinking straight. iii. Opinion (personal position on topic)

Verb Verb 1.Ex Surviving isn’t difficult if a person has strategies.

iv. Belief (social, religious, or political in naturean opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1.Ex Situations or Disasters always go straight to if you have faith or believe in god. v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always. every, never, none, most, half avoid using this type of thesis statement ) Adv 1.Ex Most of the time people will accidentally go into panic, which can lead them to death because a person doesn’t process a crisis well when until actually Verb experiencing it. vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 1.Ex In any crisis, 10% of people will be leaders have a plan, take action, and do the right thing. 80% of people stay in shock and will wait for someone to give them Verb instructions. 10% of people will do counterproductive, flip out, start panicking, Verb Verb screaming like crazy, then this would be called the 108010 theory. 2. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis.) a. Topic Sentence (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) V Adv 1.Ex. In a crisis, on a life threatening emergency usually people panic and others will Adv keep calm, occasionally doing nothing can actually help a person survive. b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences quotes should be embedded within sentences) i. Ex . Several people will do either take action or just completely panic, “ In a critical sense, doing nothing can mean doing something. Inaction can be action and embracing this paradox can save your life”

ii. Ex . “ In a critical sense, doing nothing can mean doing something. Inaction can be action and embracing this paradox can save your life” several people will either take action or just completely panic. iii. Ex . Unfortunately most people will flip out in a crisis, “ In a critical sense, doing nothing can mean doing something. Inaction can be action and embracing this paradox can save your life,” according to the book there’ two kinds of people one that will panic and the other will take action. iv. Ex . Unfortunately most people will flip out in a crisis, “ In a critical sense, doing [completely] nothing can mean doing something. Inaction can be action and embracing this paradox can save your life” v. Ex . Unfortunately most people will flip out in a crisis, “ In a critical sense, doing [completely] nothing can mean doing ... Inaction can be action and embracing this paradox can save your life” vi. Paraphase (rewarding of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) 1.ORIGINAL QUOTE “ In a critical sense, doing nothing can mean doing something. Inaction can be action and embracing this paradox can save your life” 2. Ex . PARAPHRASE In a crisis, a person doing completely nothing can mean actually doing something which is saving their life.

vii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 1.ORIGINAL QUOTE “ In a critical sense, doing nothing can mean doing something. Inaction can be action and embracing this paradox can save your life” 2. Ex . SUMMARY Doing nothing in a crisis can save lives. vii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples AVOID) 1. Ex People would be more prepared for life and death situations if they would read the book “The Survivors Club” it has many tips and pointers. c. Closing Sentences (must end discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transcontinental or culminating word possibly an adverb and should echo the thesis of the essay) Adv 1. Ex Occasionally, readers that have read “The Survivors Club” it’s known will you’ll mostly know what to do in any situation. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions should not be more summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) a.Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis could be one or more sentences) i. Ex The less we show people guidance to be prepared for any disaster the probability of deaths will be high. b.Final Sentence (connects to the hook) i. Ex . Given that a person usually will panic and start running like a chicken without a head, sadly the chances you’ll have of surviving are less.

Quiz #5 Directions Fill in the blank with an example for each. 1. Query Based

_______________________________

2. Assertion

_______________________________

3. Fact

_______________________________

4.Opinion

_______________________________

5.Belief

_______________________________

6.Generalization _______________________________ 7.Theory

_______________________________

8. Evidence _______________________________ 9.Quote

_______________________________

10.Topic Sentence _______________________________

a. Types i. Persuasive (Argumentative) : a persuasive essay is also known as an argument essay. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. The argument must always use reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using examples, and quoting. ii. Expository (Informative) : a writing mode of writing in which the purpose of the author is to inform, explain, describe, or define his or her reader. 1. Definition or Description : used when wanting to describe writing that is done to explain something. It often gives facts, explains ideas, or defines conditions. Whether it’s giving directions or explaining how to accomplish something, an expository piece is helpful because it provides the reader with deep insights.

2. Process/Howto : explains how to do or make something. It usually includes: materials needed, specific steps in the process, an explanation, and interested, knowledge voice.

3. Compare and Contrast : an opportunity to write about the similarities and differences of the two selected objects. The comparison concentrates on similar points and contrast points out the differences. People use comparison and contrast thinking when deciding which university to attend, which smartphone to buy, or whether to vacation at home or abroad.

4. Cause and Effect : are concerned with why things happen and what happens as a results. Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. When an author gives reasons why something happened, he or she is explaining what caused an effect (reasons are causes and the thing that happens is the effect.)

iii. Analytical/Critical relating to using analysis or logical reasoning. 1. Evaluative : any analysis or empirical study of the usability of a prototype or

system. Goal to provide feedback in software development in support of an iterative development process. To recognize problems, understand underlying causes, plan changes.

2. Interpretive : is an approach to psychological qualitative research with an idiographic focus, which means that it aims to offer insights into how a given person, in a given context, makes sense of a given phenomenon.

iv. Narrative (Tells a story) 1. Personal Anecdote : i s an interesting or emotional story. It can stand on its own or help to demonstrate a broader point or idea. Narrative anecdotes can occur in most genres of writing and are common in political speeches, magazine writing and news features. Writers and speakers often choose to begin with a narrative that hooks audiences on a personal level. This helps to present the individual side of a story, which might seem dull or impersonal otherwise.

v. Research 1. MLA Format : MLA (Modern Language Association) style is mostly common used to write papers and cite sources. ●

Type paper standard 8.5x11 inch paper

●

Double spaced text, use Times New Roman font, font size 12

●

Leave space only after periods and other punctuation marks

●

Set margins 1 inch on all sides, Indent first line of paragraphs one halfinch

●

Create number for each page on upper right hand corner

1. APA Format : ( American Psychological Association) most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. The purpose of the tables and figures in doc is to enhance your reader's’ understanding of the information in the document.

vi. Timed 1. Document Based Question (DBQ) : also known as a databased question, short answer questions that is constructed by students using one’s knowledge combined with support from several provided sources.

2. Prompt Based : to be done on time, to write about a particular topic in a particular way. And to utilize prompts in a positive way of teaching and therefore encourages learning.

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i. Prewriting/Prompt Analysis/Outlining : Find three or four elements from the texts

upon which base your comparison. Examine possible connections and determine a thesis. Base your outline around the elements you’ve chosen, remembering to give equal coverage to each side.

ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources : evaluating sources of information is an important

step in any research activity. Many people run into information, not all is valid, useful, or accurate. It is important evaluating sources of information that you consider using in any research activity. Because when researching a topic it may be too overwhelming with too much information or too little. Then you get the temptation is to accept whatever you find. But you shouldn’t tempt it. Learning how to evaluate effectively is a skill you need, you need both for your course papers and for your life.

c. Works Cited Page i. MLA Format : ●

Begin with a separate page at the end of research paper.

●

Should be the same 1 inch margin and last name, page number.

●

Label the page works cited and center the works cited at the top

●

Double space a;; citations, don’t skip spaces between entries.

●

Ident second and subsequent lines of citations (0.5 inch)

●

List page numbers efficiently

Example:

ii. APA Format : ●

Follow authordate method of in text citation

●

Always capitalize proper nouns

●

If referred to title of source, capitalize all words that are four letters long (Note: Reference list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized

●

When capitalizing titles, both words in a hyphenated compound will be capitalized

●

Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books

●

Put quotation marks around titles of shorter works like journal articles

Example: Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format . Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Quiz #6 Directions: match the word given to it correct definition. 1.

Expository

a. Persuasive a persuasive essay is also known as an argument essay. It attempt to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. The argument must always use reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using examples, and quoting.

Analytical

b. Expository a writing mode of writing in which the purpose of the author is to inform, explain, describe, or define his or her reader.

Persuasive

c. Outlining F ind three or four elements from the texts

upon which base your comparison. Examine possible connections and determine a thesis. Base your outline around the elements you’ve chosen, remembering to give equal coverage to each side.

Narrative

d. MLA Format style is mostly common used to write papers and cite sources. M ost commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. The purpose of the tables and figures in doc is to enhance your reader's’ understanding of the information in the document.

Research (MLA & APA) e. Timed Document Based Question (DBQ) : also known as a databased question, short answer questions that is constructed by students using one’s knowledge combined with support from several provided sources.

Timed

f. Personal Anecdote : i s an interesting or emotional story. It can stand on its own or help to demonstrate a broader point or idea. Narrative anecdotes can occur in most genres of writing and are common in political speeches, magazine writing and news features. Writers and speakers often choose to begin with a narrative that hooks audiences on a personal level. This helps to present the individual side of a story, which might seem dull or impersonal otherwise.

Outlining

g. Analytical/Critical relating to using analysis or logical

reasoning.

Evaluation of Sources h. Evaluative : any analysis or empirical study of the usability of a prototype or

system. Goal to provide feedback in software development in support of an iterative development process. To recognize problems, understand underlying causes, plan changes.

Evaluative i. Interpretive is an approach to psychological qualitative research with an idiographic focus, which means that it aims to offer insights into how a given person, in a given context, makes sense of a given phenomenon.

Interpretive j. Evaluation of Sources : evaluating sources of information is an important

7. C apitalization Define and give one (1) example for each of the twenty five (25) rules. 1. Buildings, Streets, Parks, Statues, Monuments Capitalize the names of: buildings towers churches schools 2. Continents, Countries, Counties, Districts, Cities, Towns Capitalize the names of: continents countries counties districts towns villages hamlets 3 . Courts

Federal and State and Provincial Courts Capitalize when used with a definite name. Examples: ● the Supreme Court of Canada ● State Court of Appeals ● the United States Circuit Court Do not capitalize district or c ity courts. (example: the magistrate’s court) 4. Compass Points Capitalize points of the compass when they designate geographical parts of a country, region or city. Examples: Southeast states Capitalize northern, southern, western, eastern, east, west, north, south when used as part of proper names to designate a world division. DO NOT capitalize when used to indicate parts of states or provinces. Examples: Eastern Hemisphere 5. Degrees Academic Capitalize academic degrees and professional designations. When writing more than one degree/designation, arrange them in accordance to their importance Examples: · Laura Bates, PhD · James Pallister, M.D. · Peter Wong, M.D., BChir Examples of degrees: · Associate’s degrees (U.S.): AA, ABS, AS · Foundation degrees (U.K.): Fda, FdEd, FdEng, FdMus, FdSc, FdTech 6. Eras and Historical Periods Scientific and Common names Capitalize scientific names of the world’s eras and common names for historical epochs, periods and events. Examples: · the Ice Age · Colonial days · the Great Depression 7. Flags Capitalize the names and synonyms for flags of nations. Examples: · the Union Jack · the StarSpangled Banner · Old Glory · the Maple Leaf 8. Geographical Terms

The following geographical terms are usually capitalized immediately following the names: Basin Bend Branch Butte Canal Canyon Canyon Channel Cove Crater Creek Current 9. Geographical Words The following words are usually capitalized when they stand before or after a name or when used as part of a name: Bay Bayou Camp (military) Cape Desert Falls Fort Head 10. Government Capitalize the word “Government” when referring to the country’s Government or that of any foreign nation. Example: · Her Majesty’s Government · Government responsibility 11. Government Departments Capitalize when referring to departments, boards, bureaus, offices, agencies, commissions, committees and services of the government when the name is given. Examples: · the Securities and Exchange Commission Do not capitalize when used without a name or if used as an adjective. 12. Government Terms Administration Capitalize the word “administration” when referring to the political party in power or when used with a name to designate a Government board. Example: · the Reagan Administration Cabinet Capitalize the word “Cabinet” when referring to the Cabinet of the President or Prime Minister of a country . Examples: · officer of the Cabinet · the President’s Cabinet Federal Capitalize the word “Federal” when referring to the country’s Government. Example: · She works for the Federal Government. 13. Holy Bible Names for the Bible – Capitalize all names for the Bible, for parts and versions of the Bible and all names of other sacred books. Examples:

· Bible · Scriptures · Word of God · Holy Bible · Old Testament · New Testament Creeds and Confessions – Capitalize all names of creeds and confessions of faith and general Biblical terms. Examples: · Father · Almighty · God · Lord · Holy Spirit · Son of Man Devil Capitalize all names for the Devil Examples: · Devil · Satan · Adversary · Father of Lies · Evil One · Lucifer * Do not capitalize when used in a general sense or as an expletive. ( Example: The devil is a formidable adversary.) 14. Military Army, Navy and Air Force – Capitalize when referring to these organizations by name or with other widely accepted references to them. Examples: · the Army · U.S. Army · French Army · Organized Reserves · 1st Regiment · the Navy · U.S. Navy · British Navy · Marine Corps · the Marines

Quiz# 7 Directions Answer the the following 1. What is the hyphen for? 2. What does the comma do? 3. What do brackets do? 4. What is the parenthesis? 5. Are you suppose to capitalize names of company and products? 6. What is the difference between; there, their, they’re? 7. What is the dash for? 8. What is the difference between who and whom? 9. What is the purpose for periods? 10.What is the difference between Effect and Affect?

8 . Punctuation Define and give two (2) examples of the uses for each mark. a. ( ) [ ] . , — : ; ‘ ! ? … Punctuatio n Mark

Definition

Examples

apostrophe

An apostrophe is used as a substitute for a missing letter or letters in a word ,to show the possessive case and in the plural of letters, some numbers and abbreviations.

I can’t kick the soccer ball high up. Andrew’s room is a mess.

colon

A colon is used before a list or quote. The ratio of the punnett A colon is used to separate hours and minutes. square is 1:1. A colon is used to separate elements of a It is 6:35 I have to leave. mathematical ratio.

comma

A comma is used to separate phrases or items My mom brought me in a list. ham, eggs, and bread. He brought me chips, gatorade,and water.

dash

— A dash is used to separate parts of a sentence. Some men are full of affection—affection for themselves.They make a desert, and call it—peace.

ellipsis

...

An ellipsis (three dots) indicates that part of the text has been intentionally been left out.

To be continued… 0, 2, 4, …, 100

exclamation ! point

An exclamation point is used to show excitement or emphasis.

It’s so hot outside! It’s so cold inside!

hyphen

A hyphen is used between parts of a compound word or name. It is also used to split a word by syllables to fit on a line of text.

Fulltime people get payed more money. I’m sixteenyearsold student.

parentheses ( )

Parentheses are curved lines used to separate explanations or qualifying statements within a sentence (each one of the curved lines is called a parenthesis). The part in the parentheses is called a parenthetical remark.

This sentence (like others on this page) contains a parenthetical remark.

period

A period is used to note the end of a

Watching The Walking

declarative sentence.

Dead is interesting. Also Watching Awkward is interesting. When are we going to starbucks again? Is that your girlfriend from school?

question mark

A question mark is used at the end of a question.

quotation mark

Quotation marks are used at the beginning and My mom said, “Let’s go end of a phrase to show that it is being written out somewhere.” My exactly as it was originally said or written. brother said, “No I don’t want to go out.”

semicolon

A semicolon separates two independent clauses in a compound sentence. A semicolon is also used to separate items in a series (where commas are already in use).

I lost my house key; I had to wait till my mom got home. There was no school today; It was Veterans day.

9 . Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices Show the difference between each of these common errors and give an example sentence of the proper usage for each variant. One (1) advanced sentences that relates to your subject per word. a. Their/There/They’re 1. One of the soccer girls was laying there unconscious, during our scrimmage game she got hit with the ball on her head. 2. Their shins hurt after the soccer tournament because they got kicked on their leg. 3. They’re ten minutes late to the school bus, so they missed it and had to take the metro to school then they got to school late. b. Affect to have an effect on; influence; produce a change in; to stir the emotions /Effect a nything brought about by a cause or agent; result 1. My dog’s sickness affected his owner, because his sickness got transmitted to me and my brother then we had to go to the doctor. 2. The pill I took that my friend kindly gave to me for my headache had little effect on the pain going away,because I had only took one tablet. c. Laid/Lair d. Accept to receive/Except apart from 1. I gladly accepted all my birthday hugs and wishes I received of each one of my . friends at school, because you have to be appreciative.

2. When Roger goes for a run, he expects to be very sweaty by the time he’s done running, so that way he can tell if he worked hard. e. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of 1. I should have gone with my friends to the park to play in a softball and sign up for the softball summer league, it’s really fun playing with my teammates. f. A lotmany/Allotto distribute, give or assign 1. A lot of people came to the after school soccer tournament, it was an intensely game between all the teams. 2. Sixty seconds were allotted to each of my fellow classmates in my english class to answer a vocabulary question from the number you landed on with the dice. g. Awhilefor a while;for short period of time/A while for a short time; when while is used as the object of the preposition

a noun. Glossary A Appositive groups of words that include all words or phrases that modify an appositive Adverb Clause used to modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition. Analytical/Critical relating to using analysis or logical reasoning. APA Format (American Psychological Association) most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. The purpose of the tables and figures in doc is to enhance your reader's’ understanding of the information in the document.

B BLENDED (STEP)FAMILY People who dislike the unpleasant associations of "stepfamily" often use "blended family" instead. In a true blended ("complex") stepfamily, both mates have prior kids. Each mate has two roles: stepparent and bioparent.

C Clauses group of word or subject and a verb.

D Analytical/Critical relating to using analysis or logical reasoning.

Document Based Question (DBQ) also known as a databased question, short answer questions that is constructed by students using one’s knowledge combined with support from several provided sources.

E Expository a writing mode of writing in which the purpose of the author is to inform, explain, describe, or define his or her reader. Elliptical Clauses Adverb clauses in which part of the clauses is omitted. Family two or more people who feel significantly bonded by some mix of emotions, commitments, history, genes (perhaps), legal contracts (like a marriage license, parenting agreement, or Order of Protection), last names, memories, customs, and ongoing dependencies. Many families include one or more minor or gown children, and others do not.

I Independent CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. MLA Format MLA (Modern Language Association) style is mostly common used to write.

N Nouns a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, place of things. Nonessential Clauses Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

P Phrases group of words functions as a part of speech. Prepositional group of words that begins with preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. Personal Anecdote is an interesting or emotional story. It can stand on its own or help to ` demonstrate a broader point or idea. Narrative anecdotes can occur in most genres of writing and are common in political speeches, magazine writing and news features. Writers and speakers often choose to begin with a narrative that hooks audiences on a personal level. This helps to present the individual side of a story, which might seem dull or impersonal otherwise. Prompt Based to be done on time, to write about a particular topic in a particular way. And to utilize prompts in a positive way of teaching and therefore encourages learning Persuasive a persuasive essay is also known as an argument essay. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. The argument must always use reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using examples, and quoting.

R Relative Clauses Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.

V Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Verbal group of words that begin with verbal and ends with

Work Cited

http://www.chompchomp.com/menu.htm "Grammar Bytes!" Grammar Instruction with Attitude. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. http://www.grammarmonster.com/site_map.htm "Apostrophes." Free English Grammar Lessons N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. "Welcome to the Purdue OWL." The Purdue OWL: Grammar. N.p., n.d. Web. Aug.Sept. "English Grammar & Composition: Tips, Terms, Examples." About.com Education. N.p., n.d. Web. Sept.Oct. "English Grammar Guide." Edufind. N.p., n.d. Web. Sept.Oct.

Answers For Quizzes Quiz #1 Answers: 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.A Quiz #2 Answers: 1.b 2.c 3.a 4.e 5.d Quiz #4 Answers: 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6. 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T Quiz #5 Answers may vary can use my examples to help the reader understand how to do the examples correctly. Quiz #6 Answers: 1. b 2. g 3. a 4. f 5.d 6. e 7. c 8. j 9. h 10. i Quiz #7 Answers may vary the reader will always have the opporunity unless there asked too.

Back Cover Dedication

She went from not knowing grammatical knowledge, mechanical skills, and writing a proper essay, to mastering these concepts. Therefore I dedicate this book to my Honors American Lit English teacher Mr. Rodriguez for believing in her and for pushing her forward in helping her how to use the correct grammar and proper mechanics in English. She has struggled throughout the year in certain events (ei: presentations, grammar book, essays). Throughout all of our struggles no matter what he told her and the rest of her classmates that we all have the potential to become someone in life, and that someone is who we choose to be. He inspires the class to set their standards high standards, and represent one’s family’s last name to the best of their abilities. For that, she couldn’t of thanked him enough for helping her get through a busy first semester.