SECTION 1 – PARTS OF SPEECH I.
NOUNS
A word that is the name of something (person, place, thing, idea, etc.) A. Types of nouns: 1. Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea. Ex: hospital, doctor, clinic 2. Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing or idea (must be capitalized). Ex: Cedar Sinai Medical Hospital, Dr. Julianne Lee, TheAngelesClinic 3. Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Ex: painkiller, thermometer, chickenpox 4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Ex: computer, bed sheets, stethoscope 5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. Ex: intelligence, depression, sickness B. Noun identifiers: 1. Noun endings: cleanliness
examination alcoholism
dentist
denture
attitude
equipment
ambulance
conference
assister
laboratory
volunteer
motherhood
community
2. Following a noun marker (NM): NM
N
NM
The clinic is white.
N
The white small clinic is packed with patients.
3. Plural form: “patients” or “doctors” 4. Possessive form: “patient’s doctor” or “patients’ doctor” 5. Following a preposition: NM
N
ADV
V
NM
Prep
NM
N
The doctor slowly examined the patient according to their illness. C. Functions (How nouns are used) 1. Subject (comes before the verb) S
V
Dr. Julianne Lee confidently said to Mackenzie that she would get sick. 1
S
V
Dr. Julianne Lee confidently said with a soft tone to Mackenzie that she would be diagnosed with cholesterol if she doesn't cut out junk food. 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) S
V
DO
Nurses carefully examine the ears with a special tool. S
V
DO
Nurses in the clinic carefully examine the infected ears with a special tool called the otoscope. 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or whom) S
ADV
V
DO
IO
Angela sadly got a physical consent that she can't play basketball with her friend until she heals. S
ADV
V
DO
Angela sadly received a physical consent saying that she can't play intense basketball with her friend until she heals her broken leg. IO
4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answer when) S
ADV
V
AO
The custodians diligently worked overtime to keep the hospital clean. S
ADV
V
AO
The tired and exhausted custodians diligently worked overtime to keep the hospital clean and shiny. 5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition) S
ADV
V
Prep
OPrep
Dr. Na directly headed towards the operation room to give surgery. S
ADV
V
Prep
OPrep
Dr. Na directly headed towards the huge operation room to give intense heart surgery. 6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb) S
LV
SC
ADV
V
Ms. Seble is the high school psychologist and she carefully monitors the progression of her students.
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S
LV
SC
ADV
V
Ms. Seble is the sweetest high school psychologist and she carefully monitors the slow progression of her students coping with anxiety and depression. 7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) S
ADV
DO
OC
In the hospital, they immediately selected Estefania therapist because of her skills. S
ADV
DO
In the enormous Children’s Hospital, they immediately elected Estefania therapist because of her amazing skills with children. OC
8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) S
APP
ADV
V
Dr. Perez, my dentist, quickly showed me the problems with my teeth. S
APP
ADV
V
Dr. Perez, my favorite dentist, quickly showed me the complications with my uncared teeth if I don’t brush two times a day. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) S
ADV
V
Adjvl
The medical assistant cautiously crossed the wet floor to the pharmacy store. S
ADV
V
The determined medical assistant cautiously crossed the slippery and wet floor to the closest pharmacy store to buy medicine. Adjvl
10. Noun in Direct Address N
Have you been taking your pills, Eira, or are you constantly forgetting everyday? N
Have you been responsible in taking your small iron pills, Eira, or are you constantly forgetting everyday? 11. Object of the gerund G
OG
ADV
Choosing the wrong medicine sadly caused the patient to die.
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G
OG
ADV
Choosing the wrong medicine sadly caused the patient to die of over dozing to amoxicillin. 12. Object of the participle Part
OPart
ADV
During the volunteering hours, she excitingly experienced interacting with patients. Part
OPart
ADV
During the long volunteering hours, she excitingly experienced interacting with weak patients coping with a serious illness. 13. Object of the infinitive __Inf__
OInf
Jennifer desperately wanted to receive her PhD and become a doctor. __Inf__
OInf
Determined Jennifer desperately wanted to receive her PhD in medicine to excel and become a professional doctor. II.
PRONOUNS
A word (I, he, she you, it we, or they) used instead of noun or phrase 1. Personal: The ability to use personal pronouns that are associated with a particular person, it is required to know about the case, number, gender, and person. •
We both fractured our arm and it was immediately embedded in a cast, but mine kept moving out of place, unlike hers, she was the most luckiest out of this situation.
•
He desperately needed her to help him wrap his arm with gauge to keep him from bleeding.
2. Relative: The relative pronouns start a subordinate clause and connect it to another noun that leads it in the sentence. •
The eager patient who was waiting in the lobby told her cardiologist that her chest was constantly hurting.
•
The propter, which Dr. Reyes was using, didn’t work on those who kept blinking repeatedly.
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3. Interrogative: An interrogative pronoun is used to begin and start an interrogative sentence. •
What did the otolaryngologist say about your ear examination?
•
Who did the pediatrician advised to see about whatever caused your illness?
4. Reflexive: Reflexive pronouns relate back to the subject of the sentence. (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) She heals herself more quickly than other patients and returned
•
herself to school much quicker than usual. The psychologist herself told me to take it easy or else it will be
•
harder on productively getting myself to finish my tasks. 5. Demonstrative: Demonstrative pronouns points out specific nouns. (this, that, these, and those) These physical exams are used to determine whether those people
•
are eligibly able play in sports. This medical bill is expensive and costly that we had to sell our
•
valuable possessions to pay it all. 6. Indefinite: An indefinite pronoun doesn’t refer to any person, amount, or thing in specific. (anything, something, anyone, everyone) Nobody knew about anything on how much pain I was in after
•
getting heart surgery. A few showed up at the conference about sports therapy, but several
•
showed up at the psychology conference. III.
VERBS
Usually main part of the sentence and expresses action, occurrence, or state of being A. How verbs are identified: (list three to five of each type) 1. Verb ending: (-s,-ing, -ed, etc.) Examining
controlled
evaluates
strengthen
sterilize
2. Tense: Tense are verbs that indicate time (a) Simple past: basic form of past tense
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Ex: ate, examined (b) Past: action or state that was previously done Ex: eaten, examined (c) Past perfect: action completed earlier from the past point of time Ex: had been eating, had been examining (d) Past progressive: continuing action Ex: was eating, was examining (e) Simple present: action or events happening all at once or right now Ex: eat, examine (f) Present: something that is occurring now Ex: eating, examining (g) Present perfect: verb expressing an action that began in the past Ex: have eating, have examining (h) Present progressive: on going action occurring in the present time Ex: eating, examining (i) Present prefect progressive: ongoing action that began in the past and continues in the present Ex: have been eating, have been examining (j) Future: what will happen in the at a later time Ex: will eat, will examine (k) Future perfect: verbs expecting completion in the future Ex: will be eating, will be examining 3. Forms: (a) Forms of “to be” – helping verbs or main verbs Ex: am eating, is eating, was eating (b) Forms of “to do” – these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs Ex: did eat, do eat, does eat (c) Forms of “to have” – verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs Ex: has eaten, have eaten, has eaten
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4. Types: (a) Auxiliary verbs: a verb being used and formed in the tense, moods, etc. Ex: should heal, may heal, can heal (b) Linking verbs: connects a subject with a noun Ex: are healing, is healing, was healing (c) Lexical verbs: expression action, state, or predicate meaning Ex: heal, heals, healed, healing (d) Dynamic verbs: shows continued or progressive action Ex: heals, cares, nurtures (e) Stative verbs: relates to thoughts, states, emotions, etc. Ex: provides, treats, suffers (f) Finitive verbs: verb that has a subject Ex: cures, prevents, discovers (g) Nonfinitive verbs: participates or infinitive Ex: refused, cured, fractured (h) Regular verbs: weak verbs Ex: cleaned, bleed, congested (i) Irregular verbs: strong verbs Ex: felt, hurt, lose (j) Transitive verbs: verbs followed by a direct object Ex: cleaned the skin, injected the needle, induced the baby (k) Intransitive verbs: verbs that do not take direct objects Ex: stand up, bend over, step back 5. Voice: (Voice is the form of the verb that indicated how it relates or interacts with the action.) The English language has two voices: Active: Subject performs the action Ex: You secretly stole the wheelchair from the old senior citizen. Passive: Subject receives the action Ex: The wheelchair was secretly stolen from the old senior citizen. 6. Verbal: (Verb forms not used as verbs)
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(a) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun (two verbs) i. The Phlebotomist always grossly enjoys watching the blood go through the tube. ii. The Pharmacist loves helping my mom properly drink the right amount of dosage. (b) Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective (using verbs that acts as an adj. to describe the noun) i. Leonora was strangely admitted to the ER because she crashed into a running deer. ii. She saw the dripping blood spread everywhere on her shirt because of her nosebleed. (c)Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. i. The Pediatric Nurse loves to go on trips to room 25 everyday to visit her little patient. ii. Dr. Plaza hates to drive to work daily because of traffic. IV.
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds: forms of adjectives Demonstrative: Demonstrative adjectives are primarily adjectives, and they point out the words omitted in a sentence or emphasize their importance. a. This stethoscope I’m wearing is very long. b. When I went to the park this little boy was having an asthma attack, so I had to call the ambulance for the emergency. c. Look in that first aid kit; it will most likely have band-aids and ointment for your wound. Common: A common adjective is an adjective that doesn’t have a capital letter. a. new b. first c. great Proper: An adjective that is capitalized and name a specific person, object, or place. a. Jewish Hospital b. Spanish Medicine c. Chinese Doctor
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2. Endings: endings of an adjective Word endings come at the end of a word. Common endings in the adjectives are: i. –able, -ible Ex: capable, compatible, visible ii. –al Ex: logical, critical, normal iii. –ful Ex: careful, stressful, successful iv. –ic Ex: allergic, specific, strategic v. –ive Ex: constructive, reflexive, active vi. –less Ex: affectless, boneless, doctorless vii. –ous Ex: cautious, courageous, contagious viii. –y Ex: busy, happy, tidy 3. Conversions: Conversions are the parts of speech, which determines how the word is used. Ex: Verb (benefit) ! Adjective (beneficial) Noun (sadness) ! Adjective (sad) Adverb (strongly) ! Adjective (strong) 4. Articles: Articles are words that combine with a noun. Some articles are: a, the, and an. Indefinite Articles: Both a and an is used before a noun. Ex: (a) Basic: The patient desperately needed a pen to fill out the form for his application. (b) Advance: The demanding patient desperately needed a black ink pen to quickly fill out the basic form for his long application. (a) Basic: The little girl sadly received an infection from the boy at the park. (b) Advance: The little girl sadly received an infection from the infected boy at the busy park. Definite Articles: The is used in front of a singular or plural nouns and adjectives. Ex: (a) Basic: Patricia quickly went to the doctor because of her tonsillitis. (b) Advanced: Patricia quickly went to the cautious doctor because of her enormous and red tonsillitis. 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: Comparative form: used to compare differences between two objects. (nouns)
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Ex: (a) The nurse additionally took a longer shift than the doctor. (b) My injured knee was swollen and bigger than usual. Superlative form: used for comparing a person Ex: (a) Michael, the neurosurgeon, was the smartest out of all the other doctors so they promoted him. (b) By far, doctors are the cleanest in their jobs and careers. V.
ADVERBS
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. I. Endings: (-ly, -wards, -wise, etc.) i. gushingly ii. towards iii. lengthwise b. Conversions: I. Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by adding -ly or describing when, how, how often, or where. Ex: beforehand, cautiously, constantly, above c. Types: (Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time) Manner: How? Frequency: How often? Degree: How? Place: Where? Time: When? d. Intensifiers: These types words (adverbs) to add a certain type of intensity to the meaning. (adjectives, verbs, adverbs) Ex: (a) The pain in her chest was extremely crucial to hold and touch. (b) Their heart transplant was cautiously reviewed and sent to the waiting list. e. Comparatives/Superlatives: Adverbs that end in –ly, most is used form the superlative and more is used for the comparatives. i. Comparatives: used to compare two things. Ex: carefully ! more carefully slowly ! more slowly ii. Superlatives: using an adjective to compare. Ex: carefully ! most carefully slowly ! most slowly Example types: Manner— Basic: S
V
ADV
Dr. Lee rushed to the patient’s room quickly to help the girl. Advanced: S
V
ADV
Tired Dr. Lee rushed to the dying patient’s room quickly to help the girl survive. Time— 10
Basic: S
ADV
V
The tank was slowly pumping oxygen in the patient’s lungs. Advanced: S
ADV
V
The humongous green tank was slowly and carefully pumping large amounts of oxygen in the patient’s weak lungs. Place— Basic: S
V
ADV
My primary dentist immediately left the bracket above the cart and grabbed a new one. Advanced: S
V
ADV
My primary dentist immediately left the broken bracket above the tall metal cart and grabbed a new shiny one. Degree— Basic: S
ADV
V
V
Dr. Sawamura is amazingly great at treating and handling children in the hospital. Advanced: S
ADV
V
V
Dr. Sawamura is amazingly great at treating and handling the fragile children in the busy hospital. Frequency— Basic: S
ADV
V
The nurse patiently waited for the patient to step on the scale to measure her weight. Advanced: S
ADV
V
The tired nurse patiently waited for the obese patient to step on the small scale to accurately measure her weight. VI.
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words (and, but, if) used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. A. Coordinating (FANBOYS): is a conjunction in between phrases, clauses, and words. (e.g. and, but, or, yet, so) Basic: V
Coor
S
I was completely for my mom’s back surgery but I became against it because she had a fifty percent chance of becoming paralyzed. Advanced: V
Coor
S
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I was completely for my mom’s intense back surgery to help cope with her pain but I instantly became against it because she had a fifty percent chance of becoming paralyzed. B. Correlative: pairs to join phrases or words to connect components in a sentence. (Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so) Basic: S
ADV
V
C
The chiropractor succinctly said neither to hunch my back nor to sit up improperly at all times. Advanced: S
ADV
V
C
The serious chiropractor succinctly said neither to hunch my curved back nor to sit up improperly at all given times. C. Subordinate: Subordinate conjunctions join dependent clauses with independent clauses. (after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till , unless, when, where, whereas, while.) Basic: S
V
S
ADV
My dentist told me as long as I brush and floss my teeth daily, I shouldn’t worry about my gums. Advanced: S
ADV
V
S
ADV
My dentist calmly told me that as long as I brush and floss my teeth daily, I shouldn’t have to cautiously worry about my red, bleeding, and sensitive gums. D. Relative pronouns: Relative pronouns are used to connect phrases or clauses to a noun or pronoun. Who (refers to people), which (refers to non-living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or non-living objects). Basic: S
V
ADV
When my brother visited the ophthalmologist, he could barely read the letters being shown which surprised me. RP
Advanced: S
ADV
V
When my younger brother lethargically visited the ophthalmologist, he ADV
could barely read the tiny letters being shown which shockingly surprised me. RP VII.
PREPOSTIONS
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. They are never followed by verbs. Aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond,
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but(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without, etc. 1. Across from me was this kid who needed to be treated prior to fracturing his leg from the bike ride along with his mother around the park. 2. Outside of the hospital like near the food court beyond the hill, the girl threw up behind me and I had to call for help in behalf of her emergency. 3. Despite my mother getting admitted to the emergency room, she always had an opposite attitude towards me without showing sadness. VIII. INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Interjections are words that show emotion. They are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow R: rats S: shh, shoo T: thanks, there, tut-tut U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck 1. Cheers to you for completing all of your chemotherapy and happily being a cancer survivor! 2. Yikes! You are sadly obese and you need to lose 100 pounds in order to be alive. 3. Ouch! My head severely hit the cement while I was riding the scooter, which gave me a bad concussion. Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: xii. Transitions Transitions are phrases or words providing the link between sentences, ideas, and paragraphs. 13
Transitions of Logic
Milder
Stronger
Addition
a further x and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
Comparison
just as ... so too a similar x another x like
similarly comparable in the same way likewise
Contrast
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x
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Place
there here beyond nearby next to
at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
Examples: Elysia headed to the USC hospital in the afternoon and then immediately went to volunteer. xiii. Expletive: is a unrefined expression or an irrelevant phrase to fill in a sentence for grammar or rhythm purposes. Expletive saying: Example: “shoot.” Expletive adding: Example: “let us” “partake in this cup of wine.” viii. Antecedents Antecedents are events or things that existed before or logically) Ex: The candidate was put on the waiting list for his kidney transplant. (Pronoun refers to its antecedent) ix. Complements
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Are usually nouns that follow linking verbs or direct objects Ex: Katrina is the doctor of the hospital because she’s fully skilled. x. Objects 1. Direct: can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrases that receive direct action. Ex: Katrina 2. Indirect: can be noun, pronoun, or noun phrases that indicates she person or thing indirectly. Ex: She xi. Modifiers Are words or phrases that describe another words or group of words Ex: My doctor just gave me diagnoses of my mother’s heart. xii. Agreements
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Quiz!! Questions:
Answer Key:
1. What is the noun direct address in this sentence? “Have you been taking your pills, Kate, or are you constantly forgetting?” a. b. c. d.
a. Kate
Been Kate You Pills
2. Label True or False: a. b. c. d.
“to have eating” is present perfect. “will eat” is future perfect. “read” is simple present. “had been reading” is not past perfect.
a. b. c. d.
true false true false
3. Which is the correct answer: Spanish and Chinese are what adjectives? a. b. c. d. e.
Kinds Proper Common Demonstrative Degree
b. Proper
4. Look at the listed words below: Which is not a preposition? Abroad, under, accept, near, behind a. under b. behind c. abroad d. accept 5. What is the possessive form of Patient? a. Patients doctor b. Patient’s doctor c. Patients’s doctor d. Patients’ doctor e. b and d
d. accept
e. b and d
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GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 2 – PHRASES 2. Phrases – A phrase is an expression or group of words that stand together to make a clause. (function as a part of speech) A. Prepositional – A group of words that begins with a proposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective. Ex:
P
V
OP
P
a. Basic: After falling down the stairs, Jennifer pointed at Karla’s wounded knee. Prepnal
OP P
V
OP
b. Advanced: After falling down the steep and high stairs, worried ADV
Prepnal
Jennifer immediately pointed at clumsy Karla’s wounded and bloody knee. OP
B. Appositive – A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. Ex:
S
A
V
a. Basic: Dr. Millera, the new doctor, helped stopped the little girl form crying after her major shots. S
A
ADV
b. Advanced: Dr. Millera, the amazing new doctor, immediately V
stopped the little girl from crying after her first major shots at the busy hospital. C. Verbal – A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. (Verbs used as nouns) 1. Gerund – A gerund is a word ending in “ing” used as a noun. Ex:
G
a. Basic: The antibiotic medication was healing the patient’s tonsillitis infection. G
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b. Advanced: The strong antibiotic medication was healing the sick patient’s infected and entirely swollen tonsillitis. ADV
2. Participle – A participle is a word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. Ex:
P
V
a. Basic: The doctor was healing the patient by giving her (2) two dosages of penicillin. ADV
P
V
b. Advanced: The doctor was quickly healing the patient by giving her (2) two small dosages of a well-known medication called penicillin. 3. Infinitive – Infinitive is a verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) use as noun, adjective, or adverbs. Ex:
I
V
a. Basic: The nurse was instructed to heal the patient by wrapping the cut with gauze. I
b. Advanced: The nurse was carefully instructed to heal the patient by slowly wrapping the bloody wounded cut in with gauze.
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Quiz!! (Phrases) Questions: 6.
Answer Key:
True or False?
Noun, Adjectives, Adverbs, Participles, Essential, Nonessential, Relative, and Elliptical are all under the category Subordinate. e. f.
7.
a. False
False True
A noun clause must always begin with what?
e. f. g. h. i.
8.
Adverbs Subordinate Clause Conjunction Adjective None of the above
e. None of the above
Which is the correct answer:
Word ending in “ing” and “ed” used as an adjective is a what? f. Participle g. Proper h. Infinitive i. Demonstrative
9.
a. Participle
Which is the prepositional phrase? “After falling down the stairs, Jennifer pointed at Karla’s wounded knee.” e. f. g. h.
After falling down Jennifer pointed at Karla’s wounded knee down the stairs
10. What is a Appositive Phrase? f. An appositive phrase is a group of words that end in “ed.” g. An appositive phrase beings with a noun. h. An appositive phrase is a verb preceded by the word “to.” i. An appositive phrase modifies an appositive.
c. at Karla’s wounded knee
d.
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Quiz!! (Phrase) Questions:
Answer Key:
11. True or False? There are three (3) verbal examples. a. b.
False True
b. True
12. Label True or False: Gerund is a word ending in “-ing” and “-es” a. b.
b. False
True False
13. Which is the Appositive phrase? Dr. Millera, the new doctor, stopped the little girl from crying after her first major shots? j. k. l. m.
f.
After her The new doctor Dr. Millera, the new doctor, The little girl from crying
14. Look at the listed words below: Which is not a Phrase? Appositive, Verbal, Gerund, Independent i. j. k. l.
h.
Verbal Appositive Gerund Independent
15. What is the Verbal example? “instructed to heal the patient” a. b. c.
c.
Participle Gerund Infinitive
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GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 3 – CLAUSES 3. Clauses – A clause are group of group with a subject and verb. A. Independent – Can stand as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Ex:
S
V
a. Basic: Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles requires doctors to invest their lives in children. S
V
b. Advanced: Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles requires doctors to fully invest their lives in weak and ill children. ADV
B. Subordinate (dependent) – Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction. 1. Noun Clause: Used as a noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. Noun Clauses must begin with a subordinate conjunction. (e.g. because, although, after, even though, before, since, etc…) Ex:
SC
S
a. Basic: Because Jimmy was sick, he would get shots, which was what he hated the most. PN SC
S
ADV
b. Advanced: Because of little Jimmy’s illness, he was frequently rushed to the hospital to receive shots and that was what he hated the most. PN
2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Ex:
AC
ADV
V
a. Basic: This is the hospital where patients tremendously heal of their sicknesses.
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AC
ADV
b. Advanced: This is the biggest hospital where patients tremendously heal of their illnesses. V
3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Ex: Modifying Verbs AdvC
a. Basic: When the alarm rang, signaling code blue, the doctors and V
nurses headed to the room with the patient undergoing cardiac arrest. (time) AdvC
b. Advanced: When the blue alarm rang, signaling code blue, the ADV
V
prepared doctors and nurses immediately rushed into the large room with the patient undergoing cardiac arrest. (time) 4. Relative Clause: Dependant clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Ex: a. Basic: In order to get my PhD, I have to get into a college that offers a medical program. RC
b. Advanced: In order to obtain my PhD, I have to work diligently to enter into a college that offers a medical program. RC
5. Elliptical Clause: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. Ex:
EC
a. Basic: When examining, the examiner told the examinee to relax ADV
V
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her muscles and breathe deeply to inspect her lungs with a stethoscope. EC
b. Advanced: When examining, the examiner clearly told the ADV
V
ADV
examinee to calmly relax her tense muscles and breathe deeply to inspect her infected lungs with a stethoscope. 6. Essential Clause: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Ex:
EssC
a. Basic: These are the crutches that I am using for my leg. EssC
b. Advanced: These are the uncomfortable crutches that I am helplessly using for my broken leg. ADV
7. Nonessential Clause: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Ex:
NC
a. Basic: The third degree burn, which was quite a while back, left a brown scar. ADV NC
b. Advanced: The third degree burn, which was oddly a while back, left a brown scar on his fragile skin.
24
Quiz!! (Clauses) Questions:
Answer Key:
16. Look at the listed words below: Which is not a Subordinate Conjunction? Because, after, accept, although, since
b. accept
m. All are Subordinate Conjunctions n. accept o. after because 17. A noun clause must always begin with what? j. k. l. m. n.
Adverbs Subordinate Clause Conjunction Adjective None of the above
e. None of the above
18. True or False? Noun, Adjectives, Adverbs, Participles, Essential, Nonessential, Relative, and Elliptical are all under the category Subordinate. g. h.
a. false
False True
19. How many Subordinate Clauses are there? a. b. c. d. e.
3 8 9 6 7
e. 7
20. What are adjective clauses? a. b. c. d.
used to modify a noun used to modify a pronoun used to modify a verb used to modify an independent clause
a.
25
Quiz!! (Clauses [4-7] – Back Page) Questions:
Answer Key:
21. True or False? All adjective pronouns begin with relative pronouns. a. b.
22.
True False
b.
Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun is a Elliptical Clause. a. b.
False True
e.
23. Which is the correct answer: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
A Nonessential Clause is necessary. A Nonessential Clause in not necessary. A Essential Clause is necessary. A Essential Clause is not necessary. None of the above. a and d b and c
g.
24. What kind of clause is this? “The third degree burn, which was quite a while back, left a brown scar.” a. b. c. d.
d.
Essential Elliptical Relative Nonessential
25. What is not a relative pronoun? j. k. l. m. n.
Who Which Where Never Whatever
d.
26
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 4 SENTENCES 4. Sentences – is a set of words that makes complete sense and gives a complete idea containing two (2) parts: a. Sentence Parts i.
Subject (3) – contains a noun or a pronoun and words describing the noun. 1. Complete: The complete subject is who or what is doing the verb plus all of the modifiers that go with it. (Descriptive words) __CS__
V
N
Ex: Basic: The tired, exhausted, hurt student grabbed the ice pack for her broken ankle. __CS__
V
N
Advanced: The tired, exhausted, hurt student grabbed the ice pack to appease her bruised and intricately fractured ankle. ADJ
ADV
2. Simple: Simple subjects are used for the single word, which is the subject of a verb. SS
V
Ex: Basic: A pill of Tylenol will help the sore throat that my mom is going through. SS
ADV
V
Advanced: A pill of Tylenol will quickly alleviate the sore throat that my ill mother is enduring. 3. Compound: A compound subject is a type of subject two or more individual noun phrases are coordinated to form a single larger noun phrase. ___CpS___
V
ADJ
N
Ex: Basic: At the clinic, Jennifer and Maria gasped at how large the needle was. ___CpS___
V
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Advanced: At the local clinic, terrified Jennifer and Maria gasped at how humongous the needle was to draw their blood. ADJ
ii.
N
V
N
Predicate (3) – contains a verb and all the words related to that verb except the subject. (Part which tells something about the subject) 1. Complete: A complete predicate is not only a verb or verb phrase but also all the words that give more information about it. (What is the subject doing?) __CP__
Ex: Basic: Eira rushed to get her flu shot for this new flu season. ADV
__CP__
Advanced: Eira ecstatically rushed to acquire her flu vaccination for this new flu season. 2. Simple: A simple predicate is always the verb that links up with the subject. SP
Ex: Basic: Before taking off my tonsils, the surgeon told me to say goodbye to my parents for the surgery. ADJ
SP
Advanced: Before my tonsillitis removal, the surgeon calmly informed me to say goodbye to my parents before undergoing surgery. 3. Compound: A compound predicate includes more than one verb. CP
CP
Ex: Basic: The get well card and balloon was sweet and looked cute. Advanced: The very thoughtful and unique get well card and balloon was surprisingly sweet and eye catching. ADV
CP
CP
b. Sentence Types (4) i.
Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement. __D__
Ex: Basic: Sarah’s homemade porridge soup was my favorite medicine for my fever. 28
ADV
Advanced: Sarah’s homemade creamy porridge soup was amazingly my favorite cure for my fever. __D__
ii.
Interrogative – a sentence that asks questions and ends with a question mark. __________In__________
Ex: Basic: Where are the patient’s records on his diagnosis for his heart? __________In__________
ADV
Advanced: Where are the patient’s records that are critically monitored for his diagnosis on his heart? iii.
Imperative – a sentence that demands something and gives orders. __________Im__________
Ex: Basic: Get the scalpel to incision the lump for biopsy. __________Im__________
Advanced: Get the scalpel to surgically incision the stiff lump for biopsy and diagnosis. iv.
ADV
Exclamatory – a sentence that ends with an exclamation point. __________E__________
Ex: Basic: It’s so annoying that I can’t play outside because I have the chicken pox! ADV
__________E__________
Advanced: It’s annoyingly unfair that I can’t play out doors because I am diagnosed with chicken pox! c. Sentence Patterns (13) i. Simple: A sentence that is just one independent clause. SP
Basic: The pharmacy quickly ran out of the medicine I needed. SP
ADV
Advanced: The busy pharmacy rapidly ran out of the Clavulan and Ferrous Sulfate I required.
29
ii. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. CP
CP
Basic: The doctor looks for careful attention to detail, and she’s slowly gathering information about the patient’s condition. ADV CP
CP
Advanced: The doctor carefully pays attention to detail and she’s slowly gathering information about the patient’s critical conditions. iii. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent and at least one dependent clause. DC
INDC
Basic: When I read the instructions, I followed the surgical procedures. DC
ADV INDC
Advanced: When I read the specifications, I cautiously followed the surgical procedures. iv. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. DC
INDC
INDC
Basic: Because it was flu season, the flu shot was needed; I got the flu shot at a clinic. DC
INDC
Advanced: Because it was flu season, the flu shot was demandingly required; I got the flu shot at a clinic. INDC
v. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). INDC
SC
DC
Basic: Jimmy used his inhaler whenever his chest felt heavy. INDC
SC
Advanced: Little Jimmy instantly used his small inhaler whenever his chest felt heavy. DC
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vi. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. DC
INDC
Basic: At the end of the day, because I was sick, the doctor told me to rest. DC
INDC
Advanced: At the end of the day, because of how ill I was, the doctor clearly advised me to rest. ADV
vii. Balance Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. Basic: After going to the doctor’s appointment we had the option of hanging out at the park or going to the mall. Parallel Clauses ADV
Advanced: After the hectic doctor’s appointment we ridiculously had the choice of hanging out at the park or going to the mall. Parallel Clauses
viii.
Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to
show that two or more words or ideas are equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. PS
PS
Basic: Estefania not only loves her doctors but her nurses as well. ADV
PS
Advanced: Estefania doesn’t purposely show affection to her doctors only, but her nurses likewise. PS
ix. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) inverted (reversed) order. C
Basic: Depression is a clinical condition that is treated and diagnosed as “Clinical Depression.” C
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Advanced: Depression is a chronic clinical condition that is carefully treated and sadly diagnosed as, “Clinical Depression.” x. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Basic: Those who become pediatric doctors should be enthusiastic, loving, understanding. A
Advanced: Those who choose to have pediatrics, as their vocation should genuinely be an enthusiastic, loving, understanding doctor. A
xi. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close propinquity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. P
P
P
Basic: The doctor heals her patients and cares for her patient and comforts her patients. ADV
P
P
Advanced: The doctor sympathetically heals her patients and cares for her patient and comforts her patients. P
xii. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clause in order to place emphasis and draw attention. A
A
A
Basic: It’s the way they inspire, it’s the way they love, and it’s the way they show affection for their patients. A
A
A
Advanced: It’s the way doctors inspire, it’s the way doctors love, it’s the way sincerely show affection for their patients. ADV
xiii.
Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending
with the same word or words.
32
E
E
Basic: I hated medicine as a child; it tasted like garbage as a child, and smelled like rotten eggs as a child. E
E
ADV
Advanced: I hated medicine as a child; it horrendously tasted like garbage as a child, and smelled like rotten eggs as a child. E
E
d. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) i.
Fragment – when a sentence doesn’t contain a subject and a verb, doesn’t express complete thought, and includes more grammatical error. Ex: After the process of donating blood in the big hospital. (Fragment because incomplete sentence)
Corrected: After the process of donating blood in the humongous hospital, I felt lethargic and dizzy. ii.
Run-on/Fused Sentence – two or more independent clauses without appropriate punctuation. Ex: A physical therapist loves to help people who can’t truly do physical activity they enjoy it patients create bonds with them. (Run-on because it doesn’t have proper punctuation)
Corrected: A physical therapist loves to invest their lives to those who truly can’t do any physical activity. iii.
Misplaced Modifier – word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it describes. Ex: Dr. Lee was carrying his works of paper in his brief case.
Corrected: In Dr. Lee’s brief case, he was carrying his paper works. iv.
Comma Splice – is the use of a comma to join two independent clauses.
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Ex: He went to the park fell on his knee and went to his doctor. (Comma splice error because it does not separate the two independent clauses) Corrected: He went to the park, fell on his knee and went to the doctor. v.
Double Negative – a phrase that uses two negative words at once. Ex: Robert was admitted to the hospital because he can’t hardly breathe. (Using two negative words)
Corrected: Robert was admitted to the hospital because he hardly can breathe.
34
QUIZ!!! 1. True or False? A fragment is a subordinate clause instead of a complex sentence.
True
2. True or False? False A Balanced Sentence is a repetition of ideas.
3. Which of the following is not a sentence error? a. b. c. d.
Double Negative Fused Loose Comma Splice
4. What sentence error is this displaying? “Robert was admitted to the hospital because he can’t hardly breathe.” a. Fragment b. Double Negative c. Comma Splice d. Loose
Loose
b. Double Negative
35
5. a. b. c. d.
What is a Asyndeton? Misplaced Modifier A sentence that feature several phrases/clauses. A sentence that leaves out patterns of words. A sentence that leaves of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.
6. What sentence pattern is this displaying? “Jimmy used his inhaler whenever his chest felt heavy.” a. Loose Sentence b. Anaphora Sentence c. Fused Sentence d. Periodic Sentence
d.
a. Loose Sentence
7. How many sentence patterns are there? a. b. c. d.
5 16 10 13
8. True or False: This is a Chiasmus sentence.
d. 13
False
She not only loves her doctors, but her nurses as well.
9. What is the Subordinate Conjunction in this Sentence Pattern” “Jimmy used his inhaler whenever his chest felt heavy.” a. felt heavy b. Jimmy used c. Whenever
c. Whenever
36
10. What sentence pattern is this? “A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between word phrases, or clauses.” a. Epistrophe b. Polysyndeton c. Asyndeton d. Chiasmus
b. Polysyndeton
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 5 – PARAGRAPHS 5. Paragraphs – a. Introductory Paragraphs i.
Hook (Lead) a. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic) V
ADV.
1. Ex: Sarah gets wonderful grades. She does amazingly on her N
N
ADJ.
exams. Everyone in her class get jealous on how intelligent she is. ADJ
ADJ
Little did they know the effort and hard work she has to put in, V
ADJ.
especially the ample of stress she endures with her authoritarian parents. b. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic) ADV
1. Ex: Does parenting massively affect how the child grows up? ii.
Thesis Statements (The purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length – and something that is arguable) 1. Assertion (Claim) ADJ.
V
37
Ex: Soft parenting will often times fail because it doesn’t ADV.
demandingly push children to their highest potential. 2. Fact (Empirically verifiable) ADV.
ADJ.
Ex: Parenting is absolutely perplexing, strenuous, and exhausting job in the world. 3. Opinion (personal position on a topic) N
ADV.
Ex: Authoritarian parenting is ideally hard for the child to cope with. 4. Belief (Social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) ADJ.
ADV
V
Ex: A disobedient and sinful heart can severely lead to consequences. 5. Generalization (used absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement) G
ADJ.
ADV.
Ex: Everyone who has an authoritarian parent is likely to have a close relationship with him or her in the future. 6. Document Based (Cites a specific source and its position on a topic) Source
V
Ex: In The Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, Amy Chua asserts ADV.
that change is possible with parenting and how it can truly be a humbling process. 7. Theory (A statement that can be tested and potentially proven) S
ADV.
V
38
Ex: Parenting can generally be passed down from family to family. 2. Body Paragraphs (Must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) i.
Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) S
ADV.
ADJ.
Ex: Chinese parenting is ultimately much more superior than V
Western parenting when it comes to pushing your child to their highest potential. ii.
Sentence with examples 1. Quotes (5 ways to integrate quotes into sentences – MLA Citation) i.
Ex: Many authoritarian parents can agree that, ADV.
“Strict disciplining honestly has no limit” (Chua 74). ADV.
ii.
Ex: “Strict disciplining honestly has no limit,” according to authoritarian parents (Chua 74). ADV.
iii.
Ex: Sadly for their children, “Strict disciplining ADV.
iv.
honestly has no limit,” according to multiple authoritarian parents (Chua 74). ADV.
v.
Ex: Sadly for their children, “Strict disciplining ADV.
honestly has no [exact] limit” (Chua 74). ADV.
39
vi.
Ex: Sadly, “Strict disciplining has… [e]ffects… on their children” (Chua 74).
2. Paraphrase (Rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) ADV.
Ex: ORIGINAL – “Strict disciplining absolutely has no limit” (Chua 74). ADV.
Ex: PARAPHRASED – When strictly disciplining children, it has no limit” (Chua 74). 3. Summary (considering larger quotes or sections) ADV.
Ex: ORIGINAL – “Strict disciplining absolutely has no limit” (Chua 74). Ex: SUMMARY – Strict disciplining has a high demand. 4. Concrete Examples (Actual reference-able examples) ADV.
Ex: ORIGINAL – “Strict disciplining absolutely has no limit” (Chua 74). Ex: CONCRETE – A study took place between 50 Western mothers and 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, almost 70% of Western mothers concluded that stress is not good for ADV.
children and immediately 0% Chinese mothers agree with that. 5. Abstract Examples (Hypothetical, “what if” examples – Avoid) ADV.
Ex: ORIGINAL – “Strict disciplining absolutely has no limit” (Chua 74).
40
Ex: CONCRETE – Children will become rebellious if they ADV.
aren’t fully disciplined. iii.
Closing Sentences (Must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) ADV.
V
Ex: Distinctly, pushing children to their highest capability ADJ.
N
will create a well-trained child. 3. Closing Paragraphs a.
Statement extending the thesis: i.
Ex: If parents did not push their child then it would reflect ADV.
their parenting and how much they truthfully believe in them. b.
Consequences of disregarding the thesis: ADV.
i.
V
Ex: If authoritarian parenting was negatively damaging to the child, then they will most likely suffer with psychological problems.
c.
Establishing the significance of thesis (final sentence that connects to the thesis) i. Ex: Despite the strict authoritarian parenting that Sarah to ADV.
strongly take on, maybe the benefits make her perseverance worthy after all…
41
Quiz!!! 1. True or False? Conclusions should be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay.
False
2. True or False? Body paragraphs must have echoes of the thesis
True
in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis. 3. Which of the following is not a Thesis Statement? c. e. f. g. h.
Query Bases Belief Comment Opinion
42
4. What Thesis Statement is this displaying? “A disobedient and sinful heart can lead to consequences.� e. Belief f. Opinion g. Theory h. Generalization
d.
5. What is a Concrete example? d. e. Statement extending the thesis f. A sentence that feature several phrases/clauses. g. Topic sentence h. Something that exist
6. True or False? To establish a closing paragraph, you must disregard the thesis.
False
7. True or False? Belief and Generalization are the same Thesis
False
Statements.
8. Is an anecdotal a lead, hook, fact? i. j. k. l. m. n.
lead hook and fact fact and lead hook lead and hook none of the above
i.
43
9. What body paragraph should you avoid? i. j. k. l.
Fragment Abstract examples Concrete examples Summary examples
f.
10. What Thesis statement should you avoid using? h. i. j. k. l.
Misplaced Modifier Opinion statement Assertion statements Generalization statement
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 6 – ESSAYS 6. Essays – a. Types i. Persuasive (Argumentative) – To get the reader to agree with your point of view. It is also a genre of writing that requires the writer to inquire into a topic and collect, evaluate, and generate evidence to establish a position. ii. Expository (Informative) – A genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea and set an argument. The purpose is to inform, describe, or explain. In other words, the writer (facts) is basically a teacher their readers. 1. Definition or Description: an essay that involves a hearing of word, topic or term. This range from being really simple (hospital, workers, tools, etc…) subjects such as love, religion, freedom. In this essay, it should include the literary or dictionary definition and the association the word brings to mind (connotation). 2.
44
a. Process – this is also known as classification essay. Basically, they are ideas about a general subject being broken down into groups and category. This essay must be organized. The structure is significant. The way to organize this essay is to begin with the broad category and define with examples for each process. b. How to – How to essays are also known as process essays that describe and explain a step-by-step process or procedure of hw to do something (teaching an instructing the readers) 3. Compare and Contrast – The compare and contrast essays are very axiomatic when it comes to what to do. They describe similarities or differences between two or more nouns (people, places, things). In other words, it shows how they are alike and different. 4. Cause and Effect – This is an essay that shows how things are dependent or affected by each other. By doing so, the writer shows a clear thesis on two subjects focusing on what happens and the results). iii. Analytical/Critical – This type of essay interprets a text and examines various parts of an understanding on what it really means. In addition, it can also compare ideas/evidence. 1. Evaluative – The analytical/critical essay evaluates to worth’s of a text. This is indented to critique according to a set of criteria and evidence. 2. Interpretive – Interpretive essay that requires you to read carefully and write about understand of the text. Basically an interpretation of the text. iv. Narrative (Tells a Story) – a story focusing on a personal experience. This is the best way to now and understands whom you are. 1. Personal Anecdote – An anecdote is a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. Thus, making a person anecdote your own interesting account of an event. This evidence is for the readers to reflect/react on the writer’s fact or condition of literature. This is the creative way to hook your audience’s attention.
45
v. Research – This type of essay involves an MLA and APA format. This is also an investigation on your reading/topic. 1. MLA Format – a style that helps with formatting a book, document, or a piece of music. This also helps with incorporating English language in writing and refreshing sources. 2. APA Format – a sty that demonstrates the writing, citing references, organization of content (structure), and how to compose a manuscript for publication. vi. Timed – Involves a DBQ 1. Document Based Question (DBQ): Is an essay that includes a series of short answer questions. This includes own knowledge merged with other provided sources. The purpose is to help students use comparing and constructing skills to stand on different positions and evaluate argument to a high level of thinking.
a. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i.
Pre-writing, Prompt Analysis, and Outlining can be strategies that are used to clarify ideas using (5) five useful planning tips are brainstorming, clustering, free writing, and looping.
ii.
Research/Evaluation of Sources: When researching, one must evaluate every single source. The evaluation criteria are based on (8) eight measurements: Authority, Accuracy, Content, Relevance, Objectivity, Audience, Writing Style, and Currency.
b. Work Cited Page i.
MLA Format – (Modern Language Association)
Ex: “Include the same information as a regular book. Add as much as the original publication information as possible. After citing the original publication information, add the electronic publication information. This includes the title of the website, the editor of the site (if given), the date of electronic publication (if given), and the
46
sponsoring institution or organization. Also, be sure to include the date accessed and the URL.â&#x20AC;? EasyBib: The Free Automatic Bibliography Composer." EasyBib. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2015. <http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/book>. (This is how you would cite a quote from a website in MLA format.) ii.
APA Format
EasyBib: The Free Automatic Bibliography Composer. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2015. (This is the APA format of the same citation)
Quiz!!! 11. True or False?
False
Expository essays are meant to persuade.
12. True or False? A Persuasive essay is to argue to prove a point.
True
47
13. Which of the following is an essay that tells a story. o. p. q. r.
Critical Belief Narrative Opinion
c.
14. What expository essay is this displaying? â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ideas about a genera subject being broken down into groups and categories.
m. n. o. p.
Belief Process How-to Generalization
b.
15. What is a Definition essay example? m. n. o. p.
Statement extending the thesis A sentence that feature several phrases/clauses. Topic sentence Hearing a word, topic, or term.
16. True or False?
d.
False
The APA Format stands for American Persuasive Association.
17. True or False? MLA Format stands for Modern Lan guage Association.
True
48
18. Which of the following is not an informative essay? s. t. u. v.
Query Bases How-to Cause and Effect Compare and Contrast
e.
19. What format is this? EasyBib: The Free Automatic Bibliography Composer." EasyBib. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2015. <http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/book>.
e.
q. MLA r. APA
20. What is the purpose of a timed essay? q. Statement extending the thesis r. A sentence that will feature several phrases/clauses. s. Something that will exist t. Using compare and contrast skills to stand on different positions.
h.
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7 CAPITALIZATION 7. Capitalization – There are 25 rules for Capitalization. 1. Rule 1 – You have to capitalize the first word and the last word in a title. Ex: Why You Should Get Flu Shots 2. Rule 2 – Capitalize the name of organizations Ex: American Red Cross 3. Rule 3 – Capitalize titles when it appears with a name Ex: Doctor Lee 4. Rules 4 – Capitalize the names of day, month, holidays, and special occasions. Ex: Breast Cancer Awareness Month
49
5. Rule 5 – Proper adjectives should be capitalized but not the noun it modifies unless it is part of a title. Ex: our Monday diagnoses 6. Rule 6 – Brand names but not product(s) Ex: Gold Supplier otoscope 7. Rule 7 – Business names Ex: Golden Hospital 8. Rule 8 – Institution names Ex: The Medical Management 9. Rule 9 – Geographic places Ex: Canada 10. Rule 10 – Historical events, periods of time, and historical documents Ex: Enlightenment 11. Rule 11 – Religions, Denominations, Religious documents, and churches Ex: Christianity 12. Rule 12 – Languages Ex: English 13. Rule 13 – Names of structures Ex: Golden Gate Bridge 14. Rule 14 – Names, Initials, and titles appearing with names Ex: E.N.T (Ears, nose, throat) 15. Rule 15 – First letter in the sentence Ex: The Children’s Hospital in Los Angles is the best hospital. 16. Rule 16 – Capitalize the pronoun “I” Ex: When my mother was hospitalized, I was worried out of my mind. 17. Rule 17 – Do not capitalize titles used a general words Ex: She told the doctor that her stomach has been aching. 18. Rule 18 – Directions Ex: My father works on the 8 Northwest floors at Cedars Sinai. 19. Rule 19 – The first word in a direct quote Ex: the patient asked, “May I have some more band-aids?”
50
20. Rule 20 – The first word in poetry Ex: “Blood is red, Veins are blue, I get Anemia when I think of you.” 21. Rule 21 – Salutations and closings Ex: “With much love,” 22. Rule 22 – Do not capitalize the direction when used as a direction, unless it appears with a geographic place. Ex: The hospital is located on north 67th street. 23. Rule 23 – Do not capitalize school subjects unless they state a language. Ex I enjoy chemistry. 24. Rule 24 – Do not capitalize seasons of the year Ex: My arthritis hurts in the winter. 25. Rule 25 – Do not capitalize nouns unless it a proper adjective appears with an item (capitalize only proper adjective) Ex: stethoscope
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 8 PUNCTUATION 8. Punctuation – •
( [] ) Brackets – Brackets can be used for many things such as: adding clarification, adding information, adding missing words, adding authorial comment, to modify a direct quotation. Ex: 1. Clarifying: Sadly, the doctor told her [the patient] coach that she will be excused from P.E due to her fractured knee. 2. Adding missing words: It is [a] good decision to get a flu shot every year.
51
•
() Parenthesis – Parenthesis are used in pairs providing additional information. It can also be a placement to other punctuation, used for time zones, area codes, abbreviations, and/or acronyms. Ex: 1. The doctor (and her assistant) quickly attended the meeting. 2. Elysia were seeing a specialized E.N.T (Ear nose and throat) doctor for her awfully case of ear infection.
•
( . ) Period – Ends a sentence and used for abbreviations. Ex: 1. Ph.D 2. I went running to keep my body perfectly healthy and my weight stable.
•
( , ) Comma – The comma can be used in various ways such as modifying, emphasizing, listing, after thoughts, compound sentences, etc. Ex: 1. Symptoms of a heart attack may include: tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, and sharp pain in chest. 2. Honestly, it is hard to breathe when there are dust and pollen in the air.
•
( - )Hyphen – A hyphen can be used for a word division or the place for an en dash Ex: 1. check-in 2. one-bedroom
•
– Dash – En dashes are different from Em dashes, they are used for compound sentences, a connection, a score, and/or a span/range of numbers. Ex: 1. 2013-2014 2. –ly –ness
•
( : )Colon – A colon can be used to introduce a list and for emphasis. Ex:
52
1. Hospitals include: Cedars Sinai Medical Center, The Los Angeles Children’s Hospital, and Presbyterian Hospital. 2. They found the patient in the hospital and confirmed him: dead. •
( ; ) Semicolon – The semicolon is sometimes described as stronger than a comma but weaker than a period. Ex: 1. The hospital has coolest floors, which are the gift shop floors, the starbucks floor, and the cafeteria floor; and they also have the floor with celebrities. 2. The volunteers are restricted to go in the isolations rooms; they must remain in the other rooms for patients.
•
( ? )Question Mark – Can be used for direct questions, expressing uncertainty, and/or requesting. Ex: 1. Would you like a Tylenol for your headache? 2. The patient suddenly reported taking 17(?) milligrams of alprazolam.
•
( ! )Exclamation Point – Exclamation points are often used at the end of a sentence, at the middle, or as part of a title work. They are used to give emphasis to fully grasp the significance the writer is making. Ex: 1. Why in the world are you taking three dosages of medicine! 2. You are a crazy doctor!
•
( ' ) Apostrophe – used for contractions, plurals, and possessives. Ex: 1. The hospital hired three new M.D’s, R.N’s, and P.T’s. 2. Doctor’s fee
•
( “ ) Quotation Mark – used for numerous amount of things such as dialogs or quoting something. Ex: 1. The specialist calmly asked, “Do you have pain anywhere?” 2. Josh “The cool” Doctor
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•
(…)Ellipsis – A set of three periods that indicates an excision. Ex: 1. And then she died… 2. If only she knew…the hard work her doctor is enduring.
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 9 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS 9. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices – a. Who/Whom – Who is speaking about a specific noun and whom refers to a person’s object.
ADJ
N
V
N
Advanced: The ecstatic doctor who showed up to help the little girl was amazingly delightful. ADV V
ADV
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Advanced: The teddy bear was given to whom that suffer with deadly cancer. b. Their/There/They’re Their – possessive form of “they” S
ADV
Advanced: At Cedar Sinai Medical Center, they take their job seriously in handling severe ill patients. V
There – in that place N
ADV
Advanced: I was there in that place to see how surgeons intriguingly operate in a heart suffering with a congenital heart disease. They’re – contraction for “they are” V
N
S
Advanced: They’re find a donor to give a heart transplant to the patient who severely needs it. ADV
c. Lie/Lay Lie – to recline V
N
ADV
Advanced: I lie in bed because I critically obtained the seasonal flu. Lay – To put out of place V
N
ADV
Advanced: I lay in bed because I critically obtained the seasonal flu. d. Laid/Lain Laid – The past participle of lay N
ADV
V
Advanced: They had laid on the floor and shockingly suffered with a bacterial infection. Lain – The past participle of lie N
ADV
N
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Advanced: After the body was surprisingly found lain in field, the doctor have confirmed that he died cause of an amber alert. e. Affect/Effect Affect – To influence (verb); emotional response (noun) ADV
V
N
Advanced: Sleep deprivation can seriously affect the brain because sleeping promotes healing. Effect – Result (noun); to cause (verb) V
N
ADV
Advanced: The side effects of methamphetamine makes the patient harshly aggressive, paranoid, decreased in alertness, in appetite, etc… f. Accept/Except Accept – to receive V
N
V
ADV
Advanced: I accept the date scheduling the date of my surgery specifically for my tonsillitis. Except – with exclusion of V
N
V
Advanced: I am unable to eat any food whatsoever except drink water until they exhaustingly perform my blood test. ADV
g. C/W/ Should have vs. C/W/ Should of Should have – indicated a missed obligation or opportunity in the past. V
N
Advanced: I should have visited my doctor saying I was sick, rather than staying at home severely suffering with no medicine. ADV
Should of – An expression that begins with of V
N
V
N
Advanced: He should, of course, wore a helmet before riding his scooter, then he wouldn’t critically suffer with a concussion in the head. ADV
h. Loath/Loathe 56
Loathe – dislike greatly (verb) V
V
N
Advanced: I loathe people who have completed their PhD at such an intriguingly early age. ADV
Loath – Unwilling or reluctant (adjective) ADV
V
Advanced: The school nurse unwillingly loath to spend time after school to help his students. V
i. Infer/Imply Infer – to make an educated guess S
V
N
N
Advanced: The optometrist infers the patient that she might have glasses if she effortlessly can’t see the board in class. ADV
Imply – to hint at something S
V
V
N
Advanced: The dentist implies that brushing your teeth twice a day is exceedingly important for maintaining health and strong teeth. j. Weary/Wary Weary – means physically or mentally fatigued ADJ
Advanced: Throughout the day, I felt weary and sleep deprived, so the nurse quickly sent me home to get rest. N
ADV
V
Wary – to be on guard because of something N
ADV
Advanced: The one most important habit that doctors encouragingly say is to be wary about washing hands before every meal to prevent any bacteria entering your system. k. Proceed/Precede Proceed – to continue 57
V
N
ADJ
Advanced: I urge you to proceed on taking your pills on a daily basis to help your iron deficiency. Precede – to come before V
N
ADJ
Advanced: I preceded to take my inhaler before exhaustingly running four miles. l. Discrete/Discreet Discrete – a separate thing, distinct ADJ
ADV
N
Advanced: It was discrete to sadly have asthma but it was another to have bronchitis. Discreet – modest, prudent behavior ADJ
V
N
Advanced: The mother was discreet about telling her daughter that she has to dreadfully wake up and take chemo medicine for her cancer. ADV
m. Conscience/Conscious Conscience – sense of morality N
ADV
Advanced: The conscience of medicine is surprisingly difficult to understand if you’re not called to it. Conscious – awake, aware V
N
Advanced: My conscious was telling me to sleep but my body wants to frustratingly stay awake. ADV
n. Can/May Can – asks for ability N
V
N
Advanced: Can I get a doctor’s note saying that I stayed home for endlessly throwing up and having a stomach flu. ADV
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May â&#x20AC;&#x201C; asks for permission ADV
V
Advanced: May I get a copy of the records that Dr. Lee alarmingly gave you for the autopsy. o. At least five (5) others 1) Are/Our 2) Assistance/Assistants 3) Dyeing/Dying 4) Hear/Here 5) Patients/Patience
Quiz!!! Questions: 1. True or False?
Answer Key: True
Brackets are used for emphasizing 2. A Sentence must always begin with what?
Capital Letter
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3. Which is the correct answer: Lie is a past or present tense? a. Past b. Present
a. Past
4. True or False? true Whom is not describe their object 5. What is a Commonly confused word? o. p. q. r.
An/Ant Our/Are We/they Not/No
6. True or False? There are three (3) Punctuations. c. False d. True
b.
a.
7. Label True or False: There are 21 rules for capitalization c. True d. False
b. False
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8. What do you Capitalize? She went to go to the 57th northwest hospital. a. a. b. c. d.
Northwest Went Hospital None of the Above
9. Look at the listed words below: Which is not a punctuation? .,><@? a. . p. , q. @ r. <
c.
10. True or False? Commonly Confused Words are always synonyms
false
GLOSSARY
A Anxiety – fear of nervousness about what might happen Antibiotic – a drug that is used to kill harmful bacteria and to cure infections Authoritarian – expecting or requiring people to obey rules or laws Alprazolam – a drug to treat anxiety Autopsy – an examination of a dead body to find out the cause of death
B
___________________
Bacterium – any one of a group of very small living things that often cause disease
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Biopsy – the removal of tissue, cells, or fluids from someone’s body in to check for illness Bronchitis – an illness in which your bronchial tubes become sore or damaged and you cough a lot
C
___________________
Clinic – a place where people get medical help Chicken Pox – a disease that often affects children and causes a fever with red spots on skin Children’s Hospital – located in Los Angeles Cardiologist – a person who studies the heart and diseases that affect the heart Chiropractor – a doctor that treats patients who have painful joints and/or spine Cardiac Arrest – temporary or permanent cessation of the heart beat Crutches – something a person uses too much for help or support
D
___________________
Depression – a serious medical condition in which a person feels sad or hopeless Denture – a set of artificial teeth Diagnosis – the act of identifying a disease, illness, or problem by examining someone or something
E
___________________
Examiner – a person who tests and looks carefully at (something or someone) for signs of illness or injury Epithelium – a membranous cellular tissue that covers free surface or lines a tube or cavity of an animal body
F
___________________
Fracture – the result of breaking something Flu – a virus that causes fever, weakness, body aches, and breathing problems Ferrous Sulfate – a drug that is used to treat anemia caused by iron deficiency
G
___________________
Gauze – a very thin cloth that is loosely woven together to be used as a band-aid
H
___________________
Heart transplant – to perform a medical operation of the heart from the body of one person into the body of another
I Infection – the act or process of infecting someone or something Incision – a cut made into the body during surgery Inhaler – a device used for inhaling a medicine
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J Janitor – a person who cleans a building and makes minor repairs
K Kidney – either of two organs in your body that remove waste products from your blood and make urine
L Lethargic – a feeling a lack of energy or a lack of interest in doing things
M Microorganism – an extremely small living thing that can only be seen with a microscope Methamphetamine – treatment of obesity
N Neurosurgeon – a doctor who operates the nervous structures (nerves, the brain, or the spinal cord)
O Otoscope – an instrument with lighting and magnifying systems used for visual examination of the tympanic membrane and the canal Ophthalmologist – a doctor who studies and treats problems and diseases of the eye
P Painkiller – a drug that decreases or removes pain that you feel in your body Psychologist – a person who studies the science of the mind and behavior Pediatrician – a doctor for children Phlebotomist – a specialist that takes care of the blood transfusions, diagnosis, or experiment
Q Quadriceps – a large muscle at the front of your upper leg
R Radiation – the use of controlled amounts of radiation for the treatment of diseases Retractor – a surgical instrument for holding open edges of a wound
S Stethoscope – a medical instrument that is used for listening to someone’s heart or lungs Scar – a mark left (as in the skin) by the healing of injured tissue Scalpel – a small knife with a thin, sharp blade that is used in surgery
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T Thermometer – an instrument used for measuring Tonsillitis – a condition in which a person’s tonsils are painful and swollen Tylenol – a type of drug that alleviates pain Therapist – a person trained in methods of treating illnesses especially without the use of drugs or surgery
U Ulcer – a painful, sore area inside or outside the body Ultrasound – a method of producing images of the inside of the body by using a machine that produces sound waves, which are too high to be heard
V Virus – a disease or illness that is cause by a virus
W Wound – an injury that is caused when a knife, bullet, etc., cuts or breaks the skin Wheelchair – a chair with wheels that is used by people who cannot walk because they are disabled, sick, or injured
X X-ray – to examine and make images of things such as the bones or organs inside the body
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Eira Millera Tanda is half Japanese and Filipino. She lives with a single mother who loves her siblings and her unconditionally. Throughout her life, Eira has learned how to write at a young age. According to family and friends, Eira would make short stories and poems. At the age of 5, her Kindergarten teacher demanded and suggested that she should be enrolled in a gifted magnet school. She carried her love for writing throughout Elementary and Junior High. Once she hit her High School years, her teacher (Mama Montes) was intrigued by her project and how she expressed her emotions through poems. Her teacher helped Eira obtain different ways to help her succeed in writing. However, her grammar skills were not as strong as it should be. She was never advanced when it came to grammar. But as she practiced, her mechanical skills and knowledge for grammar expanded. As a result, she has developed a new way of thinking and a new way of writing.
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WORKS CITED PAGE "Adjectives." Adjectives. ESL Desk, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives> "Adjectives." Adjectives. ESL Desk, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives> "Capitalization Rules." Capitalization Rules. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://my.ccsd.net/userdocs/documents/621841379.pdf> “Verbs.” Pronouns. ESL Desk. n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/pronouns>. “Pronoun.” Verbs. ESL Desk. n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/verbs>. "Verb Tenses." English Grammar Revolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://english-grammar-revolution.com/verb-tenses.html> "Verb Tenses.” Purdue OWL: Verb Tenses. Purdue OWL, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/601/03/> "Formatting and Style Guide.” Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/>
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