Vroom Vroom Grammar

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Vroom Vroom Grammar A race against time to learn proper grammar Laura Venegas

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Vroom Vroom Grammar Will grammar speed up your writing?

How fast will you edit your essays?

By Laura Venegas

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Table of Contents pronouns/verbs

1-4

noun types

5-8

parts & types

9-11

paragraphs 22-26 punctuation 27-28

12-17

commonly confused words 29-32 types & strategies 33-37 adv & adj 38-45 phrases & clauses 46-52

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INTRODUCTION This book will not necessarily win a prize or anything of that sort but it is very important because without it there are many mistakes one can make while filling out an application for a job or college. If a person does not know proper grammar they will not be taken as serious as those who know exactly where the punctuation marks go and the differences between a complex sentence and a simple sentence. Although people can just type a way it is not recommended because sentences need to be cohesive and clear, if you sentence does not contain a point then it becomes useless. Although this is common sense many people think that this is proper grammar and later when submitting the application those in charge will not pay attention to it because of your writing strategies and grammar.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR My name is Laura Venegas, I am 16 years old, I am in the 11th grade and I study at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. I am an only child and study in hopes of becoming a general doctor.

Growing up I faced many people who told me it was great that by age 10 I knew I wanted to be a doctor and that for the rest of my young years when people asked me what I wanted to be I always answered with doctor. They knew i was serious and I wanted to have a successful future. My journey in this world has not been easy, there have been many put down who told me that with the grades i have (which were not bad considering i only had 1 C and the rest were A’s and B’s) i wouldn’t be able to get into the college or university i wanted, saddest part is that it was a family member. With that in mind i only pushed myself even further to achieve better grades than what i had, it was not easy but nothing in this world is. In my Junior year I decided to push myself even further and took honors classes, i received one of the “hardest and meanest” teachers. After being in the class for a couple weeks I concluded that if one does not push themselves out of their comfort zone they will not be happy with others because they feel as if they are being pressured to do something they don't want to do. People choose how far they want to get, where they want to be and how hard they want to work, i choose to work hard, achieve more than my goal and push myself very far. “Will you choose to fail or succeed?”

Pronouns / Verbs Pronouns​ : take place of the noun that has been established.

1. ​ Personal​ : S S I​ went to the drove with ​ you​ yesterday.

O O O One​ of the salesmen from the dealer was staring at ​ them​ and later at ​ us​ .

2.

Relative​ ​ : Obj Pssv Those ​ men ​ whose​ names I could not say where very funny.

Nom Pssv Nom That​ teenager ​ whose​ car is crashed didn't know ​ that​ his headlights were not working.

3.

Interrogative​ ​ : Int Who​ knew buying a car would take so much time.

Int Int She had asked me ​ what​ color she should buy her car and ​ who​ to ask, for better advice.

Reflexive​ ​ : a.) The teacher told the students to do it ​ themselves​ . b.) She ​ herself​ thought the car was not the best option but knowing ​ herself​ she bought it anyway.

Demonstrative​ ​ : Those​ who came to ​ this​ car event will be very happy.

He clearly told ​ those​ customers ​ this​ model was out of stock.

4.

5.

6.

Indefinite​ ​ : I told ​ several​ people that ​ nobody​ is allowed to see the new car until ​ everything​ is perfect.

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She had gone to ​ many​ dealerships and ​ none​ had ​ anything​ she was looking for, or very ​ few​ , but ​ nothing​ within her price range.

Verbs​ : show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

1. ​ Verb ending​ : -en, -ate, -fy, -ize,-s, -ed. -ing -en: fast​ en, -ate: acceler​ ate, -ing: speed​ ing, -fy: beauti​ fy -ize: custom​ ize -s: drift​ s -ed: merg​ ed 2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

3.

4.

Tense​ ​ : verb indicate time via tense:

s​ imple past​ : raced past​ ​ : I raced past perfect​ ​ : had raced past progressive​ ​ : was racing simple present​ ​ : were racing present​ ​ : racing present perfect​ ​ : has raced present progressive​ ​ : am racing present perfect progressive​ ​ : have been racing ​ future​ : will race 11. ​ future perfect​ : will have raced Forms​ ​ :

Types​ ​ :

a. Forms of “​ to be​ ” for ex. am​ ​ racing, ​ was​ racing, ​ is​ racing b. Forms of “​ to do​ ” for ex. did​ race, ​ does​ race c. Forms of “​ to have​ ” for ex. a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) for example: has, had, and, have, do, did b. linking verbs is, are, was, were, am, been, being, smell, look, taste, feel, appear, seem, become c. lexical verbs listen, listened, talks, making, living, live d. dynamic verbs living, driving, steering, braking, stepping 2

e. stative verbs love, hate, want, need, prefer, agree, consist f. finitive verbs promised, will, enjoyed, make, said, buy g. nonfinite verb been, examined, want, refuse, get h. regular verbs accept, achieve, add, call, jump, wait, point, shout I. irregular verbs cast, creep, awake, drive, feed, hear j. transitive verb kicked, wants, wrote, eats, cleans k. intransitive verbs sneezed, ran, grown, watched, gave. Eating 5. ​ Voice; active​ :doing action for ex.

S DO Karla​ ​ drove the ​ car. passive​ : receive the action for ex.

The ​ car​ was driven by Karla.

6. ​ Verbals​ : ( verb forms not used as verbs ) a. ​ Gerund​ : speeding, accelerating, driving, drifting b. ​ Participle​ : shifting, merging, watching, stopping c. ​ Infinitive​ : to change, to merge, to focus, to yield

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Noun; types , identifiers, & functions Noun​ : person, place, and/or thing A] ​ Noun types​ : abstract, collective, common, concrete, proper 1. ​ Common nouns​ : oil , house, gasoline, garage, car 2. ​ Proper Nouns​ : Autozone, O'Reilly, Pet-boys, Goodyear, Just Tires 3. ​ Compound Nouns​ : speedway, raceway, freeway, 4. ​ Concrete Nouns​ : steering, rims, wheels, windows, lights 5. ​ Abstract nouns​ :​ fast, horse power, torque, safety, luxury B] ​ Noun identifiers​ : ​ 1. ​ Noun endings​ : rapid​ ness affirma​ tion tude ment ance ence fas​ ter victory ​ st​ eer

tism ist velo​ c​ ity hood

ture

2. ​ Following the noun marker: for example NM N ​ NM N The ​ car​ is fast.

The black ​ car​ is amazingly fast.

3. Plural​ form for example​ : “​ racer's​ ” or “​ cars​ ” 4. Possessive​ form for example​ :​ “​ racer's​ car” or “​ racers'​ car” 5. ​ Following a preposition​ : NM ADJ N V PREP NM N PREP ADJ The speedy car sped ​ through​ the street ​ at​ amazingly fast speeds.

C] ​ Functions​ :

ADJ

N

1. ​ Subject​ : comes before the verb for example: S V I​ raced my father.

S V I​ washed cars.

2. ​ Direct​ : comes after the verb and answers what or whom for ex: S V DO IO I washed ​ cars​ at the carwash to fundraiser S V DO IO He threw away the ​ towels​ he had dried the rims with.

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3. ​ Indirect​ : answers to who or whom for ex: S V DO IO Ms. Diaz assigned a packet ​ w e​ had to do margin notes on.

S V IO DO My dad gave ​ me​ money to buy food with.

4. ​ Adverbial​ : comes after the verb and answers when for ex.

S V AO He cleans his car ​ Saturdays ​ since he doesn’t go to work.

S V AO My mom cooked food the ​ night​ before so it would be ready in the morning.

5. ​ Object of the Preposition​ : follows the preposition for ex : S V PREP OP I ran through the ​ grass​ to get to the car earlier.

S V PREP OP She pushed through the ​ crowd​ to get to the sales-event early.

6. ​ Subject Complement​ : following the linking verb for ex: 6 S LV SV Ms. Cobian who is my ​ teacher​ is so sweet and knows how to dance.

S LV SV Stephanie is my ​ neighbor​ and she is always making a ruckus.

7. ​ Object Compliment​ : follows a direct object and renames it for ex: S V DO OC She chose Barky the ​ cat​ with white spots.

S V DO OC He asked Rudy the ​ manager​ to assist him in finding the car he wanted.

8. ​ Appositives​ : renames noun separated by commas for ex: S APP V Luis, my ​ dad ​ is one of the reason why I am obsessed with cars.

S APP V Tiffany, my ​ bestfriend​ has been there when I needed her most.

9. ​ Adjectival​ : describes the noun following it for ex: S V Adjvl The dance girls went to the ​ gymnasium​ to practice their routine.

S V Adjvl My sister had to drive around with me in the ​ car​ since she is considered an adult.

10. ​ Noun in Direct Address for ex: N I​ haven't been getting enough hours of sleep.

N Did ​ Sylvester​ ask you politely if he could have a cookie?

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11. ​ Object of the gerund is noun that follows a gerund for ex: G OG Driving a ​ car​ means you need to have responsibility.

G OG She wanted a new set of ​ rims​ because the ones she had were becoming old.

12. ​ Object of the participle is noun that follows the participle for ex: Part O part After he bought his ​ first car ​ with his own money, he felt very proud.

Part O part His rim was scratched so he payed to get it fixed.

13. ​ Object of the infinitive is noun that follows an infinitive for ex​ : __inf__ Oinf Jessie wanted to get his rims ​ fixed​ in time before the race. __inf__ Oinf Rudolph needed to learn how to ​ drift​ so he could win time on his turns.

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Grammar Project Parts & Types Sentence Parts​ : 1. Subject: a. Complete: S pred.

She​ went to the dealership to buy​ ​ a part she needed to fix her car.

S pred.

She​ went to the store to purchase​ ​ a part for her car so it can be repaired since it was not working properly. b. Simple: S V ADJ Priscilla​ went to ​ pick​ her sister up in her ​ new​ car.

S V N ADJ Priscilla​ went to ​ pick​ her 3 year old sister up from ​ school​ in her ​ new​ car. c. Compound: S S pred.

Her ​ sister and brother ​ decided to ​ surprise her with a brand new car​ .

ADJ S S pred Her ​ amazing​ sister and brother​ ​ decided to totally ​ surprise her with a brand new car​ so she wouldn't drive a car without A/C. 2. ​ Predicate​ : a. Complete: comp. pred.

The young teenager decided to ​ buy herself a new car​ . comp. pred.

The young teenager decided to ​ buy herself a new car​ since the car she had was her parents and she wanted to buy a car with her very earned money. b. Simple:

rain.

S pred simple pred.

Stephany​ ran​ ​ to her car because she ​ didn't want to get wet​ .

S pred simple pred.

Stephany​ ran​ ​ to her car after work because ​ she didn't want to get wet​ during this hard

c. Compound: comp. pred Her ​ car is red and is the very latest model of that sports car​ . comp. pred Her ​ car is a dark red and is the very latest model of the fastest sports car ever made​ .

9 Sentence Types​ : Declarative: dec.

All ​ cars have a motor that makes them function​ . dec.

All ​ cars have a motor and horsepower that makes the car function and the horse powers which determines the power of the power​ .

Interrogative: inter.

Can she do me the favor of handing me the keys to my car ? inter.

Can she be kind enough of doing me the favor of handing me my keys please?

Imperative: imper.

Please let her know that I had to take her car​ . imper.

Please let your sister know that I had to take her car to the grocery store​ .

Exclamatory: excl.

She took my mothers car without permission and crashed it​ ! excl.

She took my mother's brand new car that she had gotten for her birthday and on top of that she got into an accident and totalled the car​ !

1 0 Grammar Book: Patterns/Errors Sentence Patterns​ : i. Simple: one independent clause. s v adj n s n b. Ariana bought three new cars for her company. s v adj adj n n adj n a. Ariana bought three new elegant cars for the managers of her succeeding company. ii. Complex: one independent plus one dependant dep. ind. b.​ Although her car is red​ ,​ she would rather it be black​ . dep ind. a. ​ Although her car is a beautiful shade of red she would rather her car be black​ since it shows her liking ​ in color. iii. Compound: two or more independent clauses. s n v b. She likes both cars but doesn't know which one she should buy. s adj n a. She likes both of the sports cars but she doesn't know which one she will like best and adj will be of better quality. iv. Compound-complex sentence: two or more independent clauses plus one dependant clause. s v v b. Ms. Butera said she would give us all a ride, however, if we wanted the lift we had to n n have our shoes & clothes clean. s adv v v a. Ms. Butera said that she would kindly give us a ride, however, it we wanted her to give n n adj s n us the lift we would have to have our shoes and clothes clean so her car wouldn't get dirty.

adj

v. Loose sentence: cumulative sentence s v n v v b. She changed the oil on her car, washed it, & filled her tank with gas. s n v v n v n a. She got her check today so she decided to change the oil on her car, washed her car, & filled her tank with gas. vi. Periodic sentence: main clause, predicate at the end main clause pred. b. ​ Because her car broke down​ , she decided to take the bus to work, ​ she couldn't miss her presentation. main pred

a. ​ Because her car broke down​ , she quickly decided to take the bus to work, ​ she couldn't miss the presentation she had been working on for two months.

12 vii Balanced sentence: paired construction (2 parts of the same length) (1) (2) b. She ​ doesn't drive fast​ nor ​ does she drive slow​ .

(1) (2) a. Ariana ​ doesn't like washing her car​ nor ​ does she want her car dirty​ . viii. Parallel structure: repetition of grammatical form b. Catalyn would have wanted ​ a blue​ or ​ black car​ . a. Catalyn would much rather have ​ owned a blue or black​ car ​ rather than a red car​ . ix. Chiasmus: reversing the order of words (1) (2) b. Dont ​ race in a car​ , don't be part of a ​ car race​ .

(1) (2) a. Katherine’s mom specifically said, don't participate in ​ car races​ , and do not ​ race cars​ .

x. Asyndeton: omission or absence of a conjunction no conj. b. After a long day of work all she wanted to do was ​ shower, eat, sleep​ .

no conj. a. After a long and tiring day at work all Vanessa wanted to do was just ​ shower, eat, sleep.

xi. Polysyndeton: literary technique in which conjunctions are used repeatedly. s adj v v n b. Becky had many errands to run, she had to buy groceries, and pick up her little sister, s n and get her prescription, and still go buy new shoes. s n v a. Rozario had a basketball tournament after school and she had to run stairs, and n n suicides, and practice dribbles. xii. Anaphora: referring to or replacing a word used in an earlier sentence. adj n b. The top of the car and the doors are all covered in snow. n n adj n a. The car and the motorcycle are both great ways to get to school but the motorcycle is a way of transportation that will get you to school on time.

13 xiii. Epistrophe: repetition of phrases or words at the end of a sentence.

S V b. She wanted to know how to read the ​ instructions​ , she needed to understand the ​ instructions​ , although she wanted to know about the car she had to learn through ​ instructructions​ .

S adj n adj a. The car was ​ red​ , and the rims were ​ red​ , although the interior was black she would have preferred a red​ .

Sentence Errors​ : 1. Run-On/Rambling: mistake: Ariana likes the blue car, she really wants to buy it. conj correction: Ariana likes the blue car, ​ and​ she would really like to purchase it.

2. Fused: mistake: Ariana promised, not to text and drive, for her own safety while she drove home. correction:​ As Ariana ​ drove home she promised herself she ​ wouldn't text or drive for her safety and others as well.

3. Fragment: s v s v adj mistake:She likes fishing and going to swim in lakes late in the afternoon. indp. clause (+) dep. clause correction: ​ Since she likes to go the lake to fish​ ,​ she ​ also​ goes swimming in the lake after a good day of fishing.

4. Misplaced modifier: adj s adv v adj n mistake: After waiting for so long she could finally pick up her custom made car she had been waiting for, for two months. dep. indp. correction:​ After waiting for two months to have her car custom made,​ she was finally able to pick it up ​ from the dealership and take it home.

5. Double Negative: mistake: She didn't have ​ no​ ride to school that day so she went on the bus. corr. corrections: She didn't have ​ a ride​ to school so she had to go on the bus.

6. Comma splice: mistake:Destiny has a new black car, Mariya has a brand new silver vehicle. (add a semicolon) correction: Destiny has a new black car​ ;​ Mariya has a brand new silver vehicle.

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14 Quiz- Sentence Patterns/ Errors 1. What does the simple sentence contain?

2. How many sentence patterns are there?

3. What does an anaphora do?

4. What is a compound?

Match the definition with the correct word 5. chiasmus 6. asyndeton 7. balanced sentence 8. periodic sentence

a. absence of a conjunction b. main clause, predicate is at the end c. paired construction, 2 of the same length d. reversing order of words

9. State 3 sentence patterns__________,__________,__________ 10. State 3 sentence errors _________,___________,___________

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Answer Key- Patterns/Errors one independent clause 13 replaces the word used earlier in a sentence, avoiding repetition two or more independent clauses d a c b complex, compound, anaphora run-on, fused, comma splice

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Paragraphs a. ​ Introductory Paragraph​ : i. Hook(lead):

my

​ adj adv adj Anecdotal​ : After a long day of school i love getting home as soon as possible so i can get

​ n n adv n adj homework done and study for upcoming test. If only there was a way to get to school faster and at n ​ n n the same time help the environment. The majority of the population does not drive an energy adj

v

noun

efficient vehicle therefore hurting the environment making the global warming affect even worse.

Query Based​ : Although we know we are in a drought and that we have global warming why question on topic

don't we do something to fix it ? purpose of the writing

in

ii. Thesis statement: Those who don't know why they should ​ help the environment should invest a good eco friendly car​ ​ and have their conscious free. claim

1. Assertion (claim): ​ Most cars nowadays are eco friendly and are made to help the environment. verifiable

2. Fact: ​ “Hybrid cars can produce 90 percent less pollutants than comparable non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12) personal position

3. Opinion: ​ Throughout the years there has been an increase in hybrid cars on the streets​ , it's a good thing since it's helping the economy and you pay for less gas. belief

4. Belief: The ​ government​ sees electric cars as an important factor to cut down global warming and gases produced by cars. absolute pronouns

5. Generalization:​ All​ of the cars that are not hybrids or electric vehicles hurt the environment.

6. Document based: In the journal ​ Tesla Plans to Produce Electric Vehicles in China within Two Years, ​ Rose Yu argues that by 2030 half of the brand new vehicles produced will be battery powered.

7. Theory: Electric cars are taking over and leading to produce fewer global warming emissions per mile.

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b. ​ Body Paragraphs​ :

i. Topic Sentence: Many people are beginning to invest in a good quality car that is also good for the environment and does not affect global warming nor does it cause any further emission. ii. Sentences with examples: 1. Quotes: (integrating quotes 5 diff ways) - sent + quote: ​ Without a doubt,​ “Hybrid cars can produce 90 percent less pollutants than comparable non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12) -quote + sent: “Hybrid cars can produce 90 percent less pollutants than comparable non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12),​ without a doubt hybrids are a better option.

-sent + quote + sent: ​ Without a doubt​ “Hybrid cars can produce 90 percent less pollutants than comparable non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12), ​ these vehicles are a far better option than any regular car running on gasoline alone.

-brackets: “Hybrid cars can​ [outstandingly] ​ produce 90 percent less pollutants than comparable non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12) adv ​ -ellipses: ​ Luckily, ​ “Hybrid cars .. produce 90 percent less pollutants than..non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12) 2. Paraphrase: Original- “Hybrid cars can produce 90 percent less pollutants than comparable non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12) Paraphrase-​ The hybrid cars pollute 90 percent less than the hybrid cars which the majority of people have.

3. Summary: Original- “Hybrid cars can produce 90 percent less pollutants than comparable non-hybrid cars.” (Sammy Eastburn 12) Summary- ​ Hybrid cars are better than non-hybrid cars.

4. Concrete examples: A study done in September 2014 UCS shows that 67% of Americans now live in regions with many electric vehicles and just a couple years ago, in 2012 there was only 45%.

5. Abstract examples: When people come together to try to change a problem the solution becomes much easier.

19 iii. Closing sentence: Taking into mind that electric cars are becoming more popular there should be a significant change in the upcoming years for hybrid cars over a non-hybrid car.

c. ​ Closing Paragraphs​ : i. Statement extending the thesis & ii. Consequences of disregarding the thesis: If we all invested in an electric car we would slowly help the environment from getting worse, if we continue to buy cars that only run on gasoline we are slowly determining how much longer we want our future generations to live. iii. Final sentence: With the droughts and global warming occurring we need to realize we are slowly killing ourselves...

Quizzes: Paragraphs Questions 1. What comes after the hook ?

Answers 1. Thesis statement

2. How many types of thesis statements are stated above? 2. 7 types

3. The two ex of a hook are query & _________

3. anecdotal

4. State the 6 sentence examples

4. Quotes, paraphrase, summary, anecdote, concrete example, abstract examples

5. The thesis statement states the purpose of a piece of writing, true or false?

5. True

6. Fact is the claim ? true or false?

6. False

7. Anecdotal: pronouns Query based: reader to the topic Generalization: in nature Belief: intro to topic

7. d 8. b 9. a 10. c

a. uses absolute or statistical b. question that bring the c. Social, religious, or political d. Brief story to set the mood,

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Grammar Book: Capitalization Rule 1. Capitalize first, last, and important words. (i.e. The Honest Truth About Dishonesty ) Rule 2. Capitalize Mother, Dad, & other titles: they serve as a replacement for a person's name (i.e. Aunt Mary) Rule 3. Capitalize name of organizations. (i.e. American Red Cross) Rule 4. Capitalize names, day, month, holidays & special days. (i.e. June, Laura, Christmas) Rule 5. Capitalize a proper adj but not the noun: it modifies unless the noun is the part of the title. (i.e. Columbus Day parade ; the Alaska coast) Rule 6. Capitalize brand names but not products (i.e. Roman Meals Bread) Rule 7. Capitalize business names (i.e. Just Tires) Rule 8. Capitalize institution names. (i.e. University of Southern California) Rule 9. Capitalize names of particular geographic places. (i.e. Mexico) Rule 10. Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents. (i.e. Ice Age) Rule 11. Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious doc., names of churches, and names of supreme being. (i.e. Catholic, Saint John the Baptist) Rule 12. Capitalize languages (i.e. Spanish) Rule 13. Capitalize specific names or structures. (i.e. Golden Gate Bridge) Rule 14. Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.

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(i.e. Professor Mogeau, T.M) Rule 15. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the sentence. (i.e. The cow was eating grass near the river filled with water.)

22 Rule 16. Capitalize the pronoun I. (i.e. She said that I had laughed at her.)

Rule 17. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry. (i.e. "​ D​ own in the dell Sat the little doggie Nell.." -Unknown) Rule 18. Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline & the first word in an outline (i.e. I. Energy A. Types 1. Physical) Rule 19. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct question. (i.e. Ariana asked "Can I drive?" "No Ariana" answered her father.

Rule 20. Capitalize government bodies and departments. (i.e. Senate, Government, Congress) Rule 21. Capitalize ethnic groups. (i.e. Hispanic, Polynesian) Rule 22. Capitalize direction when referring to a region of the country or world.

23 (i.e. I need to travel up North.)

Rule 23. Capitalize political parties and their members. (i.e. Republicans Democrats) Rule 24. Capitalize the first letter in hyphenated words that begin the sentence. (i.e. Twenty-two hours into the day.)

Rule 25. Capitalize President when referring to the leader of the U.S. (i.e. The President of the United States is Barack Obama)

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24 Quiz-Capitalization 1.What rule does this example apply to? Golden Hospital 2.For rule 16 what action is supposed to take place?

3.Rule 17. Capitalize the first letter in the first word of most______.

4.Rule __. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct question.

5.What rule do you capitalize the government bodies and departments ?

6.In rule 10 what should be capitalized?

7.What examples are used in rule 12?

8.Capitalize the pronoun ___ 9.What are 2 examples of rule 23?

10.True or False, you capitalize the greeting and closing of a letter?

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Grammar Book: Punctuation [ ] : square brackets are used to abbreviate lengthy quotes, correct tense of quotation, and add your own words. (i.e ( ) : brackets make an aside, make a point that is not part of my main sentence. (i.e . : the period is used at the end of the sentence to show the point has been made (i.e , : the comma is used to pause before continuing and to separate items (i.e - : hyphens are used to link words together (i.e — : dash takes off a tack but is still connected to the subject of discussion (i.e “How many times have I asked you not to—” “Not to—Oh, I forgot!”) : - colons are used to pause between two phrases, listing, heading, or title. (i.e ; : semicolon is very useful when connecting two sentences and assemble a details list ? : questions marks are useful when asking a question ! : exclamation marks show a strong feeling, accentuate the feeling of the sentence (i.e ‘ : apostrophe is common when indicating possession or ownership, a letter is omitted (i.e “ : quotations mark out speech or quote someone's speech (i.e . . . : ellipsis is used when quoting material but don’t want to include all the words (i.e “The ceremony honored twelve brilliant athletes . . . visiting the U.S.”

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26 Quiz – Punctuation 1.Besides separating items what other purpose does a comma have?

2.A colon is a pause between _____ phrases 3.What is the difference between brackets and square brackets?

4.When is an ellipsis used ?

5.Which punctuation mark is this : ?

6.What other purpose does aa bracket have?

7.Why do ellipsis take place when quoting material?

8.A semi-colon also serves what function?

9.A hyphen _______ 10.What is this? -

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Grammar Book: Commonly Confused Words who/whom: who: subject of a verb (i.e With whom did you take an uber home?)

Adrianna never told me with whom she rode home all know is she got here at 10 pm. whom: never the subject of a verb, comes after (i.e Who drives that car?)

She did not know who the owner of the car was but she knew she had to find out. their/there/they're: their: shows possession (i.e That was their parking.)

Although we were in a hurry to park our car we knew we couldn’t steel their parking. they're: short for they are (i.e They're about to leave in the car.)

They're about to leave in the brand new car they bought for Christmas. there: place (i.e She told us to get in there.)

Although the dealership was opened to all pets they couldn’t go in there with an elephant who could smash all the cars. lay/lie: lay: place in a horizontal position (i.e The girl lay in the passenger seat as she was very tired.)

The girl who lay in the passenger seat was startled by a loud thud. lie: speak untruthfully, past tense of lay (i.e She lied about the car.)

She lied and said she bought the car with her money but she was only renting it. laid/lain: laid: past tense (i.e She laid in the backseat of her car.)

She laid in the comfortable backseat of her car after her long day at work. lain: past participle (i.e Mark had lain on the top of his hood.)

Mark had lain on the hood of his car to look at the stars and wonder why there are so many in the sky. affect/effect: affect: transform or change (i.e What effect did racing the car have?)

What effect did racing the care give you since you felt such a brave person last night while speeding. effect: outcome, consequence (i.e How did racing the car at very high speeds affect you?)

How did racing the car at very high speeds affect you and what did you learn from it? accept/except: accept: to receive (i.e She wanted to accept the gift.)

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She wanted to accept the precious gift but found it very hard. except: apart from, exclude (i.e They all went car shopping except her.)

Everybody bought a brand new car except her.

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loath/loathe loathe: hate (i.e She loathe's not having her permit.)

She loathe's not having her permit because she has to depend on others. loath: unwillingly (i.e She is loath to get a new car.)

She is loath to get a new car because she thinks her current one works very good. imply/infer: imply: state indirectly (i.e She implied that the car was costly) The dealership implied that the young teen could not pay a car with cash. infer: deduce (i.e The consultant inferred she could not pay) The consultant inferred that she could not pay for the car because of the way she was dressed. proceed/precede: precede: to come before (i.e A Scion tc preceded the Nissan GT-R) A black Scion tc preceded the Nissan GT-R that is now her favorite car. proceed: go forward, continue (i.e As the light turned green he proceeded.)

As the light turned green he fastly proceeded into the freeway. discrete/discrete: discreet: inconspicuous (i.e The Prius is very discreet.)

The Prius is a very discreet, elegant, but cheap car. discrete: individually distinct (i.e The car has two discrete compartments.)

The car has two new discrete compartments that can be used for personal belongings. can/may: may: permission (i.e May I get in your car?)

May I get in your car to see how comfortable it is? can: ability (i.e I can drive.)

I can drive but my father will not let me drive on the streets alone without my permit. a lot/allot: allot: to distribute, give, or assign (i.e She had to allot the cars to many owners.)

She had to allot all of the cars to the correct owner before her shift was over. a lot: many (i.e She ordered a lot of rims) She ordered a lot of rims for her new car since she had saved up money over a couple years. bad/badly: badly: not well (i.e The car accident was badly.)

She knew she had got in a badly accident and the car had suffered major damage. bad: not good (i.e Her car mats smell.)

She had to wash her car mats because they smelled really bad.

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complement/compliment: compliment: admiration (i.e She gave her a compliment upon her gorgeous car.)

After her sweet compliment she loved her car far more than second before the sweet gesture.

30 complement: completes, brings to perfection (i.e All her car needed was a paint job to complement the car.)

All Sofia's car needed was a paint job to complement her new car perfectly.

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31

Quiz-Commonly Confused Words Question 1. who and _____ are often confused 1. What is the past tense of lay?

Matching 3.their a. place 4.there b. short for they are 5.they're c. shows possession True orFalse 6.lay is place horizontally 7.lain is present tense 8.affect has similar meaning to effect 9.loathe is unwillingly 10.precede is to come before

Answer 1. whom 1. lie 3.c 4.a 5.b

6.True 7.False 8.False 9.False 10.True

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Answer Key-Capitalization 1.Rule 8 2.Capitalize the pronoun I 3.poetry 4.19 5.20 6.historical events, periods of time, historical events 7.Spanish 8.I 9.Republican Party, Democrats 10.True

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Answer Key - Punctuation 1.pause before continuing 2.two 3.square brackets abbreviate and brackets make an aside 4.when quoting material 5.colon 6.make a point not part of the main sentence 7.when you don’t want to include all the words 8.assemble and details list 9.links words together 10.hyphen

Essay Types & Strategies a. Types i. Persuasive​ : A persuasive essay is used to show reasoning and that a certain idea is legitimate.

Persuade the reader to have the same viewpoint as the writer. (argumentative) Specific tactics​ : 1. ​ Repetition​ : Make your point in several different ways (i.e examples from a story) 2. ​ Reason why:​ People are more likely to agree with your point if there is a good reason with which to agree.

3. ​ Consistency​ : Having good behaviour and integrity, persuade the reader into agreeing with something that most people would automatically disagree with.

4.​ Social Proof:​ Looking for a guide in other people on what to do and what is right.

5. ​ Comparisons​ : (i.e metaphors, similes, analogies) use these consecutively, use to relate one point to another, a huge part of persuading the reader.

6.​ Agitate & Solve​ : Identify the problem, make the reader suffer and then prepare a solution so they become persuaded to agree.

7. ​ Prognosticate:​ provide the reader with future scenarios, if you can show the reader how things will be in the future then the reader will like how the point of view is executed and will accept.

8. ​ Go tribal​ : show the reader how those who are seeing things from the same point of view live and what sort of lifestyle they have.

9. ​ State Objections:​ write enough that the reader does not think of anything that will oppose your argument.

10.​ Storytelling: ​ Stories allow the reader to persuade themselves. ii. Expository​ : to inform 1.​ Definition or description​ : investigate an idea and analyze evidence, proving an argument that makes an idea clear.

2.​ Process/ how to​ : 1.​ Organize your thoughts a. free write b. subject tree: subjects related to your main topic. c. outline: structure the way you will write your essay.

2.​ Know/ research your topic: a. books, online, reference works, articles, experts 3. ​ Develop a thesis statement a. claim: 1. Make an assertion, presented in the intro b. supporting details a. categories/topics b. chronological order of events c. cause and effect 4. ​ Write an introduction​ . a. identify, describe, and define your topic; what you will be talking about b. show the importance and relevance of your topic, how does it relate to society. c. copy thesis statement 5. ​ Write the body essay a.topic sent. : statement about the supporting details.

6.​ Writing the conclusion a. relevance: restate the importance of your topic. b. review:reiterate the points you discussed. c. summarize the conclusion 3.​ Compare and contrast​ : a.venn diagram or t-chart 4.​ Cause and effect: a.find the ripple effects iii. Analytical/ Critical: 1. Evaluate: a.summarize- describe the source (i.e we=here it was found and provide a visual) b.develop a strong, complete thesis c. argue ethos, logos, pathos d. summarize, analyze and evaluate the reasons 2. Interpretive: a. intro: main research b. 1st quotation: passage and meaning c. 2nd quotation: passage and meaning d. 3rd quotation and on: passage and meaning e. conclusion: tentative answer to a question iv. Narrative: (tells a story): ​ a personal experience 1. Personal anecdote: giving a rare glimpse of someone's life

v. Research: 1.MLA format: Modern LAnguage Association to prepare manuscripts and student research papers.

2. APA format: American Psychological Association, academic documents (i.e journal articles, books) vi. TImed 1. Document based question (DBQ): a. read the prompt, analyze documents, pre-write b. think about any outside information, much of those used to connect t your writing.

2.Prompt based: a. know what it is asking you to do b. brainstorm what you will write about c. create a thesis and structure b. Strategies/Planning Tips/ Steps: i. Pre-writing / prompt analysis / outlining a.brainstorm b. mind map: write down ideas c. freewrite, a lot of information related to the topic of the essay ii. Research / evaluation of sources a.have time b. solid thesis statement c. know your references d. take notes e. outline 1. intro 2. first main header c. Work Cited Page: i. MLA format: "Bravo Medical Magnet High School." Bravo Medical Magnet High School. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2015. <​ http://bravoweb.lausd.k12.ca.us/#​ >.

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QUIZ - Essay Types & Strategies

1. How many types of essays are there?

Matching 2.persuasive 3.interpretive 4.analytical 5.narrative 6.timed 7.research

a.no a type b. argumentative c.critical d. amount of time e.mla/apa format f. tells a story

1. 6 types of essays 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. f 6. d 7. e

8. strategies include pre-writing and research__

8. true

9. MLA and APA are for citing work__

9. true

10. DBQ (document based questions) are part of a timed writing essay__

10. true

Adjectives / Adverbs Adjectives​ : 1. Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper for ex.

A) ​ Demonstrative​ : Used to point out specific people or things for example.

Those​ ​ rims That​ car looks amazing.

This​ ​ car is too expensive.

B) ​ Common​ : The ​ fast​ car.

He ​ quickly​ shifted gears.

He sped past the ​ slow​ car.

C) ​ Proper​ :

Some ​ Japanese​ cars are very classy.

Most ​ American​ brands have very efficient.

The ​ Nissan GT-R​ is my dream car.

2. Endings: The suffixes that are adjectives are (-able/-ible, -al, -ful, -ic, -ive, -less, -ous) -able: capable -ic: classic -ible: nible -ive: attractive -al: -less: -ful: graceful -ous: spacious 3. Conversions: Other parts of speech become adjectives by changing the suffix or prefix of the word.

N ADJ luxury → luxurious ADV ADJ speedily → speedful N ADJ space → spacious 38 4. Articles: Articles are a kind of adjective that gives some sort of information about a noun. 'a and the', are used to write English accurately.

The​ car is only beginning to warm up.

A​ fly was stuck in between ​ the​ door.

5. Comparatives/Superlatives: Used to compare two things, comparatives usually ​ -er​ and superlatives are usually ​ -est​ .

Adj Comp Supe Fast → Faster → Fastest

Adj Comp Supe Slow → Slower → Slowest Adj Comp thick → thicker → thickest

Supe

Adverbs: ​ Adverbs modify​ verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. ​ a) ​ Endings​ : -ly, -wards, -wise fast​ ly, ​ to​ wards, -wise b)​ Conversion​ : Adjectives or adverbs can be converted by changing the suffix of the word to make it become an adverb.

ADJ ADV quick → quickly ADJ ADV V ADV accelerated → accelerated c) ​ Types​ : Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time d) ​ Intensifiers: amazingly, strikingly, outrageously Predictive: The rims are ​ really​ expensive.

The rims are ​ so​ expensive.

Attributive: This car was ​ so​ inexpensive.

This car was ​ really​ inexpensive. e) Comparatives/superlatives: They are used to change the wording of an adverb. They are used by adding 'more' before the word or adding the suffix -er to make it comparative. Adding 'most' before the word or adding the suffix -est. adv comp supe adrenaline more adrenaline most adrenaline

adv speed adv Fast

comp more speed comp Faster

supe most speed supe Fastest

Examples of types: Time​ : He bought his car ​ yesterday​ . ​ He bought this car ​ yesterday ​ because he had crashed his old one​ .

Place​ : She said she didn't want to buy her rims ​ here​ .

She said she didn’t want to buy her rims ​ here​ because the store had bad reviews.

Manner:​ I told her to ​ quickly​ fasten her seat belt before we left.

She ​ nearly​ crashed my car as she tried not to run over the squirrel that was running through the street.

Degree​ : He made sure his car wasn’t​ too ​ low or it wouldn't go up his driveway.

They new kit they had put on the car was ​ very​ expensive and he used up all his college money.

Frequency​ : His car ​ occasionally​ turns off so he will be buying a new one soon.

Although he ​ always​ takes care of his car, it ​ nearly​ doesn’t work which makes him frustrated.

Conjunctions​ : a) ​ Coordinating​ : She bought rims ​ and​ tires ​ for​ her car ​ so​ she could look stylish ​ yet​ sporty.

She wanted a paint job ​ but​ she didn’t want that color ​ nor​ did she want that body kit. b) ​ Correlative​ :​ Either​ he got the paint job ​ or​ he bought a new muffler.

They were happy to ​ not only​ buy one car ​ but​ were ​ also​ able to buy a guarantee and a lifetime paint job. c) ​ Subordinate​ : She wanted that car ​ whereas​ her dad didn’t want to spend so much money.

Since​ I bought the new car the dealer ​ provided that​ I would be receiving the first oil change ​ before​ the 5,000 miles in order​ to​ comply with the manufacturer's guidelines so that the car complies with the manufacturer's maintenance. d) ​ Relative Pronouns​ :​ Which​ car has more horsepower, a c300 or a Mustang GT5?

Peter Jones, ​ who​ loves racing cars, happened to be at the Indianapolis 500 that took​ place this past sunday in ​ which​ he participated in.

Prepositions​ : - Although it was raining ​ outside​ , one boy decided to drive​ towards​ ​ the puddle and ​ ​ on account of his horrible decision splashed children who were walking on the street as they made their way to school and staff who were standing ​ in front of​ the school waiting for the young ones.

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-

Despite​ the fact that they were ​ near​ the tire shop, they decided ​ upon​ going back because they had given up on their search and only had gas to get back home so instead of going back they went for lunch ​ alongside​ their home.

Even though her car was ​ beyond​ sporty and classy it was far ​ ​ from​ being the best ​ among​ many of the other automobiles exhibited.

Interjections​ : Oh dear​ ! i dropped the keys on the floor.

I said ​ hey​ what's up ​ hello​ as i saw the beautiful car.

Rats​ ! he took my extra car keys with him.

Alphabetical chart of interjections​ : A aah ack agreed ah aha ahem alas all right amen argh as if aw ay aye B bah blast boo hoo bother boy brr by golly bye C cheerio cheers chin up come on crikey curses D dear me

H ha ha-ha hah hallelujah harrumph haw hee here hey hmm ho hum hoo hooray hot dog how huh hum humbug hurray huzza I I say ick is it ixnay J jeez just kidding just a sec just wondering K kapish

P peace pff pew phew pish posh psst ptui Q quite R rah rats ready right right on roger roger that rumble S say see ya shame shh shoo shucks sigh sleep tight snap sorry sssh sup T

W wah well well done well, well what whatever whee when whoa whoo whoopee whoops whoopsey whew why word wow wuzzup Y ya yea yeah yech yikes yippee yo yoo-hoo you bet you don't say you know yow

doggone drat duh E easy does it eek egads er exactly F fair enough fiddle-dee-dee fiddlesticks fie foo fooey G gadzooks gah gangway g'day gee gee whiz geez gesundheit get lost get outta here go on good good golly good job gosh gracious great grr gulp

L la la-di-dah lo look look here long time lordy M man meh mmm most certainly my my my my word N nah naw never no no can do nooo not no thanks no way nuts

ta ta-da ta ta take that tally ho tch thanks there there there time out toodles touche tsk tsk-tsk tut tut-tut U ugh uh uh-oh um ur urgh V very nice very well voila vroom

yum yummy Z zap zounds zowie zzz

She told her parents it was ​ fair enough​ to customize the car to her liking and make it ​ very nice​ instead of buying her a brand new one.

After she told him ​ exactly​ how she had crashed his car, he began to get scared so she told him she was ​ just kidding​ .

I didn't want to ​ bother​ my mom so i asked my dad if he could give me driving lessons and he said ​ no​ , i would have to wait​ just a sec​ to finish up his work so i could learn in ​ peace​ .

viii. ​ Antecedents​ : a word, phrase, or clause usually a substantive that is replaced by a pronoun (for ex.

Fernando​ lost ​ his​ car ​ keys​ and cannot find them. Fernando is the antecedent of his and keys is the antecedent of them. ) ix: ​ Complements​ : group or word that completes a grammatical construction in the predicate that describes the subject/object. (for ex. The car is l​ ow​ .) x. ​ Objects:​ a noun, noun phrase that substitutes by syntactical position to action the verb or the prepositional phrase.

1. Direct: Nouns, pronouns, phrases. Direct object follows the transitive verb or something that requires to take or receive action. (for ex. Daniel and Xavier went to the dealership to look at cars.)

2. Indirect: Pronouns that identify to whom or for whom the action of the verb is towards and who receives the direct object. (for ex. Javier sent his friend a picture of the car he was going to buy soon.) xi. ​ Modifiers​ :change the meaning of another element in the structure.(for ex. ) xiii. ​ Expletives​ : unnecessary word or phrase used to fill space in a sentence. (for ex.) xiv: ​ Agreements​ : Subject noun

QUIZ!!

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

What part of speech does the ending ​ -hood​ have?

What is an example of a common noun?

How many types of nouns are there?

How many noun functions are there?

What is an example of a verb tense?

How many types of conjunctions are there?

Demonstrative, common, and proper are

Grammar Book Phrases and Clauses Phrases​ : Prepositiona​ l​ : groups of words that begin with prepositions and end with a noun, used as an adj or adv.

B: S V prep N She was driving ​ near the ocean​ .

A: S V prep N She was driving​ near the ocean ​ while admiring the sunset.

Appositive​ : a group of words that include all the words and phrases that modify an appositive.

B: app She, ​ crashed her car​ , now has to pay more insurance.

A: app She, ​ crashed her ca​ r, and now she has to pay $200 dollars more than her original payment.

Verbal​ : Gerund​ : word ending in “ing” used as noun.

S V B:​ Driving fast on a sunny day​ is like an adrenaline rush.

S V A: ​ Driving fast on a sunny day​ is very relaxing to her and relieves her from stress.

Participle​ : word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. part.

B: The car was ​ washed with soap and water​ . part.

A: The red dirty car was ​ washed with soap and water.

Infinitive​ : verb preceded by the word “to” used as a noun, adj, or adv.

N B: ​ To pass her driving test​ is her first goal.

N A: ​ To pass her driving test​ with no incorrect answers is her first goal that she wants to accomplish.

Section 2 - Phrases Quiz 1. State the difference between a gerund and a participle.

2. A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify​ ________. a. verbal c. gerund b. infinitive d. appositive 3. True or False, there are 3 types of phrases stated_____ 4. True or False. Gerund, participle, and infinitive are part of a verbal phrase?

5. State what a prepositional phrase is_________ 6. Give an example of a prepositional phrase___ 7. Give an example of an appositive phrase _____ 8. Give an example of gerund phrase______ 9. What is a phrase ?

10. Are “to go, to jump” examples of a participle phrase? If so state why, if no, why not and what is it an example of.

Answer key for Phrases Quiz 1. Gerund: words ending with “ing” used as a noun. Participle: verb preceded by “to” used as a noun, adj, or ad.

2. d. appositive 3. True (prep, app, verbal) 4. True 5. Prep phrase: group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.

6. own ex 7. own ex 8. own ex 9. Phrase: group of words that functions as a part of speech.

10. own ex of an infinitive phrase.

Clauses​ : B:

A:

Independant​ :can stand alone as a complete sentence.

S V Nobody​ likes​ ​ slow car.

S V Nobody​ likes​ ​ slow cars in the middle of the freeway.

b​ .​ Subordinate​ ​ : Noun​ : noun that functions as a subject, predicate noun, etc.

SC S V B: ​ Since​ Ariana​ ​ crashed ​ ​ the blue car.

SC S V A: ​ Since​ Ariana​ ​ crashed​ ​ the blue car she had to drive a rental for a few days.

Adjective​ : used to modify a noun in an independent clause. adj clause B: Cars, ​ which are great inventions​ , are wonderful. adj clause A: Cars, ​ which are great inventions​ , are very resourceful and nowadays a necessity.

Adverb​ : used to modify verbs, adj, and adv in an independent clause. adv clause B: She had to rent a car, ​ whether she liked it or not​ . adv clause A: She had to rent a car ​ whether she liked it or not​ , if she didn't she wouldn’t be able to get to work.

Essential​ :clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ess. clause B: The​ car that interests me the most​ is the Nissan GT-R. ess. clause A: The ​ car that interests me the most​ is the Nissan GT-R because it is elegant and very fast.

Non- Essential​ : clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. non-ess.

B: The man ​ who bought the new camaro​ also bought a motorcycle.

non-ess.

A: The man​ who bought the new 2016 blue Camaro​ also bought a fast motorcycle for his son.

Relative​ : dependant clause that begins with a relative pronoun. rel.

S V B: Where she bought her car she lost her phone. rel.

S V A: Where she bought her first car she lost the brand new Iphone 6s she had just purchased.

Elliptical​ :clause in which part of it is omitted. ell. clause B: ​ When driving,​ you have to have both hands on the wheel. ell. clause A: ​ When racing​ you must keep your focus on steering the correct way and keep hands on the steering wheel at all times.

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Section 3 - Clauses Quiz 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

What is a subordinate clause?

What are the two (2) functions of a subordinate clause?

How many types of clauses are there?

True or False an elliptical clause is where the clause itself can be omitted?

Give an example of an adverb clause.

State what the relative clause does.

Give an example of a non-essential clause.

State the difference between a essential and nonessential clause.

Favorite type of clause, and why?

Least favorite type of clause and why?

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Answer Key- Section 3 Phrases 1. A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

2. The two functions of a relative pronoun are to introduce the clause and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s used as a sentence part within a clause.

3. 9 including subordinate , independant and the 7 sub clauses for subordinate.

4. True 5. on own 6. on own 7. on own 8. essential is needed and nonessential is not necessary.

9. personal 10. personal

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BACK COVER DEDICATION I dedicate this book to those people who aren't the best writers but are willing to learn how to obtain good grammar skills that will help their career and their future. Although it may be hard to learn all of this at once if a person really wants to learn and be successful they will push through everything to achieve it.