My Musical Grammar Book by Bravo Grammar Con Online

The Grammar Book By Julianne Garcia

Grammar Book

Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet Senior High School

Draft Edition

Compiled and edited by:

Julianne Garcia

Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION: PAGE 6 2. PARTS OF SPEECH: PAGES 721 a. Nouns : Pages 79 Types of Nouns, pg. 7 Noun Identifiers, pg. 78 Functions, pg. 89 b. Pronouns: Pages 911 Personal, pg. 9 Relative, pg. 9 Interrogative, pg. 10 Reflective, pg. 10 Demonstrative, pg. 10 Indefinite, pg. 11 c. Verbs: Pages 1112 Endings, pg. 11 Tense, pg. 11 Forms, pg. 12 Types, pg. 12 Voice, pg. 12 Verbals, pg. 12 d. Adjectives : Pages 1314 Kinds, pg. 13 (ii)Key Associated Terms: pg. 13 Antecedents, pg. 13 Endings, pg. 13 Conversions, pg. 13 Articles, pg. 13 Comparatives/Superlatives, pg. 14 e. Adverbs: Pages 1415 Endings, pg. 14 Conversions, pg. 14 Types, pg. 14 Intensifiers, pg. 14 Comparatives/Superlatives, pg. 15 f. Conjunctions: Pages 1516 Coordinating, pg. 15 2

Correlative, pg. 15 Subordinate, pg. 15 Relative Pronoun, pg. 16 g. Prepositions: Pages 1617 h. Interjections: Pages 1721 Complements, pg. 18 Objects, pg. 18 Direct, pg. 18 Indirect, pg. 18 Modifiers, pg. 18 Transitions, pg. 1820 Expletives, pg. 20 Agreements, pg. 2021 SubjectVerb, pg. 21 NounPronoun, pg. 21

3. PHRASES: PAGES 2122 Prepositional, pg. 21 Appositive, pg. 21 Verbal, pg. 21 Gerund, pg. 21 Participle, pg. 21 Infinitive, pg. 2122

4. CLAUSES: PAGES 2223 Independent, pg. 22 Subordinate, pg. 22 Noun, pg. 22 Adjective, pg. 22 Adverb, pg. 22 Essential, pg. 22 Nonessential, pg. 22 Relative, pg. 23 Elliptical, pg. 23

5. SENTENCES: PAGES 2329 Sentence Parts, pg. 2325 Subject, pg. 23 Complete, pg. 23 Simple, pg. 23 Compound, pg. 2324 3

Predicate, pg. Complete, pg. 24 Simple, pg. 24 Compound, pg. 2425 Sentence Types, pg. 2526 Declarative, pg. 25 Interrogative, pg. 25 Imperative, pg. 25 Exclamatory, pg. 2526 Sentence Patterns, pg. 2629 Simple, pg. 26 Complex, pg. 26 Compound, pg. 26 Complex/Compound, pg. 26 Loose, pg. 2627 Periodic, pg. 27 Balanced, pg. 27 Parallel, pg. 27 Chiasmus, pg. 27 Asyndeton, pg. 27 Polysyndeton, pg. Anaphora, pg. Epistrophe, pg. 2829 Sentence Errors, pg. 29 Fragment, pg. 29 Run On/Rambling, pg. 29 Fused Sentence, pg. 29 Misplaced Modifier, pg. 29 Comma Splice, pg. 29 Double Negative, pg. 29

6. PARAGRAPHS: PAGE 30 Introduction, pg. 30 Hook/Lead, pg. 30 Thesis Statement, pg. 30 Assertion, pg. 30 Fact, pg. 30 Opinion, pg. 30 Belief, pg. 30 4

Generalization, pg. 30 Theory, pg. 30 Body, pg. 3132 Topic Sentence, pg. 31 Sentences with Examples, pg. 31 Quotes, pg. 31 Paraphrase, pg. 31 Summary, pg. 31 Anecdotes, pg. 31 Concrete Examples, pg. 31 Abstract Examples, pg. 3132 Closing Sentences, pg. 32 Conclusion, pg. 32

7. ESSAYS: PAGES 3236 Types, pg. 3235 Persuasive(Argumentative), pg. 3233 Expository(Informative), pg. 3334 Analytical/Critical, pg. 34 Narrative, pg. 34 Research, pg. 34 Timed, pg. 35 Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps, pg. 3536 Work Cited Page, pg. 36

8. CAPITALIZATION: PAGES 3739 9. PUNCTUATION: PAGES 3940 10. COMMONLY CONFUSED/MISUSED WORD CHOICES: PAGES 4042 11. QUIZZES: PAGES 4360 12. GLOSSARY: PAGES 6062 13. WORK CITED: PAGE 63 14. ABOUT THE AUTHOR/DEDICATION: PAGE 64 5

Introduction: Why Do We Need Grammar? Proper grammar, whether in written material, or when spoken, projects intelligence, aptitude, civility and the ability to communicate well. You will be judged by others, in part, based on grammar. Like it or not, grammar is important since other people form their impression of you by how well, or how poorly, you speak and write. A solid understanding of grammar lends the ability to make your audience to enjoy your work. Though the subject is boring, it is essential for an aspiring writer to learn proper grammar. This book will cover a great deal of grammatical topics, in hopes that our audience will learn more about the English language, and possibly develop a greater appreciation for it.

Nouns A. Types of Nouns: 1. Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea. Ex: instruments, bands, musicians 2. Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea(must be capitalized). Ex: Royal Trux, Drag City Records, Neil Hagerty 3. Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Ex: keyboard, cowbell, drumstick 4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Ex: drums, record, cassette 5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. Ex: anxiety, hate, anger B. Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun endings: ness: Happiness 2. Following a noun marker: a, all, an, both , each , every, her , his , my, our, several , some , that , their, these , this , those , one , two, three, etc. Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some bands play rock music. (“Some” acts as an adjective, so it’s a noun marker). Some play rock music. (“Some” acts as a noun so it’s not a noun marker). NM N NM N My drumstick is wooden. My new wooden drumstick snapped in half. 3. Plural form: for example: “ drumsticks ” or “ records ” 4. Possessive form: for example: “ Neil Hagerty’s guitar” “” 5. Following a preposition: NM N ADV Ex: The tip of my drumstick broke off . (adverb) These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, far from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. Note: Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs. 7

C. Functions(How nouns are used): Basic and advanced examples: 1. Subject (comes before the verb) (NV) S V B: Jennifer Herrema growled. S V A: Jennifer Herrema growled her vocals on most of Royal Trux’s records. 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) (NVN) S V DO B: He sold tshirts. S V DO IO A: The founder of Drag City Records sold tshirts to punks at BerserkTown 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or whom) 4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) 5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition) (PrepN) S V Prep OPrep B: Big Black recorded Atomizer in a recording studio . S V Prep OPrep A: Big Black recorded their debut fulllength album, Atomizer, in a recording studio . 6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb ) (NLVN) S LV SC B: Jim Smith is the owner of The Smell. S LV SC A: Neil Hagerty was very happy to hear that he would never have to see Jennifer Herrema again, after playing at BerserkTown 7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) 8. *Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) (N, N ) S APP V B:Don Van Vliet, Captain Beefheart, wrote songs. S APP V A: Don Van Vliet, the great Captain Beefheart, wrote songs about growing up in the desert. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) ( N N) B:Marissa went up to the soda bar. A: Marissa quietly went up to the soda bar, and had an internal struggle between using cash or credit. 10. Noun in Direct Address (N ,N/N, N ) B: Avey Tare, when will the next Animal Collective LP be released? A: Have you started recording the next Animal Collective LP, Avey Tare, or is Panda Bear unwilling to participate? 11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund ) (GerundN) B: Collaborating with John Cale is a good idea. 8

A: Collaborating with John Cale was one of Nico's best ideas. 12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle ) (Participle N ) B: After losing their recording contract, Royal Trux continued to make music. A: After securing a recording contract, Royal Trux made several consumerunfriendly albums, and were subsequently dropped from their label. 13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive ) (Infinitive N ) B: I wanted to buy all the Royal Trux LPs. A: I desperately wanted to buy all the Royal Trux LPs, but I didn't bring enough money to the sale.

Pronouns Personal Pronouns Nominative I/we

Objective Me/us

Possessive My, mine, our, ours

You/you

Your, yours, your, yours

He, she, it, one/they

Him, her, it, one/them

His, her, hers, its, one’s, their, theirs Here are some examples of personal pronoun usage: ● I must say, Syd Barrett was a historic man, with his musical ingeniousness and scene involvement simultaneously working together. ● I believe he should have recieved more credit for Pink Floyd; if I was him , I would attempt to secure some because he was a tremendously talented man, full of new ideas.

Relative Pronouns The second types of pronouns to be discussed are the relative pronouns. Relative pronouns link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. Here are examples of relative pronouns: Nominative Who That

Objective Whom That Those/this

Possessive Whose Of that

Here are some examples of the use of relative pronouns: ● Syd Barrett was a highly important musical figure in the U.K., who produced The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. ● This was one of the greatest moments of modern musical history, because that album was a part of a rennaissance of British music.

Interrogative Pronouns The third types of pronouns to discuss are the interrogative pronouns. Interrogative pronouns are the pronouns that are used to ask questions. Examples of these pronouns are who, which, what, whatever, whoever . Here are some examples of the use of relative pronouns: ● Really, what are those? ● Whoever ran the Sugar Shack must have been really intelligent and strong to take control of such a big, and expansive nightclub.

Reflective Pronouns The fourth types of pronouns that are to be discussed are the reflexive pronouns , which refers back to the subject of the clause of sentence or emphasizes its antecedent. Simply put, it’s the personal pronouns with the suffix –self or –selves attached to it (depending on whether it’s singular or plural). Here are some usage of the reflexive pronouns: ● Barrett himself lead the Pink Floyd against the Beatles gracefully. ● The Americans could not handle the British Invasion; thus, how could anyone expect them to be able to handle themselves after the American Revolution, where it was clearly proven that their musicianship is weak?

Demonstrative Pronouns The fifth kind of pronouns that we’re looking at are the demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns points out and identifies objects. Examples of demonstrative pronouns would be this, that, these, and those. Here are some examples of the usage of demonstrative pronouns in a sentence: ● Those who wrote music and lived in Laurel Canyon were called the Freaks. ● That was a wonderful lifestyle, compared to the people that settled down and worked 9-5 jobs.

Indefinite Pronouns The final pronouns that we will discuss are indefinite pronouns. Indefinite pronouns refers to an identifiable but not specific thing or person and conveys the idea of all, none, or some. Here are a list of words that are indefinite pronouns: All Another Anybody Anyone Anything Both Each Either Everybody Everyone Everything Everywhere Few

Many Much Neither Nobody None No one Nothing Other Several Somebody Someone Such

Here are some examples of the usage of the pronouns within the sentences: ● Nobody wanted to play guitar in Dinosaur Jr., so J assumed responsibility. ● There was chaos everywhere ; few managed to survive the blast, and almost everyone at that location died except for Yoshimi.

Verbs 1. Verb ending: performed played composed 2. Verb Tenses: Simple Past composed Past composed Past Perfect had composed Past Progressive were composing Simple Present compose Present composing Present Perfect have composed 11

Present Progressive are composing Present Perfect Progressive have been composing Future compose Future Perfect will have composed 3. a. Forms of "to be": to be performing am performing was performing b. Forms of "to do" did produce does produce done producing c. forms of "to have" had played has played have played 4. Types: There are at least 11 types of verbs: a. auxiliary verbs(helping verbs) b. linking verbs(verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence usually the preticate) c. lexical verbs(main verbs) d. dynamic verbs(indicate action) e. stative verbs(describe a condition) f. finitive verbs(indicate tense) g. nonfinitive verbs(infinitives or participles) h. regular verbs(weak verbs) i. irregular verbs(strong verbs) j. transitive verbs(verbs followed by a direct object) k. intransitive(verbs that do not take direct objects) 5. Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. 6. Verbals:(VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) a. Gerund: word ending in “ing used as a noun. i. I enjoy music so much that listening takes up a great portion of my leisure time. b. Participle: word ending in “ing or “ed”used as an adjective i. I put the cassette into the listening radio in the record store. ii. I drove to the performing School. c. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. i. I like to listen to all types of music. ii. I like to play the drums. 12

Adjectives Kinds a. Demonstrative i. that record ii. those artists iii. this album b. Common i. long play ii. loud performance iii. quiet music c. Proper i. Swans ii. Musique Concrete iii. KrautRock 2. Endings a. able: playable b. ible: audible c. al: cerebral d. tial: influential e. tic: pathetic f. ly: loudly g. ful: skillful h. ous: dangerous i. tive: infinitive j. less: loveless k. ish: squeamish l. ulent: corpulent m. ing: entertaining 3. Conversions a. playedplayable b. skillskillful c. entertainment entertaining 4. Articles: An article is a word that describes and is front of a noun. Articles are used in front of a countable singular noun. a. the musician b. a session drummer c. an EP release 13

5. Comparatives/Superlatives A comparative is used to compare two or more things, and a superlative is used to compare three or more things. a. influential, more influential, most influential b. pathetic, more pathetic, most pathetic c. loud, louder, loudest

Adverbs 1. Endings a. ly: quietly b. wards: towards c. wise: Pennywise 2. Conversions a. powerful powerfully b. audibleaudibly c. cerebralcerebrally 3. Types v adv a. manner played loudly adv v b. frequency consistently performed adv adj c. degree quietly performed v adv d. place influenced globally v adv e. time performed yesterday 4. Intensifiers a. obviously talented b. completely performed c. fully recorded 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: A comparative is used when comparing 2 or more things (adv) and superlatives is used when comparing 3 or more things (adv). a. skilfully, more skillfully, most skillfully b. pathetic, more pathetic, most pathetic 6. Example Types: a. Manner n v adv i. The musician flipped through the notebook quickly. 14

n v adv adv v ii. The musician flipped through the notebook quickly because he was extremely excited to start his first film. b. Time i. The musician enthusiastically finished recording his last track yesterday. ii. The musician finally went to the studio and enthusiastically finished recording his last track yesterday.

Conjunctions ● Coordinating: a conjunction that is placed in between clauses. (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, & so.)

Ex: I really didn’t like the new Tame Impala album , so I made fun of people who did. Ex: I think that the new Tame Impala album is really bad, yet many of my peers worship that group. ● Correlative: conjunctions that connect two things that are grammatically equal. Examples are either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/and, whether/or, as/so. Ex: Neither Jennifer Herrema nor the Neil Hagerty wanted to reunite the legendary band Royal Trux. Ex: Neither Jennifer Herrema nor the Neil Hagerty wanted to reunite the legendary band Royal Trux; so they selfishly went on hiatus for more than 10 years. ● Subordinate: a secondary form of conjunctions that deal with connecting two unequal grammatical parts. Examples are after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, & while. Ex: Syd Barrett gladly accepted to be president of the psychedelic realm as long as they didn't call him Syd the Kid. Ex: Syd Barrett gladly accepted to be president of the psychedelic realm as long as they didn't call him Syd the Kid; he felt humiliated by titles which referenced his small stature.

● Relative Pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), & that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects). Here are two examples of its usage: Ex: Paul McCartney was a Beatle, who mercilessly butchered music. Ex: Paul McCartney was a Beatle, who mercilessly butchered music, with simple commercial melodies and pathetic vocals.

Prepositions Whether if it is between the sentences or if it is towards the end of the sentences, it is always essential to have the preposition in mind. The preposition links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. One thing to keep in mind is that prepositions are never followed by verbs . Here is a list of some prepositions you can use: Aboard About Above According to Across Across from After Against Along Alongside Alongside of Along with Amid Among Apart from Around As As far as Aside from

But (except) By By means of concerning Despite Down Down from Except Excluding for For From From among From between From under In In addition to In behalf of Including In front of In place of

On On account of On behalf of Onto On top of Opposite Out Out of Outside Outside of Over Over to Owing to Past Prior to To Toward Under Underneath 16

At Away From Back of Because of Before Behind Below Beneath Beside

In regard to Inside Inside of In spite of Instead of Into Like Near Near to Notwithstanding

Until Unto Up Upon Up to Versus With Within Without

Between

Beyond

Off

Find more at: http://www.englishgrammarrevolution.com/listofprepositions.html Here are some examples of preposition usage: ● In the aeroplane over the sea, between the twoheaded boy and tyke with an accordion, there was a king of rats behind a piano filled with planes. ● In front of the house where the Magic Band lived, inside of a small metal box, within an empty matryoshka, there was a guitar pick. ● Near a hollowed piano, there was seventeen toy drummers beside a box of matches, pictured on Big Black’s Atomizer album.

Interjections 1. A : aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B : bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C : cheers, congratulations D : dang, drat, darn, duh E : eek, eh, encore, eureka F : fiddlesticks G : gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H : haha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O : oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P : phew, phooey, pooh, pow 17

R : rats S : shh, shoo T : thanks, there, tuttut U : uhhuh, uhoh, ugh W : wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y : yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck 1. Antecedents: noun preceding a personal pronoun a. Neil Hagerty he 2. Complements: Complements: a noun and verb that also has a matching adjective b. Les Claypool plays the bass skillfully in the band Primus. 3. Objects: c. Direct: noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb in a sentence i. The composer slowly wrote out the parts for his new song. d. Indirect: indirect: tells to whom or for whom something is done i. The session musicians in the studio kept adding new parts to their tracks, because they had extra time to record. 4. Modifiers: e. A word or group of words that describes or limits a verb, noun, adjective, or adverb i. The talented musician performed his track so skillfully, it was guaranteed to rank top 10. 5. Transitions: Transitions of Logic

Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way 18

likewise Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front 19

in the back Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

6. Expletives: a word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to the sense Ex: There are several people on stage, setting up the instruments for the performers. 7. Agreements: a. SubjectVerb: Subjects and verbs must agree with one another in number b. NounPronoun: Pronouns must agree with antecedents for person, number, or gender 20

ii. The session musicians immediately sat down to rest after recording their parts on the track.

Phrases 1. Prepositional A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. Prep. Adv. V. Obj. Basic: In the closet , Moe carelessly misplaced a pair of drumsticks . Prep. Adv. V. Advanced: In the airplane that flew over the sea , there was a boy who quickly played an Obj. accordion .

2. Appositive A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. N. Adv. V. Basic: The cassette, Dude Ranch , was impulsively purchased at Amoeba Records. N. V. Adv. Advanced: The record I just purchased, Twin Infinitives , will be left indefinitely on my nightstand until I find a place to store it. 3. Verb Phrase A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. a. Gerund word ending in “ing” used as a noun. N. Adv. Ger. Basic: Professional drummers obviously enjoy drumming, otherwise they wouldn’t pursue a career with the instrument. N. Ger. Advanced: The session musicians on Smile must have loved recording; they stayed throughout the whole Adv. project, even when Brian Wilson obsessively continued to revise the compositions for months after entering the studio. b. Participle word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. V. Adv. Par. Basic: Brian Wilson kept himself locked up in the lonely recording studio for months. Adv. V. Advanced: Royal Trux unintentionally pioneered the lofi movement; they couldn’t afford renting a real Par. recording studio, so they improvised many sounds on T w in Infinitives in their own home. c. Infinitive verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs. N. Inf. Adv. Basic: Damon Che was noted for his incredible ability to switch between multiple time signatures quickly on the drums. N. Adv. Inf. 21

Advanced: Moe Tucker dutifully went to her room to practice playing the drums every night, and all her efforts were when Lou Reed invited her to become the replacement drummer for The Velvet Underground.

Clauses 1. Independent CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Adv. Basic: Genesis POrridge was completely devastated when they realized Ian Curtis had committed suicide. Adv. Advanced: Genesis POrridge was completely devastated when they realized Ian Curtis had committed suicide. 2. Subordinate(dependent) CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. a. Noun Clause Adv. Basic: That Ian Curtis was depressed was made extremely evident through his music. Advanced: That Ian Curtis was seriously depressed was made extremely evident through his music to his family and friends. b. Adjective Clause Adv. Basic: This is the new recording that Brian Jones impressively arranged . adv

Adjective: This is the impressively arranged composition that Brian Jones recorded before he died. c. Adverb Clause N. Adv. Basic: When the studio caught fire , Brian Jones quickly ran inside. N adv Advanced: When the studio building caught fire , Brian Jones quickly ran inside to save his recordings. d. Relative Clause 22

Adv. Basic: The drummer who plays the fastest is clearly Jon Bonham. Advanced: The session musician who finishes recording their track first will earn an Adv. appropriately boosted paycheck, for their efforts in the limited studio time we have. e. Elliptical Clauses Adv. Basic: When performing , the artist often quickly scans their eyes over the crowd. Adv. Advanced: When practicing an instrument , it is wise to make use of your time efficiently; spend time focusing on material you are not confident with so you are constantly challenged. f. Essential Clauses Adv. Basic: The genre that clearly interests Julianne the most is electronic. Adv. Advanced: The percussive instrument that clearly interests Julianne the most is the drums, she can go on at length about the greats of drumming. g. Nonessential Clauses Sub.Con. Basic: Babes in Toyland’s Kat Belljand, who suffers from ManicDepression , tours in order to Adv. pay for her costly psychiatric treatment. Sub.Con. Advanced: The worldrenowned rave artists Underworld, who haven’t toured the United States Adv. in over 20 years , came to the Hollywood Bowl this July where they enthusiastically performed the Dubnobasswithmyheadman in full.

Sentences 1. Sentence Parts a. Subject 1. Complete: Who or what is doing the verb plus all of the modifiers that go with it. adj. C.S. adv.

Basic: The red wax T. Rex single quickly rotated at double speed. 23

adj. C.S. adv.

adj.

Advanced: The black vinyl Royal Trux LP crackled incessantly, because it was coated in dust. 2. Simple: Who or what is doing the verb without any description. adj. S.S. adv. B: The nervous record store patron hesitantly flipped through boxes. adj. S.S. adv.

adj.

A: The inconsiderate record store patron confidently flipped through the only crate of 7inch vinyl, hogging it for 20 minutes. 3. Compound: Two or more individual noun phrases are coordinated to form a single, larger noun phrase. C.S. C.S. adj. adv.

B: Preston and Julianne were happy to dance violently in the pit. C.S. C.S. adj. adv. A: At the Orange County Observatory, Preston and Julianne both danced violently in the pit adj. during the Melvin’s whole set. b. Predicate 1. Complete: Verb/verb phrase and all the words that give more information about it. C.P. adv. adj. B: The rain pours down perpetually in this humdrum town. C.P. adv. adj.

adv. A: The rain poured down perpetually in that humdrum town, until Steven Patrick Morrissey was finally designated as a terrorist by InterPol. 2. Simple: The main verb that tells what the subject does. S.P. adv. adj. B: J.G. Thirlwell liked the way you completely filled out your pretty clothes. S.P. adv. adj. A: J.G. Thirlwell liked the way you completely filled out your pretty clothes, so he told you that he was “gonna stick my head under your hose”. 24

3. Compound: Two or more things about the same subject, without repeating the subject. adv. C.P. adj. B: Tim Buckley sang incoherently and played his beautiful guitar . adj. adv. C.P. adj. A: For many years, Tim Buckley sang incoherently and played his beautiful guitar , until he died of a heroin overdose in 1975.

2) Sentence Types 1. Declarative: States a fact or an argument and ends with a period. adj.

adv.

B: Popol Vuh’s “cosmic convalescent home” music is slowly healing me. adv. adj.

adv.

adj.

A: I am extremely tired from actually doing my work, but Popol Vuh’s “cosmic convalescent home” compositions found on “Hosianna Mantra” is restoring my will to live. 2. Interrogative: Asks a direct question and always ends in a question mark .

adv. adj.

B: Will I ever eventually run out of new music to listen to? adv.

A: Will I ever eventually resort to writing music when I have ran out of things to listen to; will that adj. composition be comparable to those of my favorite artists? 3. Imperative: Gives a direct command.

adj.

adv.

B: Please record the new track quickly. adj.

adv. adv. adj.

A: Please record the new track quickly, the studio gave us a very strict time constraint! 4. Exclamatory: Makes a statement, and conveys excitement or emotion. Always ends with an exclamation mark adv.

adj.

B: I really hate working while trying to enjoy a new album! 25

adv.

adj. adj.

A: I really want to go to sleep, but there are so many wonderful records I need to listen to!

Sentence Patterns I. Patterns Simple: A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate. adv. adj. B: I carefully handled the vinyl record. adv. adj. adj. A: I carefully dropped the diamond needle on the vinyl record. Complex: A sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses. adv. adj. B: After I listened to Amon Düül, I begrudgingly did my math homework. adv. A: When I first tried to listen to Bruce Springsteen, I immediately turned it off, because I thought adj. he was bad. Compound: A sentence with more than one subject or predicate. adv. adj. B: I quietly played my guitar, and I listened to Diamanda Galas’ best album. adj. adv. A: I listened to my favorite music loudly, so no one could hear me practice my instrument. Complex/Compound: Two or more independent clauses plus one or more dependent clauses. adj. D.C. I.C. I.C. B: At my loving mother’s house , I played my guitar all day and I negligently ignored my homework . D.C. I.C. A: While visting my mother’s house this weekend , I practiced playing the guitar all day with adv. I.C. absolutely no relent, and I didn’t get any homework done at all . Loose Sentence: A m ain clause is followed by one or more coordinate or subordinate phrases and clauses. M.C. adv. S.C. S.C. adj. B: I went to Coachella , ate lots of food , but hated the KROQy music . M.C. S.C. A: I like the San Francisco based band The Residents , because of their contempt for consumerist adv. S.C. adj. 26

culture , theatricallyarranged compositions , and silly eyeball helmets . Periodic Sentence: A main clause or predicate at the end of a sentence. adv. adj. M.C. B: Despite the very hot midday weather, my new records did not warp in my car . adj. adv. M.C. A: Because of the terrible performance, and their admission of greed, I sadly did not buy a Steely Dan t shirt at Coachella 2015. Balanced Sentence: Two parts that are roughly equal in length, importance, and grammatical structure. adj. adv. adj. B: I played the thrifted cassette, and ravenously ate Hot Cheetos. adv. adj. adj. A: I excitedly listened to my new Milk Music cassette with Preston, and I ate a big bag of Xxxtra Flamin’ Hot Cheetos with him. Parallel Structure: Repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence. adv. adj. Repit. Repit. B: In order to truly be a real rocker, you must eat “Slipknot” , breathe “Slipknot” , and sleep Repit. “Slipknot” . adj. adv. adj. Repit. A: Because of my hardrocking lifestyle and fashionably apathetic outlook, my grades have Repit. Repit. Repit. dropped , my sleep is disrupted , my relationships have changed , and my cough has worsened . Chiasmus: Two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures. adv. adj. adj. adv. B: Do I really appreciate Korn because I’m subversive, or am I subversive because I really appreciate Korn? adj. adv. adj. A: Bad musicians record so that they may undeservingly make millions, whereas good musicians record so that millions will be inspired to make. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for rhetorical purposes. adj. B: He is Captain Beefheart, who pioneered many experimental concepts in rock music, who adv. adj. rivaled and surpassed Frank Zappa, who is very handsome. 27

adj. adj. A: He is the great Captain Beefheart, accompanied by his Magic Band, who pioneered many adj. adj. experimental concepts in rock music, who rivaled and surpassed the renowned musician Frank adv. adj. adj. Zappa, who is very handsome in a rugged way. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, sentences, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. adv. adj. Cj. Cj. Cj. B: I eventually listened to all of my numerous cassettes, and all the vinyl, and all the cds, and all the digital copies too. adv. A: I had singlehandedly stolen all of Royal Trux’s tshirts being being displayed and sold at Cj. Cj. Cj. Cj. BerzerkTown II, and all the 7inches, and all the LPs, and all the singles, and all the beautiful Cj. Cj. double LPs, and all the EPs, and the table on which all was displayed. Anaphora: A sentence that feature the forceful repetition of a word, words, or phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. A. adv. A. adj. A. adj. B: Darn , I really like music; Darn , it’s such an accessible interest; Darn , music is my whole life. A. adj. A. adj. A: Oh God , Vampire Rodents are so good; Oh God , their influential doubleLP “Lullaby Land”; A. adv. A. adv. Oh God , that tremendously arranged collage of sound; Oh God , collage musicians are truly your adj. greatest gift. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. adj. B: When I first heard the seminal album, “Loveless”, I cried; while I listened to “Loveless”, I cried; adv. every time I listen to “Loveless”, I cry. adj. adj. E. adj. adj. E. A: For far too long, I did not know who the Jesus Lizard were ; for many futile years, I did not know 28

adj. adv. E. who the Jesus Lizard were ; for many days navigated listlessly, I did not know who the Jesus Lizard adj. E. were ; for a bleak period of my life, I did not know who the Jesus Lizard were .

II. Errors 1. Run On/Rambling: a written sequence of two or more main clauses that are not separated by a period or semicolon or joined by a conjunction. Error: I like to spend my time finding and listening to good music of all kinds of genres ones I never heard before because it adds superficial meaning to my 16 year old hedonistic lifestyle. Correct: I like to spend my time finding and listening to good music, of all kinds of genres, ones I’ve never heard before; it adds superficial meaning to my 16 year old hedonistic lifestyle. 2. Fused: a written sequence of two or more main clauses that are not separated by a period or semicolon or joined by a conjunction. E: I like to listen to music it’s fun to hear people’s forms of selfexpression. C: I like to listen to music; it’s fun to hear people’s forms of selfexpression. 3. Fragment: a phrase or clause written as a sentence but lacking an element, as a subject or verb, that would enable it to function as an independent sentence in normative written English. E: In my room, under my bed. C: In my room, under my bed, I keep my Royal Trux and Pere Ubu records. 4. Misplaced Modifier: a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word E: I listened to the Royal Trux double LP under my bed. C: I listened to the Royal Trux double LP, which was under my bed. 5. Double Negative: A construction that employs two negatives, especially to express a single negation. E: Sadly, I don’t have no Vampire Rodents LPs C: Sadly, I don’t have any Vampire Rodents LPs. 6. Comma Splice: A comma splice is the use of a comma to join two independent clauses. E: I like Vampire Rodents, Vampire Rodents are a collagemusic collective. C: I like Vampire Rodents; Vampire Rodents are a collagemusic collective.

Paragraphs 29

A. Introductory Paragraphs (35 Sentences) i. Hook/Lead Sentences that create interest in an essay, that draw readers into the narrative. adj. adv. Ex: Could it be inevitable that your records will warp? You can’t always keep the storage adj. adv. adv. adj. room cool, and can the weight of wax propped up vertically truly keep a record straight? ii. Thesis statement (6 types) A short statement, usually one sentence, that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, etc., and is developed, supported, and explained in the text by means of examples and evidence. adj. adj. Ex: It is obvious that records will warp no matter what, because there are too many adv. adj. unbelievably sneaky factors to monitor when caring for vinyl. 1. Assertion/Claim adj. Ex: Records will warp no matter what, because it is impossible to control all those adv. adj. unbelievably sneaky factors in vinyl distortion. 2. Fact adj. adv. Ex: Recent studies have shown that storing a record upright is not nearly enough to adj. maintain its integrity; proving that it is inevitable that a record will warp. 3. Opinion adv. adj. adj. Ex: Records are very cool, because they are bound to get a grungy sound from warping. 4. Belief adv. adj. Ex: I believe records will always warp, no matter how incredibly anal you are about their care. 5. Generalization adv. adj. Ex: Records will warp no matter what, no one can possibly care for all special needs in their maintenance. 6. Theory Ex: I believe records will warp no matter what; record companies produce them to be adv. adj. structurally faulty, so you will have to buy more. 30

B. Body Paragraphs (about 4 sentences) i. Topic Sentence A sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs. Ex: Record companies can maximize profits, if they produce records in a way that adj. adv. necessitates buying a second copy, in order to compensate for a poorly produced vinyl. ii. Sentences with examples Sentences that introduce new, supporting concepts to the essay. 1. Quotes A sentence where you insert the statement or phrase directly. (To indicate short quotations,fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page.)

adj. Ex: Piero Scaruffi put it concisely, “ In the old days it was expensive to make an album, hence musicians would make one only when they had a lot of material and could select adj. adj. the best of the best”. Paraphrase A sentence where you i nsert the quote in your own words. adj. Ex: Scaruffi once said that it’s much cheaper to produce records today, as compared adv. adj. to the very steep price in the 60s. Summary A sentence where you o verview the content in the quote concisely. adj. adj. Ex: The great Scaruffi said that it was much more expensive to produce a record in the adv. adj. 60s, because of the very steep fees for renting a recording studio and the like. Anecdotes A sentence where you i nsert an account of an event. adv. adj. adj. Ex: Once, I bought an original pressing of one of Pere Ubu’s first EPs, that I discovered adv. adj. was slightly warped when I got home. Concrete Examples A sentence that references an actual thing or instance. Ex: Scaruffi once compared the price of producing a record in the 60s to today, and found adj. adv. adj. that the total cost was substantially higher, up until the 90s.

6. Abstract Examples A sentence that references a theory. adv. 31

Ex: A record company could easily maximize their profits by producing records to be adv. adj. adj. adj. structurally faulty; so that it would be necessary to buy a second copy. ix. Concrete Examples (actual, referenceable examples) 1. Ex: A study published in the March 2005 Record Collectors magazine shows that since the 1960s, album production cost has decreased; the price to manufacture a adj. adv. vinyl record perfectly paralleled this reduction in fees. A. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word possibly an adverb and should echo the thesis of the essay) adv. adj. i. Ex: Clearly, record collecting experts have agreed on this evident decrease in record adj. quality, spurred by the new economical album production costs. 1. Closing Paragraphs ( Conclusions should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) A. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis could be one or more sentences) i. If album production fees truly did not impact vinyl records fees, then vinyl records would not be so prone to warping. B. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) adv. i. Given how shoddilyproduced most records all, it’s a wonder how many artists can afford to adj. even make new albums with their proceeds, even if the fees aren’t what they used to be..

Essays A. Types i. Persuasive ( Argumentative ) Utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea. To persuade the reader to adopt: ● a point of view ● take a particular action 32

The argument must always use sound reasoning and solid evidence by: ● stating facts ● giving logical reasons ● using examples ● quoting experts ii. Expository ( Informative ) 1. Definition or Description Explains a specific topic or set of ideas to a defined audience. ● to investigate an idea ● evaluate evidence ● set forth an argument concerning that idea in a cle ar and concise manner 2. Process/Howto ★ 1. Prewriting for the Expository Essay ● brainstorm about the topic and main idea ● research and take notes ● create an outline showing the information to be presented in each paragraph ★ Drafting the Expository Essay ● thesis sentence clearly state without giving an opinion or taking a position. ● three body paragraphs cover a separate point that develops the essay’s thesis ● concluding paragraph reinforce the thesis and the main supporting ideas ★ Revising the Expository Essay ● modify ● reorganize work ★ Editing the Expository Essay ● proofread and correct errors in grammar ● edit to improve style and clarity ● have a friend read the essay to help edit with a fresh perspective ★ Publishing the Expository Essay ● learn from the experience ● use the feedback for future references 3. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast essays describe the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things. ● comparison tells how things are alike ● contrast shows how they are different 33

4. Cause and Effect Cause and effect essays explain how things affect each other and depend on each other. ● identifies a clear relationship between two subjects ● focusing on why things happen (causes) and/or what happens as a result (effects). iii. Analytical/Critical 1. Evaluative Expresses the writer's opinion or evaluation of a text. ● Analysis breaks down and studies the parts ● Critical requires two steps: critical reading and critical writing 2. Interpretive Expresses the writer’s understanding of a text. ● Analysis breaks down and studies the parts ● Critical requires two steps: critical reading and critical writing iv. Narrative ( Tells a story ) 1. Personal Anecdote A piece of the writer's humanity for the reader to react to and reflect upon. Using personal anecdotes within an essay is a creative way to draw your audience's attention. v. Research 1. MLA Format MLA (Modern Language Association) style must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. Some requirements are MLA are: ● Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper ● same oneinch margins and last name ● page number header as the rest of your paper ● Label Works Cited page and center title at the top of the page. ● Double space all citations ● Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches ● List page numbers of sources efficiently (when needed) 2. APA Format APA (American Psychological Association) style is used to cite sources within the social sciences. Some requirements are APA are: ● intext citations ● endnotes/footnotes ● reference page vi. Timed 1. Document Based Question ( DBQ ) 34

An essay or series of shortanswer questions, constructed by students using their knowledge to combine with support from several provided sources. 2. Prompt Based An essay based on a certain topic. To work with this prompt, you respond back to show the analysis, corresponding to it. B. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i. Prewriting/Prompt Analysis/Outlining Prewriting: 1. Think carefully about what you are going to write 2. Structure essay 3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic 4. Write down your own ideas 5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. 6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Prompt Analysis: To inspire a response in the form of an essay, which will test your writing, reasoning, and analytical skills. Prompt Analysis is frequently used in: ● English composition ● literature classes ● college entrance exams ex): SAT, ACT, etc Outlining: Creating an outline tends to follow the same basic pattern for most essays. I. Introduction 1. First sentence to grab the attention of the reader: 2. Onesentence thesis statement: II. Body 1. First main idea: a. Supporting evidence for the first idea: b. Supporting evidence for the first idea: c. Supporting evidence for the first idea: 2. Second main idea: a. Supporting evidence for second main idea: b. Supporting evidence for second main idea: c. Supporting evidence for second main idea: 3. Third main idea: a. Supporting evidence for third main idea: 35

III.

b. Supporting evidence for third main idea: c. Supporting evidence for third main idea: Conclusion 1. Restatement of your thesis: 2. Insightful sentence to end your essay:

ii. Research/Evaluation Each item must be evaluated to determine the quality and credibility in order to support your research. To evaluate a source: ● Who published the source? ● When was the source published? ● What is the author’s intention? C. Work Cited Page i. MLA Format MLA (Modern Language Association) style must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. Some requirements are MLA are: ● same oneinch margins and last name ● page number header as the rest of your paper ● Label Works Cited page and center title at the top of the page. ● Double space all citations ● Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches ● List page numbers of sources efficiently (when needed) ii. APA Format APA (American Psychological Association) style is used to cite sources within

the social sciences. Some requirements are APA are: ● intext citations ● endnotes/footnotes ● reference page

Capitalization, Punctuation, and Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices

I. Capitalization TwentyFive ( 25 ) Rules

Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title. a. Drag City Records

Rule 2: Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name. a. Butthole Surfers is an American musical group.

Rule 3: Capitalize the name of organizations Examples: Robert Wyatt supports the British Communist Party.

Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days a. Dinosaur Jr. released their debut album in 1987.

Rule 5: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title. Example: Royal Trux performed for The Word.

Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s). Example: The Who sold out to promote Odorono deodorant.

Rule 7: Capitalize business names. Example: 4AD Records

Rule 8: Capitalize institution names. Examples: Musicians Institute

Rule 9: Capitalize names of particular geographic places. Examples: Laurel Canyon

Rule 10: Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents. Examples: The Classical Period

Rule 11: Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being. Examples: The Soft Machine's Robert Wyatt, is a communist.

12: Capitalize languages Examples: Bongwater produced a Cantonese rendition of “Dazed and Confused”, on their 1988 album.

Rule 13: Capitalize specific names of structures. Examples: Hollywood Bowl 37

Rule 14: Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names. Example: Marc Bolan

Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. Example: Soft Machine was a progressive rock band involved heavily in England’s Canterbury scene.

Rule 16: Capitalize the pronoun I. Example: I can't believe all the original members of the Soft Machine have resurrected and decided to regroup.

Rule 17: Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline. Examples: I. Music A. Genres 1. Industrial

Rule 18: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation. Examples: J.G. Thirlwell once said: “I like the way you fill out your clothes, I’m gonna[sic] stick my head under your hose”.

Rule 19: Capitalize government bodies and departments. Examples: Fugazi performed in front of the White House, in a protest for Gulf War 1.

Rule 20: Capitalize races and ethnic groups. Examples: Can's Damo Suzuki is Japanese.

Rule 21: Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world. Examples: Destruction Unit opened for Milk Music, for every date of their Winter 2014 West Coast tour.

Rule 23: Capitalize political parties and their members. Examples: The Soft Machine’s drummer, Robert Wyatt, supports the Communist Party.

Rule 24: Capitalize President when it refers to the leader of the United States. Example: The President gladly welcomed Slipknot for their performance.

Rule 25: Capitalize a specific, wellknown area or event. Example: The Sunset Strip

Punctuation 38

1. Brackets “[ ]” symbols, used to include words or phrases within quotes in order for the quote to make sense.

Adv.

Adj.

B: J.G. Thirlwell said longingly to the beautiful girl: “I like the way you fill out your clothes, I’m gonna stick my head under [your hose]”. Adj. Adj.

Adv.

A: J.G. Thirlwell took notice of a beautiful industrial fan in the front of the stage, and sang longingly to the girl: “I like the way you fill out your clothes, I’m gonna stick my head under [your hose]”. 2. Parentheses Use “( )” symbols to include material that wouldn't normally fit into the flow of your writing, but may be necessary to understand the text Adj.

Adv.

B: The prolific artist Lydia Lunch (a pioneer in 1970s New York’s NoWave scene) was widely known as “the girl who stole everyone’s lunch”. Adj.

Adv.

A: The prolific artist Lydia Lunch (a pioneer in 1970s New York’s NoWave scene) bravely ran away Adj. from her abusive home at 14, and lived with many punk rockers; one group regarded her as “the girl who stole everyone’s lunch”. Periods “.”, used to end a declarative or imperative sentence. Adv. Adj. B: J Mascis was known for being a very taciturn interviewee. Adv. Adj. A: J Mascis was known for being a very taciturn interviewee; he could only offer a few words for even the most famous musicrelated organizations, like MTV Commas “,” separate elements in a series.

Adv. Adj.

B: Drag City is one of the very best labels, they have released records for The Red Krayola, Royal Trux, and Joanna Newsom. Adv. Adj.

A: Drag City is one of the very best labels, they have released records for The Red Krayola, Royal Trux, and Joanna Newsom; they are purveyors of only the finest music. Hyphens ““ connect two or more words/numbers into a single concept, especially for building adjectives. Here are some examples: Adv. Adj. B: Nick Drake was prescribed very powerful antidepressants. Adv. Adj. A: Nick Drake was prescribed very powerful antidepressants, which he overdosed on in 1974; no one can say for sure if his fatal decision was unintentional, or not.

Commonly Confused Words 1. Who/Whom: a. Who: Who is always subject to a verb. i.

Who was the first guitarist that first implemented distortion in their sound?

b. Whom: Whom is always working as an object in a sentence. i.

I saw Ty Segall, a musician whom I had spoken to before the show.

2. Their/There/They’re: a. Their is used to indicate possession. i.

The drugs around Neil Hagerty’s and his Jennifer Herrema’s place were plentiful.

b. There is used to indicate location. i.

There is a light that never goes out (bleh).

c. They’re is a conjunction of they and are. i.

They’re very good at playing instruments together.

3. Lie/Lay: a. Lie means “to rest.” i.

Nick Drake had to lie down after he took his antidepressants.

b. Lay means “to put or place.” i.

Nick Drake would lay his guitar on top of his bed.

4. Lain/Laid: a. Lain is the past participle of lie. i.

He had lain himself to rest, because the pills made him woozy.

b. Laid is the past participle of lay. 40

The following morning, Nick Drake’s mother discovered his lifeless body laid on top of his bed.

5. Affect/Effect: a. To affect something is to change or influence it. i.

When the pills didn’t immediately affect Nick’s mood, he took more.

b. An effect is something that happens due to a cause i.

The effect the pills had on him became more and more apparent every day.

6. Accept/Except: a. To accept something is to receive something. i.

Nick refused to accept the fact that he was overmedicating himself.

b. Except means to exclude. i.

Nick had no problem with his moods, until he started to get rejected by record labels.

7. C/W/Should have vs C/W/Should of: a. Grammatically correct i. I should have taken off my capo last night; my strings are completely detuned. b. Not grammatically correct i. I should of taken off my capo last night; my strings are completely detuned. 8. Loath/Loathe: a. Loath means to be unwilling or reluctant. i. Don Van Vliet was loath to go to school. b. Loathe means to dislike greatly. i. Don Van Vliet loathed city life. 9. Infer/Imply: a. To imply is to suggest something indirectly. i. Nick Drake implied his feelings of depression in his lyrics. b. To infer is to figure out. i. When you listen to his music, it is easy to infer how unstable Nick Drake was. 10. Weary/Wary: a. Wary is to be on guard against something. i. Lydia Lunch was wary of all men. b. Weary is to be mentally/physically pained or fatigued. i. Brian Eno was too weary to make music, when he had a 9 to 5 job. 11. Proceed/Precede: a. Proceed means to continue with something. 41

i. Nick Drake proceeded to make his best work, after being rejected by many labels. b. Precede means to come before. i. Nick Drake precedes Stuart Murdoch, in the chronology of folk music. 12. Discrete/Discreet: a. Discreet describes someone or something that is appropriately quiet. i. Nick Drake was discreet with his emotions in public. b. Discrete means separate or divided. i. Nick Drake slept in a room discrete from his mother. 13. Conscience/Conscious: a. A conscience is a builtin sense of what's right and what's wrong. i. J Mascis had an unwarranted guilty conscience. b. Conscious is an adjective that simply means alert and awake. i. Once, a solo opener for Joy Division fell unconscious on stage; they couldn’t handle the stress of an attentive audience. 14. Can/May a. Can is an auxiliary verb (sometimes called a helping verb or a modal verb) and is used to denote physical or mental ability. i. Robert Wyatt can play drums to a degree that no one can rival. b. May is also an auxiliary verb and is used to denote possibility or permission. i. Kevin Ayers asked the beautiful lady, “May I sit here?”

QUIZZES: TEST YOUR NOW-EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE 42

Quiz #1

1. What are the five types of nouns? 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________

2. Listed below. Which two are types of pronoun? A. Interrogative B. Infinitive C. Indirect D. Indefinite

3. Matching: Ending Tense

a. Gerund

b. Active

Forms

c. Present perfect progressive

Types

d. s, ed, ing

Voice

e. Lexical verbs

Verbals

f. "To have"

4. What are the three kinds of adjectives? (Include an example of each) 1._______,______ 2._______,______ 3._______,______

5. The coach answered the questions seriously. What kind of adverbs is this? a. Manner b. Degree c. Place 43

6. Underline the FANBOYS of the following sentence. The sports manager did surveys for the football team but forgot to write the coaches name.

7. Name at least 5 prepositions: 1.______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______

8. Name 2 Interjections in Alphabetical Order from AH? A.______,______ B.______,______ C.______,______ D.______,______ E.______,______ F.______,______ G.______,______ H.______,______

9. What is a direct object? a. Verbal b. Function of a noun c. Type of noun d. Kind of adjective

10. Verb forms not used as verbs are ______.

Answers for Quiz #1

1. 1. Common noun

2. Proper noun

3. Compound noun

4. Concrete noun

5. Abstract noun

2. A & D

3. Ending d. Tense c. Forms f. Types e. Voice b. Verbals a

4. 1 Demonstrative , That 2 Common , Triangular 3 Proper , English football

5. a.

6. for , & but

7. No specific right answer, check prepositions list in the book. For example: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as for as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up, to, versus, with, within, without. 45

8. A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H: haha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray

These are all possible answers.

9. b.

10. Verbals

Quiz #2

1. How many types of phrases are there?

2. True or False: Gerund is a type of verbal?

True

False 46

A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an

adjective or an adverb. a.

Prepositional phrases

Appositive phrases

Verbal phrases

What is a Gerund?

word ending in “ing” used as a noun

word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective

(Fill in the blank) Phrases are groups of words that function as a __________.

(Fill in the blank) Gerund, participle, & ________, are all types of verbals.

(Fill in the blank) Verbal, prepositional, & _______ are all types of phrases.

What are infinitives? ________________________________________________

Label the infinitive phrase in this sentence: Antonio was going to play football.

10. What are appositives? ______________________________________________

Answers for Quiz 2 1.

a. 3

a. True

a. Prepositional phrases

part of speech 47

participle

appositives

Verbs preceded by the words “to” (to go, to jump) used as a noun, adjective, adverbs.

To play football

10. A groups of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive

Quiz #3

1. How many types of clauses are there? a. 1 b. 3 c. 2

2. (Fill in the blank) Clauses are groups of words with a ______ and a _____.

3. How many types of subordinate clauses are there? a. 1 b. 10 c. 8 d. 7

Matching:

a. Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. b. Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. c. Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. d. Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object of the preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. 48

e. Clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. f. Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. g. Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.

4. Noun 5. Adjective 6. Adverb 7. Essential 8. Nonessential 9. Relative 10. Elliptical

Answers for Quiz 3

1. c 2. Subject , Verb 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. g 7. c 8. e 9. f 10. b

Quiz #4

1) How many sentence types are there? A. 6 49

D. 5

2) Name the two sentence parts. __________,____________

3) How many sentence patterns are there? A. 4 B.

D. 5

47: Matching A Makes a statement and ends with a period. It's named appropriately because it declares or states something.

B Asks a question, and it always ends with a question mark.

C Gives a command. It usually ends with a period, but it may also end with an exclamation point.

D Expresses strong emotion and it ends with an exclamation mark.

4) Imperative

5) Exclamatory

6) Declarative

7) Interrogative

8) How many sentence errors are there? 50

A. 1 B.

D. 6

9) Name two sentence errors. _____________,_____________

10) Name at least 5 sentence patterns. _______________, _________________, _______________, _________________, ________________

Quiz #4 Answers

1) B

2) Subject, Predicate

3) C

4) C

5) D

6) A

7) B

8) D

9) Fragment, Fused, Runon/Rambling, Misplaced Modifier, Double Negative, Comma Splice

10) Simple sentence, Complex sentence, Compound sentence, Complex/Compound sentence, Loose sentence, Periodic sentence, Balanced sentence, Parallel structure sentence, Chiamis sentence, Asyndeton sentence, Polysyndeton sentence, Anaphora sentence, Epistrophe sentence

Quiz 5

1. How many thesis statement types are there? A. 6 B. 10 C. 7 D. 4

2. Fact & Theory are both : _____________________

3. Quotes need to be ___________ into your ____________.

4. What is included in the Introductory paragraph? A. Hook & Thesis B. Topic sentence, Sentences with example & Closing sentences

5. Statement extending the thesis & Final sentence are from A. Closing paragraphs B. Body paragraphs

Fill in the Blank:

6. Anecdotal 7. Query based

A. Question that brings the reader to the topic B. Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic

Fill in the Blank: 52

8. Fact 9. Belief 10. Document based

A. Cites a specific source and its position on a topic B. Empirically verifiable C. Social, religious, or political in nature an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessary

Answers to Quiz 5 1. A 2. Thesis statement types 3. Embedded , sentences 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A

Quiz 6

What is an essay?

How many type of essays are there?

6 53

How many expository types of essays are there?

What is a narrative essay?

What are the two different types of work cited?

What are the two types of timed essays?

What is the first thing to do when you receive a prompt type essay?

Brainstorm

Read & Analyze the prompt

Start writing

Make an outline

What does DBQ stand for?

What does APA stand for?

10. What does MLA stand for?

Answers for Quiz 6

Is a short writing on a topic

b 54

Tells a story

MLA format & APA format

Document Based question (DBQ), and Prompt Based

Document Based question

Modern Language Association

10. American Psychological Association

Quiz 7

How many capitalization rules are there?

Correct the following passages with capitalization mistakes:

ONE DOLLAR AND EIGHTYSEVEN CENTS. THAT WAS ALL, AND SIXTY CENTS of it was in pennies. pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times della counted it. one dollar and eightyseven cents. And the next day would be Christmas. The "Dillingham" had been flung to the breeze during a former period of prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, the letters of "Dillingham" looked blurred, as though they were thinking seriously of contracting to a modest and unassuming D. But whenever Mr.james Dillingham Young came Home and reached his flat above he was called "jim" and greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young, Already introduced to you as Della. Which is all very good.

correction: 55

correction:

10. correction: Answers for Quiz 7

One dollar and eightyseven cents.

That was all, and sixty cents …

Pennies

Della

One dollar

Mr.James

home

Jim

10. already

Quiz 8

What are ( ? ) used for?

What are ( ! ) used for?

What are ( ; ) used for?

What are ( : ) used for?

What are ( “” ) used for?

What are ( ‘ ) used for?

What are ( . ) used for?

What are ( , ) used for?

What are ( ) used for ?

10. What are [ ] used for? Answers for Quiz 8

To indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence

Is used when a person wants to express a sudden outcry or add emphasis

Is used to connect independent clauses

Has two main uses: After a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an example, or

a series. It is also often used after the salutation of a business letter

Are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a

passage attributed to another and repeated word for word. They are also used to indicate meanings and to indicate the unusual or dubious status of a word

Is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, or

the plurals of lowercase letters 7.

Is placed at the end of declarative sentences, statements thought to be complete and after

many abbreviations

Is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence.

Additionally, it is used in letter writing after the salutation and closing

Are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or qualifying remarks

10. Are the squared off notations used for technical explanations. At the bottom of each definition page, brackets surround a technical description of where the word originated

Quiz 9

Circle One 1.

He ran the race.

Who or Whom?

There refers to

A place

The possessive pronoun 58

A contraction

Which is a result or influence

Affect or Effect?

To be unwilling or reluctant about something is

Loath or Loathe?

What does proceed mean?

To be politely private about something

Discrete or Discreet?

What does allusion mean?

To emigrate means to?

A basic truth or law is

Principle or Principal?

10. Then refers to a.

Time

Comparisons

Answers for Quiz 9

Who

Effect

Loath

To move ahead, to continue

Discreet

An indirect reference 59

To leave one country or region to settle in another.

Principle

10. a

Glossary Adjectives: modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Clauses: groups of words with a subject and a verb. Complex sentence: a sentence made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Elliptical clauses: an adverb clause that uses than and as to introduce the clause. That means they have some of their parts understood but not stated. Hyphens ““ connect two or more words/numbers into a single concept, especially for building adjectives. Here are some examples: Commas: “,” separate elements in a series. Independent clause: a clause that can stand alone as a sentence. Interjection: a word or word group that shows feeling. A comma follows a mild interjection; a strong interjection is followed by an exclamation mark. Interjections do not fit grammatically with the rest of the sentence. Noun: a word that names a person, place, or thing. Phrase: a group of words used as a sentence part. It does not have a subject and a verb. It can be a noun, adjective, or adverb. Some common phrases are prepositional, gerund, participial, and infinitive. Preposition: a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. Pronoun: a word that replaces a noun, or a group of words used as nouns. 60

Sentence: a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb Subject: a word that tells who or what about the verb. Subordinate Conjunctions: join dependent clauses to independent clauses. Verbs show action or state of being. Most verbs are action words, but a few verbs indicate state of being or existence. Balanced Sentence: Two parts that are roughly equal in length, importance, and grammatical structure. Parallel Structure: Repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence. Chiasmus: Two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for rhetorical purposes. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, sentences, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Anaphora: A sentence that feature the forceful repetition of a word, words, or phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Comma Splice: A comma splice is the use of a comma to join two independent clauses. Double Negative: A construction that employs two negatives, especially to express a single negation. Misplaced Modifier: a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word Fragment: a phrase or clause written as a sentence but lacking an element, as a subject or verb, that would enable it to function as an independent sentence in normative written English. Fused: a written sequence of two or more main clauses that are not separated by a period or semicolon or joined by a conjunction. Run On/Rambling: a written sequence of two or more main clauses that are not separated by a period or semicolon or joined by a conjunction. Thesis Statements: The purpose of a piece of writing

MLA Format: MLA (Modern Language Association) style must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. Parentheses: Use “( )” symbols to include material that wouldn't normally fit into the flow of your writing, but may be necessary to understand the text Brackets: “[ ]” symbols, used to include words or phrases within quotes in order for the quote to make sense. Simple: A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate. Complex/Compound: Two or more independent clauses plus one or more dependent clauses. Loose Sentence: A m ain clause is followed by one or more coordinate or subordinate phrases and clauses.

Works Cited O'Brien, Elizabeth. "Verb Tenses." Verb Tenses . Grammar Revolution, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2015. Simmons, Robert L. "Terms at Grammar Bytes!" Terms at Grammar Bytes! ChompChomp, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2015. http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/pronouns 62

http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/ verbs https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource /601/03 http://www.englishgrammarrevolution .com/sitemap.html http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/ adverbs http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverb s.htm http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/ adjectives http://www.easybib .com http://owl .english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01 http://writingcentre .uottawa.ca/hyper grammar/subjpred.html

About the Author Julianne Garcia is a 16 year old Junior, currently attending Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet Senior High School. She became literate by taking numerous LAUSD English courses. In Mr. Rodriguez’s English Class, she learned more about grammar than she has in her previous 12 years of schooling. This inspired her to write a book about grammar, in hopes that other teens will develop a great understanding and appreciation for it.

“I dedicate this Grammar Book to all English teachers whose classes I’ve had the pleasure of attending.” Julianne Garcia