The American Horror Story Book of Writing BY: ISAAC RIVERA
Table of Contents Introduction
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About the Author ……………………………………………..4 Dedication
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Punctuation & Capitalization ………………………6 Parts of Speech ……………………………………………7 Phrase & Clause ……………………………………………13 Sentences ………………………………………………………….15 Paragraphs ………………………………………………………….18 Essay ………………………………………………………………………..21
Introduction This book of writing will teach you about all things grammar. In this book you will understand the rules of writing and become a better one because of it. However, this is no ordinary book. Can you survive the terrors that come within it and escape with a better understanding of grammar? This book has been personalized to resemble the popular T V series “American Horror Story�, happy reading.
About the Author Hello, my name is Isaac Rivera and I am 16 years old. I have just one sibling and live with my 2 parents in a suburban neighborhood in South Gate, California. I was born on September 10, 2004 and if you’re into astrology that makes me a Virgo. My hobbies include playing my viola, reading graphic novels, painting, biking, and watching all sorts of films and T V shows on multiple streaming platforms. My favorite colors are green, orange, and brown, in that order. I enjoy listening to alternative rock and my favorite band is currently Fleetwood Mac.
Dedication This book is dedicated to the AHS fandom and the lovely actress and star of American Horror Story, Sarah Paulson. On this day that I am writing this, December 17, 2020 marks the 46th birthday of Sarah Paulson. Sarah inspires me to be fearless and unapologetically myself. This book is also dedicated to my parents who pay for my Netflix subscription that allows me to enjoy this show. Without them, I would not have gotten to know this world and community.
SECT ION 1 Punctuation – Identify the function and create one (1) example sentence of the uses for each mark. 1. . A period is a small dot-shaped punctuation mark that is used at the end of any sentence that is intended to make a statement. Ex:(Period) The Murder House is haunted. 2. , A comma functions as a tool to indicate to a reader a certain separation of words, phrases, or ideas to prevent misreading the writer's intended meaning. Ex:(Comma) The seven wonders consists of telekinesis, concilium, transmutation, divination Pyrokinesis, vitalum vitalis, and descensum. 3. – A dash is commonly used to indicate a range or a pause. Ex:(Dash) The strange new guest–he was from California–arrived to the Hotel Cortez 4. - A hyphen is used to join words or parts of words together Ex:(Hyphen) Detective John Lowe lost his son at the merry-go-round. 5. : A colon is used to connect two sentences when the second sentence summarizes, sharpens, or explains the first. Ex:(Colon) Misty Day had two choices: overcome her hell or be trapped in it forever 6. ; A semicolon is most commonly used to link (in a single sentence) two independent clauses that are closely related in thought. Ex:(Semicolon) The living roamed the world; the dead stayed in the house. 7. ? If a sentence ends with a question mark, then it is asking a question Ex:(Question Mark) Is Cordelia the next supreme? 8. ! Exclamation points are used to express excitement or any strong emotion. Ex:(Exclamation Point) Is there life on Mars! 9. ‘ An apostrophe is used to mark the omission of one or more letters. Ex:(Apostrophe) Dandy couldn’t bare to be bored. 10. “ ” Quotation marks are used to set off and represent the exact language (either spoken or written) that has come from somebody else. Ex:(Quotation Marks) The sign read, “Welcome to Camp Redwood.” 11. … ellipsis indicates a pause, an omission or an unfinished thought. Ex:(Ellipsis) I am tough… but I’m no cookie. 12. [ ] Brackets are used to include information that is not essential to the main point. Ex:(Brackets) She [The Butcher] killed her colony and made them loyal to her forever 13. ( ) Parentheses are used to enclose information that clarifies. Ex:(Parentheses) Ally joined a cult called S.C.U.M. (Society for Cutting Up Men) 14. / A slash is meant to indicate the word “or”. Ex:(Backslash) Ask him/her for directions to the nearest “freak show” EX: Comma (used to switch words around in a list) – Students at Bravo can freely choose between AP World History, AP US History, AP Government, and AP European History. The seasons on American Horror Story are Murder House, Asylum, Coven, Freak Show, Hotel, Roanoke, Cult, Apocalypse, and 1984. Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization. Please list the rules of capitalization here 1. Capitalize the first letter of a Sentence Ex: Asylum is my favorite season. 2. Capitalize Names and other Proper Nouns Ex: Lana Winters is a renowned writer/interviewer. 3. Capitalize most words in titles Ex: The creator of American Horror Story is Ryan Murphy. EX: (Used to begin a sentence) – Sadly for some, 11th grade is the year with the most high-stakes testing. Unfortunately, Jessica Lange has decided to not be in the show for now.
Section 2 NOUNS Types of nouns: (list three to five words of each type) · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: Asylum, Witches, Cemetery · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: BriarCliff Manor, Hotel Cortez, Camp Redwood · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: antichrist, greenhouse, nightmare · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: cigarette, shawl, mask · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: compassion, hatred, sanity Functions (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. · Subject (comes before the verb) Elsa Mars sang at the show. ·
Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Myrtle Snow asked Cordelia to burn her at the stake.
·
Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Sister Jude gave a punishment to one of her patients.
PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s Relative: Nominative who That
our, ours your, yours their, theirs
Objective whom that those/ this
Possessive whose of that
Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He hates himself more than anyone She taught herself spells to intensify a point: The supreme herself revived Zoe from the dead Even though it was a hard show to put on she did it herself. Demonstrative: this, these that, those Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The cult members drank the kool aid. (cult members are the subject) Passive: The kool aid was brought to the cult members (cult members are the subject but treated as the object)
Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · The reality show contestants on “My Roanoke Nightmare” were running in the woods. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · There really are evil spirits in the haunted house. · Donna helped Brooke escape the heavily guarded prison facility Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Mr. March likes to murder people and play cards.
ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper (Give one example of each using words related to your subject) These corpses are rotting, Elsa Mars is a talented singer, The people who run the asylum are nuns and practice the Christian faith.
ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) –ly, -wards, -wise · Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “Educational” becomes “Educationally”) · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner –Stevie played the piano beautifully. Time – Mallory will travel back in time to stop Michael, the antichrist, immediately. Place – John Lowe was willingly here at the hotel to stay overnight in rm.64. Degree – Bette and Dot’s exceptionally good performance can’t go unrecognized. Frequency – Certain spirits in the house rarely come out to play. CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non-living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of interjections here. A – Ahh, ahoy, aha, ahem, alas, aw B – Blah, brrr, bravo, bam, bingo, bleh, boo, boo-yah, C – Cheers, congrats D – Damn, darn, darnit, dang, duh E – Eureka, eek, eh, eww F – Fie, fiddlesticks G –, gee, gee whiz, geez, golly, good grief, goodness, goodness gracious, gosh, H – Hey, hmm, hooray, huh, hello, ha-ha, holy cow, hallelujah, holy smokes, hurray, huh? K – Ka-ching, O – oh, oh oh, oh dear, oh my, oh my God, oh well, ouch, oww, oops, oy, P – Phooey, presto, please, pow, phew, R – Rats S – shoo, shh, T – Tut-tut, thanks U – Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, umm V – Voila W – Wham, whew, whoa, wow, whoops, Y – Yay, yeah, yikes, yippee, yes, yuck, yum, yo, yahoo, yummy Z – Zap
Transitions of Logic Chart Milder
Stronger
Addition
a further and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
Comparison
just as ... so too a similar another... like
similarly comparable in the same way likewise
Contrast
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to
Place
there here beyond nearby next to
at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
Section 3 PHRASES and CLAUSES Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. All of The Countess’ children really wanted some fresh blood. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The Harmon family was preparing to do a lot of redecorating to try and sell the Murder House. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Zoe was warmly welcomed into the coven. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Sister Mary Eunice, the new nun, worked diligently to help Dr. Arthur Arden with his experiments. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Strolling down New Orleans, the coven finally stopped at the cemetery. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. The interviewer Lana Winters returned to the abandoned asylum. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The coven knew it was time to test the seven wonders. CLAUSES Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Elsa Mars requires the “freaks” to work really hard for the show. DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ Where she learned firmly made her the witch she is. ○ Kindly give whoever asks a drink at the bar. ○ The aliens thought Kit was special and that was totally obvious. ○ Brooke wisely checked what the camp nurse had for medical supplies.
Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ This is the academy where witches triumphantly excel. (“where” is an introductory word) ○ There is the leather suit that I absolutely needed. ○ The apocalypse that you wanted is clearly within your grasp. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ Dandy is obviously the one who murdered his mother. (ONE is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.) ■ There goes the serial killer who's usually in Room 64. (SERIAL KILLER is the antecedent of who’s and is modified by the adjective clause.) ■ Misty Day informatively teaches how great the healing properties that Louisiana mud contains. ■ Is this the house that you so desperately want? (that is the direct object of want) ■ Violet is the girl whom he shyly asked to be his girlfriend. (whom is the direct object of asked.) ■ The sweet pure soul to which you refer has sadly been lost to the demons. (which is the object of the preposition to.) ■ Madison is an actress and witch who easily shrugs off criticism from her coven. (who is the subject of shrugs.) Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: ■ They fortunately planted a bug where no one could see it. (place) ■ When the 10 commandment murders were finally complete, Mr. March’s work was done. (time) ■ We stealthily snuck around the library because we were being attacked. (purpose) ■ The cult leader talked as if he was passionately seeking vengeance against Ally(condition) Modifying adjectives: ■ Time inside the Murder House oddly seems to be very extended continually. (how much) ■ Mr. Jingles is as amusingly at peace as his mother. (to what extent) Modifying adverbs: ■ Mallory had greater talents than her sisters in the coven typically did. (condition) Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ○ The vampire who kills first will earn an incredibly tasty meal. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ○ When leading, the aerobics instructor firmly yells the exercises. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The “freak” that most interests Dandy is clearly the conjoined twins Bette and Dot. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The Music Festival in Camp Redwood, which took place almost 35 years ago, is regretfully never truly over.
Section 4 SENTENCES Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about The wrongfully convicted murderer patiently awaited her revenge. Predicate – what the subject does The wrongfully convicted murderer patiently awaited her revenge.
Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Learning to travel to hell helps witches overcome their fears. Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Learn to travel to hell immediately. Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Why would anyone want to travel to hell? Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) That trip to hell was terrifying!
Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. Most people who have unfinished business are in the form of spirits. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). Many episodes for AHS take up lots of time, but they all can be finished.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. When you set up a plan, the antichrist can be run over and the apocalypse can be prevented just in time. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Whether you plan ahead or not, most evil can be prevented, but they can take up a lot of time. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. This show will haunt your mind, no matter what you're afraid of. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. No matter what you’re afraid of, this show will haunt your mind. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. Warlocks tend to be inferior, to practice all spells and incantations, only to fail where witches succeed. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. Witches spend their days getting stronger while Warlocks never seem to progress. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. The supreme makes the coven what it is and without her the coven would be nothing. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. The supreme typically exhibits power, tenacity, leadership, radiant health. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. The supreme typically exhibits powerfulness and tenacity and leadership and ultimately, radiance of health. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. For many witches ,attempting the 7 wonders could be the end of their life, while for one it can lead to supremacy , but most will agree that the 7 wonders is a dangerous exam. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Witches devote their loyalty to the coven, their energy to the coven, their lives solely committed to their fellow witches and if broken, burned at the stake.
Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. The actors wanted to stop working on their interviews they needed to do work for other shows they had no time. [WRONG] The actors wanted to stop working on their interviews BECAUSE they needed to do work for other shows AND they had no time. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas Mr Jingles wanted to stop Richard Ramirez from killing his son, Richard wanted to kill him, he had no escape. [WRONG] Mr Jingles wanted to stop Richard Ramirez from killing his son. Richard wanted to kill him; he had no escape. [RIGHT]
Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because the witches had no time. [WRONG] Because the witches had no time, they had to work faster to defeat Michael Langdon. [RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify At the debate, the politician gave a speech to the gunpoint at cult leader. [WRONG] At the debate, the politician gave a speech to the cult leader at gunpoint. [RIGHT] Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force The survivors knew that it wouldn’t do them no good to spare Dandy. [WRONG] The survivors knew that it would not do them any good to spare Dandy. [RIGHT]
Section 5 PARAGRAPHS Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook (Lead) – can begin with the title Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) Ex. The thrill of an exceptional television series is unmatched, especially when it comes to horror. It opens up a whole new world of possibilities, characters, and storylines that keep viewers on their toes. The hit T.V series “American Horror Story” gives a connected timeline to a universe filled with frightening events that’ll make you shiver down your spine. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic) Ex. How does fear and horror teach us valuable lessons and develop us as people? Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion (claim) Ex. Horror and fear teaches us about our strengths and weaknesses Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about) Ex. Fear is caused by feeling threatened, real or imaginary and can cause anxiety. Opinion (personal position on a topic) Ex. Horror films are the best genre. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual) Ex. Indulging in viewing horror content is sinful. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing the source of the data) Ex. All mom’s do not condone the viewment of horror content. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) Ex. In Pop Buzz TV and Film, controversy is circling the triggering of trypophobia in American Horror Story’s 7th season, Cult and has been triggering people’s anxiety Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) Ex. Horror content can build a desensitization to your fears.
Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long) Ex.The article expands to say that people discovered their fear of trypophobia by viewing the show and getting anxiety. (preview of evidence) Ex. This means consumers of the show discovered a fear of theirs from viewing the show which can also be viewed as a “weakness” and now have an understanding of what they are frightened of (purpose of thesis) Ex. This information between the connection of viewers discovering new fears can lead to the better understanding of themselves and their “weaknesses” and potentially overcome them now that they have knowledge of their fear. (establishing the importance or significance of thesis)
Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Ex. Additionally, multiple sources indicate that the overcoming of phobias and fears is possible. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between fast food and health) Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “People can learn to overcome phobias by gradually facing their fears.” (Kids Health Behavioral Experts). Ex. Several researchers agree, “People can learn to overcome phobias by gradually facing their fears.” (Kids Health Behavioral Experts). Ex. “People can learn to overcome phobias by gradually facing their fears,” according to several researchers (Kids Health Behavioral Experts). Ex. Fortunately for American Horror Story viewers, “People can learn to overcome phobias by gradually facing their fears,” according to several researchers (Kids Health Behavioral Experts). Ex. Fortunately for AHS viewers , “People can learn to overcome [horrifying] phobias by gradually facing their fears” (Kids Health Behavioral Experts). Ex. Fortunately for AHS viewers , “fear… [a]ffects …overcoming of phobias” (Kids Health Behavioral Experts).
Examining the Evidence Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “People can learn to overcome phobias by gradually facing their fears.” (Kids Health Behavioral Experts) Ex. PARAPHRASE – Overcoming phobias can be accomplished by gradually facing your fears. (Kids Health Behavioral Experts). Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “People can learn to overcome phobias by gradually facing their fears.” (Kids Health Behavioral Experts) Ex. SUMMARY –phobias can be overcome. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote) Ex. People might just overcome their phobias if they watched AHS . Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) Ex. Researchers can "extinguish" this fear by fear conditioning
testing on mice. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) Ex. Clearly, valid authorities on the subject of phobias and fear is that they can be overcome by strengths.
Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences) Ex. If the viewing of horror media was not in any way helpful to possibly desensitize and overcome fears by first recognizing them there would not be articles of people discovering their phobias and overcoming them. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) Ex. As such, the desensitizing of viewers offers less phobias to be overcome.. Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis (could be one or more sentences) Ex. Thus, as the prevalence of academic research indicates, the viewership of horror helps us better understand and teach our strengths and weaknesses. Final Sentence (connects to the hook and finishes the essay – the “Smoky the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…) Ex. So given all the fear associated with horror content, maybe the frights aren’t so scary after all…
Section 6 ESSAYS Essays – Explain what an essay is (I know, this is where I usually explain it to you but now that you have made it to the end of this project, it’s your turn) Types – Explain each type of essay and state its purpose Persuasive (Argumentative) Used to convince the reader to agree with the author’s argument. Expository (Informative) Written to inform the reader about a topic Definition or Description Written & the author describes a place, feeling, person Process (How-to) An essay that explains how to do something Compare and Contrast An essay written to evaluate similarities & differences b/w 2 or more ideas Cause and Effect An essay written to analyze events and outcomes Analytical/Critical Written to critique according to criteria Evaluative Written to critique according to criteria Interpretive WWritten to analyze another piece of writing Narrative (Tells a story) Personal Statement/Anecdote An essay written about one's achievements Research An essay written about a study Timed An essay written in a certain amount of time Document Based Question (DBQ) evaluation of one’s ability to write following a prompt using evidence from sources (timed) Synthesis central idea using evidence from multiple viewpoints Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps – Explain how to plan and organize essays and how to analyze and break down prompts. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining first identify the type of essay that will be written and then begin thinking about an essay outline (Intro, body paragraphs, conclusion) and if given a prompt follow it directly. Researching/Evaluating of Sources Identify reliable sources that are credible and have to do with the type of essay you are writing. Work Cited Page – Explain and give an example of how to set up a works cited entry in both MLA and APA formats - there are subtle differences between each format, so be sure to identify them clearly. MLA Format- MLA format is aligned with the left margin and hanging at an indent of 0.5 inches (applied to the second and subsequent lines). Begin with the author's last name followed by first name and middle initial. Then, Italicize the title of books or magazines. Place titles of shorter works in quotation marks and list page numbers. Each citation should be double spaced and no space should be skipped between each entry. All entries must be arranged alphabetically. APA Format- Lines subsequent to the first should be indented 0.5 inches from the left margin. Start with the author’s last name ,followed by the initial of their first name (then middle initial if applicable) and year of publication in parentheses. Entries should be organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author. For titles of books, chapters,articles,reports,webpages.
