The Climate Change Book of Writing

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The Climate Change Book of Writing Written by: Oliver Zorick

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Introduction With our climate being forever changed by our inability to end greenhouse gas emissions, I thought it’d be nice to dedicate this book to our beautiful, lovely world. Because there is no other place just quite like it. So we must take care of it and treat it well because it has given us so much.

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The Author Hi I’m Oliver Zorick.

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Table of Contents Introduction

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About the Author

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Punctuation and Capitalization

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Parts of Speech

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Phrases and Clauses

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Sentences

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Essays

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Punctuation and Capitalization 1. Period (used to signify the end of a statement)​ - We are in what is known as the seventh mass extinction because of the exponential rate at which our climate is currently changing​.

2. Comma (used to switch words around in a list) ​- Many things contribute to climate change​, s​ uch as: car exhaust​, ​burning of fossil fuels for energy​, ​and air travel.

3. En Dash (used to represent a span or range of number, dates, or time)​ - The years 2016​–​2020 were not the best when it came to America doing its part for our climate.

4. Hyphen (used to form certain compound terms)​ - Recent research involving climate change can serve as a bit eye​-​opener for some people.

5. Colon a. (used to introduce a list of items)​ Many things contribute to climate change, such as​: c​ ar exhaust, burning of fossil fuels for energy, and air travel, such as: car exhaust, burning of fossil fuels for energy, and air travel. b. (used to separate two independent clauses)​ The effects of climate change are long lasting​: ​a study has shown that it can take centuries for things to go back to normal if we %100 stop emitting greenhouse gases now.

6. Semicolon (used between two independent clauses)​ - Studies have proven that climate change is real​; ​Trump believes otherwise.

7. Question Mark (used to end a direct question)​ - Will climate change kill us all​?

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8. Exclamation Mark (used at the end of an exclamatory statement or question)​ - Climate change is real​!

9. Apostrophe a. (used to form contractions)​ - Let​’​s forget about what​’​s not important and let​’​s think about climate change. b. (used to form possessives)​ - Trump​’​s refusal to acknowledge that climate change is real will hurt him politically.

10. Quotation Mark (used to input statements from another source to show dialogue)​ - Trump believes that climate change was “​created by and for the Chinese to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.​” 11. Ellipses (indicates an absence of something, words, thoughts, etc.)​ - Joe Biden has said that,”​...​corruption is a feature of this economic agenda​…​” 12. Brackets (used to clarify when something is not clear)​ - The criminal admitted: "I returned ​[t​ o the crime scene​]​ yesterday, 2 hours after ​[​the murder​]​ happened."

13. Parentheses (used to add additional information)​ - Climate change has many things ​(​air pollution, littering, noise pollution, etc.​) going for it.

14. Slash (used sometime for “per” “and” & “or”)​ - The units used for molar mass is mass​/​moles.

Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization.

1. First word of every sentence​ - ​W​e are living in very interesting times.

2. Names and Other Proper Nouns​ - Our current president is ​D​onald J​. ​T​rump.

3. First Word of a Quote (sometimes)​ - Mario asked,”​W​hat is everyone doing this weekend?”

4. Days, Months, and Holidays​ - I hate ​M​ondays.

5. Most words in Titles​ - ​S​ense and S ​ e ​ nsibility​ is better than ​Pr​ ide and Pr​ ejudice.​

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6. Time Period and Events​ - Most of the ​W​orld ​W​ar I veterans are now deceased.

Parts of Speech NOUNS Types of nouns: ​(list three to five words of each type) · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. ​EX: forest, desert, ocean. · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). ​EX: Earth, Barack Obama, Joe Biden. · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. ​EX: airline, moonlight, sunlight. · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. ​EX: car, computer, television. · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. ​EX: fear, greed, positivity.

Functions​ (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. · Subject​ (comes before the verb) Donald Trump​ does not believe in climate change​. · Direct Object​ (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) The president that has been elected is ​Joe Biden​. · Indirect Object​ (answers to who or to whom) Humans emit greenhouse gases which destroy ​Earth​.

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PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s Relative: Nominative Possessive who whose That of that

our, ours your, yours their, theirs

Objective whom that those/ this

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive:​ (personal pronouns plus the suffix ​–self o ​ r ​–selves​) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He made ​himself s​ ad after researching climate change​.​ She bought ​herself​ an electric car. to intensify a point:

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The president ​himself​ tried to debunk climate change. Even though he was only 17, he decided to shoot people ​himself.​ Demonstrative: this, these

that, those

Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: ​verbs indicate time via tenses​: simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present

present present perfect present progressive

present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: ​There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense)

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nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) Voice:​ Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: Some votes were mailed in. (votes are the subject) Passive: Mail determined the presidential votes. (votes are the subject but treated as the object) Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund:​ ​ word ending in “ing” used as a noun.​ · We are ​killing​ our planet through co2 emissions.

Participle:​ ​word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · Our ​dying​ planet needs our assistance. · Mars is a ​deserted​ planet.

Infinitive:​ ​verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · I like ​to think​ that there is still some good left in this world.

ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds​: Demonstrative, Common, Proper (Give one example of each using words related to your subject) Demonstrative: ​This​ species is extinct.

Common: This species is ​extinct​.

Proper: This ​Chinese​ species is extinct.

ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings​ (Create one example related to your subject for each) Us as a species, survival-wise, has no successful outcome. · Conversions ​(Show how three words related to your subject can

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become adverbs – Example: “Educational” becomes “Educationally”) 1. “Global” becomes “Globally” 2. “Renewable” becomes “Renewably” 3. “Practical” becomes “Practically” · Types​: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Example Types:​ (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner​ – Our planet is dying ​quickly.​ (How is our planet dying?)

Time​ – We must make a change ​immediately​.

(When must we make a change?)

Place​ – Ice is melting rapidly in the ​Arctic​. (​Where is ice melting rapidly?)

Degree​ – India is ​substantially​ emitting greenhouse gases.

(How much is India emitting?)

Frequency​ – Mr. Trump is/was ​consistently​ racist to minorities.

(How often is he racist?)

CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating​ (FANBOYS):​ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative​: ​Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate​: ​after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns​: ​who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There

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are ​one-word prepositions​ and ​complex prepositions. ​These are ​some​ common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

Aah Ah

INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of ​interjections​ here.

Aha Ahem Alas Argh Aw, Aww Bah Behold Bingo

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Boo Bravo Brr Dear Duh Eek Eh Er Eww Gah Transitions of Logic Chart

Addition

Milder

Stronger

a further and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

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Comparison

just as ... so too a similar another... like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

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Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

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Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely

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without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

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Phrases and Clauses Phrases​ ​– groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that ​function as a noun​.

All of our presidents​ have either been white or black.

Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that ​function as a verb​.

Our government ​should be working​ on saving our environment.

Prepositional Phrase​: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ​ends with a noun​, and ​functions as an adjective or an adverb​.

Riding ​aboard an airplane​ pollutes our planet incredibly.

Appositive Phrase​: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and ​function as an adjective ​- IT MUST BE SURROUNDED

BY COMMAS. Joe Biden, ​our new president​, has promised to help fight climate change.

Verbal Phrases​: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ​ends with a noun​. ● Gerund Phrase​ verb ending in -ing that ​functions as a noun​.

We are ​ruining Earth​ by driving cars. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that ​functions as an adjective​.

If all else fails, us as a species might have to immigrate to an abandoned planet​. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that ​function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs​.

It is now time ​to save our planet​.

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CLAUSES Clauses​ – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT – ​CAN​ stand alone as a ​complete sentence​, known as a ​simple sentence​ ​pattern​.

Joshua trees require a very specific environment to survive.

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – ​CANNOT​ stand alone as a complete sentence and ​MUST​ begin with a ​SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION​. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause​: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ Where we grow up​ makes us who we are. ○ Whomever is next in command​ should really take an act on the environment. ○ A person’s mood​ has quite an impact on their decision making. ○ Knowing ​what to recycle​ is very important.

Adjective Clause​: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ Earth is the ​only suitable planet​ for survival. ○ Earth is the ​only planet we have​, let's treat it with care. ○ The future ​that we want​ will almost definitely not happen.

Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ The lady ​who lives across the street​ is my aunt. (LADY is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.)

■ The book ​that is on the chair​ belongs to Trump. (BOOK is the antecedent of THAT and is modified by the adjective clause.)

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I do not like people who ​are mean to animals​.

Can you see the bird ​that is on the fence​?

The boy ​whose shoes are on the floor​ is my little brother.

I like pizza, ​which is also the favorite of my sister Charlotte​.

■ The reason ​why I left​ is a secret.

Adverb Clause​: Used to ​modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs​ in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate ​time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession​.

Modifying verbs: ■ Unfortunately, ​in places where there’s glaciers​, ice melting is quite visible. (place) ■ When the time comes​, Earth will be a different planet. (time) ■ I am sad ​because Earth is dying​. (purpose) ■ If global warming was a fantasy​, there would be a lot less problem in the world. (condition) Modifying adjectives: ■ Not long from now​, our lives are going to be drastically changed from Climate Change. (how long) ■ Our climate ​is more important than the well-being of our economy​. (to what extent) Modifying adverbs: ■ In the future, life will ​be different than how it is now​. (condition) Relative Clauses​: Dependent clause that begins with a ​relative pronoun​. ○ The person ​who won the election​ is Joe Biden, fair and square.

Elliptical Clauses​: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ○ When driving​, you emit many greenhouse gases.

Essential Clauses​: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

■ ■ ■ ■

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○ Finding ​a way to curb climate change​ is necessary for our survival as a species.

Nonessential Clauses​: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The 2020 election, ​which occurred 1 month ago​, is over.

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Sentences Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate​ and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.

Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about The presidential candidates​ patiently waited for the election results to be released.

Predicate – what the subject does The presidential candidates ​patiently waited for the election results to be released​.

Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Our childrens’ lives will be drastically different than ours because of climate change.

Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Stop polluting so many greenhouse gases.

Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Why do people not care about our environment?

Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) People’s arrogance make me so angry!

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Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is ​just one independent clause​.

Climate change is the biggest problem facing humanity today.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with ​multiple independent clauses​, but no​ dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;).

Many world solutions require money, therefore not many people can solve them.

Complex Sentence: A sentence with ​one independent clause and at least one dependent clause​.

Because of climate change, many lives will be drastically changed in the next coming years.

Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with ​multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause​.

If you don’t believe in climate change, just wait a few years, because changes in our world will soon be severely noticeable.

Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) ​with your main point at the ​beginning​.

Humans are indeed an invasive species, whether you like it or not.

Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the ​end​.

Whether you like it or not, humans are indeed invasive species.

Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that ​match​ ​in tense or structure ​to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry.

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Climate change is inevitable, forever getting warmer and warmer, and there’s no way of stopping it.

Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end ​parallel each other​ by virtue of their likeness of ​structure​, meaning​, or ​length​ - this sentence requires symmetry.

Climate change is a natural phenomenon and a process.

Chiasmus: A sentence that includes ​a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order​ - this sentence requires symmetry.

Humans speed up climate change and it would be a lot slower without them.

Asyndeton: A sentence ​that leaves out conjunctions​ between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Climate change heats up the world, causes extreme weather, and causes evolution within species.

Polysyndeton: A sentence ​that uses multiple conjunctions​ in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Climate change heats up the world and causes extreme weather and causes evolution within species.

Anaphora: A sentence that ​features the purposeful repetition​ of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

Depending on the person, some people don’t believe in climate change, some people do believe in climate change, some people find it non-threatening, and some people find it very threatening.

Epistrophe: A sentence featuring ​several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words​.

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Some people like climate change, some people don’t like climate change, and some people have no feelings about climate change.

Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly ​without punctuation​.

Some people have no feelings for climate change they are not affected by it they only care about themselves. [WRONG] Some people have no feelings for climate change BECAUSE they are not affected by it THEREFORE they only care about themselves. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly ​using commas Some people have no feelings for climate change, they are not affected by it, they only care about themselves. [WRONG] Some people have no feelings for climate change. They are not affected by it; They only care about themselves. [RIGHT]

Fragment – ​incomplete sentence pieces​ that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because they are not affected by climate change. [WRONG] Because they are not affected by climate change, they do not care about it.

[RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a ​misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence​ and a ​dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify In southern california, houses that were raging were burned down by a fire.

[WRONG] In southern california, houses were burned down by a fire that was raging.

[RIGHT]

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Double Negative – ​combining two or more negative words​ in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force The top 1% think that it wouldn’t do them no good if they are taxed fairly.

[WRONG] The top 1% think that it wouldn’t do them any good if they are taxed fairly.

[RIGHT]

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Essays Essays​ – An essay is like a passage of text. It states a claim, and explains why that claim should be supported. All of this takes place in a group of paragraphs.

Types ​– Explain each type of essay and state its purpose Persuasive​ (Argumentative): Used to persuade the reader to think about something in a certain way. They usually state what they want the reader to think in the introduction, then give the evidence and how the evidence connects to the idea in the body paragraphs. It then concludes with talking about the idea again and brings everything together in a somewhat persuasive fashion.

Expository​ (Informative): No feelings or emotions. Completely neutral, designed to TELL the reader about something, not make them think something.

Definition or Description: Defines/describes something to the reader in a way that makes it clear to them.

Process (How-to): Describes an order of actions to take in order to successfully complete a task.

Compare and Contrast: Presents two or more different ideas and explains their differences and similarities in a way that allows the reader to have their own opinion on these ideas.

Cause and Effect: Describes a certain process that has or will take place and what caused it to happen and its consequences.

Analytical/Critical​: Can be subjective or objective. Analyzes something.

Evaluative: Presents an idea, item, or anything at all, and breaks it down in a way that allows the reader to understand it.

Interpretive: Presents the straight facts of something, leaving room for the reader to create their own feelings about it.

Narrative​ (Tells a story): Personal writing made to present a bigger picture.

Personal Statement/Anecdote: Tells the reader about a personal experience or challenge that the narrator had gone through and the importance of that experience or challenge.

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Research​: Presents evidence, interpretation, and an argument that is all based on independent research.

Timed​: Must be completed under a time limit.

Document Based Question (DBQ): Answers a question and presents both outside evidence and evidence that is found from given documents. It then connects the evidence to the answer/claim.

Synthesis: Examines sources and identifies their relationship to the claim.

Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps ​– Explain how to plan and organize essays and how to analyze and break down prompts.

Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining: First, find the topic on which to write about. Then come up with a thesis statement that can be effectively explained and interpreted. Make sure to also format the essay. Think of what each paragraph should contain and how it will be explained.

Researching/Evaluating of Sources: Research the chosen topic. Find different sources that help support the claim. Also know the content that will be covered inside and out. Have your idea and evidence DOWN and put everything together in a way that is intuitive.

Work Cited Page

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