Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Section 1: Punctuation and Capitalization……………………………………………………… 1 Section 2: Parts of Speech……………………………………………………………………………… 5 Section 3: Phrases and Clauses…………………………………………………………………… 14 Section 4: Sentences…………………………………………………………………………………… 19 Section 5: Paragraphs…………………………………………………………………………………… 24 Section 6: Essays………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 About the Author ………………………………………………………………………………………… 35
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This book was created to help readers like you learn the rules of the English languageー the fun way. Plenty of familiar characters, settings, and events from the world of Percy Jackson have been crafted into fun examples for readers to learn. Understanding grammar is essential to almost every aspect of your life, even if you don’t spend your days reading until your eyes burn. By the way, if you’re here, you have great taste. Get ready to have fun reading all about the rules of the English language while enjoying beautiful artworks featured along the way!
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đ&#x;”ąPunctuation
1. . period: end punctuation for imperative/declarative sentences and abbreviations ↣ Percy Jackson is a son of Poseidon. ↣ Camp director Dionysus is called Mr. D by the campers. 2. , comma: used for pauses and to switch around words in a list ↣ When Percy made his choice, the prophecy was fulfilled. ↣ Apollo is the god of music, poetry, prophecy, the sun, and healing. 3. – em dash: takes the place of commas, parentheses, or colons. ↣ I own all 5 of Rick Riordan’s mythology series– he’s one of my favorite authors. 4. - en dash: used to hyphenate ↣ Camp Half-Blood does routine cabin check-ups. 5. : colon: its grammatical use is to indicate that whatever comes after has a direct relationship with what came before. Its non-grammatical uses are time, ratios, references, and correspondence. ↣ Hades had three known demigod children in the Camp Half-Blood chronicles: Nico, Hazel, and the late Bianca. ↣ The prophecy was fulfilled at 12:00am on the day of Percy’s 16th birthday. 6. ; semicolon: used to separate two independent clauses ↣ Annabeth has a fear of spiders; all children of Athena do. 7. ? question mark: used at the end of direct questions or to express uncertainty ↣ Who is your godly parent? ↣ It’s been 10(?) years since Annabeth has seen her cousin Magnus. 1
8. ! exclamation point: used to place emphasis on or convey a strong feeling about something ↣ Look out! There’s a Fury behind you! 9. ‘ ↣ ↣ ↣
apostrophe: used for contractions, plurals, and possessives It’s amazing what an effective weapon a plastic hairbrush can be. As a child, Percy struggled to get A’s in school. Frank’s family possesses the gift of shapeshifting.
10. “ ” quotation marks: mainly used to indicate that words are being spoken. Also used for scare quotes, nicknames, or specific references ↣ “I don’t remember,” Jason found himself saying, several times. ↣ Percy’s “quick” stay in Ogygia was actually 2 weeks in the real time. ↣ Percy “Persassy” Jackson ↣ The word “half-blood” refers to demigods; half god, half mortal. 11. … ellipses: used to indicate an omission ↣ Nico pointed. “Is that… is that blue birthday cake?” 12. [ ] brackets: used to insert editorial material inside quotations, especially for clarification ↣ They claimed excitedly that “it’s [The Last Olympian b y Rick Riordan] the best series finale [they’ve] ever read!”
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13. ( ) parenthesis: used to provide additional information ↣ Sally Jackson (Percy’s mother) is an excellent cook. 14. / forward slash: with words, it is used in place of ​per,​ ​and​, or ​or​, to abbreviate, and to represent conflict or connection ↣ Hades is the god of the dead/the Underworld. ↣ Grover can do satyr magic w/ his reed pipes. ↣ There has been a long history of Greek/Roman rivalry.
đ&#x;”ąCapitalization
1. First word in a sentence ↣ “Look, I didn’t want to be a half-blood.â€? 2. Names and proper nouns ↣ Don’t get on the Ares cabin’s bad side. 3. First word of a quote (when it’s a complete sentence) a. “What are the Stolls up to now?â€? he asked with a sigh. 4. Days months, and holidays ↣ Annabeth spent her 17th birthday, on July 12, in Tartarus. 5. Most words in titles ↣ My favorite book of the original 5 is ​The Battle of the Labyrinth​. 6. Cities, countries, nationalities, and languages ↣ The Roman demigods have a camp by Oakland Hills, California. 7. Time periods and events with proper names ↣ The last time the gods fought against the titans in the Titan War, they won.
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⚡Nouns Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: demigods, Empire State building, soda · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Percy Jackson, Camp Half-Blood, Olympus · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: backpack, laptop, warship · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: pen, hat, shield · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: intelligence, love, beauty Functions (How nouns are used): · Subject (comes before the verb) ↣ Clarisse l ed her cabinmates into battle. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) ↣ Bianca implored Nico to let go of his grudge. · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) ↣ Chiron always tries his best to provide guidance to the campers that need it.
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⚡Pronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s Relative: Nominative who that
our, ours your, yours their, theirs
Possessive whose of that
Objective whom those/this that
Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: · when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: ↣ Percy refused to save himself if it meant leaving Annabeth behind. ↣ Piper only saw herself in the reflection of Katoptris’ blade. · to intensify a point: ↣ Leo found and fixed Festus the dragon himself. ↣ Even the gods themselves couldn’t do anything to help. Demonstrative: this, these
that, those
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Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. ⚡Verbs Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past present past present perfect past perfect present past progressive progressive simple present
present perfect progressive future future perfect
Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: · auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) · linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) · lexical verbs (main verbs) · dynamic verbs (indicate action) · stative verbs (describe a condition) · finitive verbs (indicate tense) · nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) · regular verbs (weak verbs) · irregular verbs (strong verbs) · transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) · intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
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Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. · Active: The campers got their weapons at the armory. (campers are the subject) · Passive: The armory supplied the weapons to the campers. (campers are the subject but treated as the object) Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. ↣ Hazel made Leo a drawing of Calypso. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective ↣ Piper uses her charming voice to twist something in her favor. ↣ Luke gave his cursed winged shoes to Percy to take on his quest. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs ↣ When he was younger, Nico loved to collect Mythomagic figurines. ⚡Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper
⚡Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings: -ly, -wards, -wise · Conversions: Ex: forceful → forcefully Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time ↣ Manner – Annabeth slowly continued down the path on her broken ankle. (How did she move?) ↣ Time – The Prophecy of Seven was revealed almost immediately after Kronos was defeated. (When was it revealed?) ↣ Place – Dionysus was unwillingly stuck at Camp Half-Blood for a few centuries as punishment. (Where was he?) ↣ Degree – Jason was an exceptionally good warrior and leader. (How good was he?) ↣ Frequency – Octavian frequently tore open stuffed animals for his prophecies. (How often did he tear open stuffed animals?
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⚡Conjunctions Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) ⚡Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: · aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, out, opposite, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, up, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
⚡Interjections Interjections are the final part of speech. List of interjections:
A aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C cheers, congratulations D dang, drat, darn, duh
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E eek, eh, encore, eureka F fiddlesticks G gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh, humph, hurray
O oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P phew, phooey, pooh, pow R rats S s hh, shoo T thanks, there, tut-tut U uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Yy eah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck ⚡Transitions of Logic Chart Milder
Stronger
Addition
a further and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
Comparison
just as ... so too a similar another... like
similarly comparable in the same way likewise
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Contrast
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to
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Place
there here beyond nearby next to
at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
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đ&#x;’€Phrases
Phrases​ – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun​. ↣ ​All the campers​ partake in war games like capture the flag. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb​. ↣ Percy knew he ​would be going​ back to his apartment in the city in the fall. Prepositional Phrase​: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and ​functions as an adjective or an adverb​. ↣ The Seven traveled ​across the world​ to stop Gaea and the giants. Appositive Phrase​: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and ​function as an adjective ​- IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. ↣ Jason Grace, a son of Zeus, can summon lightning from the sky. Verbal Phrases​: A group of words that begin with a verbal and end with a noun. ¡ Gerund Phrase: verb ending in -ing that ​functions as a noun​. ↣ ​Gathering their courage​, the demigod forces charged at Kronos’ armies. ¡ Participial Phrase: word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that ​functions as an adjective​. ↣ The Hephaestus cabin built a huge ​flying warship​ called the Argo II. 14
¡ Infinitive Phrase: verb preceded by the word “toâ€? (to read, to study, to write) that ​function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs​. ↣ Grover spent his whole life trying ​to find the god Pan​.
đ&#x;’€Clauses
Clauses​ – groups of words with a subject AND a verb that function as parts of speech. INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a ​complete sentence​, known as a simple sentence pattern. ↣ The goddess Artemis leads a group of hunters called the Hunters of Artemis. DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are 7 kinds: ¡ ​Noun Clause​: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ↣ ​Her history with Luke and Thalia​ greatly shaped Annabeth into who she is. ↣ A demigod chosen for a quest could choose ​whoever they wanted​ to accompany them. ↣ To say ​that Annabeth dislikes Hera​ is a definite understatement. ↣ Bunking with the Hermes kids meant Percy had to keep ​what he had close​. ¡ ​Adjective Clause​: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ↣ Camp Half-Blood is a place​ where demigod kids can be safe​. (“whereâ€? is an introductory word) ↣ A Camp Half-Blood -- Camp Jupiter feud was another problem ​that the crew aboard the Argo II did not need​. ↣ New Rome is a city within Camp Jupiter’s borders where demigods can retire from battle and live the lives ​that they want​.
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· Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ↣ Annabeth was the only child of Athena who ever managed to find the Athena Parthenos. (CHILD OF ATHENA is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.) ↣ Ares and Nike are the cabins whose campers are the most competitive. (CABINS is the antecedent of WHOSE and is modified by the adjective clause.) ↣ The Oracle of Delphi is the oracle that the camp gets its prophecies from. ↣ Sirens lure in their victims by showing them the thing that they most deeply desire. (that is the direct object of desire) ↣ Thalia is the girl whom Artemis asked to be her new lieutenant. (whom is the direct object of asked. ) ↣ The Wilderness School is the boarding school in Nevada to which Leo and Piper were sent. (which is the object of the preposition to.) ↣ Percy is the kind of person who never gives up on the people he cares about. (who is the subject of gives up.) · Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. · Modifying verbs: ↣ The Athena Parthenos was placed at the top of the hill overlooking the camp where everyone could see it. (place) ↣ When they got back to camp, the campers had a huge celebratory dinner in the dining pavilion. (time)
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↣ The warriors quickly closed ranks because the enemy force had begun to charge. (purpose) ↣ Chiron looked as if he hadn’t slept in days. (condition) · Modifying adjectives: ↣ Daedalus’ Labyrinth seemed to be ten times as dangerous now than it was in ancient times. (how much) ↣ The Titan was as tall as the mountain he’d crawled out of. (to what extent) · Modifying adverbs: ↣ The Roman demigods trained and fought in a more organized fashion than the Greek demigods typically did. (condition) · Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ↣ The cabin that finishes first will earn a month of no chores! · Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ↣ When fighting, the demigods work as a team rather than seek out individual glory. · Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ↣ The field of study that most interests Annabeth is architecture. · Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ↣ Nico di Angelo, dubbed the “Ghost King” by King Minos, has the ability to communicate with the dead.
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đ&#x;ŒžSentences
Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
đ&#x;ŒžSentence Parts
Subject – what/who the sentence is about ↣ ​The hydra​ grew back two heads where one had been cut off. Predicate – what the subject does ↣ The hydra ​grew back two heads where one had been cut off.
đ&#x;ŒžSentence Types
Declarative – makes a statement (ends with a .) ↣ Tartarus is full of vengeful monsters. Imperative – makes a command (ends with .) ↣ Get to the Doors of Death as quickly as possible. Interrogative – asks a question (ends with ?) ↣ Will they survive a trip through Tartarus? Exclamatory – expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with !) ↣ They were nearly killed by empousai several times!
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đ&#x;ŒžSentence Patterns
Simple Sentence: A sentence that is ​just one independent clause​. ↣ Most kids are only at Camp Half-Blood during the summer months. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but ​no dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). ↣ Percy did not want to leave camp, but he decided he couldn’t leave his mother alone with his step-father. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. ↣ Unlike most kids, some campers stay at Camp Half-Blood year-round. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. ↣ Whether the crew supported him or not, Leo would go through with his plan, though he didn’t know if it would work. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the ​beginning​. ↣ Loss was inevitable in the war, no matter how carefully the camp planned its defense. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the ​end​. ↣ No matter how carefully the camp planned its defense, loss was inevitable in the war. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. ↣ The gods tend to disregard pleas for help, to sacrifice heroes on dangerous quests, and to otherwise ruin the demigods’ lives.
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Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. ↣ Camp Half-Blood welcomed demigods who wanted to stay and said their goodbyes to demigods who wanted to go. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. ↣ Mortals make the gods who they are, and they would be nothing without them. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. ↣ Camp Jupiter’s cohorts typically exhibit teamwork, coordination, discipline, strength. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. ↣ Camp Jupiter’s cohorts typically exhibit teamwork and coordination and discipline and, ultimately, strength. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. ↣ Some campers find fighting exciting, others find fighting frightening, but all campers find that fighting is just a part of demigod life. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. ↣ Demigods spend so much of their time training for battle, killing monsters in battle, and facing gods in battle that it feels like their whole lives are a battle.
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đ&#x;ŒžSentence Errors
Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. ↣ The campers were upset they had just ended a long war now there was a new prophecy to worry about. [WRONG] ↣ The campers were upset BECAUSE they had just ended a long war AND now there was a new prophecy to worry about. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas ↣ The campers were upset, they had just ended a long war, now there was a new prophecy to worry about. [WRONG] ↣ The campers were upset. They had just ended a long war and now there was a new prophecy to worry about. [RIGHT] Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause ↣ Because they had just ended a long war. [WRONG] ↣ Because they had just ended a long war, the campers were upset that there was now a new problem to deal with. [RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify ↣ After the war, the campers had a service for the demigods at the camp that had fallen. [WRONG] ↣ After the war, the campers had a service for the demigods that had fallen at the camp. [RIGHT] Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force ↣ Bianca knew that Nico’s desperate actions wouldn’t do him no good. [WRONG] ↣ Bianca knew that Nico’s desperate actions wouldn’t do him any good. [RIGHT]
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đ&#x;Ś‰Paragraphs
Paragraphs​ – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic.
đ&#x;Ś‰Introductory Paragraphs
Hook ​(Lead) – can begin with the title ¡ ​Anecdotal​ (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) ↣ Wallflower, antisocial, reclusive, loner, introvert. Being introverted has long been seen as a negative in this society that values vocal and outgoing conduct. This ideal is reflected in environments such as classrooms, friend groups, and even in the home. However, what many people don’t realize is that introverts have an array of assets and abilities that give them necessary advantages to succeed in many fields. ¡ ​Query Based​ (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “youâ€?) ↣ Is being an introvert a quality that negatively impacts a person’s life? Thesis Statements​ (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) ¡ ​Assertion​ (claim - a subject + a “so whatâ€? about the subject) ↣ The strengths and successes of introverts are due to the qualities that others might perceive as negative. ¡ ​Fact​ (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about better used as evidence to support a claim) ↣ Bill Gates, the very successful co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, is an introvert. ¡ ​Opinion​ (personal position on a topic) ↣ Introverts are better suited to some tasks than extroverts.
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¡ ​Belief​ (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement) ↣ Many people believe introverts are antisocial and lonely. ¡ ​Generalization​ (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement ​unless citing the source of the data) ↣ All introverts can use their quiet nature to their advantage. ¡ ​Document Based​ (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic) ↣ In ​Quiet Power,​ Susan Cain argues that introversion is not to be seen as a flaw-- but rather, proves to be an advantage in many cases. ¡ ​Theory​ (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) ↣ Introverts can spend long amounts of time by themselves on a task. Clarification/Expansion of Thesis​ (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long) ¡ ​Preview of Evidence ↣ Cain expands on her claim by examining the personality traits of introverts and using anecdotal evidence to show how these traits proved to be an advantage in their lives. ¡ ​Purpose of Thesis ↣ The author examines the success stories of introverted people in order to encourage young introverts to make the most of their quiet tendencies. ¡ ​Establishing Significance of Thesis ↣ This information about the strengths of introverts might lead to a newfound respect and understanding of introverted people in society.
đ&#x;Ś‰Body Paragraphs
Body paragraphs​ must have ​echoes of the thesis​ in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis.
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Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) ↣ Additionally, multiple pieces of anecdotal evidence indicate that the traits and tendencies of introverts have served as advantages in their lives. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between introverted traits and being advantages.) Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) · ORIGINAL QUOTE – “I looked around and saw that many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of, not in spite of, their quiet temperaments” (Cain 8). ↣ Several stories prove, “... many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of, not in spite of, their quiet temperaments” (Cain 8). ↣ “... many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of, not in spite of, their quiet temperaments,” several stories prove (Cain 8). ↣ Fortunately for introverts, “... many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of, not in spite of, their quiet temperaments,” several stories prove (Cain 8). ↣ Fortunately for introverts, “... many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of, not in spite of, their quiet [ways]” (Cain 8). ↣ Fortunately for introverts, “... many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of … their quiet temperaments,” (Cain 8).
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Examining the Evidence · Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) · ORIGINAL QUOTE – “I looked around and saw that many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of, not in spite of, their quiet temperaments” (Cain 8). ↣ PARAPHRASE – The author notes that introverts have been able to make many important contributions in the world because of their quiet ways, not in spite of them (Cain 8). · Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) · ORIGINAL QUOTE – “I looked around and saw that many of the great contributions to the world … had been made by introverts because of, not in spite of, their quiet temperaments” (Cain 8). ↣ SUMMARY – An introvert’s disposition can help them achieve large scale success. · Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote) ↣ Some of the most successful people are introverts. · Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) ↣ A famous study by Jim Collins discovered that the CEOs of the 11 top performing companies in the United States were characterized by their
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peers as “‘modest,’ ‘unassuming,’ ‘soft-spoken,’ ‘quiet,’ and ‘shy’â€? (Cain 40). ¡ ​Closing Sentences​ (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) ↣ These stories have proved that contrary to popular belief, there is strength in an introvert’s quiet nature that can work to the advantage of a group or individual.
đ&#x;Ś‰Closing Paragraphs
Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs ¡ ​Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis​ (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences) ↣ If the qualities that make an introvert actually hinder their ability to succeed, then how would one explain the achievements of figures such as Bill Gates, Steve Wozniak, and Kobe Bryant, among many others? ¡ ​Statement(s) of Extension​ (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) ↣ As such, the success stories of many prosperous people seem closely connected to the personality traits associated with being introverted. ¡ ​Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis​ (could be one or more sentences) ↣ Thus, as the abundance of anecdotal evidence indicates, introverted people harbor many valuable traits that, when utilized effectively, will give them an advantage to succeed in many areas. ¡ ​Final Sentence​ (connects to the hook and finishes the essay’s argument – the “Smoky the Bearâ€?/â€?Drop the micâ€?/dot dot dot moment‌) ↣ So given all the strengths of quiet people, there needs to be a shift in how introverts are perceived by their peers, society, and the world.
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⚔Essays Essays are academic composition of non-fiction writing that discusses a specific topic.
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⚔Essay Types · Persuasive (Argumentative) – Persuasive essays are meant to convince the audience to do or not do something. · Expository (Informative) – Expository essays expose things in detail to make the audience understand without confusion. ↣ Definition or Description – Defines and/or describes different things, ideas, or perceptions for the audience. ↣ Process (How-to) – Process essays outline the process of making, breaking, or doing something so that the audience understands fully and is able to do after reading. ↣ Compare and Contrast – Makes a comparison and/or contrast between two different or similar things. ↣ Cause and Effect – Makes readers understand the cause of something or things and their effect on other things. · Analytical/Critical – Analyzes something or things and/or evaluates it on the basis of its merits or demerits. ↣ Evaluative – Offers judgement about something based on particular criteria. ↣ Interpretive – Interprets something such as another author’s work by identifying, analyzing, and evaluating methods used by the author. · Narrative – Narration like a short story written in essay format. ↣ Personal Statement/Anecdote – A short story essay written about a real person or event particular to the discussion topic that serves to make the audience laugh or ponder over the topic. · Research – Research essays revolve around a research question that research of the relevant literature is meant to answer. · Timed – Timed writing measures raw writing ability and skill of thinking under pressure by requiring someone to produce a writing sample within a limited time period. ↣ Document Based Question (DBQ) – An essay constructed using one’s own knowledge combined with evidence from several sources that are provided. ↣ Synthesis – Makes a synthesis of different ideas to make a judgement of their merits or demerits.
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⚔Planning Strategies · Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining – An effective way to plan and organize an essay is by understanding the essay prompt and deciding how each part will be addressed. Though the contents of each paragraph vary according to the essay outline, having an idea of the genre of essay helps with this step too. · Researching/Evaluating of Sources – An effective way to research and evaluate sources is to have an idea of what general and specific information you want to research and verifying your information from several sources. You should know how to recognize reliable sources and keep everything organized. ⚔Works Cited Page · MLA Format – The page should be called Works Cited and centered at the top. All citations should be double spaced, but don’t skip lines between them. Second & subsequent lines of citations should have a hanging indent by ½ inch. Author’s last name should come first. Use “pp.” to indicate an excerpt spans multiple pages and “p.” if only one, but omit the first sets of repeated digits (ex: pages 225-250 = pp.225-50). If the source was retrieved from an online database but was originally published in print form, include the name of the online database in italics. Use a DOI or URl for online sources and end the citation with a period. ↣ Cain, Susan, et al. Quiet Power: the Secret Strengths of Introverts. Puffin Canada, 2017.
· APA Format – The page should be called References, bold and centered at the top. All citations should be double spaced, but don’t skip lines between them. Second & subsequent lines of citations should have a hanging indent by ½ inch. Author’s last name should come first; first and middle names should be initials. Include up to 20 authors; for 21 or more, use an ellipses after the 19th and end with the final author. When the same author(s) appear more than once, list the sources from earliest to latest publication date. Alphabetize reference list by the last name of the first author of every work. Capitalize only the first letter of the title/subtitle, words following a colon or dash in the title, and proper nouns. Italicize the titles of longer
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works such as books, edited collections, newspapers, etc. Titles of shorter works such as book chapters or essays in collections should not be italicized, underlined, or have quotes around them. ↣ Cain, S., Mone, G., Moroz, E., & Snider, G. (2017). Quiet power: The secret strengths of introverts. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
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Malena Cantoni is a Junior at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. She has been an avid reader all her life and has a passion for drawing. Her favorite book genres are fantasy and fiction. In the future, she wants to attend UCLA and pursue a career in filmmaking or forensicsăƒź she hasn’t decided yet. She lives in Los Angeles, California with her mom, sister, two pet cats and one fish. Her favorite characters from the PJO/HOO universe are Leo and Nico.
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