The NFL Book of writing
By:Eva Preciado 12/14/20
Table of contents Chapter 1:Punctuation/Capitalization Chapter 2:parts of speech Chapter 3:phrases/clauses Chapter 4:sentences Chapter 5:paragraphs Chapter 6:essays
introduction As a kid i've always been into football.My first game was when i was 6 years old.It was the Chargers vs.Raiders and i remember them losing lol. I've always been a charger fan since I was a kid. I then learned how to play the sport. I am still learning the sport and trying to get better at it.
About the author I'm Eva Preciado and I'm from boyle heights. I'm 16 years old and I go to bravo medical magnet high school. I like sports as you can tell. When it comes to bonding with my family we always watch football every sunday,monday,and thursday. I'm here to spread my knowledge on the sport and hopefully for those that don't watch sports I can get them to watch football.
Chapter 1 Punctuation – Identify the function and create one (1) example sentence of the uses for each mark. 1. . to end a sentence. Ex:The Los Angeles Chargers lost the game to the Carolina Panthers. 2. , to indicate a pause.Ex:The Seattle Seahawks,GreenBay Packers,Pittsburgh Settlers,and Kansas City Chiefs are still undefeated. 3. – used to combine words Ex:the PIT-TEN has been postponed until Monday or Tuesday 4. - represent numbers,dates etc Ex: Philip Rivers has played for the Los Angeles since 2005-2019 5. : separate two independent clauses Ex:Justin Herbet said: “Everyone makes mistakes but you gotta keep learning”. 6. ? indicates a question Ex:Will the Cowboys win this week? 7. ! used to indicate something surprising or exciting Ex:The Raiders lost to the Patriots! 8. ‘ to indicate possession Ex: The Chargers will beat the Buccaneer’s this Sunday. 9. “ ”to quote something Ex:Justin Herbert was named “Rookie of the Week” 10. … series of words Ex: If i'm being honest i thought the chargers were gonna win but... 11. [ ] to include info that isn’t relevant. Ex: He[Tom Brady] lost to the New Orleans Saints 12. ( ) an explanation Ex:The was score was horrible(21-16) 13. / to separate something Ex: My first football game was 12/03/11 Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization.
English Capitalization Rules: ● ● ● ● ● ●
Capitalize the First Word of a Sentence. ... Capitalize Names and Other Proper Nouns. ... Don't Capitalize After a Colon (Usually) ... Capitalize the First Word of a Quote (Sometimes) ... Capitalize Days, Months, and Holidays, But Not Seasons. ... Capitalize Most Words in Titles.
Chapter 2 Types of nouns: (list three to five words of each type) · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea. EX: Justin Herbert,SoFi Stadium,Patrick Mahomes · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: IngleWood,Los Angeles Chargers, Kansas City Chiefs · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: football,touchdown,downfield · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: helmet,uniform,mouthpiece · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. EX: determined,focused,serious
Functions (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. · Subject (comes before the verb) Justin Herbert s poke to the reporter after the team won. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) Anthony Lynn asked Justin Herbert to run the plays one more time before the game · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Justin Herbert threw the ball to Justin Jackson for the touchdown
PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s
our, ours your, yours their, theirs
Relative: Nominative who That
Objective whom that those/ this
Possessive whose of that
Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self o r –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: Justin Hebert pushes himself m ore harshly than his teammates. He ran plays by himself . to intensify a point: The coach himself delivered the stats. Even though it was a team win, “we need to try harder and have better defense”, the quarterback thought Demonstrative: this, these
that, those
Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.
VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive
simple present present present perfect present progressive
present perfect progressive future future perfect
Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:
auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) infinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: Justin Herbert got his uniforms for the season. Passive: Anthony Lynn brought the uniforms to Justin Herbert.
Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)
Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · Justin Herbet enjoys playing on the field. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · Patrick Mahomes has never missed a game since he was the starter for the Chiefs. · Tom Brady is now playing for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Mrs. Montes likes to read books quietly.
ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper (Give one example of each using words related to your subject)
ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) playfully, rewards, sidewise · Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “playing” becomes “playfully”)
·
Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time
Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – Justin Herbert threw the ball quickly before he was sacked. Time –Anthony Lynn left immediately after the game. Place – Mr. Lee was willingly here e arlier today working with students. Degree – Justin Herbet was named Rookie of the Month for his stellar record. Frequency – Justin Herbert is consistently pleasant to students and staff.
CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while. Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of interjections here.
Transitions of Logic Chart
Milder
Stronger
Addition
a further and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
Comparison
just as ... so too a similar another... like
similarly comparable in the same way likewise
Contrast
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this
Place
there here beyond nearby next to
at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
Chapter 3 Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. All the team players seriously wanted to win a game Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The Los Angeles Chargers know they would need to work harder to win games Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Anthony Lynn warmly welcomed the new team players. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Justin Herbert, a new quarterback, worked hard to get into the NFL to play for his dream team Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Throwing down in the field,Mike Williams was able to make the catch for the touchdown ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. Patrick Mahomes left the field after losing the game. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The Raiders knew they had to beat the Chargers. CLAUSES Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. The Los Angeles Chargers are in last place in the AFC West . DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence
and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ Where he grew up made him the best quarterback he is today. ○ The way the quarterback was happy made me smile. ○ Anthony Lynn made sure that he got tested for COVID before entering the facility. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ This is the team where players do amazing things ○ There is this jersey that I absolutely needed. ○ The player that the team wanted sadly went to another team. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ Justin Herbert was voted for Rookie of the Month because he showed hard work and dedication ■ There goes the coach who went undefeated last season. ■ Is this the jersey you really want? ■ The field goal is what caused the team to lose. ■ Justin Herbert is someone who does not let hate get to him. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: ■ They unfortunately put the bus sign where a few could see it. ■ When the game was over, everyone left. ■ The team was excited to play because they were dedicated to winning. ■ The team was hyping each other as they made it into the playoffs Modifying adjectives: ■ After the football season is the month's areas long as it used to be. ■ Justin Herbert is as good as Phillip Rivers. Modifying adverbs: ■ The offense worked harder than the defense . Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ○ The team who wins the Super Bowl will earn the trophy. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.
○ When throwing, the quarterback keeps his eyes on the players. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The throws that make Justin Herbert is deep throws. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ Anthony Lynn started practice 2 months before football season
Chapter 4 Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about The Los Angeles Chargers lost to the Miami Dolphins Predicate – what the subject does The Los Angeles Chargers held a press conference after the game.
Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) The AFC West needs at least two teams to make it the playoffs. Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) The Los Angeles Chargers needed to score quickly. Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) What two teams will make it to the Super Bowl this year? Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) The Pittsburgh Steelers are the only undefeated team!
Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. Most teams are not doing well this year. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;).
Many teams are doing amazing,but some are not. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. When you come up with a plan,the plays will work. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Whether you win or not,you learn from your mistakes, but you have to keep improving . Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. The NFL can teach you things,like learning the plays and the teams. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. If you want to learn football plays and the teams, the NFL can help . Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. All teams work hard, to win games all the time, and to make it the Super Bowl where others will not. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. The Los Angeles Chargers need to get new coaches due to their game losses. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. The fans make the team what it is and it would be nothing without them. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. The Chargers show hard work,teamwork, and dedication. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
NFL teams typically exhibit dedication and teamwork and grit and, ultimately, excellence. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. For so many people,football is everything , while for others it's just a sport , but most will agree that football is the best sport . Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. The NFL talks about important issues, they advocate for rights, they donate to their favorite organizations.
Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. The students wanted to stop working on their English project they needed to do work for other classes they had no time for. [WRONG] The students wanted to stop working on their English project BECAUSE they needed to do work for other classes AND they had no time. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas The students wanted to stop working on their English project, they needed to do work for other classes, they had no time. [WRONG] The students wanted to stop working on their English project. They needed to do work for other classes; they had no time. [RIGHT]
Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because the students had no time. [WRONG] Because the students had no time, they had to work faster. [RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify
At the team barbeque, the coach gave a steak to the student that was medium rare. [WRONG] At the team barbeque, the coach gave a steak that was medium rare to the student. [RIGHT] Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force The students knew that it wouldn’t do them no good to waste time. [WRONG] The students knew that it would not do them any good to waste time. [RIGHT]
Chapter 5 Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook (Lead) – can begin with the title Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) Ex. The NFL has been around for many years. The organization has created some amazing teams. They had amazing players that went into the Football Hall of Fame. Many people think American Football is the superior sport, which i totally agree with. I think everybody should watch to learn it and to include into family time and to make it a family tradition Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”) Ex.Does anyone know what NFL stands for? Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject) Ex. The NFL is the National Football Organization that displays 32 teams so what league is better . Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about better used as evidence to support a claim) Ex. Many people think the American Football league is better than the National Football League. Opinion (personal position on a topic) Ex. I think American Football is the best sport. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement) Ex.Many think that Baseball is the best sport. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing the source of the data) Ex.People always argue about Football and Baseball . Document Based (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic)
Ex. A source stated that baseball players are the highest paid players in the sports industry. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) Ex. I think football players should get paid more than baseball players . Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examiningthe intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long) Ex.The NFL is an organization that displays 32 teams. It has the National Football League and the American Football League. It starts with the preseason,then the regular season,playoffs and then the SuperBowl. It's 17 weeks of football. (preview of evidence) Ex. The author examines the teams of football and goes into the history of each franchise. (purpose of thesis) Ex. This information about the connection between the AFC and NFC with the different teams . (establishing the importance or significance of thesis)
Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Ex. Additionally, multiple sources say that Football is the best sport. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between fast food and health) Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Fast food can have adverse effects on people’s health” (Schlosser 73). Ex. Several researchers agree, “Fast food can have adverse effects on people’s health” (Schlosser 73). Ex. “Fast food can have adverse effects on people’s health,” according to several researchers (Schlosser 73). Ex. Unfortunately for patrons, “Fast food can have adverse effects on people’s health,” according to several researchers (Schlosser 73).
Chapter 6 Essays – AN essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject (I know, this is where I usually explain it to you but now that you have made it to the end of this project, it’s your turn) Types – Persuasive: Is an essay that is persuading the reader Expository:Is an essay informing the reader about their subject Analytical: to evaluate the subject to the reader Narrative: An essay told in 1st person point of view Research:an essay you did research on a certain subject Timed (DBQ): an essay based off a document Persuasive (Argumentative) Expository (Informative) Definition or Description Process (How-to) Compare and Contrast Cause and Effect Analytical/Critical Evaluative Interpretive Narrative (Tells a story) Personal Statement/Anecdote Research Timed Document Based Question (DBQ) Synthesis Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps – you need to have a rough draft, and then revise it, and once it’s “cleaned up”, and you have a final draft. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining Researching/Evaluating of Sources Work Cited Page – MLA Format APA Format
Dedication This is dedicated to my dad.he is the reason i started getting into sports mostly football. We always went to games together and he taught me how to play. He is the reason I watch sports. When it comes to sports that's something me and my dad can have endless conversations about.