The Military Manual for Grammar

The U.S. Military Manual for Grammar

Xavier Ysidro Zapata

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION​ ………………………………………………………………….......................……......Page 3 ABOUT THE AUTHOR​ .................................................................................................Page 4 SECTION I – PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns........................................................................................................Page 5-8 Pronouns.................................................................................................. Page 9-10 Verbs.........................................................................................................Page 11-12 Adjectives..................................................................................................Page 13-14 Adverbs.....................................................................................................Page 15-16 Conjunctions..............................................................................................Page 17 Prepositions...............................................................................................Page 18-20 Interjections..............................................................................................Page 20-21 SECTION II – PHRASES Prepositional.............................................................................................Page 21 Appositive..................................................................................................Page 21 Verbal.......................................................................................................Page 22 SECTION III – CLAUSES Independent..............................................................................................Page 33 Subordinate .............................................................................................Page 34 SECTION IV – SENTENCES Sentence Parts.........................................................................................Page 25-26 Sentence Types.........................................................................................Page 27 Sentence Patterns....................................................................................Page 28 SECTION V – PARAGRAPHS Introductory Paragraphs...........................................................................Page 29 Body Paragraphs.......................................................................................Page 30-31 Closing Paragraphs....................................................................................Page 32 SECTION VI – ESSAYS Types.........................................................................................................Page 33 Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps...................................................................Page 33 Works Cited Page........................................................................................Page 34

SECTION VII – CAPITALIZATION Rules of Capitalization...........................................................................Page 33-36 SECTION VIII – PUNCTUATION Types of Punctuation.............................................................................Page 37

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ADDITIONAL Works Cited...........................................................................................................Page 38

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Mission Introduction: The United States is proud of its ability to interact with foreign countries. We have certain standards with the way we communicate and contact foreign nations. You soldier are tasked with meeting these standards. The English language is not only use in the United States; countries like Canada, Australia, Grenada, Guam, England and many others use English. You will be sent to the country of Wales. The people of Wales communicate in Welsh and in English. Your task is to perfect your grammar and to improve your English mechanics. This Manual will assist you in your process to improve your grammar. It goes in depth into key elements in grammar such as different parts of speech as well as sentence structure. To explain these key concepts this manual will use examples in related to the U.S. Military. Go now and dive into the magnificent wording and art that is the English language.

Make your country proud.

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About the Author

Xavier Ysidro Zapata​ is a 16­year­old student at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. He was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Xavier is currently involved in his High School Volleyball Team.

Although he has grown up playing Basketball. ​ The U.S. Military Manual to Grammar​ is his first literary work.

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Nouns A noun is a part of speech that is used to identify a person, place, or thing. There are five types of nouns. They are Common Nouns, Proper Nouns, Compound Nouns, Concrete Nouns, and Abstract Nouns. A way to identify a noun is its typical endings such as ­ness and ­tion. There are many other ways to recognize a noun.

A. Types of Nouns 1. Common Nouns­ Gun, Soldier, Base, Vehicle, Plane.

2. Proper Nouns­ Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ulysses S. Grant, George Washington, Douglas MacArthur, Robert B. Adams.

3. Compound Nouns­ Quartermaster, Gunpowder, Battlefield, Campfire, Headquarters.

4. Concrete Nouns­ Declaration of Independence, Gun, Grenade, MRE (Meal Ready­to­Eat)

5. Abstract Nouns­ Courage, Braveness, Patriotism, Intelligence, Wit.

B. Noun Identifiers 1. Noun Endings: Braveness Conscription Patriotism Specialist Capture Altitude Bombardment Ordinance Patience Immunity Blaster Congratulatory Musketeer Knighthood Youngster

2. Following a noun marker NM N Both soldiers are capable.

NM N Both of the new soldiers are capable to lead the mission at hand.

3. Plural form Soldiers Missions Ammo Treaties Guns Wars Submarines Camps

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Bases Armories Battleships Injuries

4. Possessive Form Soldier’s rifle General’s Tactics Sniper’s Spotter Soldiers’ rifles Battleships’ Crew Paratroopers’ Goggles

5. Following a preposition NM N ADV V Prep NM N N The nurse gracefully relieved out all the pain of the victim.

NM N ADV V Prep NM N N N The sergeant hesitantly surrendered upon the sight of the enemy’s reinforcements.

C. Functions 1. Subject S V Dwight D. Eisenhower orchestrated the invasion of North Africa.

S V Richard Nixon helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 2. Direct Object S V DO Soldiers fired M16s at the target.

S V DO IO Rob Furlong used a LRSW to record the longest sniper shot in military history(2,657 yd.)

3. Indirect Object S V DO IO The sergeant issued bunks to all of his men.

S V DO IO N The president awarded the medal of honor to the brave soldier on television.

4. Adverbial Object S V AO The sailors sailed days to make it to their destination.

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S V AO The soldiers awoke at morning to be able to protect the citizens of the nearby village.

5. Object of the Preposition S V Prep OPrep The gunner fired at the soviet bunker to be able to advance.

S V Prep OPrep The cadet learned at the sight of the amputee to be careful in the future.

6. Subject Complement S LV SC George Washington was the general of the United States Army after defeating the tyrant.

S LV SC Americans were horrified at the sight of Japanese Bombers in Pearl Harbor.

7. Object Complement S V DO OC The american citizens elected Barack Obama president.

S V DO OC The soldier immediately saw the insurgent as a threat because they were carrying a weapon.

8. Appositives S APP V Sergeant Rodriguez, his instructor, told him to do 500 pushups.

S APP V Wilson Banks, the marksman, was given the approval to take the long distance shot.

9. Adjectival S V Adjvt The sailors gladly steered the ship to the nearest american dock.

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S V Adjvt Colonel Sanchez ordered the removal of all video games from the camp.

10. Noun in Direct Address N N Sir, we seem to be experiencing technical issues with the radios.

N N Sergeant, there seems to be an IED in the road closest to the humvee.

11. Object of the Gerund G OG Gaining the upperhand in this battle will ultimately determine the war.

G OG Issuing the new ordinances will give the squadrons a new destination.

12. Object of the participate Part Opart Passing the Oral Test will grant the Cadets the deployment into war.

Part Opart The Rescuing mission not only required reinforcements but also needed aerial support.

13. Object of the infinitive _Inf_ OInf The soldier was eager to fight the Nazi army.

_Inf_ OInf The veteran officer was relieved to be sent back to his home in the United States.

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Pronouns A pronoun is a part of speech that takes the place of a noun. a pronoun has the ability to function by itself as a noun phrase. There are six types of Pronouns. They include Personal Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns and Indefinite Pronouns.

A. Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns are pronouns that stand in place of an idea, person, place, or thing. Personal Pronouns include I, we, you, he, she, they, us, and him.

1. He orders them to do it right or not at all.

2. Our troops can give me and you the opportunity to win this war.

B. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are pronouns that ​ begin a subordinate clause and connect it to another noun that precedes it. Relative Pronouns include who, that, whom, those, this and whose.

1. Whom is that rifle issued to?

2. Whose squadron was left in that area without reinforcements?

C. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns begin a subordinate clause and connect it to another noun that precedes it. Interrogative Pronouns include who, which, what, whatever, and whoever.

1. Whatever millimeter of ammo fits in that rifle, someone better load and fire it.

2. Which sailer is best suited to work with whomever is available?

4. Reflexive Pronouns

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Reflexive pronouns are similar to intensive pronouns.Although they point back to the subject of the sentence. Reflexive Pronouns include himself, herself, and themselves.

1. If no one can breach the wall correctly, then the sergeant himself will breach the wall.

2. The cadet himself is able to clear a whole building without any assistance.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns point out a specific persons, animals, places, things or ideas. Demonstrative Pronouns include this, these, that, and those.

1. That tank is not loading these shells.

2. Those insurgents are hiding between this and that wall.

6. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns do not refer to any particular persons or places or things.

They replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace. Indefinite Pronouns include all, few, neither, nobody, someone, and such.

1. Few of the ability of both receiving and taking orders

2. Several should be taken in the nearby village to protect everybody there.

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Verbs A. How verbs are identified: 1. Verb ending: Examples: call​ s

​ order​ s

trian​ s

​ absorb​ ed

combin​ ed

shock​ ed

​ trick​ ing

runn​ ing

chopp​ ing

2. Tense:​ verbs indicate time via tense: 1. Simple past: expresses events that began and ended at a particular time. ​ Example​ : jumped

killed

2. Past: used to describe the past tense.

​ Example​ : jumped

killed

3. Past perfect: one event that happened before another event. ​ Example​ : had jumped

had killed

4. Past progressive: explains an action that occurred and ended. ​ Example​ : was jumping

was killing

5. Simple present: expresses an event that exists at the moment. ​ Example​ : jumped

killed

6. Present: used by itself to describe the present time. ​ Example​ : run fly 7. Present perfect: demonstrates that the action has been completed. ​ Example​ : have jumped

has killed

8. Present progressive: expresses an activity that began in a recent past and is in progress. ​ Example​ : is jumping

is killng

9. Present perfect progressive: gives the idea that one event is in progress before another. ​ Example​ : having been jumping

having been killing

10. Future: expresses an event that will take place. ​ Example​ : will jump

will kill

11. Future perfect: expresses an event that will happen before another. ​ Example​ : will have jumped

will have killed

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Forms of “to be”:​ am, are, is , was, were, be, been, being, as main verb, they are always linking verbs or main verbs.

A. I am killing B. We are killing C. Was killing D. Were killing E. To be killing F. Have been killing G. Being killed

Forms of “to do”: ​ do,does, did, done, doing (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

A. Do kill B. Does killing C. Did kill D. Doing killing

Forms of “to have”: ​ have, had, has, having (these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

A. Have killed B. Had killed C. Has killed D. Having to kill

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Adjectives A. Kinds: 1. Demonstrative­ adjectives that point out nouns.

Ex: ​ this, that, these, those

2. Common­ adjectives that describe a noun in a general way Ex: ​ sharp, flexible, hot, red, hidden, dripping, nice, huge

3. Proper­ adjectives that are derived from a noun then are capitalized.

Ex: ​ American, Mexican, Japanese

B. Endings: er­ Faster e­ Fine est­ Bravest ier­Happier y­Heavy st­racist ier­ Luckier More­ more capable

Most­ Most fit

C. Conversions: Other parts of speech have the ability to change into adjectives. Verbs for example have the ability to change into adjectives by changing the suffix of the word.

This also applies to the other parts of speeches. Simply by changing the suffix and maybe some manipulating of the root word you are able to change a word into an adjective.

Examples:

Military(noun) → Militarist(adj.)

Bravery(noun) → Bravest(adj.)

Precision(noun) → Precise(adj.)

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D. Articles: Article Adjectives are adjectives used to specify a noun. They are used in front of a noun. These article adjectives include “a”, “an”, and “the”. “A” and “An” are known as the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is general. “The” is the definite article due to its property of indicating a specific thing.

Examples: The soldier remained safe in ​ the​ tank.

An​ IED was found in the nearby street.

The​ atomic bomb was the deadliest weapon ever used in human history.

E. Comparatives/Superlatives Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify. They are used in sentences in which two nouns are being compared. Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality.

Comparative Examples: The AA12 shotgun offers a ​ higher ​ fire rate than a regular pump shotgun.

The newest stealth bomber is ​ large​ r than the previous one.

Anything you can do, I can do ​ better​ .

Superlative Examples: The ​ fastest​ tanks can reach speeds up to 70mph.

The ​ bravest​ soldier will put the people next to him before himself At around 40 min. a battle between United Kingdom and Zannibar.

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Adverbs A. Endings Adverbs typically contains these suffixes ­ly, ­wards, ­wise.

Example: Carefully Towards Clockwise

B. Conversions An adverb has the ability to change into a verb, noun, and adjective and also vice versa. Some examples of this include: Quick→ Quickly Rapid→ Rapidly Steady→ Steadily Adjectives can turn into adverbs by simply adding ­ly to the end. Some examples of this includes: Graceful→Gracefully Brave→ Bravely Precise→Precisely

C. Types 1. Adverbs of Time: adverbs that tells us when something is done or happens Ex: Afterwards, Already, Now

Lately ​ the new cadets have been performing subpar work.

Today, ​ the drills for endurance will test and separate those who are men and those who are Children

2. Adverbs of Place: adverbs that tells us where something is done or happens Ex: Above, Outside, Under

Inside ​ that home, there seems to be a sniper shooting at our position.

The live grenades were kept ​ away ​ from the cadets to keep them from hurting themselves

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3. Adverbs of Manner: adverbs that tells us how something is done or happens Ex: Badly, Happily, Sadly

The experienced Captain ​ happily ​ led the new soldiers into their new missions.

Sadly​ , half of the new soldiers did not make it back alive.

4. Adverbs of Degree: adverbs that tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens.

Ex: Almost, Much, Nearly

Nearly ​ all soldiers made it back home without injury.

Almost ​ all soldiers are issued an M4 assault rifle with a Glock 15 pistol.

5. Adverbs of Frequency: adverbs that tells us how often something is done or happens Ex: Again, Sometimes, Usually

Usually​ , soldiers have a hard time adjusting back to their home.

Sometimes, ​ a day will go by without a single rifle being shot.

D. Intensifiers One way to use Adverbs is to denote or describe the quality of the action.

Describing how strong or weak the statement is. There are intensifiers that show emphasis, those that amplify and those that downtone the actions of verbs.

Examples: Really Totally Mildly Very Simply Completely Sort of Quite n adv v n n The soldier quickly read through the manual on grammar.

E. Comparitives/Superlatives 1. C​ omparative adverbs modify regular adverbs.They show a degree of comparison.

They can be used to compare two people, places or things.

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Examples:

Quicker Faster Slower

n n v adv n n adv

The soldier’s ability to make smarter decisions than the others quickly set him apart.

Conjunctions A. Coordinating​ (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. n n n adv v The ​ President of the United States​ is the military's overall head, ​ and​ smartly helps form military policy with the ​ U.S. Department of Defense​ . adj n v adj n

Not only the Continental Army was formed, ​ but​ also the Continental Navy was brilliantly formed in order to defend the new nation against British forces. ​ B. ​ Correlative:​ Either/or; neither/or; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; also/so.

adj n v adj n n n Either​ the Cold War would result in nuclear war ​ or​ peace between the Soviet Union and the United States. adj n adj n adv v n Both​ the U.S. Army ​ and​ the U.S. Navy can remarkably trace its roots to 1776.

C. ​ Subordinate:​ after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in adj n n adj adj n adj n The U.S. military is ​ the world's second largest​ , ​ after​ China's ​ People's Liberation Army​ , and has troops deployed around the globe. n n adj n n

The United States Army is the largest branch of the ​ United States Armed Forces though​ it strongly performs ​ land­based military​ operations.

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Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentences.

Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are ​ some​ common prepositions: Aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without, etc.

Interjection Interjections are the final part of speech. Interjections are words that show emotion. They are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence.

A​ : aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B​ : bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C​ : cheers, congratulations D​ : dang, drat, darn, duh E​ : eek, eh, encore, eureka F​ : fiddlesticks G​ : gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H​ : ha­ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O​ : oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P​ : phew, phooey, pooh, pow R​ : rats S​ : shh, shoo

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T​ : thanks, there, tut­tut U​ : uh­huh, uh­oh, ugh W​ : wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y​ : yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward

meanwhile at length presently at last

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later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course

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it seems in brief I suppose

anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

Phrases A. Prepositional​ ­ A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. adj.

S

adv.

Prep

1. The fallen soldier was suddenly found alongside his comrades. adj. S adv. Prep.

2. The fallen soldier, who appeared to have bullet wounds, was abruptly found alongside his brother.

B. ​ Appositive​ ­ A group of words that include all the words of phrases that modify an appositive.

S App adv.

1. August Marks, a retired sniper, was found presumably dead at his home.

S App adv.

2. In July 1875, August Marks, a retired sniper, was found presumably dead at his home.

C. ​ Verbal​ : A group of words that begins with a verbal and ends with a noun.

S adv. Verbal Gerund: a word ending in “ing” used as a noun.

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Adv. Ger. 1. Regularly cleaning your rifle will ensure its full potential.

Adv. Ger. S

2. Regularly cleaning your rifle will ensure any residue or substance will obstruct its performance.

Participate:a word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective.

Part. S 1. After his act of bravery, he was a running candidate for the Medal of Honor.

Adv 2. After he amazingly rescued a fellow solder, he was a running candidate for the Medal of Honor.

Infinitive: a verb preceded by the word “to”, used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs

S adv. Inf. 1. Once he noticed a gun flash, he began to carefully fire in the direction.

S adv. Inf.

2. Once he finally saw the opposition fire, he began to fire towards their direction.

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Clauses A. Independent Clause​ : An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.

S adv verb

1. A general wisely commands a nation’s army.

S adv. verb 2. A general’s duty is to wisely command a nation’s army.

B. ​ Subordinate Clause​ : A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjuction.

1. ​ Noun Clause: ​ Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

Sub. Con. adv. verb I. Whoever is fit enough will bravely lead the squadron.

Sub. Con. adv. verb II. Whoever is the most experienced will best be able to bravely lead the squadron

2. ​ Adjective Clause: ​ Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

Sub. Con. adv. verb I. Iraq is where soldiers were hesitantly sent.

Sub. Con. adv. verb II. The Iraq War was when Ba’ath Party was painfully overthrown.

3. ​ Adverb Clause: ​ Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause. adv. verb I. Today the soldier outstandly performed better than usual. adv. verb II. The United Soldiers roughly fought against any resistance

4. ​ Relative Clauses​ : Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun Rel. Pro. adv Verb

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I. The soldier who cleans his bunk first does not have to roughly deploy tomorrow. n n adj v adj n II. The United States Navy, who is solely responsible for naval warfare, is the largest navy in the world.

5. ​ Elliptical Causes :​ Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. adv adj n adj n n Though highly obsessive, the U.S. has the largest aircraft carrier fleet. adv adj n adj n n Though highly obsessive, the U.S. has the largest aircraft carrier fleet, ​ with ​ ten in service​ , two in the ​ reserve fleet​ .

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Sentences ● A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.

A. ​ Sentence Parts 1. Subject ● The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about. i. Complete: Subject adv. v.

The American soldier,named Tom, was thoroughly cleaning his rifle.

Subject adv. v.

The American soldier, named Tom Clancy, was thoroughly inspecting his rifle and therefore cleaned his M­16. ii. Simple: Subject adv. v.

The tank was heavily used to fire at a target.

Subject adv. v,.

The M4 Sherman tank was heavily used to fire artillery shells at the target. iii. Compound: Subject adv. v.

The United States finally has made Japan finally surrender but it costed the lives of millions of innocent people.

Subject adv v.

With the use of the atomic bomb, the United States had finally made Japan surrender, although the lives of millions of innocent people were ended.

2. ​ Predicate​ : ● Predicate tells something about the subject & includes the verb and verb phrase. i. Complete adv. v. Predicate Cadets are harshly {subjected to daily drills that will test their will}. adv v. Predicate The new cadets have been {harshly subjected to daily difficult drills.} ii. Simple adv v Predicate Seeing his father suddenly leave for deployment {had made him cry} .

Predicate adv v

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The immense sadness he felt {seeing his father abruptly leave for deployment was unbearable}.

iii. Compound adv v Predicate New boots have been {finally issued to the soldiers and they were also issued new underwear}.

Predicate adv v After wearing old,terrible boots, {new boots have been finally issued to the soldiers and they were also issued new underwear}.

​ C. Sentence Patterns 1. Simple Sentence: ● A sentence that is just one independent clause.

N adv. v.

The American soldier,named Tom, was thoroughly cleaning his rifle.

N adv. v.

The American soldier, named Tom Clancy, was thoroughly inspecting his rifle and therefore cleaned his M­16.

2. ​ Compound Sentence: ● A sentence with multiple independent clause, but no dependent clauses

Subject adv. v.

The United States finally has made Japan surrender and it cost the lives of millions of innocent people.

Subject adv v.

The United States, with the use of the atomic bomb, has finally made Japan surrender and it cost the lives of millions of innocent people.

3. ​ Complex Sentence: ● A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

N adv. v.

The United States finally has made Japan surrender but it cost the lives of millions of innocent people.

N adv v.

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With the use of the atomic bomb, the United States had finally made Japan surrender, although the lives of millions of innocent people were ended.

4. ​ Complex­Compound Sentence: ● A sentence with multiple independent clause and at least one dependent clause. adj N adv. v.

New boots have been finally issued to the soldiers and they were also issued new underwear adj N adv v After wearing old,terrible boots, new boots have been finally issued to the soldiers and they were also issued new underwear.

5. ​ Loose Sentence: ● A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction. adj n adv v n v The main objective was to safely recover the package, evacuate any civilians, and not lose any men on the way. adj n adv v n v The main objective for today was to safely recover the package, evacuate any nearby civilians, and in the process, not lose any men.

6. ​ Periodic Sentence: ● A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. adj n adj n adj n n With high temperature, dry landscape, and immense sand dunes, the desert is a dangerous place to harshly fight in, adj adj n adv adj n With very high temperatures, an immensely dry landscape, and treacherous sand dunes, the desert is a dangerous environment to harshly fight in.

7. ​ Balanced Sentence: ● A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. adj n adv v adj n adj The new cadet had to suddenly clean the military cars and the military guns.

N adj n v adv v

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Robert Weasely,the new cadet, was instructed to suddenly clean the military cars and the military guns.

8. ​ Parallel Sentence: ● A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written, N. V. Adj. N.

The general instructed the lower class soldiers that they should consistently eat well and that they should be well prepared.

N. Adj. N. Adv. V. The general told the foot soldiers that they should consistently eat well and that they should be well prepared.

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Paragraph A paragraph is a distinct section of a piece of writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line, indentation, or numbering.

A. ​ Introductory Paragraphs i. ​ Hook/Lead 1. Anecdotal:Brief Story to set the mood and intro the topic.

N N V. adj n adj n

ex. In Iraq, a soldier is pinned down in a one­way alley. A taliban sniper is 300 feet away, v n n adv v s v n v hidden in a building. The sniper is patiently waiting for the soldier to lose patience and near n adj n v adv v n the corner. Although the stranded soldier knows best and tolerantly waits for support.

2. Query Based: Question that brings the reader to the topic. n adv v n ex. What should the soldier keenly do in that situation? ii. ​ Thesis Statements​ : The purpose of a piece of writing­ usually one sentence in length­ and something that is arguable.

1. Assertion:Claim n adv v adj n n ex. The United States shouldn’t have pointlessly used the atomic bomb in Japan.

2. Fact: Empirically verifiable adj v n n ex. In 1945, atomic bombing was used in Hiroshima and in Nagasaki.

3. Opinion:Personal position on a topic. adj n v n adv ex. General Eisenhower handled Suez Crisis of 1956 really well.

4. Belief: Social, Religious or political in nature n n v n n v n ex. Using the atomic bomb against Japan was an act against God. 5. Generalization: Uses absolute or statistical pronouns v n adj n n

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ex. The use of the atomic bomb would have never been a good decision by the U.S. 6. Document Based: Cites a specific source and its position on a topic.

n n adv v ex. In ​ The Cartoon History of the United States,​ Larry Gonick brilliantly illustrates n n n adj adj n company owners in the 19th century as greedy, savage­like people. As a result from adv v v n their driving need to succeed in their business.

7. Theory: a statement that can be tested and potentially proven n n adv v n ex. The atomic bomb has the ability to instantly kill countless amount of people.

B. ​ Body Paragraphs ● must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis i. ​ Topic Sentences ● must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support. n n adv v adj n 1. ex. The 16th US president Abraham Lincoln importantly had an immense role in the n n abolishment of slavery. ii. ​ Evidence from Quotations ● quotes should never be used as an individual sentence. ● quoted should be embedded within sentences. n v n v n 1. Lincoln himself was content in the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, “If my n v n n adj n name ever goes down in history it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it” (Goodwin 499). n v n n n adj n 2. “If my name ever goes down in history it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in

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n v n v n it”, Lincoln expresses his content in the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation (Goodwin 499). v n v n n n v 3. Signing the document was important to Lincoln,“If my name ever goes down in n n adj n n v n history it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it”, Lincoln expresses his content in v n the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. v n n n v n 4.Signing the document was important to Lincoln,”If my name ever goes down in history n adj n it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it” (Goodwin 499). v n n adj n 5.Signing the document was important to Lincoln,”...my whole soul is in it”(Goodwin 499).

6. Summary:condensing larger quotes or sections n v n v n n adj n

a. “ If my name ever goes down in history it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it” (Goodwin 499). n adj adv v n b. Lincoln was happy proudly signing the document.

7. Abstract Examples: n v n adv v n a. Lincoln wouldn’t feel content if he didn’t heroically sign the Emancipation Proclamation.

8. Concrete Examples: adj n adj n v a. On January 1, 1863, a presidential proclamation and executive order was issued n

by President Abraham Lincoln. iii. ​ Closing Sentences​ : ● Must end discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional word. n. adv. n. n

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1. ex. Therefore, Abraham Lincoln was importantly crucial in the abolishment of slavery.

C. ​ Closing Paragraphs​ : i. ​ Statements or Extension​ : ● the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis, it could be one or more. n n adv n a. If the abolishment of slavery was solely done by Abraham Lincoln, then without him n it couldn’t have been accomplished. ii. ​ Final Sentence​ : a. ex. Given the responses of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, we can conclude that the abolishment of slavery was his doing.

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Essays A. Types i. ​ Persuasive: Purpose: A persuasive essay is an essay used to convince a reader about a particular idea or focus, usually one that you believe in.

Features: A persuasive essay ​ present arguments, research, and ideas in order to convince the reader to adapt a certain point of view. ii. ​ Expository: 1. Definition: An expository essay is an organized piece of prose which explains a specific topic or set of ideas to a defined audience. It differs from the persuasive research paper in the level of research and argument it employs.

2. Process: The first step in writing an Expository essay is obviously to select a topic. Then you must select a method of development, including comparing and contrasting or cause and effect. After you will organize the essay before you write it, structuring the essay by paragraphs. It might be helpful to write the thesis statement beforehand. Finally, you write it.

3. Compare and Contrast: A compare and contrast essay explains the differences and similarities between ideas.

4. Cause and Effect: ​ Cause and effect concerns with why an event, idea, instance occurs (cause) and what will pan out as a result (effect).

i. Analytical/Critical 1. Evaluative­ helps a writer present an opinion using criteria and evidence

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2.

Interpretive­ means you're allowed to provide your opinion and thoughts about a piece of writing as long as you provide support for your opinion. ii. Narrative ​ (tells a story) 1. Personal Anecdote ­ a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person to introduce your essay

iii. Research 1. MLA FORMAT ​ ­ a. style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.

2. APA FORMAT​ ­​

a. APA style is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. iv. Timed 1. Document Based Question (DBQ) a. an essay or series of short­answer questions that is constructed by students using one's own knowledge combined with support from several provided sources.

Usually it is employed on timed history tests.

2. Prompt Based a. ​ to inspire a response in the form of an ​ essay​ , which will test your writing, reasoning, and analytical skills

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Capitalization Rule 1​ : Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title.

Example: ​ Th ​e ​ Ti​ pping ​ P​ oint Rule 2​ : Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name.

Example: ​ Co ​lonel ​ S​ anders Rule 3:​ Capitalize the name of organizations Example: ​ Ar​ my ​ Na ​tional ​ Gu ​ard Rule 4:​ Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days Example: ​ V​ eterans ​ Da ​y Rule 5:​ Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title.

Example: Veterans Day parade Note:Specific titles are capitalized following the rule: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in any title. Do not capitalize a, an, the, and, but, or, nor, or prepositions of four or less letters unless those words are the first or last word.

Rule 6:​ Capitalize brand names but not the product(s).

Example: ​ S​ mith & ​ We ​sson Rule 7​ : Capitalize business names.

Example: ​ Un ​ited ​ S​ tates ​ Nu ​clear ​ Re ​gulatory ​ Co ​mmision Rule 8​ : Capitalize a specific, well­known area or event.

Example: Did President Bush work late in the ​ Ov​ al ​ Of​ fice?

Rule 9​ : Capitalize names of particular geographic places.

Examples: ​ Ge ​ttysburg, ​ P​ ennsylvania Rule 10​ : Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents.

Examples: ​ Wo ​rld ​ Wa ​r II Rule 11​ : Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being.

Examples: ​ M​ ethodist ​ P​ rotestant Rule 12​ : Capitalize languages Examples: ​ E​ nglish, ​ Ge ​rman, ​ Fr​ ench Rule 13​ : Capitalize specific names of structures.

Examples: ​ Wa ​shington ​ M​ onument Rule 14​ : Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.

Example: ​ Ab ​e ​ Ge ​neral ​ E​ lik Rule 15​ : Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. n n n adj n

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Example: ​ Th ​e memorial to George Washington, our nation’s first president, has recently been refurbished to its original splendor.

Rule 16​ : Capitalize the pronoun I. adv v n v n n Example: Thoroughly contemplating if ​ I ​ should enlist in the U.S. Army, ​ I discussed the possibility with my mother.

Rule 17​ : Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry.

Example: ​ We ​ are out in the brush, with rifle ​ E​ ating dirt and dust, ​ Ca ​rrying and cleaning a machine gun, ​ Ho ​ping the darn thing won’t rust.

(Army Life by Clayton Bluse) Rule 18​ : Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline.

Examples: ​ I.​ Division ​ A.​ Brigade ​ 1.​ Battalion Rule 19​ : Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation.

Examples: Lyle asked, “​ Wh ​ere is my rifle?” “​ I ​ am not accountable for your rifle,” replied his captain.

Rule 20​ : Capitalize government bodies and departments.

Examples: ​ S​ enate, ​ Co ​ngress, ​ Ca ​binet Rule 21​ : Capitalize races and ethnic groups.

Examples: ​ Ca ​ucasian, ​ P​ olynesian, ​ Hi​ spanic Rule 22​ : Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world. adj n adv v n Examples: The next camp is conveniently located in the ​ No ​rth.

Rule 23​ : Capitalize political parties and their members.

Examples: ​ Re ​publican ​ P​ arty, ​ De ​mocrats Rule 24​ : Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence. adj n adv v n Example: ​ Tw ​enty­two soldiers solemnly remain in that area.

Rule 25​ : Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter.

Example: Dear Lieutenant, M​ ost of the... ... ​ La ​stly, I hope to see you here

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Punctuation 1. The Comma(,) Definition: ​ The comma is a valuable, useful punctuation device because it separates the structural elements of sentences such as ​ clauses, phrases, and words into manageable segments.

Examples: n adj n n v adv adj n The M4 rifle, M67 hand grenade, and MREs are reliably standard issue to every soldier. adj adj n adj n adj n As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has deep roots in the Continental Army.

2. The Apostrophe(‘) Definition: The apostrophe had many different uses such as​ forming possessives of nouns, showing the omission of letters, and to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters.

Examples: n n n adv v n It is the United States Army’s duty to undoubtedly preserve the peace and security of the United States. n adv v n v Many profusely argue that the United States shouldn’t have used the atomic bomb on Japan.

3. The Hyphen(­) Definition: The Hyphen is used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.

Examples: adj n n adv v adj n n The pre­civil war era was really full of the harsh mistreatment of African Americans. n adv v adj adj n The U.S. Navy currently contains around fifty­four attack submarines.

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Work Cited D'Alessandro, Michael P. "United States Navy." ​ Wikipedia​ . Wikimedia Foundation, 13 May 2004. Web. 03 Dec. 2015.

"English Grammar Revolution: Grammar Made Easy." ​ English Grammar Revolution: Grammar Made Easy​ . N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.

"ESL Desk." ​ ESL Desk​ . N.p., n.d. Web. Participles & Participial Phrases." ​ Participles & Participial Phrases​ . N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.

"Prepositional Phrases." ​ Prepositional Phrases​ . N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2015. 9 Oct. 2015.

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