Author: YongXiLu
Introduction This book was written with the intent to teach other high school students about the proper usage of grammar. If you are already a professional English major, then this book is not targeted towards you. As a research project, this book may contain areas of error and it would be greatly appreciated if you could contact me if any particular errors are spotted in the book. As the book is intended to be targeted for high school students, there will not be any advanced college level uses of grammar in here. I hope this book is particularly helpful to you and I hope you learn a great deal from this book. About the Author Hi, my name is YongXiLu. As a student of Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet high school, writing isn't really my forte. In fact, memorization seems to be the only thing taught here. The school, however, is not to blame. Growing up in the country of China, I was taught to write in Chinese and write in a very philosophical way. The thing is, writing in China and writing here is very different, so when I arrived here (the United States) it was difficult to adapt to what I saw as a completely foreign language, English. After finally adapting to the language, I continued to write in the philosophical method taught to me by my teachers in China. My style of writing can be seen within the series of this book and my many other books (if I decide to write them). The majority of my growth as writer stems from my joy of making up stories in my mind while I played it out in reality. Unfortunately, this is all I can say about myself as a writer. I don't have too many experiences and the experiences I currently have are rather limited. So without any further dues, let's dive straight into the juicy stuff.
Table of Contents Intro to Book and About the Author………...Page 1 Table of Contents……………………………Page 2 Section 1: Parts of Speech…………..Page 312 Section 2: Phrases…………………..PAge 1314 Section 3 : Clauses………………………Page 1516 Section 4: Sentences…………………...Page 1727 Section 5: Paragraphs………………………...Page 2833 Section 6: Essays………………………..3437 Section 7: Capitalization……………………………..3839 Section 8: Punctuation………………………….4041 Section 9: Commonly confused words………………………...4244 Glossary………………………………………………………..4548 Works Cited………………………………………………..49
Section 1: Parts of Speech Topic: The world of Science Adjectives : Adjectives are words that describe, modify, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns 1. Kinds: Demonstrative, common, Proper A. Demonstrative: Adjectives that indicate which noun you are trying to address Ex: these laws, that theory, the experiment B. Common: any kind of adjectives used on a daily basis which starts with a lowercase letter Ex: experimental idea , theoretical statement , ideal gas C. Proper: An adjective which is capitalized and derived from a proper noun Ex: Newtonian physics, Galilean moons, Foucault pendulum 2. Endings: The following list below contains all the adjective endings and an example ● ful – powerful ● eous – instantaneous ● y – explosively ● ish – brackish ● ble – unbreakable ● ial – bacterial ● ent – efferent ● less – cureless ● ing – ejecting ● ly – abiotically ● ar – alveolar ● ive – abrasive 3. conversions: Different parts of speech can be converted to adjectives with the following techniques A. nouns to adjectives: Add the endings al. ful, ous, and ic B. verb to adjectives: Add endings able, ive, and able Examples: atom atom ic, invent invent ive, innovate innovat ive 4. Articles: Articles are used when we want to show whether the noun is specific or nonspecific. There are two types of articles: definite and indefinite. Definite articles include the word “the” and is used to specify the noun. Indefinite articles include “a” and “an” and are used to describe nonspecific nouns. Examples: Definite Article: In order to scientifically prove the laws of thermodynamics, scientists must follow the strict scientific method.
Indefinite article: In order to scientifically prove a law, scientists must painstakingly write a procedure for other scientists to follow and replicate. 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: Comparatives and superlatives are special forms of adjectives used to contrast objects or people. Comparatives are used to contrast between two objects or people while superlatives are used to contrast between more than two people. Comparative Example: Stephen Hawking’s idea of black hole radiation is more scientifically proven than Leonard Susskind’s theories. Superlative Example: Einstein’s mind was far superior to anyone else’s mind at his time. Superlative Example: Quantum physics is by far the most confusing branch of science to exist. 5. Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs A. Endings i. ly, wards, wise ly Examples: instantaneously, rapidly, experimentally wards Examples: horizonward, pacificward, moonward wise Examples: clockwise, lengthwise, timewise B. Conversions: i. Instantaneous can be converted to an adverb by adding ly ending ii. Clock can be converted from a noun to an adverb by adding the wise ending: clockwise iii. Moon can be converted from a noun to an adverb by adding the ward ending: Moonward C. Types: There are 5 types of adverbs: Manner, frequency, degree, place, time. Manner describes how, time adjective shows when, place pinpoints where, degree shows the level of the work, frequency tells how often. 1. Manner: Bosons interact very quickly with gluons to exhibit a strong nuclear force effect. 2. Manner: The development of fusion technology is longwinded and outrageously expensive. 3. Time: LOCKHEED will develop fusion technology within the short time span of 10 years. 4. Time: Within the next couple months , Bravo’s science bowl team will go and compete for national qualifications. 5. Place: The first particle accelerator was built quickly and prudely there at the CERN laboratory. 6. Place: The science bowl team willingly meets here in the USC library every Saturdays. 7. Degree: The rate at which Newton developed Calculus is mind blowingly quick (same rate as you would learn it).
8. Degree: The speed of light is incomparably quick when compared to that of the speed of sound. 9. Frequency: The scientific method requires data to always match precisely and accurately in order to be considered by the scientific community. 10. Frequency: The scientific method usually works but there are some exceptions (Quantum mechanics). D. Intensifiers: Types of adverbs which emphasizes the strength or weakness of a statement. Strong modifier example: The energy difference between a fission bomb and a fusion bomb is extremely frightening. Weak intensifier example: The energy released from the splitting of a single glucose molecule is far too little a number when compared to the ginormous amounts of energy released from the splitting of an atom. E. Comparatives/ Superlatives: Comparatives and superlatives are special forms of adjectives used to contrast objects or people. Comparatives are used to contrast between two objects or people while superlatives are used to contrast between more than two people. Comparative Example: Stephen Hawking’s idea of black hole radiation is more scientifically proven than Leonard Susskind’s theories. Superlative Example: Einstein’s mind was far superior to anyone else’s mind at his time. Superlative Example: Quantum physics is by far the most confusing branch of science to exist. 6. Conjunctions : A. Coordinating: Connects words, phrases, and clauses. This is the type of conjunction most people think of when the word conjunction is brought up. The acronym FANBOYS accurately depicts all the coordinating conjunctions: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Ex: The scientific community is based on experimentation yet quantum theory defies this rule. Ex: The Z and W bosons are theorized to contain the weak nuclear force but no evidence exists to prove their existence. B. Correlative: Comes in pairs and have to be used in different places in the sentence in order for the sentence to work. The following list are correlative conjunctions: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Ex: Both the Z and W bosons are theorized to work together in order to contain the weak nuclear force. Ex: Whether the graviton particle exists or not depends solely on further scientific experimentation at laboratories such as the LHC. C. Subordinate: Subordinate conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and tie them to the independent clause. These are not to be confused with relative pronouns. Easiest way to recognize them is that they are always in front of the dependent clause. These include
the following: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order, provided that, since, so, so that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Ex: Since the time of Einstein, the number of theoretical scientists has skyrocketed. Ex: Unless the government stops cutting NASA's funds, future space explorations will be canceled. D. Relative pronouns: These act as the subject for dependent clauses. Who (refers to people), which (refers to non living objects or animals), that (may refer to animals or non living objects) Ex: The laws of thermodynamics are the laws that has defined the basics of physics for as long as physics has stood. Ex: Newton is the one who invented the prismatic prism and used it to refract light. 7. Prepositions: Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. 1. Aside from their already large amounts of funding, LOCKHEED must work alongside with US weapon and development team in order to forward their compact fusion reactor which can fit inside a truck. 2. In addition to the already cut funds of NASA, the space program must now face the threats of further cuts in spite of the importance of space exploration. 3. The steam engine works by putting the shovel of coal into the fuel chamber, shoving the coal under the fire, and only in specific amounts in order for the engine to work amid the burning the of the fuel. 8. Interjections: Words that are able to stand by themselves and serve to exclaim, protest, or command. The following is a list of interjections by EnchantedLearning:
aah ack agreed ah aha ahem alas all right amen argh as if aw ay aye B bah
G gadzooks gah gangway g'day gee gee whiz geez gesundheit get lost get outta here go on good good golly good job gosh
L la ladidah lo look look here long time lordy M man meh mmm most certainly my my my my word
Q quite R rah rats ready right right on roger roger that rumble S say see ya shame shh
U ugh uh uhoh um ur urgh V very nice very well voila vroom W wah well well done
blast boo hoo bother boy brr by golly bye C cheerio cheers chin up come on crikey curses D dear me doggone drat duh E easy does it eek egads er exactly F fair enough fiddledeedee fiddlesticks fie foo fooey
gracious great grr gulp H ha haha hah hallelujah harrumph haw hee here hey hmm ho hum hoo hooray hot dog how huh hum humbug hurray huzza I I say ick is it ixnay J jeez just kidding just a sec just wondering K kapish
N nah naw never no no can do nooo not no thanks no way nuts O oh oho ohoh oh no okay okeydokey om oof ooh oopsey over oy oyez P peace pff pew phew pish posh psst ptui
shoo shucks sigh sleep tight snap sorry sssh sup T ta tada ta ta take that tally ho tch thanks there there there time out toodles touche tsk tsktsk tut tuttut
well, well what whatever whee when whoa whoo whoopee whoops whoopsey whew why word wow wuzzup Y ya yea yeah yech yikes yippee yo yoohoo you bet you don't say you know yow yum yummy Z zap zounds zowie zzz
1.
Einstein made one of the largest mistakes in history: he doubted himself, Jeez!
The world of science is all about random guessing and getting lucky, just kidding ! 3. If you were to touch a faraday cage while soaked in water, ZAP ! 2.
9. Antecedents: these words give meaning to any proform words (pronouns, proverb, proadverb...etc) 1. Ex: Einstein is the main who came up with the relativity theory, he ended up winning the award for the photoelectric effect. 2. Ex: De Broglie was known for his theory of the lightparticle duality, he was also the one who came up with the idea of light quanta. 10. Complements: Complements are words needed to complete a sentence and can’t be removed from the sentence. It usually tells us something about the subject or the object. These are called subject complements and object complements respectively. 1. Ex: JJ Thompson was the man who came up with the existence of the neutron. 2. Ex: James Chadwick was the man who theorized the charge to mass ratio of the electron. 11. Objects: There are two types of objects: direct and indirect. A direct object is what the verb is applying to, usually answering the question “whom” or “what”. An indirect object answers “to whom” and “to what”. DO V 1. Direct object example: The particle accelerator was built for and scholars currently researching subatomic elementary particles. DO V 2. Indirect object example: Ideas of acceleration were changed by scientists overtime for IDO the future generation . 12. Modifiers: any words or clauses which provide a description to the sentence. Modifiers can be adjectives , adjective clauses , adverbs , adverb clauses , absolute phrases , infinitive phrases , participle phrases , and prepositional phrases . 1. Poor Einstein, who was hailed as the greatest scientist of his era , made the most foolish mistake of his career. 2. As the particle accelerate turns on, the hum of the powerful engines echo through the hallway, the particles whizz by, and as the earth shatters , the particles collide. 13. Transitions: Transitions connects words or clauses. These words are used to help the reader progress from one idea to the next. Transitions Chart by Conderman. Size Transitions The largest Larger than The next largest Equal to The smallest Smaller than
The smallest The smallsized The tallest The next smallest The mediumsized The shortest The largest The largestsized
Time Transitions First, Then, Next, At last,
Now Soon Then Later
First, Second, Third, Finally, In the past, In the present, In the future,
At the beginning of Thereafter, By this time In the middle of Presently, At the same time At the end of After a short time, At that instant Soon thereafter, Immediately, During Simultaneously,
Before In the meantime Meanwhile Afterwards
In the morning, Before noon, In the afternoon, In the evening,
Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow The day after tomorrow,
The first A more recent The most recent
The next day, Two weeks later, Six months later,
This year, Next year, In the next few years
The earliest The next earliest The most recent
Space Transitions behind over under below beneath low down on the bottom on the corner
on the edge of beside toward around throughout near to the right of side by side to the left of close to on top of next to at the top down by up
in front of west of facing east of in back of north of in the center south of inside at the outside in at the end of on between above
high against alongside ahead of here there beyond farther on
Importance Transitions The best The next best The least best
The most important Equally important The next important The least important
The first More important than Most important
The best The next best The worst
ChainLink Transitions On the one hand,
One example of In the first place,
In other words,
The first
On the other hand, Again, Besides, Moreover,
The opposite of _is_ On the contrary side To the contrary, In contrast, In spite of Despite the
For instance, In the second place, In fact, The second Another example In the third place, Also, The third A further example For another example, For example, One Because First, Another Since Second, Still another A further As Third, In addition, Further, Still, Specifically In the same way, Furthermore, While More specifically In fact, Instead In particular, Additionally, Lastly, The last Indeed, As a result, Similar to _is_ Last Although Consequently, Another similar _is_ Even though Naturally Likewise, Nevertheless, Even if After all, Similarly, Nonetheless, A dissimilar _is_
Concluding Transitions To conclude In conclusion, In summary,
In sum, In brief, In short,
To sum up To summarize, Therefore,
As you can see, As a result, Finally,
14. Expletives: Words that can be rid of and serves no meaning within the sentence. These include: there is and there are 1. There are no particles in the universe which can simply disappear. 2. There are too many pollutants in the pesticides used in commercial farming. 15. Agreements: There are two types of agreements: subjectverb agreements and nounpronoun agreements. In all sentences, the subject must match the verb in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. S V 1. Example subject verb agreement: The laws of physics have been proven time and time again to fail, just kidding. N 2. Example nounpronoun agreement: The laws of physics can be changed, but it requires PN a lot of evidence in order to change them .
Disclaimer: The charts above are not mine and all credit goes to the original creators. The use of these charts are not for profit and are for educational purposes only. Section 2: Phrases
Topic: The World Of Science 2. Phrases A. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun and is used as an adjective or an adverb. Adv ADJ PP 1. The particle accelerator, in all it’s conferring technological glory, hummed throughout the day . Adv Adj PP 2. Venus, in all its shining beauty , arches under the rise of dawn . B. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. Adv AP 1. Wilheim Rontgen, a famous german physicist , won the nobel prize in physics for his discovery of Rontgen rays, or better known as Xrays. AP 2. Throughout his life, Hendrick Lorentz, an overlooked scientist , helped contribute to ADV ADJ many important discoveries including but limited to: theories of relativity, Zeeman effect, and the transformation equations. C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun 1. Gerund word ending in “ing” used as a noun VP a. Ever since Einstein came up with his theories of relativity, convincing adv adj doubting skeptics was his very first priority. b. Every physicist in the 1920s would always wonder what the great and ADV ADJ VP knowledgable Lorentz would think about the newly published thesis, or scientific writings . 2. Participle word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Participle Phrase a. Taking the path of least action , reactions tend to follow Hamilton's principle ADV ADJ derived from laws set by previous wellknown scientists. Participle Phrase b. Observing the moons of Jupiter, Galileo came to the conclusion that the ADV ADJ celestial heavenly spheres reflect our own lonely planet. 3.Infinitive verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs IVP a. Lorentz wanted to combine hamilton’s complex principle with the ADV ADJ
revolutionary breakthrough ideas of relativity. IVP b. Einstein wanted to unify the various forces and theories of physics into ADV ADJ one central theory: The Grand Unified Theory. Grammar Book Section 3 Clauses
Topic: The World of Science 3. Clauses A. Independent Clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. ADV ADJ 1. The ideas of Xray diffraction came from the brilliant scientist Max Von Laue. ADV ADV ADV ADJ 2. The equations for xray diffraction came from the two father and son scientists Bragg and Bragg Jr. B. Subordinate: Can’t stand alone and must begin with a subordinate conjunction 1. Noun clause: used as the noun in a sentence and may function as the subject, the predicate noun, the direct object, the object of a preposition, the indirect object, or the appositive. Noun Clause a. Being the one who came up with the idea of xray crystallography , Max Von Adv Adj Laue received the nobel prize award in 1914. Noun Clause adv adv adj b. Wolfgang Pauli, the one who came up with the ever so important principle of exclusion, the Pauli exclusion, won the nobel prize in 1945. 2. Adjective clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. ADv ADJ Adj Clause a. Einstein, the great mastermind , came up with the brilliant idea that changed the course of science . Adv Adj adjective clause b. Maupertuis is a world renowned scientist who came up with the Maupertuis’s principle , which correlates with the principle of least action. 3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition and or/ concession Adv Adv Adj a. The nobel prize was awarded to the two collaborative scientists Euler and Lagrange once adverb clause they mathematically proved their equation. adverb Phrase 2 b. Einstein came up with the e=mc equation because it represents that Adv scientific equations don’t have to be verbose but rather, can be very Adj succinct . 4. Relative Clause: Dependent clauses that begins with a relative pronoun.
Relative Clause Adv V a. That first equation Newton came up with was painfully derived from the calculus he came up with. Relative Clause b. Why einstein called the constant of light his greatest mistake in life , Adv Adj no one knows, because the constant of light was undoubtedly correct . 5. Elliptical Clause: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. Adv Adj a. Linus Pauling should be the most revered scientist in the world, because Elliptical Clause he’s earned two unshared nobel prize awards; Einstein, only one. Adv Adj b. The largest star in the observable known universe has a total of 260 solar Elliptical Clause radii, VY Canis Majoris; the Sun, only 1 solar radii . 6. Essential Clause: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Essential Clause a. The man who wants to complete the Grand Unified Theory is none ADV ADJ other than the world renowned Michio Kaku. Essential Clause b. As the man who began the branch of physics known as quantum ADV ADV ADJ mechanics , the ingenious well known Max planck was also known for his breakthrough work on the quantization of light. 7. Nonessential Clause: clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Adv Nonessential Clause a. The debatable existence of the event horizon, the zone where all light is stopped and time seems to stop , is the very entrance into a black hole phenomena. Nonessential Clause b. The blood of the first few astronauts, the ones who died on the Apollo 1 ADV ADJ mission , paved the path for future space exploration. Section 4:Sentences
Subject: The world of science 1. Sentence Parts Subject: a. Complete: The complete subject is the subject plus all the modifiers that go along with it. Ex: CS SP V i. The bright and intelligent Dirac attempted to solve the mysteries of the Adv Adj elusive quantum mechanics. CS ii. As the conflicting theories of Quantum Physics and general relativity V V Adv continue to develop , they continue to grow further and further away . b. Simple: The word that tells the reader whom or what the sentence is all about. Ex: SS V ADJ ADJ i. It is every scientist’s dream to venture into the mysterious and dark realm known DO as the singularity. ADJ N SS V ADJ ii. In spite of popular belief, matter can in fact escape the void of the inescapable ADJ black hole. c. Compound: any sentence with more than one subject. Ex: CS V ADV i. Together, Einstein and Max Planck , developed the foundation for modern ADJ N quantum mechanics. CS ADj adv adv adj ii. Oppenheimer, Einstein, and Fermi are three of the most famous and well N known scientist who have worked on the Manhattan project. Predicate: a. complete: A predicate with all its modifiers V Adv Adj N adv adj i. In the time it took humanity to evolve, a couple thousand years, other alien N CP civilizations may have already far surpassed us .
V adv adj n CP ii. Growing up, the world of science has always fascinated me to extents unimaginable. b. simple: The word that tells the reader what the subject is doing S SP ADJ ADV i. Snell formulated the refraction of light with mathematical equations he, himself, V created in 1621. N ADv SP ADV ii. As a man of science, Columbus always wrote everything down in his journal, v n n adv adj securing credit for the discovery of magnetic declination. c. compound: a subject that shares two or more verbs contain a compound predicate N CP CP ADJ N i. As columbus sailed through the sea, he made a scientific discovery which he CP adv adj n kept from his crewmates, in fear of the dreaded undoubted impeachment. N CP ii. Michael Faraday, known for his work in electricity, invented the van De Graff CP ADv adj generator and helped engineer the revolutionary Faraday cage. 2. Sentence types: 1. Declarative: Any sentence which states a fact. adj n adj n adj n a. The hardest part of quantum mechanics is not the strenuous equations adv adj n themselves, but a welcome open mind. adj n adj adj n adj n b. With Pascal’s principle of pressure and the recent discovery of capillary action, n adv adj adj n Boyle managed to come up with his own pressure and volume law. 2. Interrogative: Any sentence that asks a question V ADV ADJ N V N a. Who was the man who came up with the ludicrous idea of attracting lightning with a rod? N V N Adv adj
b. What foolishness could lead to the development of such a useless piece of N machinery? 3. Imperative: Any sentence structured into a command or simple request V N V a. Charge up the Van De Graff Generator to about 500,000 volts and experience the ADv N ADJ tingling sensation of electricity. N Adv adj n b. Shoot the projectile horizontally 50 meters, record the time the projectile stays airborne, record and then repeat for 5 trials. 4. Exclamatory: An exclamatory sentence expresses excitement or emotion ADj n adv adv adv adj adv a. The size of the observable universe is over a mindblowing 14 billion light years! N b. Nikola Tesla, a man who in his time came up with the greatest ideas, was rejected by the world and his ideas of free energy for the world would not be ADV N ADJ revisited until hundreds of years later! C. Sentence Patterns (13) 1. simple sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. ADV ADj N a. The naturally talented genius, Oppenheimer, lead the Manhattan project. S ADV ADJ N b. Alchemists have searched for the theoretical lifechanging object known as the ADJ N alchemist stone. 2. Compound sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause S V ADV adj N V V a. Dirac was the man who won the nobel prize award for attempting to unify the two Adv adj N long standing theories and for discovering several superimposed symmetric particles. S V Adv adj N b. The IUPAC is the committee that makes all the official published laws of chemistry and
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V they are also the ones who decide whether a theory is accepted as scientific or not. complex sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause adj adj n S V a. While playing around with flimsy scotch tape, two scientists were able to make ADJ Adv N one of the world’s hardest materials out of pencil lead. ADV ADJ N N S V b. After the catastrophic nuclear devastation of Japan, the scientists who worked on V the Manhattan project felt as if they were responsible. Complexcompound sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause . V ADV V ADv a. During the Manhattan project, the scientists worked rigorously to create the first Adj N nuclear bomb and to aid their country in times of war. ADJ N b. In spite of the rapid advancements in technology, it still feels as if we are moving V ADV towards the future too slowly and as if quantum technology will never advance within our lifetimes. Loose sentence: A sentence that contains independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) ADV ADJ a. It was obvious that the Germans were technologically superior but the Americans didn’t give up and kept pushing the line. ADV ADJ b. Transistors are used within various amplifiers, switches, and optionally changing the resistance of the device. Periodic sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. ADV a. Despite being threatened by the power of the Church, Galileo rebelliously ADJ continued his forbidden research. S ADV V
b. If the mass of star is more than 1.4 solar masses, the star will inevitably collapse into a neutron star. 7. BAlanced sentence: a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length. V ADV V N V a. To do science is to intelligently use the power of the mind, to work is to use V energy, to die is to lose all conscious of who you are. b. Every scientific theory must be testable, and every scientist must be able to ADV V experimentally determine whether the theory can be proved right or wrong. 8. Parallel structure: a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written ADV V N V adj n adj n adj a. The horrific bombing of Nagasaki rendered many homeless,many dead, many N devastated. ADJ N ADV V N b. Curvilinear motion can be used to easily solve problems with a known fixed curve, to determine the curve of a projectile, and to find the angle of a thrown object. 9. Chiasmus: a sentence that includes repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order ADJ N a. Does it have a negative charge because it’s an electron or is it an electron ADJ N because it has a negative charge? ADV adj N N adv adj b. WAs it man who first created science, or was it science that first created man? 10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. S V N ADV V a. Einstein is known as the man who rewrote science, who drastically changed V ADV everybody's perspective, who understood the need to think differently. ADV V N b. Galileo singlehandedly destroyed competition, took initiatives, but in the watching eyes of the church, was nothing but evil. 11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical reason
adj n adv v a. The discoveries of many individuals seem to undoubtably prove the success of science but the church denies it and they are always right, and who wouldn’t follow god? s v n adj n b. Astronomy shows the glory of the heavens, and extravagant galaxies, and adv adj n adj n adj n pulsing neutron stars, and the majestic fury of black holes and the beauty of human curiosity. 12. anaphora: a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a words, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. S S S ADV V a. Every physicist, every chemist, every biologist must unquestionably follow the principles of the scientific method. b. The truth, the scientific calculations, the fiery flame of curiosity drives every ADV V N scientist to the edge of the world in the ancient search for the truth. 13. epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words S V ADV V N a. Growing up, Faraday did everything with precision, he observed experiments with V N N precision, he hypothesized ideas with precision, he wrote out his law of induction in precision. N ADJ N V N N b. The time for scientific revolution has come, the time for innovation has come, our ADV V time and our revolution has finally come. Sentence Errors: 1. Runon/ Rambling: A mistake in which a two or more independent clauses are improperly joined without an appropriate conjunction
Error: S V adv adj N According to other scientists, Pasteur was one of the greatest scientist alive he was the best in his field. Fix: S V adv adj N adj According to other scientists, Pasteur was one of the greatest scientist alive because he was the best in his field. 2. Fused: The fused sentence is also known as the run on sentence. a. Error: ADv V ADJ N Vigorously written by one of the greatest scientists in history the Principia is one of the most well known books in the world it contains the discovery of Newton. b. Fix: ADV V ADJ N Vigorously written by one of the greatest scientists in history, the Principia is one of the most well known books in the world because it contains the discovery of Newton. 3. Fragment: A stand alone dependent clause a. Error: ADV V N N By strategically keeping his secret from his crewmates, Columbus managed to. b. Fix: ADV V N S V By strategically keeping his secret from his crewmates, Columbus managed to ADV V ADJ N skillfully save his own life. 4. Misplaced Modifier: A modifier that is misplaced, making the sentence sound illogical and silly a. Error: ADJ N S V N ADV adj
Speeding inside the particle accelerator, we observed the particle’s lightning fast N adj N collisions on computer screens. b. Fix: V ADJ N ADV adv adj N Speeding inside the particle accelerator, the lightning fast particle collisions were observed on computer screens. 5. Double Negative: An error in which two forms of negation are used right after the other. a. Error: DN ADV adj The Department of Energy did not give nothing to the hardworking science bowl teams of 2014. b. Fix: ADV ADJ N The Department of Energy did not give anything to the hardworking science bowl teams of 2014. 6. Comma splice: The use of a comma to join two conjunctions A. Error: S ADV V Acceleration is the result of velocity over time, it can be strategically used for ADJ N many formulas such as Newton’s second law of motion. B. Fix: S ADV V Acceleration is the result of velocity over time, and it can be strategically used ADJ N for many formulas such as Newton’s second law of motion.
Sentence Types Quiz True/False: 1. Asyndeton sentences have are sentences that include repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order 2. An anaphora pattern is a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a words, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. Identify the following sentence type: 3. A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. a. Anaphora b. Loose sentence c. Balanced d. Asyndeton 4. A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.
a. Periodic b. Polysyndeton c. Epistrophe d. Parallel 5. A sentence that contains independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) a. Loose sentence b. epistrophe c. polysyndeton d. parallel 6. A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause . a. Complex sentence b. Compound sentence c. Complex compound sentence d. Parallel structure
7. BAlanced sentence: a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length. a. Parallel structure b. Aysndeton c. Complex compound sentence d. Balanced sentence
8. Identify the following sentence error: He was a man of grace, he liked to eat a lot. a. Run on b. Comma splicing c. misplaced modifier d. fragment 9. Identify the following sentence error: When the apollo mission launched in 1969. a. Fragment b. Comma Splicing c. Run d. Misplaced Modifier 10. Identify the following sentence error: He did not never bring peanuts on board. a. Fragment b. Comma Splicing c. Double Negative d. Fused sentence Answer Key: 1. False
2. True 3. d 4. a 5. Loose construction 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. a 10. c Section 5: Paragraphs Topic: The world of science 1. Introductory Paragraphs
a. Hook (lead) i. Anecdotal Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic 1. Ex: Born in the costly fighting of the civil war, Max planck lived to the age of world war 2. Living through the age of world war two, Planck is experienced enough to know the ups and down of society. So if we are to solve a problem, then we ask Max Planck. ii. Query Based question that brings the reader to the topic 1. Ex: Is science truly necessary for the unbearably long battle known as life? b. Thesis Statements the purpose of a piece of writing usually one sentence in length and something that is arguable i. Assertion a claim 1. Ex: Science can be undoubtedly beneficial to the development of new foods. ii.
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FAct empirically verifiable 1. Ex: Science undoubtedly forms the basis of continual development and future planning. Opinion personal position on a topic 1. Ex: Chemistry is the best mathbased science in the existence of humanity. Belief social, religious, or political in nature an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1. Ex: The Big Bang theory is how the primordial universe was eventually created. GEneralization uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half avoid using this type of thesis statement 1. Ex:
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Science is the absolute only way to permanently solve for the world’s endless problems. Document Based cites a specific source and its position on a topic 1. Ex: According to Moons of Jupiter , Matt Williams argues that some of the moons of Jupiter are better suited for future colonization Theory a statement that can be tested and potentially proven 1. Ex: The use of antibodies can potentially reduce all the bacteria within potentially infected food.
2. Body Paragraphs Must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis a. Topic Sentences: Must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support i. Ex: According to giancoli and other credible sources, chemistry is the essential underlying science of all other modern sciences. b. Evidence from quotations quotes should never be used as individual sentences quotes should be embedded within sentences i. Ex: The publisher of the high school textbook, Zumdal, agrees, “ Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences ” (Zumdal 21). ii. Ex: “ Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences ,” according to the publisher of the high school textbook, Zumdal. iii. Ex: Unfortunately for Biology and Physics enthusiasts, “ Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences ,” according to publisher of the chemistry textbook, Zumdal (Zumdal 21) iv. Ex: Unfortunately for Biology and Physics enthusiasts , “ Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in [importantly] connecting the physical sciences ,” (Zumdal 21). v. Ex: Unfortunately for Biology and Physics enthusiasts , “ Chemistry is… the [undeniable] central science because of its role [in ... ,” (Zumdal 21).
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Paraphrase rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source. 1. Orginal Quote: “ Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences ” 2. PAraphrase: Chemistry is the single most important science thanks to its underlying principles. (Zumdal 21). Summary: condensing larger quotes or sections 1. Original Quote: “ Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences ” 2. Summary: Chemistry is the central science. Abstract examples hyportheitical, “What if” examples AVOID 1. Ex: Chemistry would be the single greatest science in existence if teachers could teach it properly. Concrete Examples actual, referenceable examples 1. A study in the October 12 Water on Mars shows that the there may actually be potentially habitable areas on Mars.
c. Closing sentences must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word possibly an adverb and should echo the thesis of the essay. i. Ex: With all the evidence given, Chemistry is the science to accurately explain all the phenomena to ever surface. 3. closing paragraphs conclusions should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay a. Statements of extension extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis could be one or more sentences i. Ex: If Chemistry wasn’t the central science, then there will be no way scientists could miraculously gather as much information as they have. b. Final Sentence connects to the hook i. Ex: Given that science has proven time and time again to overcome the most challenging of feats, science, this time, may also be able to improve the quality of the food we eat without creating a huge problem.
Quiz: Paragraphs 1. The sentence that sets the mood and introduces the topic is known as the: a. Assertion b. Hook
c. Theory d. Expository 2. An opinion held by many to be a fact and is social, religious, or political in nature is known as: a. Belief b. Generalization c. Opinion d. Fact 3. A personal position on a topic is known as a: a. Belief b. Opinion c. Fact d. Anecdote 4. A claim on a statement is known as a: a. assertion b. opinion c. fact d. anecdote 5. Condensing a large quote or section into a smaller text is known as a” a. Abstract example b. paraphrase c. summary d. concrete example 6. Which of the following below is best used to connect the hook and end the writing? a. Closing sentence b. closing paragraph c. final sentence d. statement of extension 7. Actual, reference able examples are also known as: a. Summary b. Abstract examples c. Concrete examples d. Generalization 8. The use of absolute or statistical pronouns such as: all, always, every, never, none, most, half is also known as: a. summary b. abstract examples c. concrete examples d. generalization 9. A statement that can be tested and potentially proven is also known as: a. theory
b. Summary c. Fact d. Assertion 10. A question that brings the reader to the topic is known as the: a. Anecdotes b. Paraphrase c. Summary d. Query based hook Quiz: Answers 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. c 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. d Section 6: Essays Topic: The world of science a. Types
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Persuasive (argumentative) A Persuasive essay is an essay which attempts to persuade the reader to side with a certain point of view. It’s main goal is to get the reader to do something or believe a certain thing. Expository (informative) 1. Definition or description An essay in which the narrator is trying to give an impression on an object, a place, an experience, an emotion, etc. Description essays are meant to inform the reader about the object via descriptions. 2. Process/Howto: These essays give out instructions to carry out a procedure or task. A cookbook would be an example of a howto essay. 3. Compare and Contrast: The type of essay in which the writer is comparing the similarities and differences between two or more objects, people, etc. 4. Cause and effect A cause and effect type of essay in which the writer writes about why something happens and what happens as a result. There are two parts to these types of essays: what causes the event and what comes after the event. Analytical/Critical 1. Evaluative A type of writing intended to judge something or someone based on a set of criteria. There are three key parts to an evaluative essay: the judgement, criteria, and evidence. Your judgement is your own opinion, your criteria is the reasons for your decision, and your evidence is the support for you judgement. 2. Interpretive Interpretive essays are written to show the writer’s understanding of the text. Interpretive essays are usually written to show the reader what you understand about the structure of the essay. Narrative (tells a story) 1. Personal Anecdote an anecdote is used to tell the reader a story of one’s own experience. In exams, however, it is advantageous to make up a story to go with the writing prompt. Research 1. MLA Format MLA stands for Modern Language Association and is a format created for academic writing. These are the requirements for MLA format: a. Typed on 8.5 X 11 inch paper with 12 point font b. 1inch margins on all sides c. First line of each paragraph indented one halfinch from the left margin (pro tip: use the tab key instead of the space bar to ensure perfect indentation)
d. Body text of the paper should be double spaced e. Only one space after periods or other punctuation marks f.
Number all of your pages in the upper right hand corner your page numbers should be a half inch from the top of the paper and in line with your right margin.
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APA Format: Another way of formatting paper. The paper must have four major sections: Title page, Abstract, Main body, and references. Firstly the title must be typed in uppercase and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page and centered. Beneath the title must be the author’s name: first, middle initial, and last name. Your abstract must be centered.
vi. Timed 1. Document Based Questions (DBQ) these type of timed writings are when a series of short answer questions are given and the reader must use the data provided to answer the questions. AP WH exams have DBQs. 2. Prompt Based prompt based questions are when a piece of writing is presented to the reader and the reader must answer questions using the prompt as evidence. b. Strategies/Planning Tips/ Steps i. PRewriting/prompt analysis/outlining: This phase can be called the traditional brainstorming. The best way to write an effective essay is to know what you’re going to write about. Here are 3 simples ways to do just that: 1. Arrange items or topics, usually without punctuation or complete sentences 2.
List topics and phrase them in a grammatically parallel structure (subjects, verbs, etc.)
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Sequence topics in importance, defining what "level" of importance they are. Items of equal importance are at the same level.
ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources MAke sure the source is valid and comes from a credible person or not. Since there are so many sources out there, it is best to use google scholar and pick out the most prestigious of colleges. c. Work Cited Page i. MLA Format: The proper way to cite a book is: Last, First M. Book. City: Publisher, Year Published. Print. In order to see how to cite other sources, visit sites like http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/book . ii. APA Format: Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource . Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resource
Grammar Section 6: Quiz 1. Multiple Choice: The essay which is meant to convince a reader to adopt a certain viewpoint is known as a. An expository essay b. A research essay c. prewriting d. A persuasive essay 2. Multiple Choice: A personal story is known as a(n) a. anecdote b. mla format c. apa format d. expository writing 3. Multiple Choice: the type of timed writings when a series of short answer questions are given and the reader must use the data provided to answer the questions are called a. expository b. prewriting c. anecdote d. Documentbased Question 4. True/False: Persuasive essays must be written with a position on the topic 5. True/false: An anecdote is a factual story that actually happened 6. True/False: Brainstorming ideas before writing the prompt is a horrible way to organize one’s ideas. 7. Multiple Choice: A howto essay is a type of a. Expository essay b. Anecdote c. Persuasive essay d. Research essay 8. An interpretive essay is a type of a. Research essay b. Expository essay c. Persuasive essay d. Analytical essay 9. A cause and effect is known as a type of a. Research essay b. Expository essay c. Persuasive essay d. Analytical essay 10. True/False: A cause and effect is used to describe how something happens and the effects of that action.
Grammar Section 6: Answer Key 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. true 5. false 6. false 7. a 8. d 9. b 10. True Section 7: Capitalization Topic: World of Science
1. Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, last word, and all important words in a title. a. Biological Study of Catalysts 2. Rule 3: Capitalize titles when they serve as a replacement. a. Father Mendel 3. rule 3: Capitalize the names of organizations a. International Chemistry Society 4. Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days a. Monday 11, October, Columbus Day 5. Rule 5: capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title a. CERN particle accelerator 6. Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the products a. Asus monitor 7. Rule 7:capitalize business names a. Asus, Apple, Dell 8. Rule 8: institution names a. UCLA, Berkeley 9. Rule 9: names of particular geographic places a. Great Lakes, Himalayas 10. Rule 10: historical events, periods of time, and historical documents a. The Medieval Age, Golden Age, Jaded Era 11. Rule 11: religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being a. Christian, Buddhist 12. Rule 12: languages a. Mandarin, Cantonese 13. Rule 13: specific names of structures a. Large Hadron Collider 14. Rule 14: names, initials, and titles a. MLK 15. Rule 15: capitalize first letter of the first word in a sentence a. The world is a place of discovery and is ripe for insightful adventuring. 16. Rule 16: capitalize the pronoun I a. I refuse to believe that there are only a few choices left in this world. 17. Rule 17: capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry a. Oh science What is the end For all? 18. Rule 18: capitalize roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline. a. I. Science i. Subjects 1. Branches
19. Rule 19: Capitalize the 1st letter of the first word in a direct quotation a. “Within the vicinity” 20. Rule 20: capitalize government bodies and departments a. The Senate, Congress, White House 21. Rule 21: capitalize races and ethnic groups a. Chinese, Mexican 22. Rule 22: capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world a. The PAcific ocean is somewhere to the West. 23. Rule 23: Capitalize political parties and their members a. Democrats and Republicans 24. Rule 24: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence. a. Valsalvatype 25. Rule 25: Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter. a. Dear Heisenburg, Body Sincerely, Yongxilu Grammar Book Section 8: Punctuation
1. Brackets [ ]: Square brackets are used for technical manuals and additional information by the author. 2 a. Einstein’s equation [e=mc ] beautiful illustrates the relationship between energy and matter. b. He [Michael Faraday] contributed immensely to the field of electromagnetism and modern understanding of electricity. 2. Parentheses (): Parentheses, also known as round brackets, are used to add further explanations, afterthoughts, or comments. a. Absolute zero is the complete absence of motion within particles (subatomic and elementary alike). b. Bessel functions are essential to solve (many) difficult problems of wave propagation and static potentials. 3. Periods: The period is used to end a sentence and is characterized by the “.”. a. Attenuation is the lost of energy as a beam of light passes through a volume of a material. b. Binding energy is the mechanical energy required to energetically disassemble a whole into separate parts. 4. Commas: Commas are used to separate words in a series or to separate adjectives and is characterized by the “ , “. a. He (Einstein) is one of the smartest, greatest scientist to walk the small world. b. The quantum equation is used to solve equations relating to relativity, time dilation, and many more. 5. Hyphen (): Used for the formation of certain compound terms and is also used for word division. a. eyeopener b. checkin 6. En Dash: The en dash is slightly wider than the hyphen and is used to represent a span or range of numbers, dates, or time. a. 2011– 2015 b. Chapters 9–15 7. Colon (:) : Has three primary grammatical uses. a. Introducing a list of items i. There are three factors to Beer’s Law: absorptivity, length of container, and concentration. b. separate two independent clauses when the second explains or illustrates the first. i. There is no time left to do the experiment: the lab report is due right now. c. The colon can be used to emphasize a phrase or single word at the end of a sentence. i. There is only thing that disagrees with quantum mechanics: general relativity.
8. Semicolon (;): Used to connect two independent clauses. a. Most of the stars we see in the sky are binary systems; they are two stars orbiting each other. b. The boiling point of water depends on the solutes inside the water; the amount of solute can then be used to determine the boiling point of water. 9. Question mark (?): The question mark, aka the interrogation point, is used to indicate an interrogative clause. a. When did we transition from the age of ignorance to the age of enlightenment? b. When did it become acceptable to skip teaching students how to set up lab notebooks? 10. Exclamation mark (!): The exclamation is a mark of terminal punctuation. a. Please follow the instructions given by Feynman or else face the consequences! b. Don’t be a fool, use the scientific method if you want any credit! 11. Apostrophe (‘): Used for possession and contractions. a. It’s strange that Feynman didn’t receive a lot more credit than he should have. b. Feynman’s lectures have become so famous; every science teacher can’t seem to stop talking about it. 12. Quotation mark (“): The primary function of quotation marks is to set off and represent exact language (either spoken or written) that has come from somebody else. The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry. a. AS William Ramsay once said, “Progress is made by trial and failure, the failures are generally a hundred times more numerous than the successes; yet they are usually left unchronicled.” b. “The Lady of Shalott” is a well known poem read by many. 13. Ellipses (...): Indicates an omission. a. Thoreau argues that by simplifying one’s life, “the laws of the universe will appear less complex…” b. AS William Ramsay once said, “...the failures are generally a hundred times more numerous than the successes...” Grammar Book Section 9: Commonly Confused Words
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Who/Whom Who notes which person and is a subject pronoun. Whom is used as an object pronoun. a. Who: He (Michael Faraday) is the one who brilliantly came up with laws of electrolysis. b. With whom he worked with to brilliantly come up with these laws is still unknown and up to debate. Their/there/They’re: They’re is a contraction for they are. There states the location. Their refers to a group of people. a. They’re (ancient Greeks) unable to fully comprehend the true nature of the natural world because they were oblivious to the scientific method. b. The words written by the biologist Campbell are not actually his own but his name is there because the concepts belonged to him. c. The group of scientists who strenuously worked on the Manhattan project are well known for their German origins. lie/lay: Lie is down by the subject itself, while lay is what’s being done to the object. a. Einstein, after a hard day of work, slowly lies down to reflect on his hard day. b. Nuclear weapons forced both the Soviet union and the USA to finally lay down their weapons and sign a war treaty. Laid/Lain: Laid is simply the past participle of lay and lain is the past participle of lie. a. The Soviets finally laid down their nuclear weapons as their economy began to collapse and provinces began to rebel. b. He’s (Ernest O Lawrence) made plans to masterfully construct the world’s first ever cyclotron. Affect/Effect Affect is to have an effect on someone or something. Effect is the results brought by an action. a. The death of Max Planck heavily affected the mental state of Ernest Rutherford. b. The effects of radioactive fallout unintentionally caused by nuclear weapons can still be observed to this very day; Japan has recovered the most from radioactive fallout. Accept/Except: Accept means to receive while except means apart from. a. Einstein couldn’t readily accept the ideas of quantum mechanics and the waveparticle duality. b. Most stories of Einstein are true, except for the one which absurdly claimed he couldn’t do basic math. Should have VS Should of: Should of is just an incorrect version of i should have. a. Incorrect: The IUPAC should of definitely allowed the discoverers of elements name it. b. Correct: The IUPAC should have definitely allowed the discoverers of elements name it. Loath/Loathe: Loathe is a verb which means intense hate while loath is an adjective which means to be really reluctant.
a. Einstein was very loath to accept the Quantum theory; the quantum theory just happened to conflict with his general relativity. b. Max planck heavily loathed his career as a english major, so instead decided to pursue a career in science. 9. Infer/Imply: imply means to hint at something, infer means to make an educated guess. a. Due to his experiments and observations of light, MAx Planck evidently inferred that light has a particle nature. b. The double slit experiment (conducted by Thomas Young) mind blowingly implied that light has both particle and wave properties. 10. Weary/Wary: weary means to be mentally fatigued while wary means to be cautious about something. a. After a long day of work, the weary scientists ultimately collapsed. b. Scientists must always be wary of the unexpected; the unexpected are usually the major breakthroughs and discoveries. 11. Proceed/Precede: precede means to go before while proceed means to move forward. a. A change in mind must usually precede a major technological breakthrough; this is evident in the discovery of general relativity. b. After writing a book about their discoveries, scientists will proceed by going to usually submit their work in hopes of winning a nobel prize award. 12. Discrete/Discreet: Discreet is an adjective meaning to be secretive. Discrete on the other hand, means to be distinct and clear cut, the complete opposite of discreet. a. A scientist should not try to be discreet about his findings because it’s about sharing knowledge not glory hogging. b. A scientist must be very discreet when presenting information because not everyone in the room is of the same caliber. 13. Conscience/Conscious: The conscience is the part of the mind which determines right or wrong. To be conscious means to be awake and aware. a. His conscience told him that the bombing was his fault; He invented the nuclear bomb a couple weeks ago. b. He was completely conscious of what he was doing, yet he continued his research’ weeks later, The city of japan was bombed. 14. Can/May: can asks whether the subject is able to or not. May is requesting the subject to do a certain action. a. Every scientist knows that anything is possible and they also know that they can achieve anything with sufficient time. b. The government gave permission to Oppenheimer to build the atomic bomb; they told him he may build the most destructive weapon he can possibly muster. 15. Borrow vs Lend: Borrow means to take or accept something for a short amount of time. LEnd means to give something for a given amount of time. a. Inventors of the modern age very frequently borrow ideas from mother nature itself.
b. Sometimes during times of desperation, mother nature generously lends us a hand. 16. desert vs dessert: Desert means to forsaken or to abandon. Dessert is a sweet course after the main course. Glossary
CERN The world’s largest and most respected centers of scientific research. At CERN, the European organization, physicists and engineers probe the fundamental structure of the universe. pendulum a weight suspended from a pivot ( a string in most cases) LOCKHEED an aerospace american company. LOCKHEED is known to research and produce weapons and space technology to NASA and the US army. Z and W bosons The fundamental particles that are known to mediate the weak force. fusion reactor a reactor which take the nuclei of two atoms and combine them, forming a heavier atom from two lighter counterparts. NASA the National Aeronautical Space Administration is the nation’s government funded space program. JJ Thomson Born in 1897, JJ thomson (or aka Joseph John Thomson) was the British physicist who was credited for his discovery of the electron in a series experiments he conducted. Einstein Albert Einstein was a German born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. Originally a patent worker, he mailed in his theory after Max Planck came up with the idea that light came in packets, or quanta. His main claim to fame was not his theory of general relativity but instead came from his idea of the photoelectric effect. James Chadwick Born on October 20, 1891, James Chadwick is well known for his discovery of the neutron. De Broglie A french physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to the quantum theory. He postulated that all particles would exhibit wave like properties. particle accelerator a machine used to rapidly accelerate particles to very high velocities in the attempt to smash them together. particles a small quantity of matter pollutants any substance or energy introduced into the environment that has negative effects Venus (the planet) aka the Morning star, Venus is second planet from the Sun. The planet is known for its runaway greenhouse effect and is known for its absolutely insanely hot temperature. Wilheim Rontgen A German physicist who discovered Xrays.
Lorentz a dutch physicist who shared the nobel prize with zeeman for the discovery of the Zeeman. He also helped derive the transformation equations used by albert Einstein. Hamilton’s principle Hamilton's principle (or aka the principle of stationary action) states that the dynamics of a physical system is determined by a variational problem for a function. Galileo an italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role during the renaissance. Grand Unified Theory the theory that combines the four fundamental laws of physics into one. Bragg and Bragg Jr Australian born British physicist and Xray crystallographer who came up with the idea of the crystal structure. Xray Diffraction the scattering of xrays through a medium MAx Von Laue a German physicist who won the Nobel prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of Xray diffraction via cystals. Wolfgang Pauli The man who came up with the exclusion principle (so AP chemistry students of Bravo all seem to hate him) Pauli exclusion principle no two electrons can ever have the same two sets of quantum numbers Maupertius A French mathematician, philosopher, and man of letters. He became known for his principle of least action. Max Planck A German theoretical physicist who is often credited to be the father of the quantum theory. Apollo 1 The first manned mission of the US Apollo manned lunar landing program, this mission failed as the oxygen tank exploded and all the members on board died from the fire. Dirac An English theoretical physicist who was well known to be one of the greatest physicist of the 20th century. He worked on the atomic theory and made attempts to combine the quantum theory with general relativity. Oppenheimer The appointed technical director of the manhattan project. Fermi an italian physicist known for creating the world’s first nuclear reactor.
Snell’s law a formula used to describe the describe the relationship between the angles of incident and refraction. Michael Faraday an English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include electric conduction and electrolysis. Pascal’s principle of pressure the principle which states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in an enclosed static fluid. Robert Boyle an AngloIrish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist and inventor born in lismore, County Waterford, Ireland. Boyle is known for his contribution to the law of ideal gases. Van De Graff Generator a machine devised to produce a high voltage by means of an endless belt collecting electrostatic charge from a source and transferring it to a large isolated metal dome, on which a large charge accumulates. Nikola tesla a Serbian American inventor who was well known for his contributions to the design of the AC electric supply. Manhattan project The project used to develop nuclear weapons. superimposed symmetric particles a principle of quantum mechanics states the since particles are like waves, it is very possible for them to be aded together. IUPAC the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is the world authority on chemical nomenclature, terminology, standardized methods for measurement, atomic weights and many more chemistry related matters. neutron stars super dense stars in which the Chandrasekhar limit has been surpassed and electron degeneracy force can no longer hold the star from collapsing, producing what we know as a neutron star. Principia The third volume to three of Newton’s books and is the one where Newton states his three laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. He also stated a derivation of kepler’s laws if planetary motion. The principia is regard as one of the most important works in the history of science. Department of Energy a government department whose mission is to advance technology while also maintaining policies regarding energy and safety in handling of nuclear materials. acceleration the slope of a velocity over time graph velocity the slope of a distance over time graph
Werner Heisenberg A German physicist who came up with the uncertainty principle. Uncertainty principle the uncertainty principle states that it is fundamentally impossible to determine both an object’s momentum and position. Ernest O’ Lawrence a physicist who was best known for his invention of the cyclotron. cyclotron a type of particle accelerator
Work Cited: "World Nuclear Association." Nuclear Reactors . N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemistry . Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1989. Print. Chang, Raymond. Chemistry . New York: McGrawHill, 1994. Print. Resnick, Robert, and David Halliday. Physics . New York: Wiley, 1977. Print. Giancoli, Douglas C., and Douglas C. Giancoli. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. Print "UNL Astronomy Education." UNL Astronomy Education . N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Padilla, Michael J., Ioannis Miaoulis, Martha Cyr, and Jay M. Pasachoff. Astronomy . Needham, MA: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. Neil A.Campbell Jane B.Reece Pearson, Benjamin Cummings 2005