What are carbon nanotubes? Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tubular cylinders of carbon atoms that have incredible mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties. They are stronger than any other material yet known to science. Nanotubes are only about four nanometers wide, ten thousand times thinner than a human hair. They have a pattern like rolled up chicken wire or a tube of hexagons. CNTs also are super strong yet elastic and, depending on how the atoms are arranged, they can be either insulators or conductors.
What is so special about carbon nanotubes? Carbon nanotubes are seven times lighter and two hundred times stronger than steel, making them the strongest material yet known to science. That alone is amazing, but the list keeps going. They are capable of one thousand times the current capacity, they are five times more electrically conductive, and are fifteen times more thermally conductive than copper. CNTs can also be used to store gases and for dissipating heat. They can be up to several millimeters long with a length to width ratio of 132,000,000:1, much more than any other material. They can be used as building materials, electrical wires. Having CNTs in other materials could make the materials stronger, lighter and even conductive. This could allow new for new inventions using the better materials and for scientist to create things that otherwise wouldn't be possible. Carbon nanotubes can be created and treated in different ways giving varying properties. This allows for choosing things like whether or not the CNTs are conductive, flexible and many other properties of the nanotubes. Another fascinating thing about carbon nanotubes is that they can be single or multi walled each with its own properties. With all of this variety carbon nanotubes could be used for many things.
What could carbon nanotubes be used for? With all these extraordinary properties Carbon nanotubes could be used in conthere are many uses for carbon nano- struction of almost anything from cars and tubes. One possible use that is being re- boats to skyscrapers and jumbo jets. They searched heavily is CNTs being used as elec- would be especially useful when making very trical wires. These wires have already out- small things such as microchips or precision performed copper and are lighter as well as tools. The use of CNTs in all of these things stronger. The wires have been used to create would make them stronger and lighter. That new, more efficient microchips. would make for more fuel efficient, safer veAnother use for CNTs is in medicine. hicles. Buildings could be built larger and Researchers from the State University of New sturdier. Carbon nanotubes could revolutionYork have discovered that carbon nanotubes ize the construction industry. are able to bond with biomolecules, such as One of most prominent possible appliproteins and DNA. This virtue of would al- cations of carbon nanotubes is in aerolow for better surgical procedures and im- space. They could be used to make aircraft plants. Currently the and spacecraft stronger, material being used in Carbon nanotubes could be lighter and safer for pimost surgical implants lots and passengers. This used in construction of is titanium, which would allow for astrobonds with nauts and pilots to do almost anything from cars bones. However this more difficult and strenbond is not strong and boats to skyscrapers uous task. CNTs could enough on its own, allow a mission to mars and jumbo jets. glue or screws are to be much more simusually used. Carbon ple. Planes would be nanotubes, however, are able to bond with much more efficient and could be built larger bone much more securely and do not require to carry more passengers per flight. other means of attachment.
Why aren't we already using carbon nanotubes? The main reason carbon nanotubes are not already being used heavily is that they are difficult to produce. The best method for production of CNTs currently being used can only produce a batch of a few kilograms. Although this method is scalable to an industrial size it is not cost-effective enough to be feasible. Another reason that CNTs are not being used by the public is health concerns. There have been studies to show that inhaling reasonable amounts of the nanotubes can cause asthma or bronchitis. There have been other “miracle materials� in the past, asbestos being one of the most deadly. Asbestos can cause a lung cancer, mesothelioma, that does not have symptoms for many years. Researchers are working to find out if carbon nanotubes have any long-term ill effects, they don’t want history to repeat itself.
What has already been accomplished with carbon nanotubes? With all the research being done there have been many advances in the science of CNTs. Scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have discovered how to combine carbon nanotubes with metal contacts to create tiny nanotube transistors. Transistors are semiconductors used to control electronic signals. These transistors are an important discovery because they are more efficient than silicon at very small sizes. Current silicon transistors cannot be scaled down nearly as small as nanotube transistors. These electronic components could be used to make computers faster, smaller and more efficient. Another possible application being researched for CNTs is incident radiation (the visible and invisible hitting an object) absorbing paint. This paint, called vantablack, this paint absorbs 99.965% of all incident radiation that hits it. Vantablack has many applications in stealth technology because of its ability to absorb not only visible light, but also infrared light, ultraviolet light, microwaves and radio waves. This CNT paint could also be used in optics to absorb light bouncing around the inside of the lens that would otherwise cloud the picture. Cameras and telescopes can both gain clarity from this paint being inside their lenses.
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COCA-COLA Abigail F,
Today, Coca-Cola is the top selling non-alcoholic drink. It is available in over 200 countries and 94% of the world's population recognize the red and white logo, making it the second most recognized word after “ok”. This article covers the brief history of Coca-Cola, the bottling history, the marketing of Coca-Cola, how Coca -Cola made branched out, and the characters that Coca-Cola uses or used in their advertising.
Coca-Cola History Coca-Cola started in 1886, when Dr. John Pemberton created a flavored cola syrup then he took it to his pharmacy and mixed up it with carbonated water. His librarian, Frank Mason Robinson, created the red and white logo and also named it Coca-Cola because the he thought that the two Cs looked good together. The first glass of Coca-Cola was sold for five cents per glass at the pharmacy where Dr. Pemberton first took it to, Jacob’s Pharmacy. Two years after he cre-
ated it Dr. Pemberton sold portions of it, the largest was sold to business man Asa G Candler. Under him Coca-Cola expanded to places beyond Atlanta. The Coca-Cola company kept the same formula up until April 23 1985, when Coca-Cola took possibly the biggest risk in consumer goods history, they changed their formula. But after 79 days of customer complaints and protests, they brought back the original Coca-Cola formula on July 11, 1985 and it has not changed since.
Coca-Cola Bottling
Coca-Cola Marketing
In 1894, a growing demand of CocaCola lead people to want their CocaCola in a portable bottle. The first person to put Coca-Cola in a bottle was Joseph Biedenharn when he installed a bottling machine in the back of his Mississippi soda fountain. Just five years later large scale bottling was made possible when, in 1899 three enterprising businessmen in Chattanooga, Tennessee got the exclusive right to bottle and sell Coca-Cola. These three bought the right from Asa Candler for only a dollar. The three businessmen, Benjamin Thomas, Joseph Whitehead and John Lupton, developed what became the CocaCola worldwide bottling system. Two of the biggest challenges for the early bottlers were imitations of beverages by competitors and lack of packaging among the 1,000 bottling plants. The bottlers all agreed that a unique drink needed a standard but equally unique bottle. In 1916 approved the new unique bottle. The new Coca-Cola bottle was so distinctive that it could have been recognized in pitch black dark. It effectively set the new brand apart for their competitors. The contorted bottle was trademarked in 1977. Now, the Coca-Cola bottle can be recognized almost anywhere in the world.
The earliest marketing efforts in CocaCola history where coupons promoting free beverages and a slogan that read “Drink Coca-Cola”. This was followed by newspaper ads and distribution of items that had Coca-Cola in them. It may not seem like it, but this was an innovative tactic in 1887. Fast forwarding to the 1970s when the company's advertising started to reflect a brand that is associated with fun, friends, and good times. Many people probably remember the Hilltop Singers performing “I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke” or maybe the 1979 “Have a Coke and a Smile” commercial that featured a young fan giving Pittsburgh Steeler “Mean Joe Greene” a cold bottle of Coca-Cola. The 1880s featured many slogans such as “Coke is It”, “Catch the Feeling”, “Red, White and You”, Can't Beat the Feeling”, and many more. Probably one of the most famous Coca-Cola slogans is “The Pause That Refreshes”. The slogan first appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in 1929. The theme of pausing with a cold Coca-Cola are still echoed in today's marketing. In 2009, the “Open Happiness” campaign was released globally. The central message of the “Open Happiness” campaign is to pause, refresh with a CocaCola and enjoy one of life's simple pleasures. The slogan was seen in stores, on billboards and printed was well as digital and musical components-including a single featuring Janelle Monae covering the 1980s song “Are You Getting Enough Happiness?” The theme happiness continued with the “Open the Games. Open Happiness” featured in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver. CocaCola has had many slogans over the years and many different marketing strategies. Some of Coca-Cola’s slogans include “Ice Cold Sunshine”(1932), “What You Want is Coke”(1957), “It's The Real Thing”(1967), “Coke adds Life”(1976), “Official Soft Drink of Summer”(1989) and “The Coke Side of Life”(2006).
“Pure as Sunshine”(1927),
“Have a Coke and a Smile”(1979)
“America's Real Choice”(1985)
“Red, White & You “ (1989)
“Always Coca-Cola” (1993)
“Coca-Cola... Real” (2003)
“Make It Real”(2005)
Coca-Cola Expansion For almost 70 years, the only beverage that Coca-Cola produced and sold was the original Coke. It was not until 1955 when a bottler in Italy started selling Orange Fanta that the company decided to expand their beverage variety. From then on, Coca-Cola started adding a wider variety of beverage options and sizes for Coca-Cola customers. In 1982 Coca-Cola introduced a low-calorie option called Diet Coke and by 1986 Diet Coke become the world's top selling diet cola. In 2005, Coca-Cola introduced a no-calorie drink called Coke Zero, the drink has one of the most successful launches in Coca-Cola history. Today, Coca-Cola has over 3,500 drinks that fall into numerous categories like regular, low-and-nocalorie sodas, and fruit drinks. Coca-Cola also offers bottled water, sport and energy drinks, ready to-go teas, and coffee. These beverages and many more are available in over 200 countries across the globe. Coca-Cola is the world's top provider of nonalcoholic beverages. There are more than 3,500 drink opinions in various sizes and flavors. This article talked about the brief history of Coca-Cola, their bottling history, the marketing of Coca-Cola, how they branched out from just Coke, and the different characters Coca-Cola has used or uses in their advertising.
Citations 5 Things You Never Knew about Coca-Cola and Santa Claus. Co ca-Cola. Web. 10 Feb. 2016. <http://www.coca- colacompa ny.com/stories/coke-lore-santa-claus/>.. "A History of Coca-Cola Advertising Slogans." The Coca-Cola Company. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. <http://www.coca- colacompa ny.com/stories/coke-lore-slogans/>. "Coca-Cola History │ World of Coca-Cola." World of Coca-Cola. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. <https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/aboutus/coca-cola->. "Coca-Cola Beverages & Products │ World of Coca-Cola." World of Coca-Cola. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. <https://www.worldofcocacola.com/about-us/coca-cola-beverages-products/>. "Nutritional Information and Ingredients for Coca-Cola | Coca-Cola GB." Nutritional Information and Ingredients for Coca-Cola | Coca-Cola GB. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.< http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/drinks/coca-cola/coca-cola/#>. "Who Was the Coca-Cola Sprite Boy? (It’s Not Who You Think)." Coca-Cola Company. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. <http://www.cocacolacompany.com/stories/coke-lore-sprite-boy/>.
Coca-Cola Icons Coca-Cola has had a very big impact on the world's culture. Coca-Cola was created three iconic character that most people recognize across the world. One icon that Coca-Cola reinvented is most recognizable during the holidays: Santa Claus. Up until 1933, Santa was everything from a tall gaunt man to a really spooky looking elf. But soon Coca-Cola started running ads during the holidays that featured a Santa that people recognize today. Another character that Coca-Cola has created is an elf like cartoon named Sprite Boy. Sprite Boy was made before the drink called Sprite. He was created because people started calling Coca-Cola Coke, the company was first discourage its use, however, in 1941, the company accepted it and began to connect the Coca-Cola name with the shortened version Coke. Sprite Boy was created to connect the two. He appeared with devilish smile often with stars around him that represented his bubbly personality and the bubbles in Coke, and often wore two hats; a bottle cap and a soda jerk’s that represented the two sides of Coke. When he appeared in advertisements he had just a head and two arms, and never a body. One of the most iconic images of Coca-Cola are probably the Polar Bears. They began first in 1922, when they started appeared in print ads and the over the next 70 years they sporadically appeared in print. It was not until 1993, when CocaCola started experimenting with computer animation and launched the “Always Coca-Cola” campaign that featured the polar bears. The idea for the polar bears started when creator Stewart was asked to develop an innovative commercial for CocaCola. While he has trying to think of an idea for the company's commercial, he saw his Labrador Retriever and thought about how much the dog looked like a polar bear. Then, he started thinking about polar bears and how they would go to the movie, this gave him the idea for the Northern Lights. In the commercial the polar bears watch the aurora borealis (“the movie”) and drink from bottles of Coke.
The Latest Buzz Have you ever wondered what life would be like inside of a bee hive? Maybe how it worked? How bees communicate? Or even what the queen bee is? Researchers have done a lot of work compiling this information for others to read. Camilla M.
What are the different kinds of associations in a beehive? The beehive consists of three main types of bees (related to our hierarchy of society). The top bee is the queen bee; this would be equal to our first lady. Under the queen bee are the worker bees, also called a house bee. All worker bees are female bees that were not designated to be a queen bee. The worker bees have a “pollen basket” on the back of their legs that replace the longer abdomen. It is used to collect pollen and bring it back for use in the hive. A worker bee can visit 10 flowers every minute, and a total of about 600 flowers before returning to the hive. Before a bee can manage this task, though, training is required. For a worker bee, training can take 100 days. Tasks that are vital to the foundation of the beehive include: cleaning cells for new eggs, nectar production, and pollen gathering. The next type of bee, that is an equal to the worker bee, is the drone bee. Drone bees are male bees that make up a small percentage of the hive. During the summer months, the role of a drone bee is to mate with the queen bee. After mating, the drone bee dies and a new drone bee takes his place. Drone bees live in the hive during the summer months, but they are, essentially, “kicked out” when winter comes because they consume a lot of the food supply. The queen bee, the worker bees, and the drone bees all work together to create an organized hive. The operations of the bees in the beehive are vital to their living.
Why is the queen bee so important? The queen bee of the hive gives bees their only reproduction system. She is often mistaken for the “ruler” of the hive, but, truly, she has one of the smallest brains. The queen bee can be spotted by her abdomen; it is usually the largest of all the bees. Additionally, the colony knows the queen bee is still with them by an odor the queen bee emits. During the spring, the queen bee lays around two thousand eggs a day. This is more than her total weight! The colony can keep a certain queen bee for three to five years, but after that a new queen bee is chosen. Besides, the existing hive gets too crowded after three to five years. So, the bees have to scout out another hive. The new hive is chosen by scouts and the former queen bee. A new queen be is chosen by being the first virgin bee to leave her cell. Once the first female bee leaves her cell, she can either kill some of the other queen bee eggs, or lead a swarm out of the hive and travel to a new hive. This is how bees create new hives, and there are separate hives for all the new queen bees that decide to leave. The queen bee eggs that are not killed make the same decision as the first queen bee made, and, eventually, one will decide to stay. After choosing a place to stay the queen bee will mate with approximately twenty male drone bee to start reproduction. Once the queen bee gets old, the cycle starts over. The queen bee is essential to the breeding of beehives all around.
What are the different types of eggs bees produce? In the beehive there are three types of eggs that correspond with the three types of bees in the hive. The first type is the worker bee egg, which are crucial to the hive. The worker bee egg is a fertilized egg laid in a cell only five millimeters in diameter. These eggs typically take about twenty-one days to hatch. The second type of egg the queen bee lays is the male drone eggs. The eggs are placed in a seven millimeter diameter cell. The drone bee eggs usually hatch twenty-four days after being laid. The third type of egg is the queen bee egg. These eggs are acorn shaped cells that hang vertically from the top of the hive. There are usually only twenty queen bee eggs. This is a sign for the beekeeper telling him there is an impending swarm. Although it seems that all offspring require some type of mating, bees do not always need mating to produce eggs. The term for this is called parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is the term that describes the difference between fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs. Fertilized eggs include mating while unfertilized eggs use parthenogenesis. In summary, there are three kinds of eggs in the beehive that correlate to the three types of bee associations.
How Do Bees Communicate? Bee communication is one of the most intriguing in the of animal kingdom. Bees only use one form of communication. It is mainly used to tell others where food is located because all other actions of the bees are instinct. The action is made by a worker bee after returning from their pollen collection to tell the other bees where food is located for retrieval. The discovery of this profound information came from Karl von Frisch, a professor at the University of Munich in Germany, and his students. He went on to win the noble peace prize because of his discovery along with all the data he collected. Frisch figured out that the movement of the bees gave two different clues as to where the food was located outside the hive: distance and direction. There are three types of dances to the bees execute to communicate how far the food is. The first dance means the food is within fifty meters of the hive. This dance is performed by running around in many narrow circles with a sudden change in direction, then continuing to go the opposite direction in many narrow circles. This is called the round dance. The next dance shows an intermediate distance between the hive and the food (typically fifty to one hundred fifty meters from the hive). The sickle dance is performed by making a few narrow circles and then making a figure-eight to go the opposite direction for a few more narrow circles. The third dance is called the waggle dance; it tells bees the food is more than one hundred fifty meters away. The waggle dance is shown by making many figure-eights in one area. There is only one way to communicate direction. Direction is closely tied to the sun, in that the bees use the straight portion of their dance to indicate where the food is. Thus, bees are very intelligent creatures that use specific forms of communication.
Why do bees buzz? A bee’s buzz is like that of any other insect with a high wing flapping speed. The vibrations in the air made by the up-anddown movement of a bee’s wings cause the buzz in the air. Accordingly, bees that are larger with wings that do not flap as fast, make a lower pitch than a bee whose wings flap faster. There are two kinds of bees that use different techniques for pollination. The bumble bee makes a separate buzzing sound from the honey bee because the bumble bee can rapidly shake the middle section of their body to rattle the pollen from the flowers. Honey bees, in contrast, are not as loud because they cannot carry out this process. However, many insects make a beautiful buzz similar to bees because of rapidly flapping wings.
“If the bee disappeared off the face of the earth, man would only have four years left to live.” - Maurice Maeterlinck Works Cited: -Blackiston, Howland. "Understanding the Role of the Queen Bee in a Hive." - For Dummies. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2016. -"Friends of the Honey Bee - Friends of the Honey Bee." Friends of the Honey Bee RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2016. -Hiskey, Daven. "How Do Bees Produce a Queen Bee?" Today I Found Out. N.p., 17 May 2012. Web. 01 Mar. 2016. -Otis, Gard. "Why Do Bees Buzz?" Scientific American. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2016.Tarpy, David R. The Honey Bee Dance Language Honey Bee Dancing, Perhaps the Most Intri pect of (n.d.): n. pag. Web. -"What Makes a Bee Buzz?" - Science Questions. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2016.
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