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INDIA PAVILION CENTURY
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21 EXPOSITION
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SEATTLE WASHINGTON,
U.S.A.
INDIA PAVILION
The political resurgence in India, which culminated in her Indepndence in the year 1947, has been followecJKby an upsurge of economic activity. The last decade would veritably go into the history of India as a period of crucial importance. Quite a few heavy and basic industries established during the period have laid the foundation of "Industrial India". We are speedily going ahead with plans for the establishment of more such industries in the near future. A large number of industrial units have taken up entirely new lines of production, outside the traditional set-up; and, as a result, numerous new articles, not hitherto manufactured in India, are coming out of the factories. This trend of development is greatly changing the pattern of the country's industrial economy and bringing it in line with the modern and technologically progressive type. India acknowledges with gratitude the economic, technical and technological co-operation extended by the United States of America and her various Groups of Industries for the promotion of the material well-being of the people in India. The India Pavilion tersely narrates the story of her travels into the ever-widening horizon of science and technology. The range of commodities displayed covers, along with our traditional merchandise like silk and cotton fabrics, tea and coffee and jute manufactures; items like machine tools, diesel engines, water pumps, electric motors, hospital equipment and surgical instruments, telephone equipment, radios, automobiles, sewing machines, cycles, etc. Further, in this Pavilion, we have endeavoured to weave-in our ancient culture and heritage with the ever-widening horizons of science and technology into which we have been seeking to enter, so that an integrated picture of India's past heritage and future aspirations may rise before you. I trust, this Exhibition would not only widen the areas of our mutual trade and commerce but also lead to greater goodwill and understanding between the peoples of the two countries.
(K.C. Reddy) '
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India's participation in the Century 21 Exposition is only a symbolic representation of her heritage and achievements, as well as the fViture aspiration of the Indian people.
It presents a broad panoramic cross-section
of how her people live and work; what they produce for their use and what they can supply to other countries. Her art and culture are also represented in the relevant sections of the Exposition. Our effort has been to create an integrated picture of our country, bringing out in a symbolic way the background and developments in various fields of national activity. I hope that our participation would serve the objective of bringing the people of the USA closer to India and her people.
Washington, D.C.
ML^ (B. K. Nehru) Ambassador of India
INDIA IS FAMOUS FOR HER ARTISTIC HANDICRAFTS
Land, People and Cultural Heritage
R E D FORT, DELHI.
I N D I A extends from the Himalayas in the north to Kanya Kumari (Cape Comorin) in the south and covers an area of 12,69,900 sq. miles, which is roughly two-thirds t h e size of Europe, excluding Russia. India is a land of rivers and streams, mountains, plateaus and forests of every kind. T h e rivers Ganga and Yamuna and their many tributaries water its northern plains, t h e cradle of IndoAryan civilization. In the north-east, t h e mighty B r a h a m a p u t r a flows through Assam, eventually joining t h e Ganga and flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The Narmada and the Tapti in the west and the Mahanadi, the Godavari and t h e Krishna in the south are some of the other great rivers which have sustained the people of India through t h e ages. India's civilization is one of t h e world's oldest, dating back to the end of the fourth millennium or the beginning of t h e third millennium B.C. When the Aryans first came to India about 1500 B.C., they found a highly developed urban civilization in the country which was much superior to their own. The cities were well planned, with wide roads, sanitary drainage, baths and granaries, while the houses were built of burnt brick. Writing and the technique of working metal were known to the people. Out of the intermingling of the Aryan and the pre-Aryan cultures of India, developed the great Hindu religion and its system of philosophy. T h e movements to reform the faith found expression in Buddhism
and Jainism.On the material side, the visible symbols of the country's achievement were the great temples, monasteries, sculptures and frescoes which still attract visitors from many lands. Even in the dim past, India had trade relations with faroff countries such as Babylonia. Later its market for raw materials and industrial products extended as far as Egypt and the Roman Empire in the West and China in the East. Its culture spread to many lands such as Central Asia, Afghanistan, Persia, Ceylon, Indonesia, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and China. India's 435 million people constitute a seventh of the human race. Her population is made up of many racial strains. Various groups entered India at one time or the other between the older paleolithic and the historical periods. A variety of customs and costumes is found in the country. Underlying this variety, however, there is an abiding unity of the people based on common ideals and way of life. Almost all the religions of the world are represented in the country. Hinduism is the predominant religion. It counts over 300 million people among its adherents. Of the remaining population, Muslims are more than 35 million and the most numerous; Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis and Jews are among the other religious groups. Spreading, as she does, for nearly 2,000 miles from the subtropics in the south to the freezing heights of the great Himalayas in the north, India has a varied climate. The weather changes seasonally and from region to region. Generally, the winter months (November—March) are pleasant throughout the country. In northern India, it is at times very cold and there are heavy snowfalls on the hills. In eastern India, however, the cold spell does not last long. In Bombay and the south, there is no cold weather as such, but hill resorts, about 5,000 to 6,000 ft. above sea level, possess a cool and bracing climate. The summer (AprilJune) in India is generally hot. BHUVANESHWAR TEMPLE.
Even in the hottest summer, however, a visitor can go to cool health resorts in the hills for which India is so well known. Places such as the Kashmir and Kulu Valleys, Simla, Mussoorie, Naini Tal, Darjeeling,Ooty and Kodaikanal are delightfully pleasant during the summer months. The temperature does not rise above 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit on an average. The country receives its annual rainfall from the monsoon which breaks in July and is active till the end of September. In short, all the year round, a visitor to India can find the type of climate he likes at one place or another. Though ancient in history, India today presents a young and vigorous face. Politically, she is one of the world's largest democracies. The uninterrupted internal stability which she has enjoyed since her independence in 1947, has enabled her to evolve and work modern democratic institutions—free and unfettered elections based on uniform adult franchise, a parliamentary system of Govt, both at the Centre and in the Constituent States, an independent judiciary and a free press. The prevailing political stability and careful planning and utilization of resources has also helped the country to arrive at the take-off stage in industrial development, which by all reckoning has been amazingly rapid. But India is looking beyond mere economic prosperity. Her concern with the matters of the spirit and of mind remains as intimate today as it was in the past. Prime Minister Nehru has put it this way:— "Can we combine the progress of science and technology with the progress of the mind and spirit also? We cannot be untrue to Science, because that represents the basic fact of life, today. Still less can we be untrue to those essential principles for which India has stood in the past throughout the ages. Let us then pursue our path to industrial progress with all our strength and vigour and, at the same time, remember that material riches without tolerance and compassion and wisdom may well turn to dust and ashes. Let us also remember that 'Blessed are the Peace-makers'."
In pursuance of this quest, India has been trying, not only to rediscover her own cultural past but also to learn and imbibe something of the cultures of other peoples. A host of cultural delegations from abroad have visited India in recent years and many such delegations have gone out from India to other countries. India's efforts in behalf of world peace remain unceasing. Her hope is that in a world filled with peace, people everywhere may live not only in prosperity but in a manner that would enable the Human spirit to reach its sublimest heights.
Achievements under the First two FIVE YEAR PLANS and the Prospects under the THIRD PLAN By Dr. D. K. Ghosh (Planning Commission) The Prime Minister, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru signing the 3rd Five Year Plan at Yojana Bhavan, New Delhi on August 3, 1961.
India completed her first two five-year plans on March 31, 1961 and launched the Third Five Year Plan on April 1, 1961. To understand the Third Plan in the proper prospective, it is necessary to review the progress achieved by the Indian economy in the course of the first decade of planned development. Planning in an under-developed country like India is a long and continuous process. Every five-year plan must be built on the achievements of the preceding plans; it must also take into account the problems encountered and the lessons thrown up in the course of the previous plans.
The First Decade of Planned Development 2. The First Five Year Plan had a two-fold objective: first, to repair the damage caused to the economy by the war and the partition and, second, to lay the foundation for rapid economic growth in the future by building up certain essential economic and social overheads. It gave high priority to agriculture and community development, irrigation and power, and transport and communications. These three fields accounted for 15, 29 and 27 per cent respectively of the total public sector outlay of Rs. 19.6 billion incurred during the plan period. The outlay on industries and minerals including village and small industries, however, amounted to only 6 per cent of the total. This was because,for the development of industries, reliance was placed largely on private initiative and resources. The outlay on the social services, etc. absorbed 23 per cent of total outlay. On the whole, the First Plan was a relatively modest plan, both in size and scope. It involved a total investment of Rs. 33.6 billion—Rs. 15.6 billion in the public sector and Rs. 18.0 billion in the private sector. The rate of investment rose from about 5 per cent of the national income at the beginning of the plan period to 8 per cent by the end of the plan period. Hindustan Machine Tools Factory, Bangalore. Finished lathes at the factory.
*Of this, Rs. 15.6 billion represented investment outlay and Rs. 4.0 billion outlay of a current nature.
3. The Second Five Year Plan represented a bolder and a bigger effort. It aimed at a larger increase in investment, in production and in employment. At the same time, it sought to make the economy more dynamic through the development and expansion of basic and heavy industries, such as, steel, coal, heavy chemicals and machine-building. Other important objectives of the Second Plan were to secure a large expansion in employment opportunities, to reduce inequalities in income and wealth, and to bring about a more even distribution of economic power. 4. The total outlay incurred in the public sector under the Second Plan amounted to Rs. 46 billion, of which the investment element was about Rs. 36.5 billion. Investment in the private sector during the plan period is estimated at Rs. 31 billion. Aggregate investment in the economy during the Second Plan period thus came to Rs. 67.5 billion, that is, double the actual investment during the First Plan period. The Second Plan placed a significantly greater emphasis on the development of industries and minerals than the First Plan. Of the total outlay of Rs. 46 billion incurred in the public sector under the Second Plan, industries and minerals, including village and small industries, accounted for 24 per cent. The outlay devoted to agriculture and community development, on the other hand, amounted to 11 per cent of the total; and that to irrigation and power to 19 per cent. Transport and communications absorbed 28 per cent of the total, and social services etc. 18 per cent.
Chittaranjan Locomotive works. A newly completed Broad —guage Locomotive steaming off the Assembly Shop.
An Experiment being Conducted in Ultrasonics—National Physical Laboratory at New Delhi.
NATIONAL - 20 000
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c r o f
INCOME
* » Si ' » « 0 - 6 t p r i c « » )
19S0-St
55-56
€3-6'
$5-66 TARGET
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTJON ( i n d « » : 1949-50 «lOO )
5. Over the decade, 1951—61, the Indian economy has expanded rapidly. The outlines of the country's future economic and social structure have been established, and the foundations laid for the achievement of a more accelerated rate of economic growth in the future. During the First Plan period, owing largely to the progress achieved by agriculture, national income increased by 18 per cent as against a target of 12 per cent. During the Second Plan period, on the other hand, national income increased by 20 per cent as against a target of 25 per cent. Over the ten-year period as a whole, the increase in national income has thus been of the order of 42 per cent. But owing to the increase in population that has taken place, the increase in per capita income has amounted to only 16 per cent. 6. A synoptic view of the progress of the economy over the last decade is given in the following table:—
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION f j n j g t i iS50-si»too)
1950-5!
»#50-5f
555*
CO 61
5 5 56
6S C« TA«»ET
FINISHED STEEL PRODUCTION j ( million ton* )
I
1
I950-SI
1950-S
».5«
60*
65 64 TARGET
50-56
tO-«l
«9-CC TAN»ET
6C-6I
65 6 6 TA»G£T
ABLIi-l
1960-61
Percentage increase in 1960-61 over 1950-51
14500 330 135 760 U )
42 16 41 46
tors of Growth (1951-61)' " Item National income at 1960-61 prices Per capita income at 1960-61 prices Index of agricultural production Foodgrains production Nitrogenous fertilisers consumed .Area irrigated (net total) Co-operative movement: Advances to farmers Index of industrial production Production of: Steel ingots Aluminium Machine tools (graded) Sulphuric acid Petroleum products Cloth: Mill-made Khadi handloom & power loom Total cloth Power: Installed capacity Railways: Freight carried Minerals: Iron ore Coal Exports Roads: Surfaced including national highways Commercial vehicles on road Shipping General education: Students in schools Technical education: engineering and technology—degree level—intake Health: Hospital beds Doctors (practising)
Unit Rs. billion Rs. 1949 50=100 mill, tons 000 tons of N mill, acres Rs. million 1950-51 = 100
1950-51
1955-56
10240 284 96 52-2 ( I )
121-30 306 117 65-8C2)
55 51-5 229 100
105 56-2 496 139
230 700 2000 194
318 36 773 94
1-4 3-7
1-7 7-3
3-5 18-5
150 400
mill, tons 000 tons value in Rs. million 000 tons mill, tons mill. yds. mill. yds. mill. yds. mill. Kw. mill, tons mill, tons mill, tons Rs. billion 000 miles 000 numbers lakh GRT mill, numbers
3720 897 4617 2-3 (3) 91-5 3-2 32-3 6-24 97-5 116 39 235
000 numbers 000 numbers 000 numbers
4-1 113 56
3-4 99
Source:(l) Third Five Year Plan, Government of India, Planning Commission (2) Estimates of production adjusted for changes in statistical coverage and methods of estimation up to 1956-57. (3) Figures relate to calendar years 1950 and 1955. (4) The latest revised estimate is 79.0 million tons.
7-8 164 3-6 5102 1773 6875 3-4' 3> 114-0 4-3 38-4 6-09 122-0 166 4-8 31-3 5-9 125 65
55-0 363 5-7 5127 2349 7476 5-7 154-0 10-7 54-6 6-45 144-0 210 9-0 43-5
1518 267 .. 38 162 62 148 68 234 69 3 48 81 131 85
13-9 186 70
239 65 25
7. Despite considerable year-to-year variations owing mainly to weather conditions, agricultural production as a whole has increased by about 41 per cent over the last decade, and the output of foodgrains by 46 per cent. The cumulative rate of growth in agricultural production, thus, worked out at about 3.5 per cent per annum, which was much larger than in any previous decade. Yields per acre have also increased significantly during the period. 8. The principal agricultural programmes undertaken to step up production consisted of the extension of irrigation, supply of chemical fertilisers, development of local manurial resources, multiplication and distribution of improved seeds, adoption of improved agricultural practices and land reclamation. The total net irrigated area in the country is estimated to have increased from 51.5 million acres in 1950-51 to 70 million acres in 1960-61. The consumption of nitrogenous fertilisers (in terms of nitrogen) increased from 55,000 tons to 230,000 tons. 9. Measures to reform the traditional land system were initiated during the First Plan and carried forward during the Second Plan. These consisted of the abolition of intermediaries, protection and improvement of tenancy rights and the imposition of ceilings on land holdings. Another important development in the agrarian economy was the introduction during the First Plan of a nation-wide agricultural extension service as part of a comprehensive community development programme. At the end of the Second Plan, the community development movement covered about 370,000 villages and well over half of the country's rural population. The programme is expected to cover all rural areas in the country by October, 1963. The cooperative movement has also made considerable progress during the last decade. 10. The growth of output in industry during the last decade has been far more striking than in the case of agriculture. The overall index of industrial production rose from 100 in 1950-51 to 194 in 1960-61, thus recording a cumulative rate of growth of about 7 per cent per annum. 11. Apart from the growth of output as such, the most promising feature of industrial development has been the progress achieved in the establishment and expansion of basic and capital goods industries during the Second Plan period. With the completion of three new steel plants in the public sector and the expansion of
the two units in the private sector, the output of steel ingots has increased from 1.4 million tons in 1950-51 to 3.5 million tons in 1960-61. Domestic supplies of essential industrial materials, like, aluminium, cement, heavy chemicals and dyestuffs, and of fuels, such as, coal and petroleum have also increased substantially since 1950-51. Moreover, the country is now producing increasingly larger quantities of machine tools and machinery for use in agriculture and transport, and for such industries as chemicals and pharmaceuticals, textiles, jute, cement, tea, sugar, paper, mining, etc. Steps have recently been taken for the establishment of a heavy machine-building plant and a found ry forge plant at Ranchi in Bihar and a coal mining machinery plant at Durgapur in West Bengal. The Heavy Electrical Project at Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh has just entered the stage of initial production. 12. Substantial increases in production have also been achieved in consumer goods industries, specially, cotton textiles, sugar, paper and paper-boards, automobiles, bicycles, motor-cycles, scooters, electric fans, sewing machines, radios, etc. Along with large and medium size industries, there has been considerable development in the field of village and small industries. 13. As a result of these developments, the industrial structure of the country has become more diversified and better balanced, and this has considerably strengthened the productive base of the economy. 14. In the field of minerals, a great deal of attention was given to mineral exploitation and production. The production of coal increased from 32.3 million tons in 1950-51 to 54.6 million tons in 1960-61 and of bauxite from 64,000 tons to 377,000 tons. Valuable oil resources have been found in the Nahorkatiya area in Assam and indications obtained of a sizable oil field in the CambayAnkleshwar area in Gujarat. Prospecting operations are in progress also in other areas. 15. The basic facilities of power and transport which are essential to support economic development have expanded rapidly over the decade. The total installed power generating capacity has risen from 2.3 million Kw. in 1950-51 to 5.7 million Kw. in 1960-61. Special attention was given to rural electrification with a view to developing and modernising the rural economy. The total number of towns and villages electrified increased from 3,690 in 1950-51 to 23,000 in 196061.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - o n e of the Departments of the Institute where supersonic research is carried on.
16. In the field of transport, the rehabilitation of the railways, which had suffered considerable damage on account of the War and the Partition was the main objective under the First Plan. During the Second Plan, the railways undertook extensive development associated with the building up of basic industries, like, steel, coal, and cement. Railway freight traffic has increased by nearly 70 per cent over the last decade-from 91.5 million tons in 1950-51 to 154 million tons in 1960-61. 17. Good progress has been made in expanding and improving the country's roads and highways and the road transport system. The handling capacity of the major ports has increased from 20 million tons in 1950-51 to 37 million tons in 1960-61. The shipping tonnage during the period has increased from 390,000 GRTto 900,000 GRT. The communication services have also been expanded substantially in order to meet the needs of a developing economy. 18. Facilities for education, health and welfare which are important not only from the social but also from the economic piont of view have increased substantially over the last decade. The number of primary and junior basic schools has increased from 210,000 in 1950-51 to342,000 in 1960-61, while that of high and higher secondary schools from 7,300 to!7,000The percentage of children attending schools in the age group 6-11 increased from 43 in 1950-51 to 61 in 1960-61. In the field of health, the number of hospitals and dispensaries increased from 8,600 in 1950-51 to 12,600 in 1960-61 and hospital beds from 113,000 to 186,000. Special measures have been taken to eradicate malaria and there has been a marked improvement in health conditions resulting in a significant increase in the survival rate. The average expectation of life has improved by about 10 years over the last decade-from 32 years to 42 years. The family planning programme which was initiated in the First Plan has made steady progress and the number of centres has risen from 147 in 195556 to 1,650 in 1960-61.
19. Facilities for technical education have been considerably expanded as is evidenced by the increase in the annual intake of students at the degree level in engineering and technology. The foundations for the country's future advance in scientific and technological research have been laid through the establishment of a large number of research institutions including 20 national laboratories and three regional research centres. The research departments of the universities have also been strengthened. 20. Additional employment opportunities created during the Second Plan are estimated at about 8 million; of which 6.5 were outside agriculture. At the end of the Second Plan, there was a backlog of unemployment totalling about 9 million. On the whole, substantial progress has been recorded in every branch of national life over the last decade. There have, however, inevitably been stresses and strains price rises and balance of payments difficulties-in the course of plan implementation. 21. India has received substantial external assistance-in loans and grants-from friendly foreign countries and international institutions, such as, the
I.B.R.D. in support of her development programmes over the last decade. Total external assistance authorised during the First Plan period together with the undrawn portion of I.B.R.D. loans sanctioned before April, 1951 amounted to Rs. 3.69 billion. Of this, about Rs. 1.96 billion was utilised during the Plan period leaving an unspent balance of Rs. 1.73 billion at the end of the period. 22. External assistance has been received on a larger scale during the Second Plan period. Total authorisations during the Second Plan, excluding assistance in the form of PL 480 commodities and loans and credits specifically earmarked for Third Plan projects, amounted to Rs. 10.71 billion. Including the carry-over of Rs. 1.73 billion from the first Plan, the total availability of external assistance for the Second Plan came to Rs. 12.44 billion. The utilisation of assistance during the Second Plan amounted to Rs. 8.75 billion leaving an unspent balance of Rs. 3.69 billion at the end of the Plan Period. Substantial assistance in the form of agricultural commodities, such as, wheat, rice, cotton, tobacco, and dairy products was also received during the
The Third
Second Plan period from the U.S.A. under the P.L 480 Programme. Total authorisations under this Programme during the Second Plan amounted to Rs.11.13 billion. As against this, utilisations of assistance in the form of commodity imports during the Plan period amounted to Rs. 5.42 billion. The bulk of the assistance authorised under the May 1960 and March 1961 agreements is actually intended for utilisation during the Third Plan period. The carryover of PL 480 assistance to the Third Plan is estimated at Rs. 5.7 billion. 23. The assistance received from foreign governments and international institutions has been supplemented by inflows of private foreign capital and technical know-how in certain sectors of the economy, particularly industry and mining. These capital inflows have, however, been of a relatively small order.
Five Year
24. The broad pattern of development envisaged for the Third Plan follows, in large part, from the basic approach and experience of the Second Plan. However, in some important respects, it takes a wider view of the problems of development and calls
Plan
for a larger and more intensive effort. In particular, the Third Plan aims to strengthen the agricultural and rural economy and to lay a firm foundation for the future progress of the economy through the development of capital goods and machine-building industries. The Third Plan may be viewed as the first stage of a decade or more of intensive development leading to a self-reliant and self-generating economy. The basic idea is to reduce, over a period, India's dependence on external assistance by building up sufficient capacity to produce domestically the bulk of the capital goods and equipment that will be needed for further industrialisation. To this end, it will also be necessary to secure a sizable expansion in export earnings in the course of successive plan periods. The achievement of this aim will, however, increase the requirements of external assistance in the short run. 25. The principal aims of the Third Plan are as follows:1. To secure an increase in national income of over 5 per cent per annum, the pattern of investment being so designed as to sustain this rate of growth during subsequent plan periods;
Panoramic view of Bhilai Steel Plant.
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2. To achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains and increase agricultural production to meet the requirements of industry and exports; 3. To expand basic industries like steel, chemicals, fuel and power, and establish machinebuilding capacity so that the requirements of further industrialisation can be met within a period of ten years or so mainly from the country's own resources; 4. To utilise to the fullest extent possible the manpower resources of the country and to ensure a substantial expansion in employment opportunities; and 5. To establish progressively greater equality of opportunity and to bring about reduction in disparities in income and wealth and a more even distribution of economic power. 26. In order to achieve the aims of the Third Plan, it is essential that a certain minimum development should take place in different sectors of the economy over the Plan period. The physical targets of the Third Plan have been formulated in terms of these minimum requirements. It is estimated that national income will increase by at least 30 per cent and per capita income by 17 per cent over the Plan period. The principal targets of the Plan are given in the following table:-
The Million Volt Cascade Generator installed at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, (Bombay).
INDEX
OF INDUSTRIAL BASE
1250
111
1100 - -
1950 - 5 1 = 1 0 0 GENERAL
INOEX
GENERAL
INOEX
W * K H W
COTTON
TEXTILES
O O O O O
CHEMICALS PRODUCTS
IMIIIUMIH
IRON
1200 - -
PRODUCTION
C TREND)
AND CHEMICAL
/
AND STEEL
MACHINERY
/
/
/
( A L L TYPES)
/ 900
tPE3ff^ 800 - -
:
700
/ 600 - -
/
500 --
/
/
/
.
: '
•
/ "j&yr^"
/ /4/
/
/
/ / / / / / /
400 - -
/ / / /
300 - -
200 - -
v 100
n
1650-61
i i' i T i 51-S2-52-53 53-54 54-55 55-56 56-57
i
r
r
r
57-55 55-59 55-50 50-5I
Dakota Engine installation in the Hindustan Aircraft Factory, Bangalore. T— 61-62
—i
r—
53-64 64-65 65-66
•
' , •.
TABLE-2 (D Selected Targets (1961-66) Item
1960-61
965-66
Percentage increase in 1965-66 over 1960-61
1949-50 = 100 mill, tons 000 tons of N mill, acres Rs. billion 1950-51 = 100
135 76*" 230 70 20 194
176 100 1000 90 5-3 329
30 32 335 29 165 70
mill, tons 000 tons value in Rs. million 000 tons mill, tons
3-5 18-5 55 363 5-7
9-2 80 300 1500 9-9
163 332 445 313 70
Unit
Index number of agricultural production Foodgrains production Nitrogenous fertilisers consumed Area irrigated (net total) Cooperative movement: Advances to farmers Index number of industrial production Production of: Steel ingots Aluminium Machine tools (graded) Sulphuric acid Petroleum products Cloth: Millmade Handloom, Powerloom and Khadi Total Minerals: Iron ore Coal Exports Power: Installed capacity Railways: Freight carried Road transport: Commercial vehicles on road. Shipping: Tonnage General Education: Students in schools Technical Education: Engineering and Technologydegree level —intake Health: Hospital beds Doctors practising
mill. yds. mill. yds. mill. yds.
5127 2349 7476
5800 3500 9300
13 49 24
mill, tons mill, tons Rs. billion mill. Kw. mill, tons 000 numbers lakh GRT mill, numbers
10-7 54-6 6-45 5-7 154 210 9-0 43-5
30-0 970 8 50 12-7 245 365 10-9 63-9
180 76 32 123 59 74 21 47
000 numbers
13-9
19-1
37
000 numbers 000 numbers
186 70
•
Source: (1) Third Five Year Plan, Government of India, Planning Commission. (2) The latest revised estimate is 79 million tons.
240 81
29 16
27. India's experience over the last decade has clearly demonstrated that the rate of growth in agricultural production is one of the main limiting factors in the progress of the economy. Agricultural production will, therefore, have to be expanded to the largest extent feasible and adequate resources provided for realising the agricultural targets. The overall index of agricultural production during the Third Plan is expected to increase by 30 per cent from 135 in 1960-61 (base 1949-50= 100) to 176 in 1965-66. The output of foodgrains is estimated to increase from 79 million tons in 1960-61 to 100 million tons in 1965-66; of oilseeds from 6.5 million tons to 9.8 million tons; of sugarcane (in terms of raw sugar) from 8.7 million tons to 10 million tons; of cotton from 5.1 million bales to 7.0 millnon bales; and of jute from 4.0 million bales to 6.2 million bales. 28. In the Third Plan, as in the Second, the development of basic industries, such as, steel, fuel, power, chemicals and machine-building is fundamental to rapid economic growth. These industries will largely determine the speed at which the economy can become self-reliant and self-generating. The programmes of industrial development have been formulated from the point of view of the needs of the economy as a whole, the public and private sectors being
Tatanagar Tisco & Telco Works, Jamshedpur -A panoramic view of Tisco Works.
HANDLOOM SILK FABRICS WITH GOLD A N D SILVER WORK.
considered together. The Third Plan will carry further the present efforts to build up small industries as a vital segment of the industrial structure. 29. The overall index of industrial production is expected to rise from 194 in 1960-61 (base 1950-51=100) to 329 in 1965-66 -an increase of as much as 70 per cent. Among the principal industrial targets, mention may be made of the following. The output of steel ignots is envisaged to rise from 3.5 million tons in 1960-61 to 9.2 million tons in 1965-66; of aluminium from 18,500 tons to 80,000 tons; of coal from 54.6 million tons to 97.0 million tons; of iron ore from 10.7 million tons to 30.0 million tons; of petroleum products from 5.7 million tons to 9.9 million tons; of sulphuric acid from 363,000 tons to 1.5 million tons; and of machine tools from Rs. 55 million (in value) to Rs. 300 million. The production of millmade cloth is expected to increase from 5127 million yards to 5800 million yards and that of handloom from 2349 million yards to 3500 million yards. 30. A great deal of emphasis has been given in the Third Plan to the development of education and other social services. This is essential for securing a fair balance between economic and social development and, equally, for realising the economic aims of the plan. Large technological changes and significant increases in productivity cannot be secured without strengthening adequately the educational base of the community and improving its living standards. Thus in the field of general education the number of students in schools is expected to rise from 43.5 million in 1960-61 to 63.9 million in 1965-66 - a n increase of 47 per cent. In the case of technical education, the intake of students at the degree level for engineering and technological subjects is envisaged to go up from 13,900 to 19,100 -an expansion of 37 per cent. Similarly, in the field of health the number of hospital beds is expected to increase from 186,000 in 1960-61
to 240,000 and the number of doctors practising from 70,000 to 81,000. 31. A two-fold approach will be adopted towards the problem of unemployment during the Third Plan. Development programmes included in the Plan will have to be worked so as to yield the maximum employment of which they are capable. It is estimated that the development programmes in the Plan may provide additional employment for about 14 million people, as against the estimated increase of 17 million people in the labour force during the Third Plan period. The balance is proposed to be taken care of through the organisation of large scale rural works programmes, as also by expanding the programmes of village and small industries and agriculture to the extent possible. 32. The total cost of completing the physical programmes included in the Third Plan exceeds Rs. 80 billion for the public sector and is estimated at Rs. 41 billion for the private sector. The estimate of financial resources for the public sector plan has been placed for the present at Rs. 75 billion. There are indications, however, of raising additional resources if certain measures are taken for mobilising the savings of the country. In fact, to the extent that the physical programmes included in the Plan are achieved, the prospect of raising additional financial resources will correspondingly improve. 33. Out of the total plan outlay of Rs. 75 billion envisaged in the public sector, investment is estimated at Rs.63 billion; and current outlay representing expenditure on staff, subsidies, etc. at Rs. 12 billion. Together with the investment of Rs. 41 billion estimated for the private sector, the aggregate investment in the economy over the Third Plan period is placed at Rs. 104 billion. This will involve a step-up of about 54 per cent in total investment as compared with the investment in the Second Plan.
AN A R T I S T I C M E T A L L I C TOY.
EMBROIDERED SHOES FROM JAIPUR.
34. For financing a plan outlay of the order of Rs. 75 billion, the public sector is expected to raise Rs. 28.10 billion from current revenues, additional taxation and surpluses of public enterprises. The additional tax effort in the Third Plan is placed at Rs. 17.10 billion. Market borrowings, small savings and various other capital receipts are estimated to provide another Rs. 19.4 billion. In addition, as against a total external assistance of Rs. 32 billion envisaged during the Third Plan period, an amount of Rs. 22 billion is expected to accrue as resources to the public sector budget. The balance of Rs. 5.50 billion is proposed to be financed by way of deficit financing. 35. The problem of external resources will be a difficult one during the Third Plan period. Total export earnings during the Plan period are being taken at Rs. 37 billion as compared to actual earnings of Rs. 30.5 billion during the Second Plan period. The achievement of export earnings of the order of Rs. 37 billion is, however, by no means an easy task. It assumes fairly favourable external conditions, and an overriding priority for exports in domestic policy decisions. Even with this level of exports and allowing for maintenance imports of about Rs. 36.5 billion-the actual needs of the economy are larger- the external account just balances. The level of Plan imports is envisaged at Rs. 19 billion although actual requirements are about Rs. 1.3 billion higher. The total drawings on external assistance during the Third Plan, including imports of Rs. 2 billion for special capital goods and intermediate products, and Rs. 5 billion for repayment of maturing liabilities are envisaged at Rs. 26 billion apart from PL 480 assistance. Together with an estimated utilisation of about Rs. 6 billion of PL 480 assistance during the Third Plan period, the aggregate utilisation of external assistance in various forms during the Plan period comes to Rs. 32 billion.
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Hindustan Shipyard, Vizagapatam. Two new ships under construction at the shipyard.
36. The outlook on external assistance is on the whole encouraging. At the commencement of the Third Plan India had a carry-forward of Rs. 3.69 billion of assistance for Second Plan projects which are to be completed during the Third Plan period. In addition, India had concluded agreements for credits totalling Rs. 3.29 billion from various countries, such as U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Poland and Switzerland. Furthermore, at the meeting of the Consortium of friendly countries held in May-June, 1961 under the auspices of the World Bank, India has been assured of external assistance totalling Rs. 10.89 billion to cover import orders to be placed during the first two years of the Third Plan. The total amount of external assistance available or in sight for the Third Plan period thus comes to Rs. 17.87 billion.
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Indo-U.S. Trade Pattern. Trade between India and U.S.A. has expanded substantially in recent years. In value as well as in volume, it has recorded unprecedented levels. In 1960, for instance, imports from the U.S.A. accounted for the high figure of $ 505 million, resulting in that country displacing Britain from its traditional first place as the main supplier of goods to India. In the export trade of India, the place of the U.S.A. is next only to that of the U.K. In recent years, India's exports to the U.S.A. have been showing a steady increase. From about $ 172 million in 1958, they increased to $ 200 million in the following year; the figure for 1960 was $ 215 million. The U.S.A thus absorbed nearly 17 per cent of Indian commodities and manufactured goods in 1960. An interesting feature of India's trade with the U.S.A. has been a gradual change in the pattern of exports. This change may not, at present, be spectacular, but all the same it is becoming clearly visible due to the progressive emergency of India as an industrial nation.
The United States still continues to be the single best buyer for some of India's traditional exports, particularly jute manufactures (37 per cent), cashew kernel (65 per cent), pepper (37 per cent), manganese ore and concentrates (42 per cent), ferro-manganese (98 per cent), mica (16 per cent), lac (32 per cent), castor oil (42 per cent) etc. Besides these, the U.S.A. has been importing sizable quantities of other goods, important among them being fish and fish products, tea, goat skins, reptile skins, carpet wool, short staple cotton, cotton waste, illeminite, myrobalan, lemon-grass oil, leather manufactures, cotton piecegoods, etc. Imports from the U.S.A. are at a high level, largely due to a massive programme of economic development taken up under the Five Year Plans. These comprise, mainly, raw materials like long staple cotton, non-ferrous metals and essential chemicals; machinery; transport equipment; lubricants; and pharmaceuticals. During the last three or four years, there has been a steady rise in the flow of producer goods and capital from the U.S.A. This has resulted in a closer economic relationship between the two countries. The assistance provided by the U.S.A. for development projects is estimated at over $ 3,900 million. This includes the provision of 32 million tons of wheat, rice and other grains, 1.4 million bales of cotton and sizable quantities of industrial raw materials. Capital equipment for industries such as jute, cement, automobile, rayon paper, aluminium and mining accounts for some $ 300 million. Likewise, considerable help is being extended for the improvement of India's transport system, power generation and the setting up of basic industries. Before World War II, India normally had a favourable trade balance with the U.S. The situation, however, changed since 1941 and the imbalance increased as the requirements of India's economy expanded under planned development. A stage has now been reached when India would be able to increase her exports to the U.S.A. substantially, which would contribute further to the growing friendship between the two countries.
We seek to show a symbolic picture of Changing India: a picture of a harmonious blending of age-honoured cultural and philosophical values with those of material well-being made possible by scientific and technological advancement applied to industry. Heavy machinery, such as machine tools, agricultural machinery, diesel engines, electric motors, refrigerators, sewing machines, electrical appliances, hospital equipment, chemicals and pharmaceuticals displayed in the Pavilion in the background of photographs, charts, maps and models symbolise the strivings of India's people towards a fuller life. Advances made in the country in other fields are also portrayed through pictures, models and publications. India's exquisite handicrafts, the exhibition of Contemporary Paintings in the "World of Arts" and the performances of India's famous dancers in the "World of Entertainment" offer a glimpse of India's culture. It is only through a peaceful revolution that India has designed her social, economic and political life. What you see before you in the India Pavilion is the perceptible outcome of this planned change.
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF THE EXPORT PROMOTION COUNCILS, COMMODITY BOARDS ETC. EXPORT PROMOTION COUNCILS:
n . The Secretary,
1. The Secretary, Engineering Export Promotion Council, 12. India Exchange, (7th Floor), India Exchange Place, Calcutta-1. 2. The Secretary, 13. Mica Export Promotion Council, 6, Dacres Lane, Calcutta-1. 3. The Secretary, Shellac Export Promotion Council, 11, Sooterkin Street, Calcutta-13. 4. The Secretary, Chemicals and Allied Products Export Promotion Council, India Exchange (8th Floor), India Exchange Place, Calcutta-1. 5. The Secretary, Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council, Cecil Court, (4th Floor), 26, Lansdowne Road, Apollo Bunder, Bombay-1. 6. The Secretary, Silk & Rayon Textiles Export Promotion Council, Resham Bhavan, 78, Veer Nariman Road, Bombay-1. 7. The Secretary, Plastics & Linoleums Export Promotion Council, Patel Industrial Centre, 68, Tardeo RoadJBonibay-7. 8. The Secretary, Tobacco Export Promotion Council, 37, Cathedral Road, Madras-6. 9. The Secretary, Leather Export Promotion Council, Marbel Hall', 3/38 Vepery High Road, Madras-3. 10. The Secretary, Spices Export Promotion Council,, C/o. Office of the Joint Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, Post Box. No. 1842, Madras-1.
Cashew Export Promotion Council, Willingdon Island, Cochin-3. The Secretary, Sports Goods Export Promotion Council, 5-Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi-1. The Chairman, The Marine Products Export Promotion Council, Office of the Dy. Chief Controller of Imports and Exports, T.D. Road, Ernakulam. (KERALA).
COMMODITY BOARDS: 1. The Secretary, Tea Board, 2 7 - 2 9 Brabourne Road, Calutta. 2. The Secretary, Central Silk Board, 95-B, Marine Drive, Bombay-2. 3. The Secretary, All India Handloom Board, Wittet Road, Ballard Estate, Bombay-1. The Secretary, Coffee Board, Post Box, No. 2. Bangalore-9. 5. The Secretary, Coir Board, Post Box. No. 80, Ernakulam. 6. The Secretary, All India Handicrafts Board, Taj Barracks, Jan Path, New Delhi-1.
1. Textile Commissioner, Wittet Road, Ballard Estate, Bombay-1. 2. Jute Commissioner, P-8, Mission Row Extension, Calcutta-1. 3. Director General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics, 1, Council House Street, Calcutta-1. J.IL
In respect of Raw Cotton & Woollen Textiles. In respect of Jute and Jute Manufacturers and Jute Textiles. In respect of other items.
4. The Secretary, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, Federation House, New Delhi.
DESIGNED AND PRINTED AT THE PHOTO LITHO WING, GOVT. OF INDIA PRESS, NEW DELHI-1