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A SHORT HISTORY OF EXPOS
London 1851
Past Expos - A short history of Expos For over 160 years World Expos have helped humanity make sense of change and navigate through dif cult times by promoting Education, Innovation and Cooperation.
The earlier Expos from 1851 to the middle of the XXth century The earlier Expos from 1851 to the middle of the XXth century were strongly in uenced by the industrial revolution and the colonial ambition of the time. Material progress based on technological innovation was at the heart of the exhibitions; and colonial pavilions where countries could showcase the exoticism of their colonies and the ethnographic characteristics of the so-called "primitive people" were great entertainment attractions of Expos. During this "age of progress" the Expos were - as the great German philosopher and cultural critic Walter Benjamin said -"the sites of the pilgrimage to the commodity fetish" and probably the most important event of cultural exchange. The First and the Second World Wars completely modi ed the idea of technology as a source of progress: technology could be destructive and its use should be placed under social and political responsibility.
After World War II After World War II, the fascination for material progress gave way to the promotion of human progress and international dialogue. Technology was still at the centre of Expos, but not as an end in itself, as a means for human development. Expo 1958 Brussels was dedicated to "Progress and Mankind"; Expo 1962 Seattle was about "Man in the Space Age"; Expo 1967 Montreal was dedicated to "Man and his world." By creating a peaceful discussion platform, Expos started contributing to the global dialogue and fostering cooperation, namely with Expo 1967 Montreal and Expo 1970 Osaka that facilitated the "détente" of the early 1970s during the Cold War. At the same time, the progress of decolonisation allowed the creation of new countries that became new players of Expos. The number of participating countries increased year after year: 39 in Brussels, 62 in Montreal, 78 in Osaka, 109 in Seville 1992, 155 in Hannover 2000, 193 in Shanghai 2010. Today, Expos have become a showcase for cultural diversity based on equality and respect for all cultures.
Since the year 2000 Since the year 2000, Expos have taken on a signi cant role of raising awareness on the importance of sustainable development and addressing the crucial challenges of our time. Expo 2000 Hannover promoted sustainable development and aligned itself explicitly with Agenda 21. Expo 2005 Aichi aimed at demonstrating that there was a clear competitive advantage in designing technology in harmony with nature. Expo 2010 Shanghai was another milestone, as it showcased solutions for sustainable urban development, in a world where half of the population lives in cities. By providing a unique space for discussion and cooperation, Expos aim at being ef cient instruments of progress in all areas linked to sustainable and human development such as the environment, energy, health or education. View the complete list of Past World Expos View the complete list of Past Specialised Expos View the complete list of Past Horticultural Expos
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Expo 1939 New York
Expo 1937 Paris
Expo 1933 Chicago
Expo 1929 Barcelona
Expo 1915 San Francisco
Expo 1913 Ghent
Expo 1910 Brussels
Expo 1906 Milan
Expo 1905 Liege
Expo 1904 St. Louis
Expo 1900 Paris
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Expo 1893 Chicago
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Expo 1888 Barcelona
Expo 1880 Melbourne
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Expo 1876 Philadelphia
Expo 1873 Vienna
Expo 1867 Paris
Expo 1862 London
Expo 1855 Paris
Expo 1935 Brussels
Expo 1851 London
“World Expos” include all International Registered Exhibitions (2010-present), World Exhibitions (1992-2000), and General Exhibitions of the 1st and 2nd category (19351970) organised under the auspices of the BIE, as well as World Expos dating from before the creation of the BIE that are considered of historical importance.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Specialised Expo
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Expo 2023 Buenos Aires
Expo 2017 Astana
Expo 2012 Yeosu
Expo 2008 Zaragoza
Expo 2005 Aichi
Expo 1998 Lisbon
Expo 1993 Daejeon
Expo 1992 Genoa
Expo 1991 Plovdiv
Expo 1988 Brisbane
Expo 1986 Vancouver
Expo 1985 Plovdiv
Expo 1985 Tsukuba
Expo 1984 New Orleans
Expo 1982 Knoxville
Expo 1981 Plovdiv
Expo 1975 Okinawa
Expo 1974 Spokane
Expo 1971 Budapest
Expo 1968 San Antonio
Expo 1965 Munich
Expo 1961 Turin
Expo 1957 Berlin
Expo 1956 Beit Dagon
Expo 1955 Helsingborg
Expo 1955 Turin
Expo 1954 Naples
Expo 1953 Jerusalem
Expo 1953 Rome
Expo 1951 Lille
Expo 1949 Lyon
Expo 1949 Stockholm
Expo 1947 Paris
Expo 1939 Liege
Expo 1938 Helsinki
Expo 1936 Stockholm
“Specialised Expos” include all International Recognised Exhibitions (2008-present), International Specialised Exhibitions (1981-2005) and Special Exhibitions (1936-1975) organised under the auspices of the BIE.
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Expo 2019 Beijing
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Expo 2016 Antalya
Floriade Expo 2002 Haarlemmermeer
Floriade Expo 2012 Venlo
Expo 2006 Chiang Mai
IGA Expo 2003 Rostock
Expo 1999 Kunming
IGA Expo 1993 Stuttgart
Floriade Expo 1992 Zoetermeer
Expo 1990 Osaka
Expo 1984 Liverpool
IGA Expo 1983 Munich
Floriade Expo 1982 Amsterdam
Floralies Expo 1980 Montreal
WIG Expo 1974 Vienna
IGA Expo 1973 Hamburg
Floriade Expo 1972 Amsterdam
Floralies Expo 1969 Paris
WIG Expo 1964 Vienna
IGA Expo 1963 Hamburg
Floriade Expo 1960 Rotterdam
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 10.40
Dates 01/05/1851 - 11/10/1851
Visitors 6,039,195
Theme Industry of all Nations
Participants (Countries) 25
Of cial Designation The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations
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The UK, leader of technical progress
The organisation of the event came in response to the demand for creating new economic links between nations in face of the triumph of the free trade policy. As a result of the efforts of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, and the inventor Henry Cole, the Expo was organised in London with great success. The Crystal Palace, symbol of the Expo
A special commission headed by Prince Albert designated the famous Hyde Park as the Expo site. The commission launched a competition for the building that would house the exhibits. More than 250 projects were submitted. The project of Joseph Paxton, later called the Crystal Palace, was selected. It became the architectural masterpiece of the time and even now its dimensions are still impressive: length - 563 metres, width - 124 metres, oor area – 7,18 ha, height of the main nave - 19,5 metres , height of the cross nave - 41 metres. Some time after the exposition closed, the Palace was transferred to Sydenham Park to host exhibitions, sporting events and music festivals. Unfortunately the building burnt down in 1936. Profusion of innovations
"I'm not saying there's nothing to see, but that there's too much to see," Charles Dickens said after visiting the exhibition. The most impressive section was dedicated to machinery where visitors could discover the railroad equipment from UK and Germany, steam engines and American farm equipment, which was almost unknown in Europe. Stereo photographs by the Scottish physicist David Brewster, vulcanized rubber by the American inventor Charles Goodyear, the so called "Viennese chairs" by the Hungarian furniture-maker Tonet, the 1,720-kilogram ingot of crucible steel produced by the Krupp's plant and many other new products were showcased at the Expo. A success that allowed the cultural development of London
The Fair attracted nearly 6 million visitors and allowed the organizers of the exhibition to generate a pro t of about 186,000 pound sterling. This money was used to fund a number of cultural and educational institutions such as the Geological Museum, the Museum of Science and Natural History, the Museum of Manufactures (known now as Victoria and Albert Museum) and the Imperial College of Science.
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1855 PARIS
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 15.20
Dates 15/05/1855 - 15/11/1855
Visitors 5,162,330
Theme Agriculture, Industry and ne arts
Participants (Countries) 27
Of cial Designation Exposition Universelle des produits de l’agriculture, de l’industrie et des beauxarts de Paris 1855
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The Expo
France & the BIE
The exhibition of Agriculture, industry, and the Fine Arts of Paris 1855 was born from the Decree of March 8, 1853, by Napoleon III. An exhibition relating to the industry and agricultural products was rst created. An exhibition of ne arts was later added in a separate building. An important diplomatic event
This exhibition was very important at the diplomatic level because of the visit of Queen Victoria of England. She recognized the rise of Napoleon III to power, showing solidarity between the monarchs and established a very close relationship with him that lasted until the death of Napoleon III. A display of inventions
During the exhibition, an important number of machines made their rst appearance before a large audience. Indeed the visitors discovered for the rst time the lawn mower, Moore's washing machine, Singer's sewing machine, the speaking doll, the sixshooter (revolver) and one of the rst vehicles running on oil. The Saint-Gobain factory exposed the biggest mirror in the world with a surface of 18,4 sq. m.
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1862 LONDON
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 11
Dates 01/05/1862 - 01/11/1862
Visitors 6,096,617
Theme Industry and Art
Participants (Countries) 39
Of cial Designation London International Exhibition of Industry and Art
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Following the success of the rst World Exhibition held in London in 1851, the United Kingdom decided to host a second that would be larger in size and in scale than the original World Exhibition and Expo 1855 in Paris. The time was considered ideal to host a new Expo to showcase the latest progress that had been achieved in industry, technology and arts. Signi cant advancements had been made in the area of steel production, steam engines (for railways and ships) and telegraphy, among others. Organisational challenges
The Exhibition was initially set to be held in 1861, marking the 10th anniversary of the original Great Exhibition, but it was delayed by one year due to international events, including the Italian War of Independence and Civil War in the United States. The latter had an impact on the British textile industry, due to a cotton shortage, with nancial issues causing certain international participants to withdraw. In December 1861, the death of Prince Albert – the husband of Queen Victoria and a leading patron of the Exhibition – came as a blow to organisers. The Queen entered a long period of mourning which prevented her from being present at the opening ceremony. The Exhibition Palace
After the success of the Crystal Palace at Expo 1851, architect Captain Francis Fowke aimed to build an even more impressive and triumphant structure as the site of the Expo, in South Kensington. Designed to be a permanent venue for fairs and exhibitions, the building was made out of iron and brick. Contracted to Kelk and Lucas, construction of the Exhibition Palace, which consisted of a main structure and two adjoining wings dedicated to machinery and agricultural equipment, only took 11 months. Visitors entered the Exhibition Palace through a long path decorated with large sculptures and columns. The main exhibition hall featured a 350-metre long art gallery that rivalled the length of the Grande Gallerie of the Louvre in Paris. Paintings were arranged according to the nationality of the artist, in accordance with the rules set down by the organisers. In the annexes, visitors could view machinery and their mechanisms, including the Baggage Analytical Machine, a prototype of the rst computer that was on public display for the rst time. The Bessemer process of steel production was also showcased at the Expo. While only 11 years had passed since the original Great Exhibition, the largest machine on display increased in weight from 9 tonnes in 1851 to 35 tonnes at Expo 1862. International Participation
A total of 39 international participants took part in the Exhibition, with their exhibits on show in different parts of the nave. Organisers initially let each country decide on its own architecture and exhibition content, but they later took control back, paying for corrective work when displays were not in keeping with the rest of the Exhibition. Sponsored by Napoleon III, the French participation included a delegation of workers who exchanged with their British counterparts. This meeting was later used to inspire the founding of the International Workingmen’s Association – the First Internationale – in 1864. Legacy
The Expo reached its aim of surpassing two previous exhibitions in terms of size and scale, but it failed to reach its objective of attracting 11 million visitors, with the nal tally being 6.1 million. After the Expo ended, the British Parliament refused the Government’s wish to to buy back the Exhibition Palace. Instead, materials were reused to build Alexandra Palace, an entertainment venue in North London. In 1864, Captain Francis Fowke successfully proposed the construction of a Natural History Museum on the former site of the Exhibition Palace. The Museum was inaugurated in 1881, and has since become one of the world-leading establishments in its domain. The Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum also stand today on the former site of the Expo.
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France & the BIE
WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 68.70
Dates 01/04/1867 - 03/11/1867
Visitors 15,000,000
Theme Agriculture, Industry and Fine Arts
Participants (Countries) 42
Of cial Designation Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867
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It was the second World Expo hosted in French capital. Its objective was to improve understanding between nations and foster peace. The invention of the Expo Pavilion concept
The goal of the Expo was not only to bring produce from foreign countries and expose them at the Fair, but also to showcase different ways of life from all over the world and to allow interaction between different cultures through a new feature: the national pavilions. They provided a space in which countries could display there culture, their history and their innovations. The pavilions were to become the trademark of all future Expos. The innovations showcased
Very innovative products appeared at this exhibition such as the new diver to swim under water, but also one that resists re, a hydraulic elevator, reinforced concrete and machinery manufacturing soft drinks. The key attractions
The Promenade, the park, restaurants of different nations, pavilions and different designs ranging from chapels to the lighthouse, the Egyptian Palace and the Russian village are a few examples of the diversity and impressive exhibitions showcased. It is also on the occasion of the exhibition of 1867 that the "bateaux-mouches" made their rst appearance on the Seine as a means of transportation for tourists. An Expo of great prestige and diplomatic in uence
As no other World Exposition before it, the Exposition Universelle 1867 attracted the regents of the whole world. For the rst time, even the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz left his country to take part in the meeting of nations' representatives. This unbroken parade of princely visits went on for six months, a parade which was popularly known as the "Ballet of Nations". And even the rulers of the three continental powers who had fought against Napoleon I up until the year 1814 returned to Paris for the rst time: the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I, the Prussian King Wilhelm I with his Chancellor Bismarck and the Russian Tsar Alexander II.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 233
Dates 01/05/1873 - 31/10/1873
Visitors 7,255,000
Theme Culture and Education
Participants (Countries) 35
Of cial Designation Weltaustellung 1873 in Wien
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An Expo to showcase the power of the Empire
The Project was not only supported by the political sphere, it was also backed by agricultural and industrial entrepreneurs who saw it as an opportunity to present to the world the results of the recent economic boom. The Empire wanted to establish itself as a cosmopolitan nation and a strong player of international business. The Industrial Palace
The area chosen as the exhibition ground was a 12-hectare section of the popular Prater park. The original idea for the Exhibition was to create an "international city" with numerous national pavilions. This approach was rejected in favour of a central exposition building for industrial products, machinery and the arts. The main construction, The Industrial Palace, was the architectural highlight of the Expo and its Rotunda was the largest in the world: 83 m high and about 110 m in diameter. An important part given to education and science
Like in previous Fairs, the mechanical exhibits dominated in all sections. However, according to the press, the most interesting sections were those dedicated to education. One of the innovations of the exhibition was the « History of Prices » section which allowed exhibitors to show the gradual increase of labour productivity and the dependency between public taste and economic development. Vienna 1873 was also the rst Expo to offer a site for international forums of scientists: there were 12 congresses and conference held in Vienna during the Expo. An Expo used as a tool for business and commercial development - the example of Japan
The exposition was used to establish business contacts between industrial nations. Japan, for example who was participating of cially to an Expo for the rst time, sought a double objective. On the one hand, in the context of the Meiji era, the Japanese delegation in Vienna was to observe and study as many technological and social achievements of Western countries as possible. On the other hand, Japan was to present itself as a commercial and future world power. Instead of presenting traditional Japanese art, the country prefered to diplay contemporary items that could please the European public. The Viennese visitors enjoyed it very much: the "japonism" trend was beginning. A successful event for the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Despite the natural cataclysms and shocks that happenned during the event (an unforeseen ood of the Danube, a cholera epidemic, the May 1873 stock exchange crash), the Vienna Exposition was a great highlight of the Dual Monarchy and boosted the renovation of Vienna: the Danube channel along with the impressive reconstruction of the old part of the city (the Ring) were the highest success of the municipal building program.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 115
Dates 10/05/1876 - 10/11/1876
Visitors 10,000,000
Theme Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine
Participants (Countries) 35
Of cial Designation Centennial Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine
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One objective: present the great potential of America
In 1874, the President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, had declared "America should not fall behind in its advance on the path opened by the great European powers. It is to show the whole world what progress could be achieved in a few years by a nation if every citizen works diligently for freedom, prosperity and honour." This call was backed by the Congress that decided to host a World's Fair in Philadelphia in 1876. The creation of the Thematic pavilions
The rst World Exhibition in America included a signi cant novelty imagined by the chief planner Hermann Josef Schwarzmann and which has been adopted by all Expos since: for the rst time, the exhibits were not to be presented in one single central building, but shown in ve exhibition halls according to thematic groups: the Main Hall, the Fine Arts Pavilion, the Machinery Hall, the Horticultural Palace and the Agricultural Hall. To these, were added almost 200 pavilions for the US states, foreign nations and private companies. Showcase the industrial power of the USA
The USA established itself as one of the leading industrial powers by displaying impressive exhibits and using over one third of the main building, and over 80 per cent of the Engine Hall. The Philadelphia Exposition was also distinguished for its wide use of railway transport. The key innovations presented in the event
Many technical novelties widely used in following decades such as Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone, Thomas Alva Edison’s telegraph, Remington’s typewriter and Heinz tomato Ketchup, were shown there for the rst time to the public. The material legacy of the Expo
The Fine Arts Pavilion (Memorial Hall) is the Exhibition’s only building still standing today. Immediately after the exhibition, it accomodated the Pennsylvania Museum and it now houses The Please Touch Museum, Philadephia's children museum.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 25
Dates 01/10/1880 - 30/04/1881
Visitors 1,330,000
Theme Arts, Manufactures and Agricultural and Industrial Products of all Nations
Participants 33
Of cial Designation International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Agricultural and Industrial Products of all Nations
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The city of Melbourne, located in the Australian territory of Victoria, hosted a World Exhibition between October 1880 and April 1881. The event, which attracted 1.3 million visitors, was considered a major feat for Victoria, with its Governor stating “It is a source of legitimate pride for the people of Victoria, a colony, a territory that was unknown less than half a century ago. The abundance of natural resources, the wisdom of laws, initiative, intelligence and industry of its people helped to successfully implement this great project.” International Exhibition
Some 33 countries participated in the Expo, including the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. Within the Melbourne Exhibition Building, built for the occasion, exhibitors showcased a diverse range of objects including iron and steel products, pharmaceuticals, jewellery, of ce stationary, pipes, photographs, musical instruments, wine, and samples of natural products from the Paci c Ocean, among others. The British Pavilion displayed carpets, various chemicals, equipment and leather accessories, while Germany showcased armaments and furniture. The Pavilion of the United States exhibited several innovations including agricultural machinery, typewriters, barbed wire, cotton products, electric lighting and a lawn mower. The prize-winning lawn mower model was reportedly so well designed that it continued to function without needing replaced for 70 years. The Indian Pavilion, in the southwest wing of the main building, was one of the most popular at the Expo. The Victorian Pavilion demonstrated - in a form of dodecahedron rhombic – the total amount of gold mined in the colony since 1851. Its machinery section displayed locomotives, proving the industrial capabilities of the colony. Visitors were given the opportunity to discover and experience each country’s culture, norms and specialities. In the different pavilions, for example, they could take a break to try Indian tea, Dutch cocoa or beer from Austria and Germany. The Melbourne Exhibition Building
The Melbourne Exhibition Building and the Carlton Gardens that surround it were designed for the Expo by Joseph Reed. The 12,000m2 building, which was made of brick, wood, steel and slate, drew on a range of architectural styles including Byzantine, Romanesque, Lombard and Italian Renaissance. It was built with a 60-metre dome inspired by Florence’s Duomo. The Exhibits were displayed in the splendid Great Hall as well as in several adjoining rooms. After the Expo, the Exhibition Building was expanded to host the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888. Later, it was the site of the opening of the rst Federal Parliament of Australia in 1901. The building continued to be used for various functions, before undergoing a restoration and being renamed the Royal Exhibition Building in 1988. In 2004, it received UNESCO heritage status. The Carlton Gardens that surround the Exhibition Building were designed as typical Victorian-era gardens with wide avenues, pathways, ponds and trees from Australia and Europe. The park remains popular to this day, conveying the image of the opulence of the late 19th century. Legacy
The Expo was a shot of adrenaline to a city that was already enjoying rapid growth. The event attracted 1.3 million visitors at a time when Australia’s population was only 2.2 million. In the decade following the Expo, Melbourne’s population doubled to half a million, and the success of the Expo justi ed the decision to hold Australia’s Centennial Exhibition in Melbourne rather than in Sydney, the city’s long-standing rival. The Exhibition was the opportunity for Melbourne to develop its infrastructure and industry, allowing the city to install electric lights, telephones and lifts and a tramway system. Australia’s international links were signi cantly boosted, with a direct steamboat line introduced between Australia and the European cities of Marseille and Bremen. The Expo also allowed the colony to establish direct trade relations with Germany, France, Belgium and the United States.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 46.50
Dates 08/04/1888 - 10/12/1888
Visitors 2,300,000
Theme Fine and Industrial Art
Participants 30
Of cial Designation Universal Exhibition of Barcelona 1888
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The Exhibition of 1888 celebrated the urbanisation of Barcelona and its transformation into an industrial, commercial and cultural centre. It was attended by 30 international participants, including popular displays from the US, China and Japan. The Expo was an opportunity for Spain, and notably Catalonia, to showcase its industrial strength, with a focus on technological advancements. Expo Site
The Expo was located in Parc de la Ciutadella, a newly developed park that replaced a military fortress. The 120x34 metre Palace of Industry was the Expo’s main building and its central hall was host to Spain’s exhibits. The pavilions of international participants and Spain’s regions were located in 24 nearby galleries. The site also featured the Palace of Fine Arts, the Machine Gallery, the Scienti c Palace and the Marine Pavilion. The main entrance to the site was the Arc de Triomf, which remains one of the city’s major symbols. Barcelona’s harbor was lled with international naval squadrons, while the Transatlantic Company’s Arabic-style pavilion showcased smaller scaled replicas of its vessels. Legacy
Electric street lighting was for the rst time installed on two of Barcelona’s major streets – La Rambla and Gran Via – in order to allow visitors to explore the city at night. The neo-gothic Castell dels Tres Dragons, which was designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner as a café-restaurant for the expo, is now the home of Barcelona’s Museum of Zoology. The iconic Columbus Monument was also constructed on the occasion of the Expo to mark the place where Columbus returned from his voyage to the Americas.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 96
Dates 05/05/1889 - 31/10/1889
Visitors 32,250,297
Theme Participants Celebration of the centenary of the French 35 revolution Of cial Designation Exposition Universelle de 1889, Paris
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The fourth World Expo to be organised in Paris was held between 5 May and 31 October. Its area, number of visitors and pro t of 8 million francs beat all previous records. An Expo to celebrate the 100 years of the French Revolution
The idea to host a Fair to celebrate the Revolution and the end of monarchy emerged as soon as the Fair of 1878 ended and preparations started in 1884. However, during the Expo, many celebrations were speci cally held outside the Expo site, like in Versailles, in order no to turn the Fair into a political event. However, this initiative didn't convince neighboring monarchies to participate, though some of them did unof cially send industry representatives to the Fair so as not to miss out on economic opportunities. Between humanism and patriotism
Two aspects of France were re ected in the Expo: social France and military France. On the one hand, the importance of education was stressed in the Champs de Mars and the Liberal Arts Palace, and a "social peace" section gave great importance to the status of workers who were very present in the Expo. On the other hand the Ministry of War showcased its souvenirs on the Invalides Esplanade, and the colonial exhibition was a great success. The Palace of Machines
Iron architecture dominated the Fair and the Palace of Machines was no exception. Located on the Champs de Mars, it was so big that it occupied the whole surface of the park. Designed by the architect Ferdinand Dutert, the Palace was characterized by its huge and only arch. Inside, visitors could discover series of innovations such as atmospheric hammers, voting machines by Dayex, cigarette makers, Tissot's clock-making workshop, as well as phonographs and telephones. Reused during Expo 1900, the Palace was destroyed in 1910. The Eiffel Tower
At a time when iron was much used, Gustave Eiffel's company, which was specialized in metal buildings, was renowned for the viaduct of Garabit (France) and Maria Pia (Portugal). The project of building a tower was a dream for many engineers and Eiffel worked on it as soon as 1884. A competition for a 300 metre-high tower was of cially launched in 1886, but it was quite symbolical as it matched Eiffel's project who won the competition. The project was very criticised, in particular because of the use of metal as an architectural feature and not simply as the building structure. The "Artist's protest" for example expressed its indignation towards this project that would distort Paris. However, after the hard work of 150 workers every day during 26 months, the 300.65 meter-high tower became the biggest success of the Fair. Visitors paid 5 francs to go to the top, either by elevator or by stairs, and the 7 million francs invested in its construction were paid off. The closing of the Expo was launched by shooting a canon from the top. During the 20 years that followed, the Eiffel Tower Company bene tted the right to use the tower, which was then given over to the city of Paris. According to some, the tower was never meant to be destroyed. According to others, Eiffel fought hard to stop it from being demolished by proving its technical and scienti c use by installing, for example, an antenna in 1909.
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 290
Dates 01/05/1893 - 03/10/1893
Visitors 27,500,000
Theme Fourth centenary of the discovery of America
Participants 19
Of cial Designation World’s Columbian Exposition
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A project to boost national identity
The Exposition aimed at building a sense of national unity, encouraging con dence and pride in American goods and business. It was the perfect way to explore social transformations, educate people and reduce their fear of change. The Expo was also an occasion to promote the technological and cultural achievements of the United States. An ambitious expo nicknamed "White City"
Renowned landscaper Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of NYC's Central Park, chose to place the Expo on the shore of Lake Michigan. Olmsted's project was ambitious. He not only planned to drain and reclaim the ground but also to dredge the lake waters to create canals and lagoons all along the Fair site. The undertaking was successful. The site of the Columbian Exposition was nearly three times bigger than any other previous fair site and the landscape was beautiful. The 14 main pavilions, known as the Great Buildings were conceived following classical architecture. They were all clad in white stucco and illuminated by city lights, which gave the Expo its nickname of « White City ». An Expo of " rsts"
The Columbian exposition was a Fair of many innovations and many « rsts » both from a cultural and a technological point of view: it displayed the Thomas Edison "Kinetoscope", the rst elevated intramural railway, the rst movable sidewalk, the rst picture postcards and the rst commemorative stamps and coins. The Columbian Fair also broke the record in electrical energy consumption: the Expo required 3 times the electric lighting power in use in Chicago at that time. The rst Women's Pavilion
One of the most important innovations exhibited was the rst building to be entirely dedicated to the work of women in all elds but also exclusively designed and managed by them. The Midway Pleasance, forerunner of amusement parks The most distinctive feature of the Expo was The Midway Plaisance : a one-mile strip of land entirely dedicated to entertainment. It became a model for future amusement parks such as Coney Island and even Disneyland. The most popular attraction was George Ferris' "Big Wheel". Built to rival the Eiffel tower, this colossal 250 feet diameter wheel became the symbol of the Columbian World's Fair. An Expo to be remembered
The Columbian World's Fair was a great success and has left important architectural, scienti c and cultural impact. It even provided the United States with a new Holiday: Columbus Day, and a new Star on the City of Chicago ag.
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 36
Dates 10/05/1897 - 08/11/1897
Visitors 6,000,000
Theme Modern Life
Participants 27
Of cial Designation International Exhibition of Brussels 1897
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Modern Life
Belgium hosted its rst ever World Expo in Brussels between 10 May and 8 November 1897, organised under the theme ‘Modern Life’. The Brussels Expo was held in the Parc du Cinquantenaire, which dated from 1875 when it replaced a large military training ground. The Expo site was host to pavilions from 26 nations and Belgium’s provinces, and the various themed galleries showcased the works of 10,668 exhibitors. The ‘Machine Gallery’ for instance, showcased the latest technological innovations of the time, including boilers, electric converters and ventilation systems, while other sections were dedicated to the social economy or hygiene. Belgium’s main cities each had their own respective pavilions. The city of Brussels was represented by a late Gothic style pavilion designed by Paul Saintenoy. It notably included reproductions of the capital’s three most famous statues; ‘Maneken Pis’, ‘le Cracheur’ and ‘les Trois Pucelles’. The Parc du Cinquantenaire featured several entertainment venues and amusements, including the Brussels-Kermesse (Brussels Fair), which was designed by Jules Barbier and featured a reproduction of the city centre in the 14th century. Featuring actors in period costumes, art installations, shooting ranges, games and plays, the Kermesse had all the atmosphere of Brussels in the Middle Ages. A wooden arch was erected to mark the centre point of the Parc de Cinquantenaire; this arch was later replaced by the triplestone Arcade du Cinquantenaire, built in 1905. The technological innovations section of the fair was also very popular among the visitors to the Expo. The section notably contained an ‘Electric Sun’ with 4,500 light bulbs, as well as the ‘Zoographic Room’, one of the early precursors to the modern cinema. As a display of its colonial strength, Belgium also organised a separate ‘Colonial Exhibition’ in Tervuren, centred around the Belgian Congo and located 15km from the Expo site. To link the two exhibition grounds, a tram line and the Avenue de Tervuren were built. Belgian Modernity and Art Nouveau
Showcasing Belgian modernity, Expo 1897 was a milestone of the Art Nouveau Movement. The Expo’s advertising poster, designed by Henri Privat-Livemont in his typical Art Nouveau style, became symbolic of the event as a whole. The ‘Temple of Human Passions’, also known as the Horta-Lambeaux Pavilion, was built for the Expo. It was the rst building to be commissioned to Victor Horta, the young Belgian architect who would go on to become a pioneer of Art Nouveau. Initially meant to coincide with the opening of the Expo, its inauguration was delayed due to a disagreement between the sculptor and the architect. The Expo also hosted the modernist works of Paul Hankar, Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, Henry Van de Velde, architect Henri Van Dievoet and his sgraf tist brother Gabriel. Transpiring a sense of Art Nouveau, the works of the Expo 1897 in uenced the movement far beyond the borders of Belgium. The Austrian architect Otto Wagner, was deeply in uenced by the early Belgian Art Nouveau scene when he visited the Expo, especially the geometric style of Paul Hankar. This, in turn, played a role in the development of the ‘Viennese Secession’ aesthetic. Legacy
Expo 1897 was thus the expression of a new art form, on the eve of the 20th Century, which spread its aesthetic around the world. Attracting over six million visitors, the city’s rail and street infrastructure was vastly expanded for the World Expo. The Temple of Human Passions is the only remaining structure built for the Expo in the Parc du Cinquantenaire today.
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 120
Dates 15/04/1900 - 12/11/1900
Visitors 50,860,801
Theme 19th century: an overview
Participants 40
Of cial Designation L’Exposition de Paris 1900
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"19th century: an overview"
This exposition remains, in the collective imagination, the symbol of Paris' in uence during the Belle Epoque. With an especially large site (ten times bigger than the 1855 one) and a record attendance, it was an indisputable success. The Exposition of 1900 is a showcase for the 19th century, but at the dawn of a new era, it also looks to the future and searches for modernity at all costs. This desire can be seen through the signi cant use of electricity: the pavilions and the Eiffel Tower are illuminated all night, creating an enchanting atmosphere to the Exposition. There are technical achievements: a moving walkway takes visitors from Quai d'Orsay to Rue des Nations. Other inconspicuous inventions are the result of the Exposition such as the rst edition of the Michelin Guide. Paris and the Belle Epoque
The Belle Epoque is the scene of the Exposition of 1900. It is a period of economic growth, insouciance, amusement and faith in progress. The Exposition atmosphere is full of this joy. It even looks like a funfair with its attractions and the Big wheel. But it is also and above all a great popular event: France, which only had 41 million inhabitants at the time, hosted almost 51 million people in Paris on this occasion. Place of honour for Art Nouveau
Whereas the rst world's fairs had their roots in the Industrial Revolution, the Exposition of 1900 is different because of its artistic approach and its promotion of Art Nouveau. The Triumphal Gateway, a monumental polychrome structure, designed by the architect René Binet, is a real showpiece. Art Nouveau can also be found in metro station entrances, made by Hector Guimard. This artistic movement, which aims at getting out of a national sphere considered to be too narrow, is completely in line with the will and the curiosity to open to the world illustrated by the World Tour Panorama, one of the most famous attractions of the Exposition. A spectacular show
To amaze and to dazzle the visitor, this was the purpose of the Exposition of 1900. The list of attractions is therefore very long. The Great Refractor of the Palais de l'Optique, the Exposition's masterpiece, enabled people to see the Moon as if it were a metre away. Reconstitutions also proved popular: the Old Paris or the Swiss village. The Mareorama can also be mentioned: it gave the impression of a sea journey. A rich heritage
The Exposition of 1900 is the one which left the biggest heritage to Paris. Indeed, the rst metro line between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot was open for the occasion. Subsequently, the network developed continuously. Other constructions are still part of the current Parisian landscape: the Alexandre III Bridge, a symbol of French-Russian friendship or the Petit Palais which became one of the 14 Paris City Museums and the Grand Palais which now hosts very prestigious exhibitions.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 500
Dates 30/04/1904 - 01/12/1904
Visitors 19,694,855
Theme Celebration of the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase
Participants 60
Of cial Designation Louisiana Purchase Exposition
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Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase
Expo 1904 in St. Louis was known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as it celebrated the 100th anniversary of the American purchase of the territory of Louisiana on 30 April 1803 from France. The Expo stretched from Forest Park to the west of St. Louis over an area of 500 hectares, making it one of the three largest World Expos ever organised. The opening of the Expo was delayed by one year to allow for nal preparations, with the site nally opening to the public on 30 April 1904. This delay also allowed more time to attract international participants, with a total of 60 countries having a presence, including China’s rst formal participation in a World Expo. The Expo site was so large that it took visitors an entire week to see all of it: 1,500 buildings were erected around the site and 75 km of walkways and railways were laid to move around the site. To encourage visits from further a eld, reasonable train prices were made available, and city’s hotel and accommodation facilities were improved so that it had the largest capacity in the United States for the period of the Expo. The Pike
The Pike was a 2km section of the Expo that contained all the amusements, with the aim of informing, surprising and entertaining visitors. For example, visitors could visit a replica of a Paris fashion show, view a re-enactment of the Galveston Flood, or submerge themselves in the scenery of Constantinople and Cairo. Foreign pavilions were designed to replicate well-known monuments from their country, with the French pavilion being a replica of the Trianon at Versailles. Memorable pavilions
The Texas pavilion was one of the most impressive buildings of the Expo: it was shaped like a ve pointed star topped by a dome to symbolise the state of Texas. The pavilion’s entrance was reached by an 8-metre ight of stairs, with enormous columns and porches at the corners of the star. The Festival Hall was another staple of the Expo in St. Louis, featuring the largest dome in the world at the time. The building featured three water cascades draining into the Fountain of Liberty, which was adorned with statues personifying Liberty (the largest of the statues), Genius and Inspiration. The Palace of Agriculture was the Expo’s largest building, and is remembered for its unusual monuments made out of edible products, like the Louisiana statue made of sugar, a statue of President Roosevelt made entirely of butter and an almost six-metre high lighthouse made of salt. Agricultural resources of each state were shown on a map covering two hectares and presented the crops growing in each state of the nation to visitors. Showcasing the theme of human progress
The three main scienti c achievements that were showcased at Expo 1904 - automobiles, wireless technology and aeronautics were exhibited in white palaces dubbed “the Ivory City”. One very popular exhibit in this section was the De Forest Wireless Telegraph Tower, where visitors queued up to send wireless telegraph messages to Chicago. Visitors could also follow the competition for the best aeronautic achievement to date, which took place on the 5-hectare aeronautic eld, and featured balloons, kites, planes, a gliding machine, and airships. Legacy
Although the St. Louis Expo did not reach its target of 30 million visitors, the organisers were satis ed by the nal tally of 19 million. As the majority of the pavilions were built to be temporary, few legacies remain today. However, the Palace of Visual Arts still stands in its place, and now serves as the Museum of Arts of St. Louis, one of the largest arts museum in the United States.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 70
Dates 27/04/1905 - 06/11/1905
Visitors 7,000,000
Theme Participants Commemoration of the 75th anniversary 35 of independence Of cial Designation Universal Exhibition of Liege 1905
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Celebrating Belgian Independence
Expo 1905 in Liège coincided with the 75th anniversary of Belgian independence, and was aimed at showcasing the achievements of Belgium’s scientists, doctors and engineers. Development of Vennes
The Expo site was developed on the ood-prone Vennes area of the city, which required a signi cant amount of ground preparation as well as the construction of new bridges and roads. The Fragnée bridge over the River Meuse remains to this day, and is reminiscent of Pont Alexandre III in Paris. Another signi cant legacy of the Exhibition is the Palace of Fine Arts, located in Parc de la Boverie. Around 100 Walloon style houses and the Saint Lambert church were reconstructed for the Expo to be part of the “Vieux Liège” attraction, which proved to be very popular with visitors. Technological advancements
The Expo featured over 80 pavilions and 17,004 exhibitors, making it the largest Expo to date to take place outside of France and the United States in terms of the number of participants. There was notably a large number of French exhibitors, with highlights including a ngerprint identifying magni er showcased by the Paris police, as well as Léon Gaumont’s Chronophone projector, which was one of the rst devices to synchronise lm with sound. Visitors from all over the globe
The organisers of the exhibition put great efforts into attracting as many international participants and visitors as possible. Brochures were sent to hotels and trains all over the world, and journalists were invited to visit the pavilions while they were being constructed. Once it was opened, the Expo was visited by a number of foreign dignitaries, including those from afar a eld as Russia, Persia and Japan.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 100
Dates 28/04/1906 - 11/11/1906
Participants 40
Theme Transportation Of cial Designation Esposizione internazionale del Sempione
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1906 MILAN
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In 1906, in order to celebrate the inauguration of the Simplon Tunnel, Milan held its rst World Expo. For contemporaries, the Simplon Tunnel was an engineering achievement and a concrete example of the possibilities of applying science to work. The latter progressively became the central theme of the Milan Expo, going well beyond the original reference to transport. One Expo, two venues
The Expo was located in two venues simultaneously, some 1,350 metres apart, the Parco Sempione and the former Piazza d'Armi. The transfer of visitors between each venue was assured by an innovative raised electric railway, while on Piazza d'Armi, the links between the pavilions was made possible via an innovative Fiat petro-powered tramway, both innovative attractions facilitating the transport of visitors on the site. Engineering, Art and Entertainment
Piazza d'Armi included foreign pavilions and structures housing industrial and engineering exhibits, while pavilions housing ne art exhibits were located in the Parco Real. Train and car engineering as well as aeronautics and maritime transport were part of the highlights of the Expo. Milan Expo hosted a dedicated Motor Car building, probably the rst at a World Expo, and a special parade of automobiles on May 26 in conjunction with an international congress on the automobile and the conclusion of the Coup d'Or race. Railway tracks occupied 20km of the Piazza d'Armi and enclosed spaces were developed to display signals, communication systems and other railway equipment as well as the use of electricity to power the railway systems. Prototypes of aircraft were also on displayed, all celebrating the idea of progress. In the Parco Real, Pavilions exhibited furniture, tapestries, paintings but also clothes, fabric and accessories made from Silk and manufactured by over 2,000 companies. In a manner typical to World Expos, all the phases from the silkworm to the production of the fabric were for example displayed in a 2,000 m2 pavilion dedicated to the Italian Silk industry. The Expo also included numerous light-hearted attractions from fairground rides and air balloons to the cinema (only invented 10 years before the Expo). Most of the 200 temporary buildings were made of wood, metal, glass and plaster. A re completely destroyed on 3 August, the joint Hungarian and Italian art building. The only building which can still be admired today is the Civic Aquarium, true symbol of local Art Nouveau architecture. During the Second World War, it was hit by a bomb in the night of the 13/14th August 1943 and was reopened only 20 years later, in 1963. Today, it hosts the hydro-biological section of the Natural History Museum.
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 90
Dates 23/04/1910 - 07/11/1910
Visitors 13,000,000
Theme Participants Works of Art and Science, Agricultural and 26 Industrial Products of All Nations Of cial Designation Universal and International Exposition of Brussels 1910
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Brussels had previously run for the organisation of Expo 1905 to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the national independence, but the city of Liège had won the right to host the event. Showcasing industrial progress and colonial power
At the turn of the century, Belgium bene ted from international prestige thanks to its industrial development and the success of its past Expos (Anvers 1885 and 1894, Brussels 1897 and Liège 1905). Being a strategic crossroads between Germany, the UK and France, Belgium wished, with Expo 1910, to reaf rm its industrial progress and its colonial power. Synonymous of national power at the time, colonies were very much in the spotlight and showcased in many participants' pavilions. Visitors could thus discover the Algerian pavilion, the Indochinese pavilion, the Malagasy or the Tunisian pavilions. The Solbosch plateau and the development of Brussels
The 90 ha Expo was held on the Solbosch Plateau. A separate ne arts section was held in the Centenaire Park, while a colonial section was held in Tervueren. The presence of the Expo on the Plateau was a great contribution to the territorial expansion and urbanisation policies of the city: the city of Ixelles gave 62,64 of its territory to Brussels. Moreover, a 2 km railroad was built to link the site to the existing roads so that visitors could get to the site by tramway from the city center. A major communication route, avenue des Nations, was also created to extend the Louise Avenue along the woods of the Cambre. The main attractions
At the entrance, a reconstitution of old Brussels, called "Brussels Kermess" was the key attraction of the Expo. The "Water chutes" and the "Scenic Railway" were also a great source of entertainment for visitors. The site also offered many leisure spaces and gardens and was overlooked by the Cambre woods. Many congresses on a variety of issues
The Brussels World Expo held many congresses dedicated to experts and the general public on issues such as horticulture, international associations, tropical astronomy, or intellectual property. A terrible incident
On the evening of 14 August, a re originated in the post, telegraph and telephone of ces and destroyed part of the exhibition. Brussells Kermess, the English section and a part of the French section were damaged. The spoil was hidden behind a decorated wall and the objects that were saved were exhibited. The Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Franklin Roosevelt Avenue
In the 1920s, the Université Libre de Bruxelles settled on the Solbosch Plateau. The avenue des Nations was renamed Franklin Roosevelt avenue.
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WORLD EXPO
Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 130
Dates 26/04/1913 - 03/11/1913
Visitors 9,503,419
Theme Peace, Industry and Art
Participants 24
Of cial Designation International Universal Exhibition of Ghent 1913
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In 1913, the Belgian city of Ghent hosted a World Expo in the Sint-Pieters-Aalst district, a spot now occupied by the ‘Citadelpark’. The idea of a World Expo in Ghent came from the success of the city’s Provincial Exhibition in 1899, as well as the desire to compete with Liège, which organised an Expo in 1905. The Expo site covered 130 hectares, making it larger than any Expo previously held in Belgium. The major European nations, the United States, Canada, Argentina and Persia all participated with their own pavilions, and other countries were present in the International Hall. The British and French pavilions were the most prominent of the 24 international pavilions. The transformation of Ghent
The Expo was an opportunity for Ghent to undertake a major renovation of the city centre, and notably the iconic Graslei (grass quay). The Graslei consists of riverside stone facades dating from the 18th century, and to this day it is one of the city’s biggest tourist attractions. Additionally, the city’s Sint-Pieters railway station was built for the Expo, as well as the neighbouring 600-room Flandria Palace Hotel, which was designed by Jules Van de Hende in a late Art Nouveau style and which overlooked the Expo site. The centre of Ghent was impressively decorated with owers and plants for the opening of the Expo, as the city’s celebrated Floralies oral exhibitions were organised to coincide with the Expo. The Pavilions: The Old and the New
One of the most popular sections, reminiscent of the ‘Brussels Kermesse’ in 1897, was the ‘Old Flanders’ district. Old Flanders was designed by Valentin Vaerwyck, who was also the architect of the Expo’s ‘Modern Village’. The juxtaposition of these two sections allowed visitors to appreciate the difference between the past and the present. ‘Old Flanders’ featured stunning examples of classical Flemish architecture based on the sketchbook of Armand Heins. The ‘Modern Village’ had a symmetrical layout of houses and modern farms featuring the latest technology, such as mechanical milking machines. Among the amusements of the Expo were the world's highest water slide, a 5km scenic rail ride around the site and a 'joy-wheel'. Legacy
Ghent’s World Expo was Belgium's largest Expo of the time, and was also the last major Expo in Europe prior to the outbreak of the First World War. Most of the structures built for the Expo were destroyed during the war or dismantled in the aftermath. One of the few remaining buildings from Expo 1913 is the Sint Gerardus School, which formed part of the original Modern Village. Designed to showcase modern pedagogy and hygiene at the Expo, the building served as a school after the Expo, and has since been classed as an historical monument. The Flandria Palace Hotel was subsequently used as of ces by the Belgian National Rail Company SNCB, and became protected as national heritage site in 1995.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 254
Dates 20/02/1915 - 04/12/1915
Visitors 18,876,438
Theme Celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal
Participants 24
Of cial Designation Panama-Paci c International Exposition
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World Exhibition San Francisco 1915
In 1906, a terrible earthquake and subsequent re hit San Francisco, destroying the city. The need to reconstruct strengthened the earlier idea, dating from 1904, that the city should host an Expo to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. On 20 February 1915, the Panama Paci c International Exposition opened in San Francisco, California. It was a great success, boosting morale in the Bay and reasserting the value of San Francisco. The Expo site
The Expo was located on the South bank of the San Francisco Bay next to the Golden Gate strait. The site stretched more than 4 km along the bank, between Fort Mason and Presidio. Built in three years, the Expo's most recognised buildings were the Tower of Jewels and the Domed City. The majority of buildings and palaces were designed to last only for the Expo period, with the exception of the Palace of Fine Arts, which was not demolished and was entirely rebuilt in the 1960s. Star attractions and innovations
The Panama Paci c International Exposition 1915 was the rst Expo to widely use "indirect lighting". These lights re ected the appearance and the colour of the buildings. A phone line was established with New York City, so that people could hear the Paci c Ocean. The Liberty Bell, the symbol of American Independence, was exhibited at the Pennsylvania Pavilion for four months during the Expo. It was the last time the iconic bell left its home in Philadelphia. However, the main attraction was the topographical model of the Panama Canal, which spanned over two hectares. A movable platform (439 metres long, with a capacity of 1,200 people in 144 connected carriages) circled the model in 23 minutes, for the sum of 50 cents. The mechanism presaged the famous "Futurama" of the New York Expo in 1939. During the 289 days of the Expo, almost 19 million visitors passed through its gates. Despite being held in the shadow of the First World War, 29 foreign countries and 32 American states and territories participated in the Expo.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 118
Dates 20/05/1929 - 15/01/1930
Visitors 5,800,000
Theme Industry, Art and Sport
Participants 29
Of cial Designation International Exhibition of Barcelona 1929
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Following in the footsteps of Expo 1888, the International Exhibition of Barcelona 1929 was the second World Expo to be held in the city. The Expo, which had ‘Industry, Art and Sport’ as its theme, attracted almost 5.8 million visitors and thoroughly revitalised the modern spirit of the regional capital. A total of 29 nations participated in the Expo, while there were also private (non-of cial) participants from other countries including the United States and Japan. Plans for holding a second International Exhibition in Barcelona originated as early as 1905, when Catalan architect and political activist Josep Puig i Cadafalch published an article in ‘La Veu de Catalunya’, demanding a new wave of modernisation for the city. Inspired by the 1888 Exhibition, he called for Barcelona to host another World Expo. Barcelona: a Modern Metropolis
By the of cial inauguration of the Expo on 19 May, the city of Barcelona had been thoroughly modernised and many districts had undergone large-scale renovations. The famous Barri Gòtic (Gothic Quarter) was redeveloped, while Spanish avant-garde artists such as Pablo Gargallo, Josep Clarà, and Josep Llimona completed the Plaça de Catalunya with a collection of statues. The town of Sarrià, which became Barcelona’s new uptown area in 1921, was connected to the central Eixample neighbourhood via an underground railway. Barcelona’s França railway station was re-built for the Expo; its two monumental buildings were designed by the architect Pedro Muguruza and inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII. Additionally, modern tarred roads were laid and lit by modern street lights, and the rst metro lines entered into service. The Expo site
One of the greatest challenges in planning the Expo was to nd a large enough site – over 100 hectares – to host all of the pavilions and exhibitions spaces. Monjuïc, a park overlooking the city’s harbour, was eventually chosen, with the city of Barcelona gaining control of the site from the military. The park was unusual for an Expo site due to it being on a slope, making Expo 1929 the rst of its kind to be held on a non- at surface. The initial development of the site started in 1917 and lasted until 1923. Several farms on the site were transformed into gardens by French architect, Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier. Additionally, the Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugenia Palaces were built on the Expo grounds according to the designs of Josep Puig i Cadafalch. Between 1927 and 1929, the other exhibition buildings and pavilions were constructed or extended, including some by famous architects such as A. Font and E. Saigner. Nicolau M. Rubió designed the hotels located on Plaça Espanya, located in front of the main access to the Expo site. The Poble Espanyol (Spanish Town) was built on Montjuïc as a museum to Spanish architecture, featuring 117 buildings inspired by the country’s regional styles. The centrepiece of the Expo site and the largest building constructed for the Expo was the Palau Nacional, designed in a Spanish Renaissance style by Eugeonia Cendoya and Enric Catà. Industry, Art and Sport
Expo 1929 attracted 5.8 million visitors from all over the world. Among the most popular features of the exhibition was the ‘Juego de Agua y Luz’ fountain, designed by Carles Buigas. The monumental fountain stood out with its multiple water jets illuminated with changing colours, matching the different gures created by the water. Culture and leisure played a big part of Expo 1929, with activities including theatre shows, concerts, operas and ballets. The old stone quarries of Montjuïc were used to build a Classical Greek Theatre, while visitors could also enjoy light entertainment in a funfair park. A number of sporting events were organised as part of the Expo, with the site including tennis courts, a swimming pool and a specially built stadium, which hosted athletic competitions and football games. Legacy
In addition to the improvements to Barcelona’s infrastructure and urban development, several structures were kept at the end of the Expo for recreational and cultural uses. Many of these buildings are magni cent examples of 20th century architectural styles, including classicism, modernism and avant-garde. The Palau Nacional now hosts the Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña (MNAC), and the Montjuic Stadium, built for the Expo’s sports events, was later renovated for the 1992 Olympics. The Palace of Graphic Arts was later turned into the Catalan Archaeological Museum, while the Palace of Agriculture became the Mercat de les Flors (Flower Market). Additionally, the Feria de Muestra de Barcelona, a major venue for concerts, markets and cultural events, was created from three of the Expo’s pavilions. The Poble Espanyol and the Greek Theatre also still remain and are some of Barcelona’s most popular attractions. The German Pavilion, designed by architect Mies van der Rohe, was an important architectural feature of the Expo. Built with glass, travertine and different kinds of marble, it was demolished after Expo closed. An early symbol of the Modernist movement, the pavilion received much attention and interpretation by successive generations of architects and was therefore rebuilt between 1983 and 1986 as a tribute to its iconic status.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 170
Dates 27/05/1933 - 12/11/1933 01/06/1934 - 31/10/1934
Visitors 38,872,000
Theme The independence among Industry and scienti c research.
Participants 21
Of cial Designation A Century of Progress, International Exposition, 1933-34
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40 years earlier, the city of Chicago organised the Expo of 1893 in honour of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus. Great expectations
In the 1920s, Chicago was plagued by the ma a and suffered from a bad reputation. In 1929, rolling on the extravaganza of the times, Chicago decided to organise its second World Expo to try to improve its local and international image. To meet this ambition, the organisers chose an impressive site of over 170 ha in Burnham Park along the Lake Michigan and selected a theme that would enable them to show off their prestige and power: "A Century of Progress". An Expo caught in the midst of the Great Depression
Even though the Expo of 1933 was a success, it started on a dramatic note. As usual in the USA for big events of the sort, it was decided that the Expo would be nanced exclusively by private funds and even though the stock market was beginning to show signs of danger, 10 million dollars were printed in bonds on the 28th of October 1929. The following day, the US stock market crashed: it was the infamous "Black Tuesday". An amazing success that led organisers to reopen the Expo in 1934
One can imagine the severe consequences of such a crisis on the organisation of the event. As an example: only 19 countries managed to participate. However, organisers carried on, and the Expo opened its doors on 27 May 1933 until 12 November 1933. It was such a success that it reopened June to October in 1934. The two Expos combined not only erased the organiser's nancial debt but were even a source of pro t. Some 22.3 million visitors came during its rst run, with a further 16.6 million visiting during its second opening. The Largest Aerospace exhibition
Among the many discoveries that were presented, the Expo offered a particularly important space to aviation and it became the largest exhibition ever organized in this eld. Great public attractions
• The Sky Ride : The greatest attraction of the event was the Sky-ride : a 191 meter-high (628 feet) cable car system that offered visitors a panoramic view of the site. At night, a light show would illuminate the attraction and transform the cable car cabins in rockets. Despite its entertaining qualities, the building wasn't built to last and was removed after the Exhibition. • The Belgian Village: Belgium created for the Expo one the world's rst amusement parks. It actually inspired Walt Disney to open his own in California. One controversy
Expos are an amazing opportunity to show the world a country's innovations and power. Germany saw Expo 1933 not only as a promotion tool, but as a propaganda tool : an airship bearing the Nazi Swastika was launched in the sky above the Expo, only a few months after Hitler was made Chancellor.
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Category Area (ha) World Exhibition – (General International 150 Exposition 1st Category) Visitors Dates 20,000,000 27/04/1935 - 06/11/1935 Participants (Countries) Theme 35 Transport
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Of cial Designation Exposition universelle de Bruxelles 1935
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Expo 1935 Brussels was the rst World Expo to be organised under the auspices of the newly created Bureau International des Expositions. It was registered during the organisation's third General Assembly on 27 October 1932. Celebration of improvements in transport
In 1935, Belgium celebrated the centenary of the creation of its rst railway. Transport was thus chosen as the theme of the Expo. On the facade of the Exhibition Palace, some allegories of Belgium's transport system can be seen: aviation, shipping activities, steam locomotive... This anniversary was an opportunity for Belgium and the other participating countries to revisit the progress made in a century, in terms of transportation. The public could also visit the prototype of an "ideal" railway station. Synergy between art and technique
The Expo provided visitors with an overall view of human production. Thus, technical skills and art were celebrated in all their diversity. In order to concretise these goals, the architect Joseph Van Neck was chosen to design the masterplan. His expertise in terms of International Expos made him the best person to manage such a building site. He succeeded in making the site a harmonious and well-designed place. The main construction, the Exhibition Palace, was an imposing structure made of reinforced concrete. The use of this material evidenced that innovation was at the core of the exhibition. Major rms at the Expo
Besides pavilions linked to industry, many companies participated in the Expo. Two of them launched some new products speci cally for the occasion not knowing that these products would become very popular. The Lancôme Company exhibited its rst perfumes and the chocolate maker, Côte d'Or, produced its chocolate miniatures used as samples. Nowadays, they have become a agship product of Côte d'Or. Heysel: a new site created
Brussels and Belgium gained a lot from Expo 1935. From an economic point of view, it allowed the country to recover from the economic crisis of the 30's. It was also an opportunity to renew the Heysel area which was abandoned. Indeed, major developments were made. Today, the Exhibition Palace and the surrounding buildings constitute the "Brussels Expo" complex, which 23 years later was also used as the site of Expo 1958.
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Category Area (ha) World Exhibition – (General International 105 Exposition 2nd Category) Visitors Dates 31,040,955 25/05/1937 - 25/11/1937 Participants (Countries) Theme 45 Arts and techniques in modern life
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Of cial Designation International Exposition of Arts and Technics in modern life
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Organised under the theme "Arts and Techniques in Modern Life", Expo 1937 Paris was registered by the 6th General Assembly of the BIE on 23 October 1934. An Expo on the eve of World War II
The Pavilions of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union faced each other in a highly symbolic way on the Varsovie Square. The Pavilion of Republican Spain, designed during the Civil War, warned about the dangers of fascism. Its most famous exhibit was Pablo Picasso's "Guernica", which was created for the event. "Guernica" is a direct refrence to the German air force attack on the Basque town but it has become a symbol, a universal reminder, of the horrors of war. Art and technology to promote peace
The aim of the Expo was to demonstrate that art and technology are not opposed but rather that their union is indispensable: the Beautiful and Useful must be inextricably linked and should promote peace. The plan to present the latest scienti c discoveries was developed by Nobel laureate and under-secretary Jean Perrin. The objective was to use exciting attractions and comprehensible learning aids to bring the latest scienti c developments, from meteorology to nuclear physics, to a broader public. The Cinema Pavilion, the Printing Pavilion, the Palace of Radio, the Palace of Light, the Palace of Refrigeration and the Pavilion of Flight were organised for this purpose. The exhibition was not only designed by scientists and architects but also involved painters such as Fernand Léger who had published an article in 1935 on the convergence of art and science - his contribution was the decorative wall painting “The Transfer of Forces” presented at the Discovery Palace. The legacies of the Expo
Today, many buildings of the 1937 Exhibition are still standing in Paris. The Palais de Chaillot is perhaps the best known monument. It replaced the old Palais du Trocadéro built for the 1867 World’s Fair. It is in the Palais de Chaillot that the United Nations' General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948. The building now houses several museums and a theater.
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Category Area (ha) World Exhibition – (General International 500 Exposition 2nd Category) Participants (Countries) Dates 54 30/04/1939 - 31/10/1939 11/05/1940 - 27/10/1940
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Theme Building the World of Tomorrow Of cial Designation New York World’s Fair 1939-1940
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The success of Chicago's 1933 Expo led New York to host its own World Expo to erase the bad memories of the economic crisis. Registered by the 11th General Assembly of the BIE on 4 May 1937, the Expo praised a world of capitalism, consumerism and democracy, but was impacted by the start of Word War II overseas. Proof of its public success, almost 45 million people visited the event, however the Expo wasn't able to pay off what it had cost. "The world of tomorrow"
Even though the Expo was held on the 150th anniversary of the government of George Washington and the new American Constitution, New York 1939 was resolutely turned towards the future. Its theme "The World of tomorrow" aimed at demonstrating the positive impact that technologies would have in the future. The Expo showcased the link between scienti c progress and democracy, capitalism and consumerism and presented them as values that would guaranty a high quality of life. Architectural achievements
The emblematic monuments of the Expo were the Trylon and Perisphere erected in the thematic area. The Trylon, designed by Wallace K. Harrison was a 212 meter-high triangular tower. Jacques Fouilhoux's Perisphere was a huge globe whose diameter measured 65 meters. Inside, visitors could discover the "Democracity" designed by Henry Dreyfuss. It was a diorama of a 2039 city that showcased a day in that city in 5 minutes. Main attractions • Futurama
Futurama was extremely popular. It took visitors on a ride over a huge diorama of the 1960 city. Designed by Norman Bel Geddes, it was part of the Transportation zone by General Motors. The landscape of the 1960 city was very rich: bridges and highways were very present, but nature took up one third of the attraction with parks and gardens placed on building rooftops. • The time capsule
The rm Westinghouse designed a 2,28 m. long and 21,27 m. large time capsule. It contained objects from daily life such as a toothbrush or a slide rule and samples of different materials such as text, lm or music. Any document that needed a speci c machine to be read was enclosed with the instructions to create the speci c machine. The capsule was destined to be opened again in the year 6 939. • Television
Expo New York 1939 witnessed the rst ever appearance of the President of the United States on television: the opening of the Expo on April 30th 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was broadcast by the RCA on the Expo site and in Manhattan. The day after, TV stations were sold for the rst time in the US. A second edition deeply impacted by World War II
Despite its millions of visitors, Expo 1939 experienced important nancial losses. To continue paying off the costs, the organisers of the Expo decided to reopen the event in 1940. However, at that time, World War II was well under way, and the political and military situation overseas had important repercussions on the Expo. Following Germany, who had decided not to participate to the rst edition of the Expo, the USSR backed out of the event in 1940 after signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact in August 1939. Several pavilions, such as those of Poland and Czechoslovakia did not reopen. A total of 54 countries participated in the rst run, which attracted 25.8 million visitors. The second opening saw 49 participants reopen their pavilions, with 19.1 million visitors. The tensions continued even after the Expo. On 15 December 1941, 8 days after the attack on Pearl Harbour, New York destroyed the Japanese pavilion that was supposed to be a legacy of the event. Despite the nancial loss, the post-Expo was well managed
Even though the second edition of the Expo did not generate any pro t, the site of the Expo is now an important part New York City. The Expo allowed the successful transformation of the Corona Dumps, an old dumpster nicknamed the "Valley of ashes" by F. Scott Fitzgerald in "The Great Gatsby." Today, the area has become the "Flushing Meadows – Corona Park" and is very much enjoyed by the inhabitants of Queens. Inside, visitors can nd a museum in the former Pavilion of New York and they can also assist to the US Open.
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Category Visitors World Exhibition – (General International 250,000 Exposition 2nd Category) Participants (Countries) Dates 15 08/12/1949 - 08/06/1950
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Theme The festival of Peace Of cial Designation Bicentennial International Exhibition of Port-au-Prince, 1949-1950
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A Festival of Peace
Registered during the 22nd session of the General Assembly of the BIe on 5 December 1958, the Port-au-Prince World Expo was organised under the theme “The festival of Peace”. Expo 1949 created an opportunity for the Haitian Government, led by Dumarsais Estimé, to attract international attention to Haiti and to develop its tourism industry. Waterfront development
The Expo, which celebrated the 200th anniversary of the founding of Port-au-Prince, was an opportunity to modernise the city and redevelop the Gonave Bay area. As part of its Expo preparations, in September 1947, the Haitian Government created a Department of Tourism to launch largescale communications campaigns in the United States and across Latin America. Over a dozen new hotels were built to accommodate tourists, and the Government invested in sanitation and clean-up operations. The site of the Expo was developed on a 24 ha area along the waterfront of Gonave Bay, previously a slum, which involved dredging and the extension of the seafront. The new development, featuring palm trees and modernist buildings, created a modern area dubbed by Life Magazine as the ‘Little World’s Fair’. Construction was supervised by August Ferdinand Schmiedigen, an architect from New York who had already worked for other World Expos such as Paris 1937 and New York 1939-1940. The boulevard, which was named in honour of U.S. President Harry S. Truman and which divided the Expo site, was enriched with Art Nouveau style buildings decorated with colourful frescoes depicting Haitian life. These pavilions became part of the permanent architecture of Port-au-Prince as government of ce buildings. Showcasing Haitian life and culture
The Expo was inaugurated on 8 December 1949 with its national section together with the pavilion of agriculture, ne arts and folklore, but the international section was only opened on 12 February 1950. Numerous statues and sculptures dotted the Haitian section, which had 26 lots, and whose centrepiece was a stunning musical water fountain. Among the main attractions of the Expo, visited by 250,000 people, were the botanical gardens, a tropical aquarium and the ‘Les Palmistes’ park, which hosted a street carnival, a Ferris Wheel and the Ross Manning Shows. Haiti was particularly proud to showcase its own culture at the Expo, with the National Folklore Troupe performing at the outdoor Voodoo Amphitheatre and an impressive display of cultural artefacts.
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Category Area (ha) World Exhibition – (General International 200 Exposition 1st Category) Visitors Dates 41,454,412 17/04/1958 - 19/10/1958 Participants (Countries) Theme 39 A World View: A New Humanism
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Of cial Designation Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Bruxelles - Wereldtentoonstelling Brussel 1958
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The beginning of a new era
Registered by the 32nd General Assembly of the BIE on 5 November 1953, Expo 1958 took place as the traces of the Second World War were starting to fade, as the European Economic Community had just been created, as technological innovations were popping up one after the other, and as the emerging consumer society believed in the dawn of a period of peace, prosperity and progress. A transition into a new kind of Expo
Expo 1958 marked a turning point in the history of Expos. Even though the Expo was in uenced by past expos, and their showcasing of national prestige, with the presentation of the Belgian colonial regions or the “Little Holland”, it questionned the unconditional celebration of technological progress that was at the heart of past Fairs. With its theme dedicated to Progress and Humankind, Brussels 1958 placed humanity at the heart of the event, not technology. A highly technological Expo
During the Expo, experts pointed out the high level of the new technologies that were exhibited, such as Sputnik, nuclear power plant mock-ups as well as instruments and components made of synthetic materials, automated machines, new engines and computers. The architecture was also quite innovative using for example the pre-stressed reinforced concrete (the Philips Pavilion by Le Corbusier) or walls suspended from the roof (French pavilion). The Atomium
The main pavilion and icon of Expo 1958 was the Atomium. The unique structure was not intended to survive beyond the Fair but its popularity and success soon made it a landmark and a great touristic attraction of Brussels.
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Category Area (ha) World Exhibition – (General International 30 Exposition 2nd Category) Visitors Dates 9,000,000 21/04/1962 - 21/10/1962 Participants (Countries) Theme 49 Man in the Space Age
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Of cial Designation Century 21 Exposition
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The conquest of Space at the heart of the Expo
Organised under the theme "Man in the space Age", the Expo was registered by the 47th General Assembly of the BIE on 8 November 1960. It aimed at emphasising the contributions of science and research to the American Way of Life, and help reduce the shock of the Soviets' successful space programme. The fair was divided in ve main areas: the World of Science, the World of the 21st Century, the World of Commerce and Industry, the World of Art and the World of Entertainment - but space travel was the key of the Century 21 Exposition. The Space needle and architectural innovation
The fairgrounds were dominated by a symbol of space travel: the Space Needle by John Graham, a 185 metres high spire with a glazed revolving restaurant at the top that could be reached with external lifts that looked like space capsules. Architectural innovation was not limited to the Needle. Paul Thiry designed the futuristic Coliseum (now Key Arena) to house the Washington State Pavilion while Minoru Yamasaki blended Japanese and Gothic aesthetics to create the elegant U.S. Science Pavilion, today's Paci c Science Centre. The nation pavilions were joined by numerous American company pavilions, among them Ford's dome-shaped building and the building of IBM that exhibited the rst computers. The objects of the Future
Many impressive displays showed how the experts believed man would live, work, play and travel in Century 21. The Expo presented a fantastic preview of the future, displaying such attractions as a wall-size television, future outer-space communications, the home and car of the future, the electronic library, a working model of a 40-foot-high hydroelectric dam and a clock that runs on gas. The importance of Art
Art was also extremely present in the Fair with 72 masterpieces from artists such as Titian, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Toulouse-Lautrec, Monet, Klee, Braque and Picasso.
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Category Area (ha) World Exhibition – (General International 400 Exposition 1st Category) Visitors Dates 50,306,648 28/04/1967 - 29/10/1967 Participants (Countries) Theme 62 Man and his World
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Of cial Designation Universal and International Exhibition Montreal Expo '67
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The Expo was originally intended to be held in Moscow and was timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. When the USSR withdrew its application in 1962, Montreal was elected to host the World Expo of 1967. The Expo was registered during the 51st session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 13 November 1962 and took place from 28 April to 29 October 1967, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the Canadian Confederation and 325 years since of the founding of Montreal. The Expo gathered over 50 million visitors. A theme to adress Man's social and environmental responsibility
The Expo’s theme was borrowed from the book « The Planet of Mankind » (« La Terre des Hommes ») by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and addressed universal problems of humanity, following the lead of Expo 1958 Brussels. It was no longer scienti c, technological and industrial progress alone that were to be presented and promoted in the exhibition, but also man's social responsibility and environmental consciousness. In compliance with the theme, the organisers scheduled many international thematic pavilions: Man and his Health, Man in the Community, Man and the Ocean, Man and the Space, Man the Creator, etc. Discoveries and innovations from participating countries
Many nations participated with signi cant exhibits. France displayed discoveries from Jacques Cousteau's underwater research expeditions in the “Man Explorer” pavilion. From the Netherlands, there was a model of the Zuiderzee bay that presented advances in land reclamation. The Soviet Pavilion exhibited the original space capsule in which Juri Gagarin became the rst man to orbit the earth. It attracted over 13 million visitors and was one of the greatest attractions of Expo '67. In « The Man the Creator » pavilion, 180 works of famous painters from 50 national galleries were shown. Finally, the Montreal Expo was the launch site of the IMAX, today’s most widely used system for special-venue lm presentations. Architectural highlights
Expo '67 showcased the latest architectural trends. One of the Expo's landmarks was the residential complex called Habitat-67 : 158 standard reinforced concrete apartment boxes that combined the advantages of individual houses with dense urban development. Another landmark was Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome. Legacy
Without a doubt, Expo '67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions. Over 50 million visitors attended it at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance. Although several buildings were removed immediately after Expo 67, most of the pavilions continued on through an exhibition called « Man and His World », which opened every summer until 1981. When the exhibition was discontinued, the Expo site was incorporated into a park run by the city of Montreal, known today as Parc Jean Drapeau. Buckminister Fuller's dome, now called the Montreal Biosphere, has become the Environmental Sciences Museum; and Habitat 67 is now a condominium residence.
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Category Area (ha) World Exhibition – (General International 330 Exposition 1st Category) Visitors Dates 64,218,770 15/03/1970 - 13/09/1970 Participants (Countries) Theme 78 Progress and Harmony for Mankind
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Of cial Designation Japan World Exposition Osaka 1970
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Focus on the need for technological progress to serve Mankind
Registered by the General Assembly of the BIE on 11 May 1966, Expo 1970 Osaka was dedicated to the theme "Progress and Harmony for Mankind." It aimed at paying tribute to and casting a critical eye on technological progress. This theme was addressed via four subthemes : For the Fuller Enjoyment of Life, For the Fuller Usage of the Gifts of Nature, For the Fuller Application of Technology in Life and For Better Mutual Understanding. Great international participation
A record of countries participated in the Expo in addition to many international organizations, 10 provincial and city governments and 32 private rms. Expos being a re ection of the world in one location, the tensions of the Cold War and particularly the rivalry between the USSR and the USA, were tangible. The Expo's exhibits
Among the most remarkable exhibits were an electron microscope with up to 500,000-fold magni cation and the model of a train with an electromagnetic pad capable of going up to 500 km/h (Japan), lunar rock samples (USA), a full-scale nuclear reactor mockup (UK), the IBM computers and full-scale mock-ups of numerous space vehicles (USA and USSR). The Expo was very much inspired by Science Fiction: giant robots rendered services during the Expo such as lighting and TV-recordings, laser beams were used for data transmission, and the use over 100 computers proclaimed Japan's innovative power in electronics. The urban development of Osaka
The legacy of the Expo was impressive. Between 1963 and 1969 an arti cial residential city, Suita, was created between the city and the Expo grounds. The architectural concept adopted preserved green areas, kept residential areas to a more compact size and guaranteed good transport links to the inner city. It was intended to alleviate the density problems of Osaka. The airport was expanded and an express railroad line between Osaka and Tokyo was renovated. The Shin-Middo-Suji motorway and the railway line joined the centre of the city to the Expo grounds and a new type of computer system was implemented to monitor traf c.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 215
Dates 20/04/1992 - 12/10/1992
Visitors 41,814,571
Theme The Age of Discovery
Participants (Of cial) 108
Of cial Designation Exposición universal de Sevilla
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A project for Spain
Registered by the 93rd General Assembly of the BIE on 15 June 1983, Expo 1992 was organised to present the new positioning of Spain. As soon as Juan Carlos I ascended the throne after General Franco's death, he announced the country would host a World Expo. Sixteen years later, with Expo in Seville, the country was able to exhibit its cultural diversity through the pavilions of the Autonomous Regions and to ensure its position in Europe and on the international stage, in part thanks to the presence of the European Community Pavilion located on the "Avenue of Europe". A re ection of History
The Expo was prepared for the most part during the Cold War, but its opening took place after it ended, which had important consequences on the organization of the event. Following the fall of the Berlin wall and the reuni cation of Germany, there were no longer two but one pavilion to represent the country. Georg Lippsmeier's pavilion designed for the Federal Republic of Germany was chosen for this purpose. The USSR pavilion became the Russian Pavilion, while Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia presented themselves as newly independant countries under the common roof of the Baltic countries pavilion. The Expo was also impacted by other historical events such as the Gulf War that impeded Iraq from participating. The Cartuja Island
The theme of the Expo was "The Age of discovery" to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus. The Isla de la Cartuja, where the explorer is said to have lived before his journey, was chosen to host the Expo. The Road of the Discoveries
The historical Puerto de las Indias, entryway to the Expo site and the monastery of La Cartuja were both included in the event along the main avenue of the Expo: the Road of the Discoveries. The avenue was composed of 10 thematic pavilions that embarked visitors on a journey through time where they could witness the evolution of science, technology and culture over 500 years. Among other attractions, they were able to board a XVth century caravel before hopping on a spaceship. A rich cultural program
Expo 92 offered many activities, day and night. The site vibrated with the festive Andalusian spirit. Every evening, reworks and light shows over the Lake of Spain launched the beginning of "Expo-night". The cultural choice was impressive and diverse: visitors could enjoy traditional operas (New York Metropolitan Opera, the Vienna Opera, La Scala of Milan), philharmonic and symphonic orchestras (Celibidache, Abbado, Metha), plays (Laurie Anderson, Centro Dramatico Nacional, Floats), Jazz Festivals and Flamenco or Salsa music until 4 am. Urban development of Seville
The city of Seville bene ted greatly from the works done to ensure a high-quality Expo. The airport built a new terminal; a more functional train station replaced the two stations of the city; a new high-speed line was created to link Seville to Madrid; highways were built and the Barqueta, Alamillo, Cartuja and El Cachorro bridges were erected to facilitate the access to the Expo site. The Expo had a very positive impact on the image of Andalusia as it allowed the region to showcase its organisational and logistical skills. The transformation of the Site
The Cartuja Island, once the Expo ended, became Cartuja 93, a technical and economic development center. Several pavilions were kept, such as the Puerto Rican pavilion, and turned into of ces. Additionally, an amusement park was created near the Lake of Spain.
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Curro, the mascot of World Expo 1992, was designed by Heinz Edelman and chosen from 23 designs coming from 15 different countries. His name, Curro, comes from the nickname given in Andalusia to those named Francisco. A predominantly white bird with the legs of an elephant, Curro’s crest and beak are multi-coloured. Each of the ve colours represents a different continent. Curro is a cheerful, curious and affectionate character with plenty of energy. Today, more than 25 years after the Expo, Curro remains in the memories and hearts of all visitors to the Expo.
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Category World Exhibition
Area (ha) 160
Dates 01/06/2000 - 31/10/2000
Visitors 18,100,000
Theme Man - Nature - Technology
Participants (Of cial) 155
Of cial Designation Expo 2000 Hannover
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Expo 2000: a new importance to the Expo theme
Expo 2000 changed how Expos address their theme. Unlike previous Expos that focused on present advances in science and technology, Expo 2000 focused more on developing and presenting solutions for the future. To do that, it introduced the Thematic Areas, which have become a key feature of World Expos ever since. Before Hannover, thematic pavilions existed but were spread throughout the Expo sites. Expo 2000 grouped them in one location, thus allowing visitors to understand the global scope of the Expo theme and its future perspectives. The thematic areas were dedicated to the Future of Labour, Environment, Health and Nutrition. A boost in sustainability at Expo
Following the 1994 resolution of the BIE that stated Expos must tackle the challenge of environmental protection, Expo 2000 wrote « The Hannover Principles » : a set of guidelines to create a site as sustainable as possible. Participants therefore had to consider the environmental and social impact of their pavilion and their potential for re-use after the Expo. This is key to Expos today. The importance of dialogue
The mission of Expos is to be international dialogue platforms. Expo 2000 Hannover embraced this objective by creating the "Global House" and the "Global Dialogue". The latter was a series of ten 3-day debates on major issues such as health, labour, technologies, social and environmental responsibility, or culture. Launched in collaboration with 60 institutions and organisations from all over the world, the debates brought together top scientists, economic and political stakeholders, NGO representatives as well as a younger public, between 19 and 28 years old. The goal was to create a 10 point program for a more sustainable future. Along those lines, the "Global House" aimed at showing the bene ts of international cooperation though an exhibition of 100 projects from 50 countries that showcased ways to ensure a harmonious co-existence between Man, Technology and Nature. National pavilions : many sustainable ideas
This sustainable approach led to many very interesting pavilions. One of the noteworthy examples was the Venezuelan Pavilion that was constructed with no waste and was completely re-usable. Based on the concept of tensegrity, the building opened and closed like a ower. The ower petals were positioned according to the weather, to shade, keep dry or allow sun to shine on the pavilion. Another good example is the Pavilion of Japan designed by Otto Frei. The pavilion was a curvy tunnel built almost entirely of paper. The Expo allowed the development of Hannover
For Expo 2000, an entirely new railway station was constructed some 500 metres west of the fairground, a new network of urban roads was created, the tram network was extended and a third terminal was constructed at the city airport. Furthermore, the Expo allowed the globalization of the Deutsche Messe AG, the company in charge of the event.
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Category International Registered exhibition
Area (ha) 523
Dates 01/05/2010 - 31/10/2010
Visitors 73,085,000
Theme Better City, Better Life
Participants (Of cial) 246
Of cial Designation Expo Shanghai 2010
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Better City, Better Life The rst World Expo in China was registered by the 138th General Assembly of the BIE on 1 December 2005. Taking place between 1 May and 31 October 2010, the Expo was organised under the theme of “Better City, Better Life”, in a city renowned for its growth, its bold projects, and its unique way of life: Shanghai. In 2010, more than one in two people were living in a city, raising questions over social mixing, sustainability, security, hygiene and mobility. With an urban population of 23 million, Shanghai was considered ideal location to showcase solutions to these pressing issues, and the People’s Republic of China was duly elected host country of World Expo 2010 during the BIE’s 132nd General Assembly in December 2002. Transforming the banks of the Huangpu River With the largest site in the history of World Expos – 523 hectares – Chinese authorities embarked on a major operation to redevelop the area between the Nanpu and Lupu bridges in the centre of Shanghai, on both sides of the Huangpu River. Much of the site was previously occupied by shipyards and ageing factories, with the Expo creating a new district that would be fully integrated into urban life. In the spirit of sustainable urban development, a number of existing buildings were repurposed, including a former steel mill that became a sculpture garden and the Nanshi Power Plant, which was redeveloped as a theme pavilion and has since become China’s rst public museum of contemporary art, the “Power Station of Art.” A comprehensive system of shuttle buses, boats and metro lines allowed visitors to easily move around the site and cross between the Puxi and Pudong sides. A record-breaking Expo In addition to its size, Expo 2010 also broke records for international participation and visitor numbers. A total of 246 countries and international organisations took part in the Expo, with pavilions separated into zones within the vast site according to region. Throughout its six month duration, over 73 million visitors passed through the gates of the Expo, breaking the previous record held by Expo 1970 Osaka and its 64 million visitors. The highest ever daily attendance of an Expo was recorded on 16 October, when 1.03 million visitors ocked to the site. The Oriental Crown – China’s pavilion Re ecting the magnitude of the event as a whole, China’s pavilion – “Oriental Crown” – stands 69 metres tall with a total surface of 160,000m2. Based on traditional Chinese structure of dougong (wooden crossbeams), the bright red pavilion was designed by He Jingtang, who sought to show the spirit of Chinese people against the backdrop of a rising nation. The pavilion was one of the few Expo structures designed to be permanent, and it remains open as the China Art Museum, displaying contemporary works of art. Showcasing Solutions for Urban Life Sustainability was at the core of the low-carbon Expo site, which was designed to be environmentally innovative, featuring rainwater collectors and solar panels. The theme was also expressed through international participation - 79 countries designed and built their own pavilions at Expo 2010, with the others customising pavilion space within regional clusters. All participant countries – whether urbanised or urbanising – encapsulated “Better City, Better Life” in a multitude of creative and practical ways. The Urban Best Practices Area (UbpA) was a major innovative feature of the Expo, allowing cities to participate and showcase their own solutions and responses to urban challenges. A total of 80 examples were showcased within this zone, which formed a “city of the future” through innovative city models and examples of universally applicable solutions that served to provide inspiration for urban development across the world. Intellectual Legacy “Better City, Better Life” was explored and debated in a series of forums, seminars and round-tables that took place before and during the Expo, culminating in the Shanghai Declaration that was jointly issued by all participants on 31 October, the day of the closing ceremony. The Declaration laid out a roadmap for sustainable urban development and proposed the creation of the World Cities Day, to be celebrated annually on 31 October. Member States of the BIE approved the Shanghai Declaration in 2012, and a year later the UN General Assembly adopted World Cities Day, which has been celebrated annually since 2014. The Expo’s thematic legacy is also encapsulated in the Shanghai Manual, a practical guide for sustainable urban development in the 21st century. Drawing on lessons and outcomes from real life case studies, the manual was jointly compiled by the United Nations, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China, the Shanghai Municipal Government and the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE). It continues to serve as a guide for city managers, having been updated for a second version in 2016. Urban Legacy Expo 2010 was a massive opportunity for urban development and regeneration, leading to large scale investment in Shanghai’s infrastructure in the build up to the Expo. This translated into a legacy which included a new runway and terminal at Hongqiao Airport, a high-speed rail connection to Hangzhou, the longest metro system in the world, and the redevelopment of the Bund promenade. The repurposing of the Expo site was central to the Expo 2010 project, giving the city of Shanghai a unique opportunity to fully redevelop a large swathe of the city centre and riverfront. In addition to the China Art Museum, the former site now hosts the newly built World Expo Museum, an international museum dedicated to the history of Expos that opened to the public in May 2017. The World Expo Cultural Centre was immediately transformed into the Mercedes-Benz Arena, providing Shanghai with a world-class cultural venue with a capacity of 18,000. Furthermore, a 2km2 area of the site is being transformed into the “Expo Culture Park”, featuring an Opera House and integrating the pavilions built by France, Russia, Luxembourg and Italy.
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Visitors 21,500,000
Dates 01/05/2015 - 31/10/2015
Participants (Of cial) 145
Theme Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life
Website www.expo2015.org/
Of cial Designation International Registered Exhibition Expo 2015 Milan Area (ha) 110
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Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life The Italian city of Milan hosted a World Expo in 2015, with the theme “Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life”. After Member States elected Italy as Expo 2015 host country on 31 March 2008, the 148th General Assembly of the BIE approved the registration of the Expo on 23 November 2010. The Expo tackled one of the major challenges of the modern era, raising questions over food production, healthy eating, population growth, avoiding waste, and the ef cient use of natural resources. “Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life” was split into seven subthemes: Science for food safety, security and quality Innovation in the agro-food supply chain Technology for agriculture and biodiversity Dietary education Solidarity and cooperation on food Food for better lifestyles Food in the world’s cultures and ethnic groups Decumano and Cardo Located 15km north-west of Milan city centre, the 110ha Expo site was developed on a disused industrial and warehouse zone. Entirely surrounded by water and dotted with trees, the site was inspired by a typical Roman camp with two perpendicular axes; the 1.5km-long Decumano, and the 350-metre-long Cardo. The symbol of the Expo – the “Tree of Life” - was located at the far end of the Cardo, and was a source of entertainment with nightly light and sound shows. The wooden and steel structure, which stood 30 metres high, was inspired by the design of Michaleangelo’s Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome. Food for thought Theme pavilions gave visitors ample opportunity to delve into the theme and the seven subthemes. As thematic starting point for the Expo, the 7,500m2 Pavilion Zero, characterised by a tree growing through its roof, immersed visitors into the theme, featuring thought-provoking installations recounting the history of humankind’s relationship with food and life-size sculptures of livestock and architectural tools. The Future Food District gave visitors a glimpse of the future, including an interactive supermarket and a kitchen pavilion where chefs experimented with novel ways of preparing food. The theme was present throughout the site and for all ages of visitors: the 14,000m2 Parco Biodiversita offered a relaxing walk through gardens and greenhouses, while the Children’s Park allowed younger visitors to learn about food in a playful way. Additionally, the relationship between food and art since 1851, the date of the rst World Expo, was highlighted in the “Arts and Food” exhibition at the Triennale di Milano. International Participation Through their pavilion design and content, 145 international participants addressed the Expo’s sustainable food theme in a range of different ways. Several dozen countries opted to participate via “Clusters” based on agricultural speciality or climate type, presenting speci c challenges and innovative solutions within the speci c domain. Six of the Clusters were based on agricultural speciality – Rice, Cocoa and Chocolate, Coffee, Fruit and Legumes, Spices, and Cereals and Tubers, while three were based on climate type - Arid Zones, Bio-Mediterraneum, and Islands, Sea and Food. Among the 54 self-built pavilions, the Expo’s theme was addressed in several distinctive and innovative ways. The notion of food scarcity was tackled via an installation in Switzerland’s pavilion, encouraging visitors to take free samples of food, but warning them that stocks would not be replenished for future visitors. The central importance of bee pollination in food production across the world was highlighted in the UK’s Pavilion 17-metre high aluminium lattice ‘Hive’, while the natural evapotranspiration of plants was put to good use in Austria’s pavilion, which recreated a woodland microclimate to cool the immediate area. The pavilion of Kazakhstan, with its 15 rotunda, was also a favourite, offering visitors a preview of Expo 2017 in Astana while highlighting the country’s ecological challenges and opportunities through interactive exhibits. Meanwhile, the pavilion of the UAE – host country of the next World Expo in Dubai – presented a pavilion designed by Norman Foster, which evoked the country’s landscape and demonstrated the use of sustainable passive design. Legacy In terms of the theme, the Expo led to the creation of the Milan Charter, which sets out principles and objectives regarding nutrition, sustainability and the universal right to food. Proposed by the Italian Government in partnership with civil society actors, the Charter was handed to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on 16 October 2015. Additionally, the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact was signed by mayors of over 100 cities from across the world. The Pact, supported by the FAO, calls on cities to develop sustainable and healthy food systems while promoting biodiversity and reducing waste. Following the closing of the Expo, the site is being redeveloped to host an innovative park dedicated to science and technology that is to be fully operational in 2024. In addition to a “Human Technopolis”, the area will be home to the University of Milan’s science faculty, Italy’s rst dedicated road for driverless cars, as well as of ces and cultural venues.
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Category International Registered exhibition
Facebook Expo2020Dubai
Dates 20/10/2020 - 10/04/2021
Twitter expo2020dubai
Theme Connecting Minds, Creating the Future Expected visitors 25,000,000 Website expo2020dubai.ae/
World Expo 2020 will be held in Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates, between 20 October 2020 and 10 April 2021. The Expo site, which will cover a total of 438 hectares, is located in the Dubai South district, near the Al Maktoum International Airport. BIE Member States elected the UAE as the host of Expo 2020 during the General Assembly of 27 November 2013, and Expo 2020 Dubai was formally registered at the General Assembly of 25 November 2015. Expo 2020 Dubai is being organised under the theme ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’, with this being expressed into three subthemes: Mobility, Sustainability, and Opportunity.
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The ambition of Expo 2020 Dubai is to create a worldwide discussion platform and a true springboard for creativity through innovative pavilions and activities. The spatial organisation of the site embodies the Expo’s theme and subthemes, drawing inspiration from local urban design, architecture and the natural environment. Furthermore, the concept of sustainability has been integrated into the planning of the site and its use both during and after the Expo. A site of connections...
The Expo 2020 Dubai site is easily accessible from international transit hubs, with direct access to Dubai World Central, a short distance to Abu Dhabi International Airport and Dubai International Airport, and in close proximity to Jebel Ali Port. The Expo 2020 Masterplan includes three zones, one for each of the chosen subthemes of Opportunity, Mobility and Sustainability, and all converging at a central plaza called Al Wasl, meaning ‘the connection.’ The enclosed area will occupy 200 hectares, while the remaining 240 hectares of the site will house supporting amenities and facilities, including the Expo 2020 Village for participant and staff accommodation, warehousing, logistics, transport nodes, hotels, retail and a public park. The site will have the capacity to welcome up to 250,000 people per day. Participants will be offered the choice of whether to build their own pavilions or rent them from the organisers. Support will be made available to participating nations in developing their pavilion’s physical structure and the thematic content within it. ...Embodying the Sustainability subtheme
Sustainability is at the core of the Expo Masterplan. As well as strategies to optimise the sustainability of buildings and infrastructure, Expo 2020 Dubai aims to generate 50% of the site’s energy needs over the six-month duration from renewable sources, and half of this will be generated on the site itself. All water used in irrigation and cooling will be recycled, and 90% of the permanent construction material will be reused or repurposed in the aftermath of the Expo.
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Connecting Minds, Creating the Future
The world has never been more connected, and the opportunities for shared thinking, for collective development, and for bene cial trade and commerce have never been greater. Expo 2020 Dubai’s theme is ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’. The nations and organisations that take part in the Expo, and the millions who visit, will explore the power of connections across the spheres of Opportunity, Mobility and Sustainability – Expo 2020 Dubai’s three subthemes. • Opportunity : Unlocking the potential within individuals and communities to shape the future. • Mobility : Creating smarter and more productive movement of people, goods and ideas. • Sustainability : Respecting and living in balance with the world we inhabit.
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Expo Live
Expo Live is an innovation and partnership programme launched by Expo 2020 Dubai to fund, accelerate and promote creative solutions that improve lives while preserving the planet. With an allocation of USD 100 million, Expo Live will harness the convening power of a World Expo to demonstrate how innovations coming from all places and people can advance the pace of progress and inspire a more inclusive and prosperous future. Through seminars, working groups, meetings and workshops, Expo Live connects the innovators of tomorrow with experts and potential partners. Expo Live’s agship programme is the Innovation Impact Grant, which funds projects from around the world that re ect Expo 2020’s subthemes and generate social value. Launched during the preparation phase of the Expo, the projects supported by the Expo Live programme will be presented at Expo 2020 in the Innovation Pavilion and Innovation Labs. More information can be found on the of cial expo website YouthConnect
In the run up to the opening of Expo 2020 Dubai, organisers are engaging youth through the annual YouthConnect programme. Each year, Expo 2020 invites hundreds of under-25s to get involved in the Expo project by organising YouthConnect sessions where they can contribute their ideas and designs. YouthConnect sessions include educational workshops, inspirational speakers, and the opportunity to explore different career paths leading up to Expo 2020 and beyond. More information can be found on the website dedicated to the program.
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Category Special Exposition
SPECIALISED EXPO
Participants (Countries) 8
Dates 15/05/1936 - 01/06/1935 Theme Aviation Of cial Designation ILIS International Aerospace Exhibition Stockholm 1936
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1936 STOCKHOLM
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Sweden and the BIE
Expo 1936 Stockholm, called ILIS 1936, was the rst Specialized Exhibition to be recognised by the BIE during its 6th General Assembly on 23 October 1934. Dedicated to aviation, the Expo aimed at demonstrating aircraft achievements of the participating countries as well as the bene ts of modern air service. The Expo coincided with the opening of Bromma, the rst airport with paved runways in Europe. The Expo was happening on two different locations within the city. Lindarängen , a seaplane airport, which is currently used as a ferry terminal, hosted the static displays showcasing airplanes, as well as engines and materials for aircrafts. Bromma airport was where competitions and air shows took place between air forces from different European countries, as well as among air carriers. King Gustav V inaugurated the exhibition on the 15th of May 1936, while Bromma airport on the 23rd of May. The participating countries were: Germany, England, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Canada and the Netherlands.
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1938 HELSINKI
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Finland and the BIE
Category Special Exposition
SPECIALISED EXPO
Participants (Countries) 25
Dates 14/05/1938 - 22/05/1938 Theme Aerospace Of cial Designation Second International Aerospace Exhibition of the League of Air Defence of Finland SILI
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Finland and the BIE
The Finnish League of Air Defence organised the International Aeronautical Exhibition of 1938, after hosting a similar exhibition in 1929. Finland was reputed for its aviation industry, with its geography making air traf c an essential part of its national and international transport. Recognised by the 11th General Assembly of the BIE on 4 May 1937, a total of 25 countries opted to participate to present their innovations, including the United Kingdom and Germany. To simplify the transport of visitors, construction of the Helsinki-Malmi Airport started in 1936 and was completed in time for the Expo in 1938. The particularity of this airport was that it was one of the rst to have been speci cally designed to deal with international ights, serving Finnish and foreign airlines. The Expo
The Expo took place in the Messuhalli Exhibition Hall, which had a surface of 8,000m2. A range of aviation related themes were highlighted during the Expo, including civil and military aircraft, communications, aeronautical science and aviation literature. The aircraft on show included training aeroplanes such as the Tuisku (advanced military work) and the Viima (primary and aerobatic training), as well as the Fokker CX, a general purpose biplane with a Bristol Pegasus engine. The International Exhibits
The British stand, recognisable with its grey, red, and black colour theme, presented various exhibits and components during the Expo. For instance, the exhibit drew people’s attention to its innovations including the rst ever two-speed supercharger with auxiliary drives. The most powerful engine on display was the French-produced Gnome-Rhône 18-P, an 18-cylinder engine with 1,650 horsepower at take-off. German rm Allgemeine Elektricitats Gesellschall showcased a searchlight that was similar to the rotating searchlight located on the tower of Svenska AB Gasaccumulator, providing it with direct competition. The site today
Today, the Messuhalli Exhibition Hall and the Helsinki-Malmi Airport remain in place. The Exhibition Hall was converted to be used for the 1952 Summer Olympics, and continues to be used as a sports venue, known as the Töölö Sports Hall.
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Belgium and the BIE
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Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 50
Dates 20/05/1939 - 02/09/1939
Participants (Countries) 8
Theme Art of Water Official Designation International Exhibition of the Art of Water
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Belgium and the BIE
After hosting a World Expo in 1905, the Belgian city of Liege organised a Special Expo in 1939 to celebrate the completion of the 122km Albert Canal after 10 years of work. The new Canal, which created a connection between the River Meuse and the Port of Antwerp, allowed the industrial area surrounding Liege to have direct access to overseas markets. The idea for the Expo was born from the ‘Greater Liege’ movement in 1936, when a group of Walloon regionalists, led by Socialist MP Georges Truffaut, decided to promote a project that could bring worldwide attention to Liege and the Wallonia region. Shortly before the opening of the Expo, Truffaut stated that the event would only be the starting point of of the development and of the Walloon region. Recognised by the 12th General Assembly of the BIE on 28 October 1937 with the theme “Water Management”, the Expo aimed to emphasise the importance of water as a tool for energy provision, development, and mutual cooperation. The Expo
The Expo site was developed on the banks of the River Meuse, with modernist architect Georges Dedoyard in charge of the overall project. The site was planned with an urbanism policy in mind, with the buildings taking into account technical, social and cultural aspects. French architectural magazine Architecture d’aujourd’hui praised the successful creation of a new district, describing the architecture as “organised grandeur.” In line with the Expo’s water theme, the site featured a ‘water theatre’, where crowds could appreciate an illuminated 60-metre waterfall and a water jet rising to 100 metres. It was also the venue of several sports competitions including water polo and water jousting. A number of other sports events were held during the Expo, both water-related (water ski, synchronised swimming, boating) and on land (boxing, hockey, fencing). There were also demonstrations of aquaplanes and speedboats, as well as a yachting regatta. As with previous Expos in Belgium, the Expo site featured its own ‘village’, complete with a church, a public square, a mini-train and a total of 30 brasseries. Other popular attractions at the Expo were the ‘Lido’, which offered a spectacular performance of colourful water displays, and a theme park with water rides and a cable car crossing the Meuse. International Participation
Eight countries had pavilions at the Expo – Germany, Egypt, France, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The French and German pavilions were the two most prominent international pavilions, facing each other down in a reflection of the political tension of the time. The German Pavilion, which was designed by Emil Fahrenkamp, was inspired by Germany’s symbolic pavilion at the 1937 World Expo in Paris. It was built entirely with material sourced from Germany, using German workers who travelled from their home country every day. An early end to the Expo
Initially set to run until November 1939, the Expo closed its gates on 2 September, following the outbreak of war in Europe. Despite its cheerless ending, a large part of the Expo site was later transformed into an area of social housing for the city, known as Droixhe. The urbanisation of the site was facilitated by the forward thinking of Expo planners, as the landscaping, roads and parks were already in place.
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1947 PARIS
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Area (ha) 6.35
Dates 10/07/1947 - 15/08/1947
Participants (Countries) 14
Theme Urbanism and Housing Official Designation International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing
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France and the BIE
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Paris was host to the International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing, organised to manage the difficulties of post-war reconstruction and the subsequent housing challenges. Initially scheduled to be held in 1945, the Expo was postponed and then cancelled in 1946. Recognised by the 17th General Assembly of the BIE on 11 June 1946, the Expo was finally being held between 10 July and 15 August 1947 in the majestic Grand Palais. Fourteen countries participated in the Expo, including Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Switzerland, Sweden and Czechoslovakia. The Soviet Union and the United Kingdom did not take part, nor did the United States, despite its participation at a preliminary exhibition organised a year earlier. Organised under the authority of Paul Breton, the International Exhibition of Urbanism and Housing was based around five subthemes: the national housing problem, urbanism, homes, the construction and fitting of housing units, and information. Architect André Herman designed the overall layout of the exhibition in the Grand Palais, where each national section showcased architectural projects and indoor fittings. These sections included housing clusters and furnished accommodation, with the notable introduction of mass-produced furniture. In the gardens, French firms showcased prefabricated buildings and homes. The Expo presented a general picture of the challenges of urbanism and housing in the context of post-war reconstruction, modernism and mass production. The French pavilion showcased innovative solutions to housing challenges, including prototypes of the “Immeubles d’Etat”, stateowned housing blocks that were being developed at the time in several French cities. Housing solutions designed by leading architects of the time were also showcased, including Le Corbusiers’s Unité d’Habitation in Marseille, housing plans for Le Havre designed by Auguste Perret and furnished by René Gabriel, Pierre Sorel’s apartments in Boulogne-sur-Mer, fitted by Jacques Dumond, Pingusson’s prefabricated housing units, and Marcel Lods’ housing units for Sotteville-Lès-Rouen, furnished by Marcel Gascoin. Sweden exhibited Sven Ivar Lind’s prefabricated wooden houses, which received much attention for their high-quality, stylish and comfortable furnishings. The exhibit introduced the public to ongoing housing developments in Sweden and the latest Swedish approach to homebuilding. The Belgian section featured a recreation of a five-room apartment designed by Louis Herman De Koninck, while Italy, Poland, Greece and Czechoslovakia each presented studies on their housing challenges as well as potential solutions to these problems. The solutions demonstrated by international participants allowed architects and urban planners to take a critical look at their studies and experience, and to unleash innovative approaches to be applied in the future. In this way, Expo 1947 Paris was a vivid illustration of the exchanges made at the 1928 International Congress on Modern Architecture, promoting functional architecture and urban planning.
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Area (ha) 110
Dates 24/09/1949 - 09/10/1949 Theme Rural Habitat Official Designation Exhibition of Rural Habitat, Lyon 1949
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France and the BIE
Organised in Lyon in the aftermath of the Second World War, Expo 1949 focused on the rural habitat and agricultural machinery. The 110,000m2 Expo site was located on the grounds of the ‘Foire de Lyon’, one of France’s oldest marketplaces, which has attracted merchants from the four corners of Europe since medieval times. Themed around the challenges of Agriculture, the Expo included such varied themes as firefighting, novel ways to increase agricultural yields, agriculture in the industrialised era, and advancements in weather forecasting. Recognised by the 23rd General Assembly of the BIE on 13 June 1949, the Expo was opened on 24 September 1949 in the presence of several international statesmen, including the consuls of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. The President of the French Council of Ministers, Edouard Herriot, made the opening speech, dedicated to the future of agriculture in a technological world. Divided into thematic days, Expo 1949 offered a range of conferences and documentaries for visitors. The most popular attractions included a helicopter show in the centre of the site, the French wine pavilion, and a replica of a modern farm, showcasing the latest technological innovations of the time.
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Dates 27/07/1949 - 13/08/1949 Theme Sport and physical culture Official Designation The Universal Exhibition of Sport of Lingiad
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Sweden and the BIE
In 1939, Sweden organised a World Sport Exhibition to mark the 100th anniversary of the death of Per Hernik Ling, the founder of Swedish gymnastics and a leading proponent of physical education. This event was known as a ‘Lingiad’, and the decision was taken to repeat the event in 1949, this time receiving BIE recognition as a Special Exposition during the organisation's 23rd General Assembly on 13 June 1949. The long form of the Expo's theme was "Overview of the current State of Sport and physical culture in every country in the World to celebrate the centenary of the death of Mr. Ling, the founder of the Swedish gymnastics." Unlike the Olympics, the 1949 Lingiad was organised as a non-competitive gymnastics festival, with a focus on collective participation. This movement grew in opposition to competitive and elite-focused sports that were growing in popularity at the time. The Expo was an opportunity to spark interest in physical activity to promote health, fitness and the pursuit of outdoor activities, at a time when new technologies and cars were making life less of a physical challenge. The Lingiad aimed to show how physical activity is a way to share, communicate, and increase solidarity among all participants. Expo Programme
The Expo was based around the Stockholm Stadium, which was originally designed and built for the 1912 Olympic Games. A total of 37 countries took part in the Expo. The most notable event at the Expo was the World Gymnastic Festival, which ran between 28 and 31 July. Over four days, around 14,000 gymnasts from across the world put on a range of collective displays and performances. These included a demonstration of 5,000 Swedish housewives moving in unison, as well as folk dancing performances from participants aged between 5 and 64. The international displays were just as impressive – one of the first performances was a mass team of almost 400 British men and women athletes, and a team of 200 Estonian dancers put on an emotional performance portraying the nation’s recent struggles. India, whose team represented the newly independent country’s diverse ethnic and religious mix, drew applause for its yogainspired gymnastics demonstrations. The Expo was also host to the World Congress of Physical Culture, between 1 and 6 August, and the International Gymnastic Camp in Malmkoping between 7 and 13 August. Throughout the duration of the Expo, international gymnastics training courses were given at the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm, which was founded by Ling in 1813, and in the Gymnastic Association’s Folk High School in Lillsved. Legacy
The International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) held its Congress during the Expo, during which the Dutch delegate proposed the idea of a regular international gymnastics festival. The idea was inspired by the success of the Lingiad, and was approved by the FIG in 1950, with the first edition being organised in the Dutch city of Rotterdam in 1953. The ‘World Gymnaestrada’, as it has been named, became the successor to the Lingiad, and is now held every four years. It maintains the original concept of the Lingiad, with a focus on collective gymnastic performances rather than winning medals.
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1951 LILLE
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 15
Dates 28/04/1951 - 20/05/1951
Visitors 1,500,000
Theme Textile
Participants (Countries) 22
Official Designation International Textile Exhibition – Lille 1951
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France and the BIE
The French city of Lille, known as a centre of the textile industry, hosted an International Textile Exhibition in 1951. This Special Exhibition was recognised by the BIE on 15 November 1950, a few months before its grand opening. The Renovated ‘Grand Palais de la Foire de Lille’
The Expo took place at the ‘Grand Palais de la Foire de Lille’. Erected in 1932, this building was badly damaged during the Second World War, but the decision was taken to renovate it for the Expo. Originally designed by local engineer Désiré Douniaux, the building was the largest space in Europe at the time to stand without intermediary pillars, spanning 120 x 115 metres, with a height of 20 metres. Under the management of architect Jean Prouvé, the Palace underwent major renovations in 1950 and 1951, with the addition of a new 137 x 31 metre red chrome outer frame. Renovation was finished only one day before the opening of the Expo on 27 April 1951, with the Palace being inaugurated by the Minister for Reconstruction and Urban Planning, Claudius Petit. An opportunity for the Textile Industry to exchange ideas
The Expo itself was opened to the public on the 28 April 1951 by Georges Bidault, the Vice-President of the Council of Ministers, in the presence of 300 political and industrial figures. These included the Secretary of State for Industry and Commerce, André Guillant, as well as Maurice Schumann. Twenty-two countries were represented at the Expo, with delegations from near and far including Germany, Belgium, South Africa, Pakistan, Japan, New Zeeland and Australia. Thematic days were organised throughout the duration of the Expo, with specific days dedicated to silk, rayon, nylon, wool and cotton. The Expo also facilitated meetings between producers, designers and customers, and hosted debates such as those organised by the General Assembly of the Wool Committee or the Cotton Union. A large variety of textiles and their different usages were showcased at the Expo, but it was first and foremost an opportunity for designers and the industry to exchange on production methods. Participating countries presented their production, their national expertise and their industrial achievements in terms of machinery, dyes and finished goods. Italy showcased cotton and hemp production but also artificial ‘thermo-fabrics’, while Japan’s exhibit demonstrated simple and cost-effective processes to manufacture cotton and rayon garments. The International Textiles Library proved very popular with visitors. It contained the prominent technical and economic works of the time as well as periodical publications dedicated to fashion and textiles. The varied uses of textiles
The Expo also demonstrated the multiple uses of fabrics in different sectors, some of which were well-known - high fashion, dying, clothing – while others were more innovative, including textile sculptures and paintings. On International Textile Day, which took place during the Expo, Parisian design was highlighted at a fashion gala in the Lille Opera House. While the Expo was only open for three weeks, it attracted over 1.5 million visitors from across France and further afield. As a meeting point for the international textile industry, the Expo acted as a platform to create links between textile providers and designers. The Palace remained in place until 1993, when it was destroyed to make may for a new Conference Centre.
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Israel and the BIE
SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 4.60
Dates 22/09/1953 - 14/10/1953
Visitors 600,000
Theme Conquest of the Desert
Participants (Countries) 13
Official Designation The conquest of the Desert – International Exhibition
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The 1953 Conquest of the Desert exhibition in Jerusalem, recognised by the 28th General Assembly of the BIE on 13 November 1951, entailed a discussion about the reclamation and population of desert areas. It was the first major international exhibition to take place in the newly created state. Main insights were made about ways to beat back the desert for food and living place in an increasingly populated world. Western European countries were present and, even though it boycotted the opening ceremony for political reasons, the United States of America also participated. The Soviet Union declined the invitation to participate. Participants included intergovernmental organisations such as the UNESCO and the WHO. In addition to scientific conferences taking place during daytime, a cultural twist was added at night through concerts and open-air plays.
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Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 12
Dates 26/07/1953 - 31/10/1953
Visitors 1,700,000
Theme Agriculture Official Designation Agricultural Exposition of Rome 1953
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Agriculture constituted one of the major economic and social issues faced by Italy in the post war period as the country engaged in a transformation of its structures of production. This is why Rome decided to host an International Exhibition under the theme of agriculture, which was recognised by the 30th General Assembly of the BIE on 4 November 1952. Known as EA53, the Expo was held between July and October 1953. The Expo was managed by a general council under the tutelage of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, and was an opportunity to showcase the value of agriculture by presenting modern and efficient agricultural production practices, and to strengthen agricultural trade ties. Agriculture and culture
The Expo site was located in the EUR district of Rome, with 12 hectares of exhibition buildings and 190 hectares of outdoor space. A large part of the Expo took place in the Palazzo della Civilità Italiana, an iconic building that opened to the public for the first time on the occasion of EA53. Designed by Guerrini, La Padula and Romano, construction on the Palazzo initially started in 1938 but it was not completed until shortly before the Expo, after being interrupted by the Second World War. Divided into several principal sections, the Expo featured a range of presentations and displays connected to agriculture. These included irrigation systems, farm property and loans, production systems for cereals and maize, agricultural machinery and animal husbandry. A dedicated international section showcased different types of agricultural production from across the world. The life-sized presentations of rice fields, farmyard animals, stables and machinery allowed visitors to fully appreciate the reality of modern agriculture. As well as the displays, cultural activities were organised throughout the Expo. These included an agricultural film festival in the Palazzo del Cinema, exhibitions of figurative art inspired by agriculture, and national and international forums. Legacy
Expo 1953 welcomed over 1.7 million visitors. As a result of the political, economic and cultural success of the event, the city of Rome decided to repeat the experience by transforming it into a recurring agricultural fair.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 100
Dates 15/05/1954 - 15/10/1954
Participants (Countries) 25
Theme Navigation Official Designation International Exhibition of Navigation
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Italy and the BIE
The Italian city of Naples hosted the International Exhibition of Navigation, which was opened by Prime Minister Mario Scelba on 15 May 1954. Recognised by the General Assembly of the BIE on 15 May 1953 with the theme of Navigation, the purpose of the Expo was to showcase the maritime industry at a time when shipping routes were multiplying across the world. A total of 25 countries participated in the Expo, which took place in the Mostra d’Oltremare, a permanent exhibition centre located in Campi Flegrei. The Expo
The exhibits of the Expo varied, with the overall theme including global navigation technology, instruments and devices, sea transport, seafood, fishing, and sport. Given the importance of fishing and seafood to Southern Italy, it was no surprise that the fishing section featured some of the most notable exhibits. The section demonstrated innovative fishing equipment and new systems to store, distribute and display seafood. These exhibits were of interest to both the public and industry professionals, who had the opportunity to learn about new methods. The organisers of the Expo were careful to ensure that visitors saw more than just ‘models’ of navigation. As such, the displays included a real boat as well as a lighthouse that provided visitors with a light show every evening. Two significant conferences were held during the Expo. The International Congress on Marine Technology and Navigation took place between 26 September and 1 October, gathering representatives from the Italian Navy, the National College of Sea Captains, the Italian Navy Academy and manufacturers of shipping instruments. The Congress allowed discussions on how maritime navigation equipment could be improved, with a notable focus on radar. Between 3 and 10 October, the International Ethnography Conference was held, which included presentations on the importance of the sea in folk culture in different countries. The Site Today
The Expo site - the Mostra d’Oltremare – initially opened in 1940 and continues to serve as an exhibition centre. The complex was expanded for the Expo, with some of the additions – including the Mediterranean Theatre, the Palace of Congresses, and the park zone – still standing today. The site also has a health and fitness complex, and a swimming pool that hosts national and international sport competitions.
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Category Special Exposition
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Participants (Countries) 10
Dates 10/06/1955 - 28/08/1955 Theme Modern Man in the Environment Official Designation H55 International Exhibition of Applied Arts of Housing and the Interior
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H55: The Modern Man in the Environment
The International Specialised Exhibition of architecture, industrial design and home furnishing, known as H55, was recognised by the 34rd General Assembly of the BIE on 4 November 1954. Held in the Swedish city of Helsingborg in 1955, the Expo was themed around ‘The modern man in the environment’ and dealt with the human environment, consumer and household goods, work, and relaxation. Its focus on modern design and architecture was aimed at showing the beauty of form, even for everyday items, while maximizing practicality. Historical Context: The Post War Era
The city of Helsingborg had previously hosted a major exhibition in 1903, with the benefits of this leading to the idea of organising another international exhibition. In September 1945, a committee was set up to begin planning the Expo. The spirit of the 1950s post-war consensus inspired H55 in several ways. First, its focus on the practical and efficient use of building materials was meeting the needs for mass reconstruction of many European living spaces destroyed by war. In showing that simplicity, practicality and beauty are compatible, H55 also transpired a sense of post-war modernity and optimism. The Modernist Waterfront
The small but mighty exhibition experimented with new technologies, and building materials tailored to the needs of modern society. A variety of arts and crafts challenged the ways in which minimalistic designs could be integrated into commercial items and luxury goods. The Expo was held on a converted breakwater on the city’s waterfront, at the concert hall in the Groningen area, in the ‘Parapeten Restaurant’, and in three main pavilions designed by Swedish designer and architect Carl-Axel Acking. Converting the windy and wave-battered breakwater into a successful and secure waterfront was a major undertaking. One significant issue was to connect the breakwater with the Groningen area. In order to resolve this issue, a military unit constructed a bridge which was used throughout the Expo. A showcase of design and architecture
Ten countries participated in the Expo, including Japan whose pavilion proved to be particularly popular with visitors. The French exhibition included the architectural works of acclaimed designer Le Corbusier ("The Radiant City" in Marseille), Pierre Vivien's work in Boulogne-sur-Mer, and Jean Prouvé's pre-packaged aluminium house. There were also arts and crafts including reproductions of works by Picasso, Vasarely and Manesier, as well as interior design objects and ceramics. From Finland, design studio Artek had its own section presenting interior design projects by its founder Alvar Aalto. The display consisted of a fully furnished minimalist apartment based on apartments he had designed in Berlin. The Swedish House, designed by the Swedish Association of Architects, showcased models of master plans and pictures of urban development plans for districts and individual houses. Visitors could explore different types of houses showcasing a variety of structures, purposes and building materials, including a collapsible house associated with personal freedom. Legacy
The Specialised Expo of 1955 was a veritable experimental playground for a number of internationally renowned architects and designers. Scandinavian designers in particular were well represented including Alvar Alto, Yngve Ekström, and Björn Hultén, whose iconic minimalist ‘H55 Lounge Chair’ is still very popular today. Another object showcased at the Expo that went on to become internationally recognisable was the cardboard milk packaging system with triangular sides, developed by Swedish firm Tetra Pak. The inexpensive and practical packaging solution was an innovation in the 1950s, and went on to be adopted by the dairy industry across Europe. H55 remains a historic event for the city of Helsingborg. Aside from the Parapeten restaurant, built as a permanent structure, the three main H55 Pavilions by Carl-Axel Acking were demolished after the exhibition. Later, in 1999, one of Acking’s pavilions was recreated for the ‘H99’ housing fair, whose name was inspired by the Expo of 1955.
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Category Special Exposition
Visitors 120,000
Dates 25/05/1955 - 19/06/1955
Participants (Countries) 11
Theme Sport Official Designation International Expo of Sport Turin 1955
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Italy and the BIE
After two consecutive years of Expos in Italy (Rome in 1953 and Naples in 1954), the 33rd General Assembly of the BIE recognised Expo 1955 Turin on 3 June 1954. The Expo was organised under the theme of Sports, an activity that was growing in social and cultural importance at that time. Sports and Beyond
The International Expo on Sport was inaugurated by Giovanni Ponti, Minister of State for Events, Tourism and Sport, under the Olympic symbol. The opening was also attended by various epresentatives from National, Regional and Local Government. In his opening speech, the Minister stated that the presence of official representatives from the Government, the Senate and the Chamber demonstrated the importance of the Expo and its Sports theme. He added that “If assertions and competitions should exist among Nations, they are in the fields of Art, Science and Sport.” The Expo was organised under the umbrella of the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), with a diversified programme including sports competitions and cultural events. The latter included sports fashion shows at the Valentino Palace, as well as movie festivals and projections of sports documentaries in the New Theatre, which attracted large crowds. Eleven nations participated in the Expo: West Germany, Austria, Egypt, Greece, Yugoslavia, Morocco, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Luxembourg and Italy. Each country had its own stand and competed for medals in a wide range of sports activities including running, gymnastics, cycling, boxing, and water sports such as rowing and powerboating. Legacy
The whole city of Turin and sports fans were involved in the organisation of the Expo. During its three-week duration, the Expo attracted 120,000 visitors, from Italy and further afield, leading to calls for another Sports-themed Expo to be organised in the city. Not included in the official tally, many locals and tourists attended various other sports events that were organised throughout the city during the Expo.
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Category Special Exposition
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Area (ha) 55
Dates 21/05/1956 - 20/06/1956 Theme Citrus Official Designation Exhibition of Citriculture
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Israel and the BIE
Israel hosted an Exhibition of Citriculture in Beit Dagon in 1956, recgonised by the 36th General Assembly of the BIE on 8 November 1955. The Expo took place within the framework of the fourth International Congress of Mediterranean Citrus Growers. The Expo attracted 250 to 300 delegates from more than 20 different countries. Many Mediterranean countries were represented, including Spain, France, Morocco and Tunisia, along with the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Brazil. Exporting as well as importing countries were present. The Expo was divided into three sections. The first focused on national production with exhibitors including the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture, the Citrus Marketing Board and Agricultural Research Stations. The second section was dedicated to industry with exhibits of machinery and other materials used in citrus production, while the third section was focused on citrus exports. Matters related to the industry were tackled such as essential oils, general citrus products, equipment and machinery. The Expo represented an opportunity to forge long-lasting, trading cooperation for Israel.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Visitors 1,000,000
Dates 06/07/1957 - 29/09/1957
Participants (Countries) 13
Theme Reconstruction of Hansa District Official Designation Interbau - International Building Exhibition, Berlin 1957
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IBA 57: Modern Construction and Urbanism
In 1957, the International Building Exhibition, commonly known as ‘Interbau’, was held in Hansaviertel, a district of Berlin that was almost entirely destroyed in one night during the Second World War. With significant public funds dedicated to making up for the housing shortage, city and federal authorities organised the Expo to draw international attention to West Berlin and highlight its cultural capacities. Recognised by the 38th General Assembly of the BIE on 13 November 1956, Expo 1957 had a importance in demonstrating Germany’s modernisation, and was also a manifestation of the tensions between East and West Germany. Interbau’s reconstruction plans aimed to showcase a modern, democratic West Germany, and to counterbalance the monumental structures that began to appear in East Berlin in the 1950s. Architectural Competition
Three German architects - Jobst, Kreuer et Schliesser – were selected to draw up a framework for the new district with a range of specifications. Architects were then invited to participate in the Expo by each designing a building or an estate to be used as social housing. By the opening of the Expo in 1957, Interbau had gathered over 50 internationally acclaimed architects, including Walter Gropius, Alvar Alto, Arne Jacobsen, Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier, to contribute to an ambitious urban development project. Furthermore, 10 landscape architects were selected to submit designs for the redevelopment of the district. Le Corbusier’s contribution to the Expo proved to be somewhat controversial – his highly conceptual communal living project ‘Unité d’Habitation’ could not be accommodated in Hansaviertel. Following a series of quarrels with city authorities, Le Corbusier’s project was finally built in Charlottenburg, with construction only starting in January 1957, six months before the opening of the Expo. Uncompromising modernity
The structures of IBA 57 physically embody the architectural spirit of the time, influenced by Bauhaus, functionalism and uncompromising modernity. Indeed, the organisers set out to construct a ’city of tomorrow’ with Berlin’s Tiergarten park encircled by high-rises, apartment blocks, churches, shops, a movie theatre, a library and a subway. Interbau was incredibly successful in attracting Berliners, many of whom visited the Expo to apply for housing units in the building of their choice. There were a total of 1 million visitors, of which 350,000 came from East Berlin. Many of the visitors submitted applications to be housed in the future apartment blocks, which had a fixed rental price of 1.10 DM per square metre (around 19.50 euros today). Legacy
By the time the Interbau Expo ended, only 601 apartment units were completed, out of a total of 1,160. Construction of the remaining 35 apartment buildings continued until the project was completed in 1960. With the construction of the Berlin Wall a year later, Hansaviertel found itself in the shadow of the Berlin Wall. Only in 1989 did the district find itself once again at the heart of the unified city. The modernist structures that define the district are part of Berlin’s architectural heritage, with Hansaviertel coming under landmark protection in the 1990s. In 1979, a second international housing project was launched in Berlin, aimed at carrying out ‘careful urban renewal’ and ‘critical reconstruction’. Lasting until 1987, the project was partly a response to Interbau and the construction of the post-war era. Rather than constructing new, modernist buildings, the project sought to renovate existing structures and integrate new buildings within the urban landscape.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 50
Dates 01/05/1961 - 31/10/1961
Visitors 5,000,000
Theme Celebration of centennial of Italian unity
Participants (Countries) 19
Official Designation International Labour Exhibition – Turin 1961
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Italy celebrated its centennial in 1961 by organising an International Labour Exhibition in the city of Turin. The city, the first capital of a unified Italy, had already hosted an Exhibition in 1911 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Italian unification. Recognised during the 43rd session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 5 May 1959, the Expo sought to showcase the achievements of civilization over the past century. The goal was to make science and technology more accessible to the public, and each participant country was invited to demonstrate their theme from a selection of social and technical achievements of the past 100 years. The site
Expo 1961 was held in the purpose-built Palazzo del Lavoro (Palace of Labour), designed by architects Luigi and Antonio Nervi. The structure consisted of 16 imposing columns that stood 26 metres tall, with a large central section hosting the Italian exhibits and peripheral sections for international participants. The Palazzo del Lavoro represented the achievements of modern labour and construction practices – the floor, columns and facades were made out of marble, cement, steel and glass, while the panels separating different sections were made from mirrored stainless steel. Outside the Palazzo, two major attractions that caught the attention of visitors were the cable cars and the 1.2 km Alweg Monorail. Composed of three trucks with six aisles, the 38-tonne monorail could reach a maximum speed of 90km/h. During the course of the Expo, it transported a total of 500,000 passengers. The brightly coloured cable cars transported visitors between the Expo site and the newly developed Cavoretto Europa Park, a scenic point in the hills above Turin. The exhibits
A total of 19 countries participated in the Expo. The six members of the European Community at the time presented a joint exhibit focusing on “Energy Sources”, demonstrating how new technologies allow better use of energy resources. In addition to coal, gas, oil, solar and nuclear energy, the exhibit also showcased hydrographic stations, plans for the first offshore tidal power station (under construction at the time), and a reproduction of a modern mine. The British section focused on scientific progress, with a wide range of exhibits touching on issues ranging from transportation to nuclear energy. The United States opted to showcase “Technological Progress in Industry”, illustrating the achievements made in the field of communications. One of its most memorable exhibits was a large model of the human brain that used flashes of light to demonstrate how the brain processes images and sounds. The Expo’s entertainment area featured the popular Fiat Circarama by Walt Disney, a pavilion seating 1,000 people that screened a 360º film by Elio Piccon showcasing famous Italian sights and landmarks. The Palazzo del Lavoro also showed films in a two specially designed theatres with wide screens, including a system allowing simultaneous translation into four different languages. The Italia’61 national fair took place close to the Palazzo del Lavoro, with visitors able to travel easily between the two thanks to the monorail and cable cars. Legacy
After the Expo closed its doors on October 1961, the Alweg monorail was initially set to be extended to a length of 12km and used for public transport in Turin. This project was abandoned in 1963, but some of the stations were renovated, including the North station that became the Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital. The Palazzo del Lavoro is currently undergoing renovation and is set to open as a commercial gallery in Autumn 2019. This will form part of a surrounding complex that will also include a Ferris wheel.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 50.20
Dates 25/06/1965 - 03/10/1965
Visitors 3,200,000
Theme Transport
Participants (Countries) 36
Official Designation IVA - International Transport Exhibition, Munich 1965
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IVA 65: Modern Transportation
In 1965, the International Transport Exhibition or ‘Internationale Verkehrsausstellung, 65’ also known as ‘IVA 65’ was held in Munich’s Bavaria Park. Lasting for 100 days, the Expo was the first Specialised Expo dedicated to the overall theme of transportation and served as a stage for the latest transportation technology ranging from space travel to high-speed rail. Recognised by the 51st session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 13 November 1962, Expo 1965 was focused on the challenges and opportunities of modern transportation, allowing specialists and the public to discover the latest innovations in the field. When planning for IVA 65 began in 1963 however, the decision was made to exclude the automobile industry from the Expo, although cars were tackled via a focus on road safety and urban traffic. IVA 65 showcased ground-breaking innovations in transportation including laser technology, electronics, cybernetics and automation, with exhibits including life-sized models, projections and films. A total of 36 countries participated in the Expo, which attracted 3.2 million visitors. Urban Transport
Thematic halls were devoted to road safety, urban traffic, public transport, and the general impact of transport on people. Particular attention was paid to traffic in urban areas, as research in Germany had revealed a number of problems linked to road accidents, congestion and out-dated roads. One of the exhibition halls had a ‘city and traffic’ section dedicated to these issues. The ‘safety car’ section showcased new technologies for brakes, tyres and lights, and also displayed educational films promising a modern society with safe and efficient means of transport. IVA 65 placed a strong emphasis on the potential for public transport to solve the problems of urban congestion. Several models of subway trains were on display at the Expo, including a model of Berlin’s Kurfürstendamm station and a plans for Munich’s subway network, construction of which had only just began. During the course of the Expo, visitors were able to test out high-speed E03 trains between Munich and Augsburg. The trains, which travelled at speeds of 200km/h and were the fastest of their kind in Germany at the time, took 26 minutes to complete the 62km journey. New frontiers: Space Travel
Four years before Apollo 11’s moon landing and only months after the United States landed its first unmanned rocket on the moon, Expo 1965 was a veritable platform for the latest developments in aerospace engineering. The International Centre of Astronautics was a key part of the Expo, displaying life-sized models of ‘Atlas’, the first US manned spacecraft to have orbited the earth, as well as a rocket designed by Germany during the First World War. The centre also featured several documentary films and discoveries from the rapidly growing field of space exploration. Legacy
Expo 1965 was a world-class event, which brought prestige to Bavaria and the city of Munich. IVA 65 was followed by two other transport fairs that were held in Hamburg in 1979 and 1988. Since 1996, the bi-annual InnoTrans fair has been held in Berlin, although this is not recognised by the BIE due to its commercial nature.
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Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 39
Dates 06/04/1968 - 06/10/1968
Visitors 6,384,482
Theme The confluence of civilizations in the Americas
Participants (Countries) 23
Official Designation Hemisfair 1968
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Recognised by the 58th session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 17 November 1965, the Expo was dubbed HemisFair ’68, with its theme being “The Confluence of Civilizations in the Americas”. The theme aimed to celebrate different cultures from the old and the new worlds, and the Expo’s date coincided with the 250th anniversary of the founding of San Antonio, a Texan city originally settled by the Spanish. The Site
The Expo Site covered 39 ha in the southwestern edge of the city, with the San Antonio river being extended by 400 metres to pass through the site and provide river transport. The exterior design of most pavilions followed clean and simple lines, as the Expo was more focused on people and civilizations. Some pavilions were built for permanent use, and thus had their own structural designs, including the US Pavilion and the Mexican Pavilion. The site was developed on a quiet residential area, and 22 historical buildings were kept and incorporated into the Expo Site. This gave it a distinctive feel, with some of the Spanish remnants dating from the 1800s. The HemisFair’s theme structure was the 190-metre high Tower of the Americas, which features two revolving restaurants and an observation deck. The site also boasted “Fiesta Island”, an area with 18 themed rides and games. Cultural Mix
With San Antonio acting as a bridging city between the US and Latin America, efforts were made to maximize participation from the Western Hemisphere. In order to promote pan-American unity and maximize the use of space, five Central American countries shared one pavilion, as did 11 members of the Organization of American States. There were a number of exhibits and cultural events that drew on the Expo’s theme, including Spanish art, a display of Latin American village life and ceremonial dancing from Indian tribes. In the US Pavilion, visitors were treated to a Thomson/Hammid film presentation that highlighted the country’s rich cultural heritage. The show started with three separate theatres, each seating 400 people, which was then transformed into the world’s largest cinema at the time, as the walls and screens were lifted to reveal a 43x12 metre screen. Legacy
The remaining part of the Expo Site is now known as HemisFair Park, which features a number of pre-existing buildings as well as pavilions from the Expo. Some of the pavilions have been renovated – the Mexican Pavilion now hosts the Mexican Cultural Institute, the Texas Pavilion is now the UTSA’s Institute of Texan Cultures, while the Laterna Magika is now Children’s Magik Theater. The Henry B. Gonzales Convention Centre is one of the most significant buildings left behind by the Expo, and it underwent an expansion in early 2016. The venue has helped the city develop a conference industry and build on its reputation as a centre for inter-American exchange. The site is part of an ongoing transformation programme, which in October 2015 led to the opening of Yanaguan Park. The park was specially designed to encourage children to interact, and it also features games spaces for adults as well as an art installation. In 2018, San Antonio is set to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Expo by opening Civic Park, an outdoor community area spanning 4.6 ha.
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EXPO 1971 BUDAPEST
At a glance
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 35
Dates 27/08/1971 - 30/09/1971
Visitors 1,900,000
Theme The Hunt through the World
Participants (Countries) 52
Official Designation Exhibition World of Hunting, Budapest 1971
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Recognised by the 63rd General Assembly of the BIE on 9 May 1968, Expo 1971 in Budapest was the first World Hunting Exhibition to be organised under the auspices of the BIE. It was also the first BIE-recognised International Expo to be held the Eastern Bloc. The Expo took place in the Budapest Exhibition Area, which had previously hosted several agricultural fairs. Hunting as a tradition
The organisation of a World Hunting Exhibition reflected Hungary’s long tradition of hunting and its attachment to its founding legend, with the ‘Wonderhart’ stag being a national symbol. The Expo was a sign of the revival of this hunting tradition, but it also focused on the relationship between man and nature. As such, Expo 1971 put an emphasis on conservation and game farming. Organisers also sought point to the the economic importance of hunting and fishing as well as the connection between hunting and tourism. The Expo aimed to promote Hungary’s hunting reputation on a global scale and to endorse sustainable hunting as a tool for conservation. Two slogans were promoted at the Expo: “Nature conservation is a conservation of ourselves”, and “Peace, friendship, nature, health, recreation and sport.” Accomplishments and competitions
The site of the Expo, which was divided by outdoor and indoor exhibits, included 35 national pavilions from participating countries covering a total of 30,000m2. In total, 52 countries participated in the Expo, showcasing national accomplishments in hunting and fishing, and contributing to the debate on environmental issues. The outdoor part of the site, which covered 60,000m2, was used for horse and dog shows, as well as for fishing and shooting competitions. The Expo marked a turning point in the recognition and evaluation of hunting trophies. In 1952, the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) adopted a new set of internationally recognised and objective rules for measuring and evaluating hunting trophies, and these were implemented for the very first time at Expo 1971 in Budapest. During the course of the Expo, several hundred trophies were appraised by an international scoring committee. Wildlife management
The Wildlife Film Festival was also held during the Expo. Additionally, several scientific symposiums were organised. These led to the signing of many international treaties, agreements and conventions on wildlife management and conservation. During the course of the Expo, several parallel hunting and fishing fairs were organised in different regions of Hungary. Legacy
Expo 1971 was a major event for Hungary, attracting almost 2 million visitors of which 200,000 came from abroad. Taking place in the midst of the Cold War, the Expo succeeded in attracting participants from four continents and across political divides, with high profile visitors including Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh. The CIC’s new international measuring system was used for the first time at the Expo, and this system of appraisal remains the standard to this day. Hungary’s link to the world of hunting was reinforced in 1999 when the CIC moved its headquarters to Hungary.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 40
Dates 04/05/1974 - 02/11/1974
Visitors 5,600,000
Theme Celebrating Tomorrow’s Fresh New Environment
Participants (Countries) 10
Official Designation International Exposition on the Environment, Spokane 1974
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“The Lilac City” welcomes Expo 74
Expo 1974 in Spokane, in the US State of Washington, was the first to have a theme linked to the environment. It received recognition by the 70th General Assembly of the BIE on 24 November 1971. With the motto “Progress without Pollution”, the emblem of the Expo was the Mobius Strip, symbolising how humankind and the environment are perpetually joined. This connection was further emphasised by the blue, green and white colours of the logo. The Expo Site
Spokane was a peaceful city with an economy that had traditionally relied on the Spokane River and extractive industries. As one of the smallest cities to ever host an Expo, local officials saw the event as an opportunity to put Spokane on the map and keep up with economic and cultural progress in the United States, as well as to revitalise its downtown area, considered undesirable and unsightly. The 40-hectare Expo site was developed on and around Havermale Island, adjacent to the city’s downtown district. Much of the land recovered for the Expo was previously occupied by the Great Northern Railroad Depot, seen as an eyesore by local residents. The planning of the Expo also included a large-scale clean-up of the city and its surrounding environment. A crowd of 85,000 people attended the opening of the Expo on 4 May 1974. To demonstrate the improvement to the local environment, 1,974 trout were released into the Spokane River as part of the opening ceremony. The focal point of the Expo site was the US pavilion, made of a web of steel and vinyl. It was the Expo’s largest pavilion and is one of the few structures built for the Expo that still stands to this day. The pavilion housed a courtyard laying out the country’s plans to tackle environmental issues, and also featured one of the first IMAX movies - “Man belongs to the Earth". Huge butterfly-shaped kites marked the beginning and end of each section of the Expo, with the various exhibits enough to keep visitors occupied for three full days. At the end of each day, there was a fireworks display which formed part of the celebrations of the United States’ bicentennial. Several parades and activities were organised throughout the duration of the Expo to showcase local and national culture. These included the Folk Life Festival, on the north bank of the Spokane River, where visitors could enjoy logging shows and interact with Union Pacific Railroad workers. International participants
Besides the host nation, nine countries had their own pavilions at Expo 1974. Canada showcased its outdoor activities on the naturally beautiful ‘Canada Island’, while China, Japan and the Republic of Korea all provided visitors with cultural shows. The USSR was also represented at the Expo, allowing American visitors to get their first glimpse of Soviet culture. The Philippines and West Germany shared a pavilion, with the former focusing on the beauty of tradition while the latter showcased technology and its impact on environmental issues. The Australian pavilion featured an opera house modelled on the iconic Sydney Opera House. After the shows, performers were invited to parties organised on the rooftop terrace. Environmental concerns
The Spokane Expo was a platform for the discussion of environmental issues, including local topics such as the protection of the Spokane River with its rapids and waterfalls. The environmental protection focus of the Expo was recognised and praised by the United Nations on the occasion of the first ever UN World Environment Day in 1974. At a time when environmental concerns were not mainstream, the Expo’s 5.6 million visitors left with new thoughts about sustainability and the state of the planet. Legacy
Following the Expo, the site was converted in Riverfront Park, which is popular with locals and offers visitors a stunning view of the Spokane Falls. Year-round entertainment is available in the park, including a gondola and sports competitions. The former United States pavilion is used as an ice rink during the winter months, and serves a range of other functions throughout the rest of the year. Expo 1974 enabled the revitalisation of the centre of Spokane by clearing away decaying industrial buildings. The city, which has benefited from increased national and international recognition as a result of the Expo, went on to enjoy a prolonged period of economic growth in the following decade.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category Special Exposition
Area (ha) 100
Dates 20/07/1975 - 18/01/1976
Visitors 3,485,750
Theme The Sea We would like to See
Participants (Countries) 35
Official Designation International Ocean Exposition, Okinawa 1975
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After the enormous success of Expo 1970 in Osaka, Japan started planning a second Expo, on the island of Okinawa. The Government chose this location to address issues of inequality between Okinawa and other regions of the country, and to commemorate the reversion of the island to Japanese administration. An oceanographic theme was chosen for the Expo, with the motto being ‘The sea we would like to see’. During the Expo 33 countries from all over the globe participated, including Canada, Australia, Italy, USSR, and many others. The Expo was recognised by the 71st session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 25 May 1972, and the Japanese Ocean Expo Association approved the Expo’s Masterplan in October 1972. However, concerns over the oil crisis caused the opening of the Expo to be delayed by four months until 20 July 1975. It then remained open until 18 January 1976. International Pavilions
Rather than letting participants of the Expo build their own Pavilion, as was the norm, international countries were encouraged to rent pre-fabricated rectangular or hexagonal shaped modules, each with an area of around 250m2. The USSR Pavilion was memorable as it included the world’s first large-scale map of the ocean introduced. Another impressive pavilion was that of the United States, one of the largest on the site. Inside, the pavilion showcased past, present and future technologies, including a demonstration of an ocean thermal power plant, and ongoing research on air-sea interactions. Four Clusters
The site was composed of four clusters, each of which was based around a specific theme. The People and History Cluster featured two international pavilions, the Okinawa Pavilion, the Expo Hall, the Hitachi Pavilion, the Mitsubishi Pavilion and the Oceanic Culture Hall. The latter drew interest for its audio-visual hall as well as an exhibition hall showcasing ships, carvings, and cultural objects from around the Pacific Ocean. The Science and Technology Cluster was focused on the need for international cooperation and research in favour of the protection of the world’s oceans and water resources. In addition to several international and corporate pavilions, this cluster included the Mitsui Children’s Science Pavilion, and ‘World Ocean Systems’, a large theatre in the shape of a whale. The Expo site also included the Fish Cluster, which was dedicated to the importance of aquatic species and marine industries, and the Ship Cluster, which was centred around ocean adventures and featured the Expo Port pavilion. In addition to the thematic clusters, visitors could enjoy the attractions of Expo Land, an amusement park beach, featuring waterthemed attractions including the chance to canoe through a waterfall. Aquapolis
The centrepiece of Expo 1975 was Aquapolis, a ‘floating city’ that sat 32 metres above the sea, next to the Science and Technology Cluster. Designed by Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake, the futuristic city cost 14 billion yen (US$ 41 million) and was a prototype marine community. Aquapolis remained in place after the Expo, continuing to attract visitors for several years until it closed in 1993. Legacy
At the end of Expo 1975, the site was transformed into the Okinawa Commemorative National Government Park, also known as the Ocean Expo Memorial Park. The park includes the Oceanic Culture Museum, as well as the Native Okinawan Museum, the Tropical and Subtropical Arboretum, and the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium. The aquarium, which opened to the public in November 2002, is one of the largest in the world, with its main tank holding 7,500m3 of seawater. While the Expo did not reach its visitor target, it had a significant economic impact on the island. The project came as a boost to Okinawa’s development, with infrastructure being improved following the construction of motorways, water supply systems and modern hotels. The Expo also had a significant impact on the image of Okinawa following decades of U.S. military control.
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Category International Specialised Expo
SPECIALISED EXPO
Dates 14/06/1981 - 12/07/1981 Theme Hunting Official Designation Hunting World Exposition, Plovdiv 1981
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The Culture of Hunting in Modern Society
While the organisation of hunting exhibitions dates back to the late 19th century, Expo 1981 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, was only the second World Hunting Exhibition to be organised under the auspices of the BIE, following Expo 1971 in Budapest. Recognised by the 87th General Assembly of the BIE on 12 June 1980, Expo 1981 was the first 'Specialised Expo' to be organised under new BIE rules adopted in 1972 - prior to this, Expos were classified as 'General' or 'Special' Expos. Expo 1981 was dedicated to the specific theme of Hunting, but the large number of exhibits and their themes explored the historical relationship between humankind and wildlife. Furthermore, a range of environmental issues were showcased, making it one of the earlier Expos to have an ecological focus. The Expo took place on the site of the Plovdiv International Fair, with 61 countries demonstrating their hunting and fishing achievements, equipment and trophies in 34 different pavilions. Throughout the duration of the Expo, activities were organised including hunting dog trials, equestrian, fishing and shooting competitions, as well as falconry demonstrations. Additionally, a festival of films focused around nature was organised as part of the Expo. Scientific Symposium
The Scientific Symposium was the pivotal event at Expo 1981. Over five days, representatives from the international scientific bodies discussed the protection and rational use of natural resources. These scientists emphasised the idea of the Expo as focusing on the human obligation to protect biodiversity, as life on earth is in our hands. The main theme of the Symposium was “Game and Environment", which was divided into two sections: “Agriculture, Forest and Game” and “Safety and Production of Game Animals”. The scientists, based on the experience of many countries, emphasised the the effectiveness of implementing game farming management, the acclimatisation of new species of animals, and the breeding of new hybrid species resistant to harmful environmental influences (noise, air pollution and landscape changes). Alongside the Symposium, several round tables were organised, specialising in veterinary and food medicine. Hunting Trophies
Some 12,000 hunting trophies collected over the previous 100 years were displayed at the Expo. These included the horns, skins and tusks, with ‘Grand Prix’ awards going to the world champions. The evaluation of hunting trophies was more than simple classification on a point-based system, it also allowed observers to obtain information on the population of species, environmental changes, genetics and breeding. Legacy
Two further Specialised Expos have since been organised on the site of Expo 1981 – the Plovdiv International Fair. These focused on Young Inventors and took place in 1985 and 1991. The Expo was marked by a series of commemorative coins and stamps that continue to be prized to this day.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 29
Dates 01/05/1982 - 31/10/1982
Visitors 11,127,780
Theme Energy turns the World
Participants (Official) 16
Official Designation The Knoxville International Energy Exposition – Energy Expo 82
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The 1982 International Energy Exposition was a Specialised Expo held in Knoxville, Tennessee, which was recognised by the 81st General Assembly of the BIE on 27 April 1977. Organised under the theme ‘Energy Turns the World’, the Expo took place in the World’s Fair Park between 1 May and 31 October. Knoxville, one of the United States’ major energy centres, chose an energy theme as it is home to both the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Oakridge National Laboratory, one of the world’s leading nuclear research sites. The Expo site was also located close to the Museum of Science and Energy as well as the Smoky Mountain National Park, one of the most highly visited in the United States. The Site
The site spanned 29 hectares, with the 81-metre high Sunsphere being the most prominent structure. The five-storey tower was designed to symbolise the sun, pointing to its status as a source of energy and life. The sphere was coated with 24-carat gold dust, and visitors could take a lift to the top where they could enjoy the views from the observation deck or dine in its restaurant. The site also included the Folk Life centre, a popular attraction that included creative workshops and craftsmen and showcased the latest technological developments, including walking and talking robots. As for entertainment at the Expo, the Elm Tree Theatre, which offered live music and dance performances, was very popular with visitors, with performances by artists such as Bob Hope, Bill Cosby, Johnny Cash and the Knoxville Symphony Orchestra. Parades and fireworks displays were organised every day, as well as football and basketball games to entertain visitors, who could also enjoy scenic barge trips on the Tennessee River. International Participants
The European Economic Community made its first Expo appearance at Expo 1982 Knoxville, with its 10 members at the time – Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom and West Germany – being represented in a single pavilion. A total of 16 international participants had pavilions at the Expo. The six-story pavilion of the host country recounted the history of energy production and use in the United States. The pavilion was partly powered by solar panels on its roof, and inside, visitors could enjoy the displays via technological marvels including an interactive touchscreen system and an IMAX theatre. In the Saudi Arabian pavilion, giant solar collectors demonstrated the country’s role as an energy producer, while the Italian pavilion featured model energy generators and highlighted the contribution of Italian scientists in the past century. Participating countries also showcased their culture and innovation. The Egyptian pavilion brought a historical learning opportunity to the Expo with its collection of 3,000-year-old chariots and sculptures, as well as treasures found in the tombs of Pharaohs, while the Hungarian pavilion displayed a huge revolving Rubik’s cube, invented by Hungarian sculptor Ernö Rubik. Legacy
Expo 1982 drew over 11 million visitors. The Sunsphere Tower, a symbol of Knoxville, partially reopened to visitors in 2007. World’s Fair Park continues to occupy most of the Expo site, hosting several cultural and recreational facilities. These include the Knoxville Museum of Art on the site of the former Japanese pavilion, and the Tennessee Amphitheatre, which was built for the Expo and continues to serve as a concert venue.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 34
Dates 12/05/1984 - 11/11/1984
Visitors 7,335,000
Theme The World of rivers – Fresh Water as a source of life
Participants (Official) 15
Official Designation The 1984 Louisiana World Exposition
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A celebration of the Centennial
Recognised by the 89th session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 22 April 1981, the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition was held in New Orleans, a city known for its vibrant night-life. This Expo coincided with the centennial of the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition. The objective of this 1984 Specialised Expo was for New Orleans to undergo an urban renewal, by promoting the city as an attractive tourist destination, redeveloping the Warehouse District, and setting the context for the construction of an upscale convention centre. The theme of New Orleans' Expo was ‘The World of Rivers: Fresh Water as a Source of Life’, with the site located on the banks of the Mississippi River. The Expo was a hit with New Orleans’ residents, and welcomed a total of 7,335,000 visitors over a span of six months. The Expo was to be the last of its kind to be held in the United States to date as it experienced an unexpected lack of revenue: the gondola attracted half as many riders as predicted, while the number of visitors fell shy of the 11 million that organisers expected. The Venue
The site of the 1984 Expo was distinguished by a monorail, a gondola over the Mississippi river, and the brightly-coloured 805metre Wonderwall, which was dubbed a ‘stationary Mardi Gras parade’. The 1984 New Orleans Expo was the first Expo to have its own mascot - Seymore D. Fair - a white pelican wearing a blue tuxedo. City officials and fair organisers decided to build the monorail system for the Expo with the aim transporting a large amount of visitors so as to avoid traffic building up in the Warehouse and Downtown districts. Lush vegetation was planted throughout the Expo site and small gazebos were set up on the walkway in order to ensure the comfort of pedestrians during the heat of the Louisiana summer. Other memorable features of the Expo were the gondola that crossed the Mississippi River, which facilitated the transport of visitors around the Expo and was suspended 61 metres in the air, and an amphitheatre where famous musicians including Willie Nelson, Linda Ronstadt and Neil Young performed. The US pavilion featured NASA’s prototype Space Shuttle Enterprise, which proved popular with visitors – it attracted a total of 2.6 million visits throughout the duration of the Expo. The host nation’s pavilion also featured two 3-D cinemas that screened ‘Water, the Source of Life’, a 20-minute film produced by Charles Guggenheim. Highlights of the international contribution include the Italian Village, a popular dining spot for visitors, and the Japanese pavilion. This pavilions drew on the Expo’s water theme with elements of Japanese culture and history, as well as exhibits of traditional Japanese forms of celebration. Legacy
Many of the streets and buildings in the Warehouse District of New Orleans were renovated thanks to Expo 1984. Buildings that were improved so that businesses could attract visitors during the Expo were used for commercial and residential purposes once it closed. These improvements contributed to the development of New Orleans’ vibrant art district, which remains popular for its restaurants and art galleries. The Ernest N. Morial Convention Center is one of the Expo's greatest legacies. This building served as the Louisiana Pavilion during the Expo, and reopened as a convention centre in 1985, now being the sixth largest of its kind in the country. Another noteworthy legacy of the Expo is the shopping centre built on the waterfront where the international pavilions were located during the fair, which enabled the banks of the Mississippi river to be integrated into the city’s urban life.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 5.80
Dates 04/11/1985 - 30/11/1985
Visitors 1,000,000
Theme Inventions
Participants (Countries) 73
Official Designation World Achievements Exhibition of Young Inventors
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In April 1984, the Bulgarian Government expressed to the BIE its wish to organise an Expo in Plovdiv in 1985 on the occasion of the International Year of the Youth. Two Specialised Expos had already been registered: Tsukuba in 1985 and Vancouver in 1986. Bulgaria’s request thus came against the BIE’s regulatory framework of the time, which required a minimum of two years between different Expos and a delay of four years after the initial application for an Expo. However, based on the interest of the theme, the short duration of the Expo and the fact that it was being organised under the auspices of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), a specialised UN agency, the 95th General Assembly of the BIE voted to accept the recognition of Expo 1985 Plovdiv on 30 May 1985. The World Exhibition of Young Inventors thus took place in Plovdiv between 4 and 30 November 1985, under the auspices of the BIE. The Expo was organised by the State Committee for Science and technical and scientific progress of Bulgaria, the National Council of scientific and technical creation of youth, the International Foundation Ludmila Jivkova and the Institute of invention and rationalisation. A platform for scientific exchange
The Expo attracted the participation of 73 countries and 4 international organisations, with a total of 18 pavilions. Under the theme "The Achievements of Young Inventors”, Expo 1985 Plovdiv encouraged participants to present their scientific and technological developments, and to take part in conferences and symposiums. The latter included a seminar entitled “Inventions for Development”, which was jointly organised with WIPO. Some 10,550 creations from young inventors were showcased at the Expo. An international jury awarded 198 gold medals and four special prizes, while Bulgarian organisations handed out 35 awards. The Expo was a unique platform for scientific, technical and cultural exchange, having been visited by 684 official delegations from 86 countries throughout its duration. Legacy
Expo 1985 was also the opportunity for meetings between a group of 16 African countries to discuss the creation of the Federation of Inventors’ Associations of Africa. The group agreed to create a temporary committee to prepare the constitution, with the Federation being founded on 8 November 1985. The Expo was marked by a series of three postal stamps, as well as a commemorative five leva coin.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 100
Dates 17/03/1985 - 16/09/1985
Visitors 20,334,727
Theme Participants (Countries) Dwellings and surroundings – Science and 48 Technology for Man at Home Official Designation International Exhibition, Tsukuba Japan 1985
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Science and Technology for Man at Home
The idea to hold a third Expo in Japan dates from 1978, when the Ministry of International Trade and Industry first proposed the organisation of an Expo centred on how science and technology could shape the future. As an important centre of research which boasted the facilities of the Tsukuba Science City, Tsukuba was chosen as the host of the Expo. The Expo, which adopted the theme ‘Dwellings and Surroundings – Science and Technology for Man at Home’ was approved by the General Assembly of the BIE in April 1981. The objectives of this theme were to showcase man’s relationship with science and technology and to enable the general public to enhance their knowledge of the sector through participation and personal experiences. In 1982, only 30 months before the opening, a ground-breaking ceremony was held at the main gate of the Expo site. Showcasing Japanese technology
Japanese advancements in Science and Technology were highlighted by the Japanese Government through the Tsukuba Expo Centre, the Theme and the History Pavilions, and numerous corporate pavilions showcasing the latest technology of the time. The Tsukuba Expo Centre highlighted Japan’s scientific and technological research and development. It included the Cosmic Hall zone, which featured the first HDTV system, as well as the Science Forum, which displayed information and answered questions in 16 different languages. The Theme Pavilion was divided into two main sub-themes. ‘My Land’ was designed to portray the diversity of nature and Japan’s natural resources, including the technology required to make use of them. ‘My Life’ explained the role of mankind as a part of nature, representing life as it is today as well as a vision of future life The History Pavilion illustrated the past, present, and future of Japan’s science and technology, telling the story of how Western science was introduced in Japan and then was further developed by Japanese scientists. The three zones of the pavilion focused on ‘Technology and Independence’ in the Meiji era, ‘Iron and Rice’ in the middle ages, and ‘Science and its Fruits’ in the modern period. The corporate pavilions were some of the most popular attractions at the Expo, with the Fuyo Robot Theatre, the Suntory Pavilion and Mitsubishi Future Pavilion all having unique designs. The monorail system used in the latter was later recycled and used at Expo 1988 in Brisbane, where it carried visitors around the Queensland pavilion. Educational activities
A Children’s Plaza playground was located at the centre of the Expo site and was designed to help children understand science and technology through entertainment and recreation. One of its most popular features was the ‘Fun Tube’, consisting of a large meandering pipe where visitors could experience a range of sensations including wind, rain, fog, echoes, and reflections. The Mechanical Zoo was also popular, with its machines mimicking the movements of live animals on land and in water, including a remote-control frog. International Pavilions
International participants were divided into four main groups, each located in a different area of the site. The USSR’s pavilion focused on the country’s technological achievements, notably in the area of energy, housing, education and culture. Achievements were also showcased in the British pavilion, which demonstrated the country’s efforts to contribute to a better and healthier world for all. The French pavilion featured models of French urban landscapes, including a section dedicated to Paris, a display of suburban redevelopment, a model home for the disabled, and a model of the town of Orme, where modern architecture had been designed to be in harmony with the surrounding environment. The pavilion of the United States focused on artificial intelligence, showing the achievements that had so far been accomplished and the potential impact of this technology on humans. One exhibit, dubbed ‘Robots that think’, showed robots solving Rubik’s cubes and complex mathematical problems. The pavilion sought to demonstrate how the country’s culture of openness has helped contribute to research and information technology. Many developing countries participated in the Expo, which encouraged the exchange of new technologies and innovations. Legacy
Attracting 20.3 million visitors, Expo 1985 was a major success, making it the third most visited Specialised Expo ever held, after Expo 1986 in Vancouver and Expo 2005 in Aichi. The Expo came as a major boost to the Tsukuba Science City, improving its infrastructure and connecting Tsukuba with the Joban Expressway. Today, Tsukuba is home to 60 public and 240 private research institutions, proving its status as a major science and technology hub.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 70
Dates 02/05/1986 - 13/10/1986
Visitors 22,111,578
Theme Participants (Countries) Transportation and Communication: World55 in Motion - World in Touch Official Designation The 1986 World Exposition on Transportation
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In 1986, Vancouver’s Centennial was celebrated through an International Specialised Expo with the theme “Transportation and Communication: World in Motion – World in Touch”. Recognised by the 88th session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 26 November 1980, the Expo was officially opened on 2 May 1986 by the Prince and the Princess of Wales, Charles and Diana. It was the third Expo to take place in the Pacific Northwest, and North America’s last Expo of the 20th century. The 70 ha site attracted over 22 million visitors, of which over half came from the United States. The Expo
The site stretched 4.5km along the north and east shoreline of False Creek and was divided into six colour-coded zones, with each zone featuring international and provincial pavilions as well as restaurants and theatres. There were a total of 65 pavilions, of which 41 were international, as well as three foreign plazas for the US, Europe and ASEAN countries. BC Place, which spanned 4.5 ha and remains to this day, was located at the centre of the site and included the Plaza of Nations, where special and national day celebrations were held. The site also featured three plazas focused on land, air and water transport, which were buzzing with constantly changing displays of vehicles, aircraft and vessels. In addition to the general public, the Expo also appealed to specialists via a range of seminars, events and activities that took place during 14 specialized periods, each lasting up to two weeks. Seminar topics varied from polar transportation to underwater resources, and from alternative fuel to power systems. World in Motion
The Expo’s transportation theme was clearly visible via the 5.4km monorail, two gondola Skyrides, and the city’s newly built SkyTrain system, with all on-site transport being free to use. The monorail connected different zones of the site while the SkyTrain allowed visitors to travel between the main site and the 10,800m2 Canada Pavilion, which was located across town in the city’s harbour. Steam and sailing boats were on show in the harbour, while there was also a fly-by of DC-3 aircraft and special activities for steam locomotives. International participants joined in too - Japan displayed a prototype of its magnetic levitation train and the German Pavilion featured a bus capable on running on both diesel and electricity. The Soulé SK people-mover system and a full-sized TGV train replica were put on display by France, which also brought in a reproduction of the Montgolfier brothers’ hot air balloon for the French national day. Space rivalry
Expo 1986 was the first World Expo in which the US, the Soviet Union and China all participated, with space travel proving to be a key point of communication for these major powers. The Soviet pavilion, which covered 2,500m2 in the centre of the site, celebrated the 25th anniversary of manned space flight with a 15-metre-high statue of Yuri A. Gagarin, the first man to orbit the earth. Visitors were able to walk through a 33-metre replica of a Soviet space station and see a working laboratory. The US pavilion treated visitors to a space travel experience including a gallery of American space pioneers as well as their equipment and models of their spacecraft, including the Columbia space shuttle. The Chinese pavilion at the eastern end of the fairground, distinguished by a painted arch modeled after a gate at Peking's Summer Palace, also displayed space rocket models as well as communications satellites. Legacy
The Expo’s focus on transport had a long-lasting impact on Vancouver – Expo-related developments include the SkyTrain rapid transit system and the cable-stayed Alex Fraser Bridge over the Fraser River, which was the longest bridge of its kind when it opened. The Canada Pavilion was transformed into Vancouver’s new marina, with the iconic white sails remaining in place and becoming one of the city’s hallmarks. The BC Place stadium, which was built for the Expo, remains one of the city’s major multi-purpose venues, having also been used for the Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver in 2010. One of the thematic pavilions, a renovated 100year-old railway roundhouse which featured an exhibit on “The Golden Age of Ingenuity” in transportation, is now an arts-focused community centre, while the dome-shaped Expo Centre reopened as Science World in 1990.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 40
Dates 30/04/1988 - 30/10/1988
Visitors 18,560,447
Theme Leisure in the age of Technology
Participants (Countries) 36
Official Designation International Exhibition on Leisure, Brisbane 1988
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Celebrating the bicentenary
Expo 1988, recognised by the 94th session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 7 December 1983, took place in Brisbane, the capital of the Australian state of Queensland, and coincided with the 200th anniversary of European settlers reaching Australia. The Expo, which was opened by Queen Elizabeth II, was the event organised in 1988 to celebrate the bicentenary, with organisers keen to give the Expo a unique Australian character. A total of 18.6 million visitors attended the Expo, higher than Australia’s total population at the time, which was 16 million. Leisure as the expression of culture
The Expo was focused on “Leisure in the Age of Technology”. The theme allowed the Expo’s participants to demonstrate how leisure is pursued in different cultures, and to focus on the important link cultural development and the pursuit of leisure. The Expo was also host to a number of conferences on issues related to sport, including its history. Participants were keen to demonstrate their own version of leisure. The Swiss pavilion featured a 40-metre ski slope, the German pavilion had a beer garden, and the sports-focused US pavilion featured an outdoor sports court at which numerous top level athletes performed. The ‘Sunshine State’ welcomes the world
The Expo site was developed to allow numerous outdoor activities and performances related to leisure, with numerous outdoor eateries and entertainment venues surrounded by lush vegetation and tent-shaped “sun sails” to protect visitors from the Queensland heat. Visitors could get around the park via a monorail, which passed directly through the Queensland pavilion, one of the Expo’s major attractions. The pavilion, which recreated the Australian outback and recounted Aboriginal legends, featured a people mover system to transport visitors between exhibits. The system was first used by the Mitsubishi pavilion at Expo 1985 in Tsukuba. Participation was notably high from the Asia-Pacific region. Several island nations, including the Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu, made their first appearance at an Expo via the Pacific Lagoon, which was made up of traditional thatch and wood structures. Legacy
The Expo site, which was formerly a run-down industrial zone near the city’s port, was converted into a park now known as the South Bank Parklands. The park notably features the Nepal Peace Pagoda, a three-storey wooden structure that is the only international pavilion to remain on the Expo site. World Expo Park, a theme park that accompanied the Expo, was redeveloped into the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre.
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Category International Specialised Expo
SPECIALISED EXPO
Participants (Official) 8
Dates 07/06/1991 - 07/07/1991 Theme The activity of young people in the service of a World of Peace Official Designation Expo Plovdiv 1991
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Bulgaria & the BIE
At the request of the Bulgarian Government, on 14 December 1988, the 104th General Assembly of the BIE recognised Expo 1991 Plovdiv, a Specialised Expo organised under the theme “Youth Inventiveness for a Peaceful World”. This recognition took place despite the moratorium on new Expos (excluding horticultural expos) between 1989 and 1991, following the adoption of new rules by the BIE in 1988. Expo 1991, the third to take place in the Bulgarian city, was recognised by the BIE for the quality of the project and its fulfilment of the characteristics of a Recognised Expo. Having already hosted the first World Exhibition of Young Inventors in 1985, Plovdiv thus hosted the second edition between 7 June and 7 July 1991. The Expo was organised by the Ministry of Economy and Planning, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bulgaria, the Republican Council of Scientific and Technical Creativity of Youth, the International Foundation "Ludmila Jivkova" and the Institute of inventions and rationalisations. Once again, the Expo was organised in cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), an agency of the UN. A changing political context
From 1989, Bulgaria faced fundamental changes to its economy and society as with other countries in the Eastern Bloc. The Government embarked on political and economic reforms with Expo 1991 Plovdiv becoming an event that supported this transition process, in Bulgaria and in neighbouring countries. These ongoing changes sparked a high level of international interest in the Expo. Efforts were made to encourage participations from young inventors from around to world. As early as June 1988, the crew of the second Soviet-Bulgarian space flight in June 1988 addressed young people, inviting them to participate in the Expo 1991. Eight countries participated officially in the Expo, but a total of 36 countries were represented via individuals, companies, institutes or universities. Additionally, 16 international organisations took part in the Expo. An outstanding scientific program
Over 3,000 inventions and innovations were presented at the Expo, with these being classified according to 14 themes. These included electronics and aerospace, chemistry and medicine, architecture and construction, mechanical engineering and metallurgy, energy, and food. Projects in the fields of ecology and tourism were also showcased. Celebrating young inventors, the exhibits at Expo 1991 were limited to creations from those aged under 45. Some 10% of the projects on display were developed by schoolchildren aged under 18, 22% were from those aged 18-25, and 59% were from inventors aged 25-35. An international jury awarded the most innovate projects with 187 gold medals and 40 special prizes. The exhibition was also an opportunity to organise scientific and cultural events, of which more than 180 took place. These included 45 conferences, and an international symposium entitled "Young Inventors and Innovators in the Context of Economic and Technological Development", organised by the Bulgarian Government and WIPO. This three-day symposium gathered representatives from 25 countries on 3-5 July. Legacy
Expo 1991 was an opportunity for Plovdiv to welcome scientists, entrepreneurs, inventors and technicians from all over the world. During the course of the Expo, a total of 140 reports and speeches were presented, based around the theme of invention. The expansion and modernisation of the city’s International Fair grounds, which included the construction of four new pavilions, allowed Plovdiv to develop its conference and exhibition industry, and to increase the city’s influence on international trade.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 6
Dates 15/05/1992 - 15/08/1992
Visitors 1,706,148
Theme Christopher Colombus: The Ship and the Sea
Participants (Countries) 54
Official Designation Specialised International Exposition Genoa 1992
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Italy & the BIE
The Italian city of Genoa, a major industrial port, was faced with a period of decline in the 1960s and 1970s, forcing it to look towards opportunities for redevelopment. In the 1980s, the decision was taken to organise a Specialised Expo, with the aim of bringing new opportunities to the city and promoting its image. The 102nd session of the General Assembly of the BIE recognised the Expo project under the theme "Christopher Columbus, the Ship and the Sea". The theme was chosen as 1992 marked the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa. The discovery of the Americas theme was also in line with the World Expo that was organised the same year in Seville, Spain. The Site
Celebrated Genoese architect Renzo Piano was given the task of designing the Expo site, which would connect the old harbour with the Piazza Principe in the centre of the city. Piano proposed an exhibition project that could also serve as an urban renewal scheme, unifying the old harbour’s derelict areas with the rest of the city. The project included the construction of two permanent buildings: a large facilities centre and an aquarium with 12,000 marine species, the largest in Italy. The centrepiece structure on the Expo site was the Grande Bigo, a monument composed of eight large masts, inspired by cargo ship derricks. Featuring a glass elevator that rises 40 metres above the ground to allow visitors to get a panoramic view of the harbour and old city, the Bigo remains a landmark in Genoa. Pavilions
International participants presented exhibits related to Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the Americas or to the nautical theme. The pavilion of the Bahamas – where Columbus first landed on reaching the Americas – displayed artefacts dating back to the indigenous Lucuyan people, as well as photographs of the spots on the island where the explorer may have first set foot. The Japanese Pavilion proved popular with its graphic displays and a talking robot dressed in samurai clothing that explained the importance of the nautical theme to Japan. The Pavilion also featured the Yotei Maru, a ferry that previously transported train carriages between the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. Legacy
The Expo successfully enabled the redevelopment of the old harbour area, which had been a priority of the local, regional and national governments. Genoa benefited greatly from the architectural improvements, as well as the construction of an underground metro line and new pedestrian areas. The city’s aquarium, with its iconic dome, remains popular to this day, attracting over 1 millions visitors per year. The Piazza delle Feste also remains a popular venue, serving as an ice rink in winter and hosting sports and artistic events in the summer months.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 90.10
Dates 07/08/1993 - 07/11/1993
Visitors 14,005,808
Theme The Challenge of a New Road of Development
Participants (Official) 141
Official Designation The Taejon International Exposition, Korea 1993
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The Republic of Korea organised a Specialised Expo in Daejeon (Taejon) in 1993, commemorating the centennial of the first ever Korean Pavilion at a World Expo, in Chicago in 1893. The Expo, which was recognised by the 108th session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 12 December 1990, was the second major event to be organised by the Republic of Korea following the Seoul Summer Olympics in 1988, and was part of Daejeon’s objective to become an internationally recognised hub of science and technology. Organised around the theme ‘The Challenge of a New Road of Development’, the Expo came at a time of rapid economic development in the country. The theme reflected increased national and international awareness of environmental issues associated with growth. Exhibits at the Expo followed two subthemes – ‘Traditional and Modern Science and Technology for the Developing World’ and ‘Effective use of resources and recycling’ – proposing alternative solutions and technology in favour of green development. Expo 1993 focused on cultural programs as well as high-tech inventions. Through folklore festivals and opera performances, the Expo also provided visitors with a better understanding of ancient, traditional, and modern Korea. The Site
The Expo site, which was split into an international zone, a corporate zone and an amusement park, was located in the Doryong District within the Daedok Science Town. Some very popular attractions were in the Corporate zone, which had a crystal-like design. Korean electronics firms invested large sums to showcase the latest cinematic technologies, screening IMAX 3D films on the history of Earth (Ssangyong), the history of civilisation (Daewoo), or the simulation of a space journey (Samsung). The amusement park was named ‘Kumdori Land’ after the Expo’s astronaut-like mascot, who personified the human dream of science and technological progress. The Expo site was centred around Han’bit-Ap, or the Tower of Great Light, a 93-metre tower which remains open to this day. Its concept, based on the motifs of light, science, and universe, embodied the connection between the wisdom of the past and the present, and the willingness to leap into the future. The lower section of the Tower, made with 1,993 granite bricks, pays homage to Cheomseongdae, a 7th century astronomical observatory located in Gyeongju. The middle part of the Tower, symbolising the present, portrays the scientific developments in the Republic of Korea at the time. The cone-shaped top section represents the future, illustrating the advancement and determination of the Korean people. International Participants
The International Zone was located in the centre of the Expo site, with participation from 108 countries and 33 international organisations. Visitors could discover new technological solutions to produce energy from clean and renewable sources, as well as innovative forms of transport such as the high-speed Maglev train. The Pavilion of France showcased many of the country’s achievements in transport and urban planning, including a model of the high speed TGV train, a prototype electric car, and innovative solutions for managing industrial and household waste. As the Republic of Korea was starting to develop high speed rail, the French delegation was keen to showcase the country’s expertise, with President François Mitterand paying a visit to the Expo on 15 September. The Canadian Pavilion proved popular with visitors due to its high-tech exhibits and a simulation theatre in which the audience watched a six-minute film on moving platforms. The pavilion notably highlighted Canada’s transport industry, including a car simulator that allowed visitors to drive around the streets of Quebec. Russia’s Pavilion drew attention to the country’s achievements in space travel and exploration, including a life-size model of the 13-metre long Mir space station. The pavilion also included exhibits highlighting new technologies and materials to reduce the environmental impact of energy generation and industry. Legacy
Expo 1993 was a major success for Daejeon and the Republic of Korea, attracting over 14 million visitors and demonstrating the country’s capacity to host mega-events. The Expo improved the status and visibility of Daejeon, both nationally and internationally. In the years following the Expo, Daejeon and its surrounding area have continued to grow, with the further development of transport links and the relocation of administrative activities from the capital. In 1994, the site reopened under the name of Expo Science Park, an amusement park dedicated to science and technology.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 50
Dates 22/05/1998 - 30/09/1998
Visitors 10,128,204
Theme The Oceans: a heritage for the Future
Participants (Countries) 143
Official Designation Lisboa Expo’98 – 1998 Lisbon World Exposition
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The theme of the oceans
Beyond the commemoration of the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's arrival in India, Expo 1998 Lisbon, recognised by the BIE General Assembly on 8 June 1994, had a specific theme: "The oceans: a heritage for the future". It was mainly focused on proposing new ethics in relations between man and his natural environment and contributing to raising awareness with regard to respecting the oceans. Indeed, by a declaration of the United Nations, 1998 was the International Year of the Ocean, so the topic fitted well. Thus, besides the Expo's content, the Independent World Commission on the Oceans presented its final report at the Portuguese Pavilion. The simultaneity of these two events made the topic of the oceans a priority on the global political arena. The Expo was a success, attracting over 10 million visitors. The figures for the participants were also impressive: 143 countries and 14 international organisations were present. Buildings as remarkable as the Expo
The highlight of the Expo was without any doubt the Oceans Pavilion that sheltered the Oceanarium. With more than 500 species represented and a volume of water equal to four Olympic size swimming pools, the Oceanarium was one of the first aquariums in Europe. Since its opening, more than 12 million tourists visited the Oceanarium. Among the other noteworthy buildings, are namely the "Gare do Oriente", which became one of the main transport hub in Lisbon , the surprising Vasco da Gama Tower, the huge bridge of the same name and the Park of the Nations' cable car, which allowed the visitors to move within the Expo. A varied cultural programming
Promoting cultural diversity was also one of the Expo's goals. Visitors were spoilt for choice: street performances, opera at Camoes Theatre, 17 stage spaces dedicated to music, activities for children, movable stages... Along with this rich programming, there were two side festivals: 100 Days Festival and Festival Dive into the Future. An amazing urban redevelopment opportunity
Expo'98 was exceptional because its double legacy: it illustrated Portugal's modernity on the world stage and at the same time completely redesigned the neglected Eastern part of the city. This fantastic redevelopment project enabled the birth of a new neighbourhood using components from the Expo site. This former industrial wasteland is today the main business district of the city and a pleasant place to live. The Expo: a catalyst for the city and country's development
In addition to the international assertion of Portugal, the Expo had a significant impact on tourism but also on employment and economy. Indeed, according to a survey from the Ministry for Equipment and Planning of Portugal, 1.2% of the GDP and 0.6% of the employment may have been attributable to the Expo in 1998. With regard to a long-term vision it is worth mentioning the tourism boom. Since 1998, in Lisbon, tourism has increased faster than in any other European city.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Specialised Expo
Area (ha) 173
Dates 25/03/2005 - 25/09/2005
Participants (Countries) 121
Theme Nature’s Wisdom Official Designation EXPO 2005, Aichi, Japan
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EXPO 2005 AICHI
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The Expo
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Nature's wisdom
Recognised by the 128th session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 15 December 2000, the theme of the Expo - "Nature's Wisdom" - highlighted the relationship between human activities and nature with the purpose of rethinking the use of technologies and lifestyles as well as to exchange ideas on the preservation of ecosystems. Presenting prototypes and making demonstrations, the Expo contributed to the development of new strategies, methods, techniques and technologies. The site
The Nakagute area hosted the international and corporate pavilions. Here, visitors could learn about the theme and (re) discover the pleasure of being in contact with nature. The second zone, Seto, located in the Kaisho Forest, was dedicated to the Satoyama culture, which is an example of the Japanese tradition of living in harmony with nature. It is in this area that were located the Aichi Pavilion, the Japan Pavilion and the Citizens' Pavilion. An environmentally friendly site
Visitors to the Expo were able to experience, one step ahead of the rest of the world, new green technologies and environnemental solutions. For example, plastic waste and wood rests were used in the construction of buildings and biodegradable-plastics in the fabrication of over 20 million plates and cutlery for restaurants and catering. The Japan Pavilion used only renewable technologies to meet its energy needs. The Intelligent Multimode Transit System (IMTS) was used as a mode of transport within the Nagakute Area, and the fuel cell hybrid buses linked the Nagakute and Seto Areas. The Expo pavilions and attractions
Thanks to different pavilions and attractions, the Aichi Expo highlighted the relationship between humans, nature and technology. In the Earth Tower visitors discovered the wonders of light, wind and water. When they entered the 40-metre tower and turned towards the sky, they saw a ball of rising light about 36 meters in diameter. The external walls shimmered with flowing water, which in turn created the sound of the wind. This pavilion recalled the beauty and power of nature. The theme pavilion the Bio-Lung impressed the visitors with its 150 m long and 15 m high "green wall". It was fully covered by a variety of flowers and plants and represented a means of offsetting the urban heat-island effect. The JAMA Wonder Wheel Pavilion was recognizable by a large Ferris wheel that emerged from the pavilion. It allowed visitors to have, from its top, an overview of the Expo site. The pavilion was made of recyclable materials, which after the end of the event were reused for the construction of another building. The post-Expo
In July 2006, a part of the Nagakute area became the Expo Memorial Park. It is here that the house of Satsuki and Mei, two protagonists of the famous animated film "My Neighbour Totoro", was created. In addition, a children's activity centre and a Japanese Park were built. In September 2006, the Aichi Kaisho Forest Centre opened in the former Seto Pavilion (Seto area). The centre was created to preserve the Kaisho Forest and create a gathering place for education. In March 2007, a museum dedicated to the Expo, an indoor swimming pool and an ice rink were also inaugurated.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Recognised exhibition
Area (ha) 25
Dates 14/06/2008 - 14/09/2008
Visitors 5,650,943
Theme Water and sustainable development
Participants (Official) 108
Official Designation International Recognized Exhibition Expo 2008 Zaragoza
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Water & Sustainable Development Following in the steps of Seville’s successful World Expo in 1992, the Spanish city of Zaragoza embarked on a project to organise a Specialised Expo as a way to boost investment and spur development, notably along the banks of the Ebro River. Reflecting the pressing issue of managing water resources and the city’s own experience at the confluence of two major river systems, the theme “Water & Sustainable Development” was selected as the theme of Expo 2008, which coincided with the bicentenary of the First Siege of Zaragoza. Recognised by the 138rd session of the General Assembly of the BIE on 1 December 2005, Expo 2008 was the first Specialised Expo to take place since the BIE adopted new rules regulating this type of event, known officially as an ‘International Recognised Exhibition’. These rules stipulate that the Expo can last no longer than three months, with a maximum site area of 25 hectares, encouraging organisers to be efficient with their use of space for thematic and international pavilions. The Site Taking into account the rules of the BIE and the sustainable aspect of the theme, the Expo Masterplan respected the city’s urban planning needs and followed environmental sustainability criteria, privileging “green” over “concrete”. Situated on the banks of the Ebro, the Expo site was divided in eight sections according to eco-geographical characteristics – islands, rainforests, oasis, temperate forests, ice and snow, mountains, rivers and flat planes, and grasslands. The site also featured a desert zone which used mirrors, projections and combinations of light and sound to form optical illusions. Several architectural masterpieces were designed as integral parts of the Expo site. These include Zaha Hadid’s uniquely shaped Bridge Pavilion, which served as the main entrance to the Expo site from the city centre and as a thematic pavilion. Another thematic pavilion, the droplet-shaped Tower of Water by Enrique de Teresa, stands 76 metres high and remains a landmark in the city. A Fountain of Discoveries Throughout the site, in the thematic and international pavilions, visitors could learn about the challenges facing the planet and solutions for the future. Six thematic Plazas highlighted different topics touching on the Expo’s theme, with special installations dedicated to thirst, clean energy, river basin governance and urban water management, among others. The River Aquarium – the largest freshwater aquarium in Europe – introduced visitors to the varied waterscapes of major waterways from across the world, featuring over 300 species from river ecosystems including the Nile, the Mekong, the MurrayDarling and the Ebro. The relationship between water and sustainable energy was addressed in a fascinating way in “Oikos”, which showcased the potential of water, solar and wind as sustainable sources of power via “sunflower” solar panels, a wind-powered water pump and a hydroelectric demonstration of Archimedes’ screw. International Participants A total of 104 countries participated in Expo 2008, and these were joined by all of Spain’s autonomous communities. In addition to independent pavilions, there were three regional pavilions from Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. Various creative techniques were used to encourage visitors to engage with the theme, including a miniature boat tour in Germany’s pavilion, artificial “lakes” created by water falling from the ceiling in Switzerland’s pavilion, and a mini-spa from the Philippines. The diversity of the theme was interpreted in a range of ways based on each country’s experiences – Japan showcased its cultural traditions in relation to water, the Netherlands’ pavilion was centred around the importance of the dam, and visitors to Algeria’s pavilion could learn about the ancient “foggara” irrigation system as well as a modern-day project to transfer drinking water 750km across the Sahara Desert. Cultural Programme The Expo’s cultural and entertainment programme was notable for its broad choice of events and activities. American singersongwriter Bob Dylan performed at the opening ceremony, while the closing ceremony was marked by an avant-garde performance by composer Philip Glass. Throughout the duration of the Expo, hundreds of thousands of visitors attended shows every week inspired by the theme of “Water and Sustainable Development.” Of the 3,400 cultural activities and spectacles on offer, the Cirque du Soleil’s daily “Awakening of the Serpent” procession and the climate change inspired “Iceberg” show proved particularly popular among visitors. Water Tribune As well as being an entertainment venue, Expo 2008 served as an intellectual hub on sustainable water management, gathering minds from across the world via the Water Tribune. This unique platform allowed scientists, engineers, politicians, business representatives and researchers to exchange on issues relating to the theme. It served as an intellectual instrument, encouraging different stakeholders to propose and debate solutions to different challenges surrounding water management in the world. The Water Tribune had a concrete outcome in the form of the Zaragoza Charter, which was drawn up to summarise the propositions and visions put forward during the Expo. Setting out clear recommendations for the sustainable management of water resources, the Charter indicates the way forward for policymakers and more generally all citizens of the world. After the Expo closed its gates, the Charter was presented to the Government of Spain, the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) and the Secretary General of the United Nations. Legacy After the Expo, Zaragoza became the first Spanish City to host the headquarters of a United Nations Agency; the United Nations International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015. In addition to the long-term impact of the Expo on the city and its population, this reinforced Zaragoza’s status as a reference point on matters of water and ecological development. In terms of its wider impact on the city, Expo 2008 served as a catalyst for the transformation of the Ebro riverfront as well as a modernisation of the city centre. Zaragoza’s transport infrastructure was improved via modernised roads and new bridges, as well as a bike-hire scheme which was established in the run-up to the Expo and which remains in place today.
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SPECIALISED EXPO
Category International Recognised exhibition
Area (ha) 25
Dates 12/05/2012 - 12/08/2012
Visitors 8,203,956
Theme The living ocean and coast
Participants (Countries) 103
Official Designation Expo Yeosu 2012
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Expo 2012: A Global Dialogue on the Common Destiny of the Ocean and Man
Expo 2012 Yeosu, recognised by the 144th session of the BIE General Assembly on 2 December 2008, was dedicated to the theme "The Living Ocean and Coast: Diversity of Resources and Sustainable Activities". It addressed the role of the ocean and coasts as a source of life and a regulator of the ecosystem. Together, ocean and coasts form a network that controls the global environment and whose singular influence on the health of the planet is a testimony to the common destiny of all people and nations around the world. But today, these two key ecosystem actors are increasingly in danger: continuous coastal developments, overexploitation of marine resources, and pollution have put enormous pressures on the fragile balance that governs their well-being. Against this backdrop, Expo Yeosu 2012 laid out a roadmap for development that could best respond to the needs of the 21st century. Today, sustainable development of the sea is not a choice but a necessity, as the survival of humanity is closely connected to the health of the ocean and coasts. Yeosu: Drawing Strength from Industry and Natural Wealth
Located on the southern coast of the Korean peninsula, the city had been a historical hub of maritime transport, linking China, the Korean peninsula, and Japan. Yeosu is one of the leading industrial cities on the nation's southern coast. The diversity of marine life species found in the East Asian region is said to be one of the greatest in the world. The Living Ocean and Coast
With its theme, Expo 2012 Yeosu has given momentum to a renewed international framework of action to combat climate change and promote responsible and sustainable development, so that a healthy, living ocean and coast may be preserved. The ocean and coasts have always played an integral part for life on Earth as well as for human civilisation – indeed, their presence, influence, and even control over human activities are ubiquitous and indispensable. However, centuries of human activities – which some may call abuse – have taken their toll. From overfishing and other damaging methods of fishing to industrial pollution and reckless development, the ocean and coasts have suffered from human exploitation. Moreover, the degradation of the marine and coastal environment must be treated with immediate and urgent care because it takes place in the wider context of a rapidly deteriorating planet and damaged ecosystems in general, which have far-reaching implications for our ability to meet international development goals. The deterioration of ecosystems and the corrosion of the marine and coastal environment represent a global emergency situation, with broad implications for all of humanity that require significant and bold measures. Indeed, the issue of marine and coastal preservation is a critical question of historic importance, and the whole of the international community must come together in order to build consensus on the actions to be taken. This was at the heart of Expo Yeosu 2012's message to the world. To adress this issue, Expo 2012 chose to focus on three main subthemes: - "Coastal Development and Preservation" - "New Resources Technology" - "Creative Maritime Activities" Yeosu Declaration
Expo Yesu 2012, together with an international drafting and review committee of experts in the field of oceans and marine sustainability drafted the Yeosu Declaration to promote the importance of sustaining our oceans and coasts. The Yeosu Declaration has provided the world with a new vision of "green growth from the sea," calling for all governments and civil society to work together in achieving their common goals for the ocean.
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About Astana
Kazakhstan and the BIE
Category International Recognised exhibition
Participants (Official) 137
Dates 10/06/2017 - 10/09/2017
Website expo2017astana.com/en/
Theme Future Energy
Facebook Expo2017AstanaInternational
Area (ha) 25
Twitter Expo2017_Int
Visitors 3,977,545
Specialised Expo 2017 took place in Astana, the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan, between 10 June and 10 September 2017. Kazakhstan was elected by BIE Member States as the host of Expo 2017 during the General Assembly of 22 November 2012, and Expo 2017 Astana was formally recognised by the General Assembly on 11 June 2014. Expo 2017 was organised under the theme ‘Future Energy’. This, along with the three subthemes – Reducing CO2 Emissions, Living Energy Efficiency, and Energy for All – allowed the Expo to present the state of energy in 2017 and to showcase sustainable solutions and innovative technologies.
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3 months dedicated to Future Energy
The Expo, which lasted 93 days, was one of the most spectacular cultural venues of 2017. Expo 2017 Astana included over 3,000 themed, cultural and entertainment events. 115 countries and 22 international organisations participated in the Expo. The site of the Expo was conceived with the theme at its heart, giving all visitors the opportunity to discover “Future Energy” both inside and outside the pavilions. The Expo showcased the theme through interactive and educational exhibits in thematic and international pavilions, and by fostering intellectual debate and creativity through the Future Energy Forum. A place of exchange and cooperation
Lasting from 29 June to 5 September, the Future Energy Forum was one of the main features of the Expo, hosting debates, workshops, panels and thematic weeks throughout its duration. Three Future Energy conferences based on the three subthemes were organised in the years leading up to the Expo, in order to prepare the ground for the main event. Aimed at stimulating international cooperation, the Future Energy Forum gathered top-level scientists, political representatives and energy experts from across the world to discuss the following themes: - Energy Revolution - Low-carbon technologies - Renewable technology solutions - Social economics of a new energy model - Universal Access to Sustainable Energy - Energy efficiency in the city: urban planning, construction and transport. The conclusions of the Future Energy Forum provided the basis for the Manifest of Values and Principles, a document that codifies the Expo’s intellectual legacy and serves as a global policy document including directives and recommendations to promote an energy-efficient lifestyle and the wide use of renewable energy.
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"Future Energy" addressed global energy-related challenges having a direct impact on the basic aspects of life on the planet. These challenges include the following: • Global warming and climate change; • Fair opportunities for economic development for all nations; • Energy security and allocation of resources; • Access to water; • Protection of biodiversity, and • Promotion of world equity. The theme covered a wide range of issues relating to the future of energy resources and tapped into the global interest in both combating climate change and ensuring sustainable development. To tackle this issue, Expo 2017 Astana identified three subthemes that present an overview of the state of energy in 2017, in order showcase sustainable solutions and technological innovations: • Reducing CO2 emissions. The environmental challenge: to protect our environment and promote trends that lead to environmental enhancement. • Efficient energy use. The economic challenge: to promote energy efficiency and the rational use of energy. • Energy for all. The social challenge: access to energy as a basic human need and right.
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A unique setting to address “Future Energy”
Expo 2017 Astana spanned an area of 174 ha, with the exhibition space taking up 25 ha. The Expo site included the National Pavilion of Kazakhstan, the Museum of Future Energy, the Energy Best Practices Area, international, themed and corporate pavilions, as well as trade and entertainment facilities. The non-exhibition area featured a conference centre, a press centre, residential buildings and hotels. The Sphere
Nur Alem - an eight-storey sphere with a diameter of 80 metres - was built as the heart of the Expo site. The structure is powered by a photovoltaic system and two noiseless wind turbines, and its design ensures reduced power consumption from the grid. The National Pavilion of Kazakhstan, located in a 5,000 m2 area at the base of the Sphere, was divided into two zones: “Insight into Kazakhstan” and “Creative Energy”. The upper floors house the Museum of Future Energy, which lets visitors discover the different sources of energy, and includes “Future Astana” – a visionary exhibit of a city of the future. The Theme Pavilions
Two dedicated theme pavilions explored the “Future Energy” theme through interactive and educational exhibits. The first began with the origins of energy and moved through to renewable energy and the latest technological innovations, including smart grids and smart cities. The second thematic pavilion showcased the human relationship with energy, with a focus on different forms of energy consumption and environmental challenges. The Energy Best Practices Area
The Energy Best Practices Area (eBPa) was one of the central events of Expo 2017 Astana, in which selected technologies, projects and policies from various areas of sustainable energy management were be presented to the public. The area showcased over 20 innovative projects selected by a panel of experts. The projects were selected based on their relevance and innovation concerning the following themes: - Renewable and alternative energy - Energy efficiency and traditional energy - Energy storage - Energy distribution - Using the energy of natural resources Energy Efficiency built into the Masterplan
From its conception, the Masterplan of Expo 2017 Astana embodied “Future Energy”, with the design of the site adapted to local conditions in order to reduce energy use and maximise energy generation potential. Developed by Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, each building was designed to have the most efficient orientation to optimise solar radiation, reducing the need for heating. Legacy
Located near Nazarbayev University, the site will allow the creation of a hub for research and innovative thinking. Expo buildings will be transformed to fit this ambition, as a new economic centre of the city. The Site itself will be divided into a science and technology park, a cultural complex, residential and commercial areas and 40 ha of green and leisure space. This transformation of the Expo site will boost the development of the district, with new commercial and residential areas to be developed to the North West and East of the Expo site, and the creation of research projects with Nazarbayev University.
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EXPO 2023 BUENOS AIRES
At a glance
Theme
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About Buenos Aires
SPECIALISED EXPO
Argentina & the BIE
Category International Recognised exhibition
Expected visitors 6,200,000
Dates 15/01/2023 - 15/04/2023
Website www.expo2023argentina.com.ar/
Theme Facebook Science, Innovation, Art and Creativity for Expo2023Arg Human Development. Creative industries Twitter in Digital Convergence Expo2023Arg Area (ha) 25
Argentina was elected host country of Specialised Expo 2023 by Member States of the BIE during the 162nd General Assembly on 15 November 2017. Argentina will continue to work with the BIE to formalise its Specialised Expo project and will submit a definitive implementation plan, known as a recognition dossier. This dossier will be submitted to the BIE at least four years before the opening date of the Expo, so that it can be formally recognised by the General Assembly.
Related 15.11.2017
06.11.2017
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Argentina elected host country of Specialised Expo 2023
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A new age of humankind has begun. Technological development and the new languages of communication based on it are producing a change in the way the peoples of the world work, communicate, learn, develop and entertain themselves. The era of digital convergence has begun, and Expo 2023 Buenos Aires will focus on this phenomenon as it attains full development and maturity: “Science, Innovation, Art and Creativity for Human Development. Creative industries in Digital Convergence.” For the first time, the nations of the Earth will converge in Latin America to hold a Specialised Expo where they will be able to discover the latest innovations in the technological industries, the newest proposals from the world of creativity, and multimedia, artistic, scientific and technological content from Argentina and participating countries. Virtual reality, augmented reality, digital art, music, new forms of literature, dance, audiovisual, animation, gaming, photography, software development, industrial, graphic and clothing design, architecture... the disciplines are varied and cross-cutting, and have different platforms from which to develop. There are new ways of working, undertaking and developing; new paths for humankind to follow in its search for harmony, peace, integration and dialogue. Never before in history have tools for individual and collective development been closer at hand than with Digital Convergence. Expo 2023 in Buenos Aires will enhance even further this new stage for humankind.
Related 15.11.2017
06.11.2017
Specialised Expo 2022/23 host country to be elected on 15 November
Argentina elected host country of Specialised Expo 2023
World Expo
EXPO 2005 AICHI
27.06.2017
Specialised Expo
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Poland, United States and Argentina present Specialised Expo projects
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The Expo site is located in the Parque del Bicentenario, bordering the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and alongside the General Paz Freeway in Villa Martelli, in the district of Vicente López, Province of Buenos Aires. The different highways towards the Metropolitan region ensure simple access. The site covers 65 ha. and boasts the best services and logistics infrastructure to host the Expo. The Expo project envisages the addition of another 22.46 ha, which would give a total area of 87.46 ha., of which the exhibition area would occupy 25 ha. A pedestrian bridge would link this area with the public parks of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, adding another 110.58 ha. The project would thus form an integrated area of Metropolitan Parks of about 200 ha. In 2023, the population residing within a radius of 500 kilometres of the site will be approximately 21.1 million people, which is 45.2% of Argentina’s total population. According to an estimate of per capita income in the region and the history of exhibitions held in the venue, up to 9.4 million visits can be expected, made by an estimated 6.2 million visitors (daily average of 104,500 visitors). The subsequent use of the venue will guarantee a permanent legacy that will be enjoyed by many generations to come. The area will be transformed into a large audiovisual public themed park, a cultural hub for science and entertainment.
Related 15.11.2017
06.11.2017
Specialised Expo 2022/23 host country to be elected on 15 November
Argentina elected host country of Specialised Expo 2023
World Expo
EXPO 2005 AICHI
27.06.2017
Specialised Expo
EXPO 2008 ZARAGOZA
Poland, United States and Argentina present Specialised Expo projects
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EXPO 2012 YEOSU
C
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 25/03/1960 - 25/09/1960
Area (ha) 50 Visitors 4,000,000
Theme International Horticulture Official Designation Floriade International Horticultural Exhibition 1960
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FLORIADE EXPO 1960 ROTTERDAM
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The Expo
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Floriade Expo 1960 Rotterdam was the first Horticultural Exhibition to be held under the auspices of the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) and was officially recognised at the organisation’s 43rd General Assembly on 5 May 1959. Opened on 25 March 1960 by Princess Beatrix, the future Queen, it was also the first edition of the Floriade, which has since taken place every decade in the Netherlands. With the motto “From Seed to Strength”, the Floriade took place in Het Park, a public park, which was originally designed in 1852 as an English landscape park by the Dutch architect Zocher and his son.
In preparation for the Expo, landscape architects J.T.P. Bijhouver and M.J. Vroom began redesigning Het Park in 1958, cables car were added and the Euromast observation tower, designed by architect H.A. Maanskant, was built.
Het Park hosted the majority of the exhibitions, with its newly created 18th century-style gardens, designed by J.H.R. van Koolwijk, which surrounded the country estate, de Heuvel. Along the west edge of the park, garden and landscape architect C. P. Broerse created a wildlife garden, hosting a vast array of indigenous plants to reflect the theme of the “Forest and Field” section. A large empty ditch between the Park and De Heuvel was also transformed into the Rhododendron Valley, while temporary floral displays from the Netherlands as well as from international participants embellished Het Park. In addition, a programme of indoor thematic exhibitions was organised in separate locations notably within Ahoy Hall and Energiahal, two convention centres built in the 1950s. Visitors could enjoy panoramic and spectacular view of Het Park, the city, its port and beyond by going to the top of the 101metre-high Euromast tower – the tallest building in the Netherlands at the time. Alternatively, the 30-metre-high cable car, which transported approximately 4,000 people per hour, also offered views of the site. One of the greatest legacies of Floriade Expo 1960 Rotterdam was the transformation of Het Park, which can still be seen today. Some of the garden displays in Het Park remain today, albeit in a more simplified form than during the Expo, including the wildlife gardens, the 18th century gardens and the Rhododendron Valley. While the Euromast was rapidly overtaken by other buildings as the tallest in Rotterdam, the addition of the 85-metre Space Tower in 1970 led to the structure reclaiming its position as the tallest building in the city. It remains an iconic building in Rotterdam as a post-war architectural experiment.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 26/04/1963 - 13/10/1963 Theme Horticulture of all Categories from the Point of View of Economics and Culture
Area (ha) 76 Visitors 5,400,000 Participants (Countries) 35
Official Designation IGA 63 – Internationale Gartenbauausstellung Hamburg 1963
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Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 1963 Hamburg was the second Horticultural Expo organised under the auspices of the BIE, receiving recognition by the General Assembly on 16 November 1961. The Expo, which gathered 35 participating countries, was inaugurated by Heinrich Lübke, President of the Federal Republic, and received a total of 5.4 million visitors during its six-month run. IGA 1963 followed a long line of international horticultural exhibitions organised in Hamburg, dating back to 1850, with the latest edition taking place in 1953. The Expo site, centred around the Planten un Blomen park (“Plants and Flowers”), was initially developed in 1938 and was also host to IGA 1953. The city of Hamburg underwent a raft of changes ahead of IGA 1963. New water features were built in the area, a pedestrian passage was constructed under the highway in order to connect the Milertor to the Botanical Garden, which was expanded with the construction of several greenhouses designed by Bernhard Hermkes. The Wallgraben fortifications, destroyed during the Second World War, were restored, and a new bridge was built to connect the north and south parts of the area. Additionally, a play area and an elevated waterside café were built on the newly developed part of the Expo site. Within Planten un Blomen, tropical greenhouses were built, as well as a 1.5km railway circuit and cable cars offering sights over the Expo site’s national gardens, ponds, and futuristic restaurants. Reflecting the modern era, the Expo featured a “Technology in Horticulture” exhibit, which included automated nurseries and latest-generation greenhouses. In the historical context of IGA 1963, international participation was significant, although no official invitations were sent to socialist states in order to avoid addressing the issue of East and West Germany. International displays were found in the Halle der Nationen, adjacent to Planten un Blomen, as well as in the national gardens situated across the Expo site. The redevelopment of the site transformed the area, which continues to be the “green lung” of Hamburg to this day. While the cable car was removed after the Expo, the railway remained in place until the site hosted IGA 1973. The greenhouses of the Botanical Garden, today known as the Old Botanical Garden, remain one of the most recognisable attractions in Hamburg.
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Austria & the BIE
Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 16/04/1964 - 11/10/1964
Area (ha) 100 Visitors 2,100,000 Participants (Countries) 28
Theme International Horticulture Official Designation WIG 64 – Wiener Internationale Gartenschau
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Austria & the BIE
In 1964, Austria hosted its first Horticultural Expo – the Wiener Internationale Gartenschau (WIG) 1964. Recognised by the General Assembly of the BIE on 13 November 1962, the Expo formed part of Vienna’s post-war urban development strategy, and was inspired by similar horticultural exhibitions in Germany that aimed to create or re-establish urban green spaces.
The selected site for the Expo was a “problem zone” between the Danube and the Old Danube (Alte Danau) that was previously used as a landfill, a shooting range, and a former slum. In its place, the Donaupark was created, with the improvement of Vienna’s image considered a priority for Organisers and particularly the mayor of Vienna, Franz Jonas, who sought a counterweight to increasing traffic and urbanisation. At the centre of the 100ha site, the Hannes Lintl-designed Donauturm (Danube Tower) was built, which at 252-metres instantly becoming a key feature on Vienna’ skyline. Alfred Auer, Director of Vienna’s Parks and Gardens, was given the responsibility of designing the site and its gardens, with a focus on the contemporary need for stress-free recreational areas in the city. Surrounding the Donauturm, the 180,000m2 “lawn bowl” and the newly-created 30,000m2 Iris Lake were created, beyond which were located the national gardens and theme areas, including a rosarium, a lily garden, a Paracelsus herb garden, and a moorland garden. Visitors could learn about different aspects of horticulture in the thematic pavilions, which were devoted to exhibitions on plant protection, fertilisation, forestry, the home and garden, fruit and vegetable processing, and research. Additionally, the 41-metre Ruthnerturm greenhouse, which fertilised and irrigated plants using an automated lift system, was one of the technological marvels at the Expo, and is considered a pioneer of vertical farming. A total of 29 countries participated in the Expo, of which 12 designed their own national garden. Some of the most notable international landscape architects contributed to the international section, including Roberto Burle Marx for Brazil, Hermann Thiele for Germany, and Willi Neukom for Switzerland. For visitors, the experience went beyond the horticultural exhibits and gardens; cultural events were held throughout the Expo, including open-air exhibitions and artistic performances on the Iris Lake. Moving around the site was facilitated by a miniature railway, as well as a 2.2km double chairlift which allowed visitors to appreciate a full view of the site. The best views, however, were from the top of the Donauturm, which featured a rotating restaurant. After gathering over 2 million visitors during the Expo, the site became a new public park for Vienna. Retaining many of its original features with the Donauturm, the miniature railway, and the rosarium, the park is one of the largest and most popular green spaces in the city. In 2014, the Wien Museum celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Expo with a dedicated exhibition paying tribute to the importance of WIG 1964 in the development of modern Vienna.
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France & the BIE
Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 23/04/1969 - 05/10/1969 Theme Flowers of France and Flowers of the World
Area (ha) 28 Visitors 2,400,000 Participants (Countries) 17
Official Designation Floralies Internationales Paris 1969
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The Expo
France & the BIE
France organised its first Horticultural Expo – the Floralies Internationales – in Paris in 1969. The Expo was recognised by the General Assembly of the BIE on 9 May 1968 with the theme “Flowers of France and the World.” Organised under the patronage of the French President and managed by the City of Paris, the aim of Floralies 1969 was to increase sensitivity about nature and the measures needed to protect it. The Expo was a major opportunity to increase the availability and quality of green spaces open to Parisians. The site, located in the Bois de Vincennes, was previously owned by the military, and the purpose of the Floralies project was to transform it into a botanical garden, permanently open to the public. The task of developing the land for the purposes of the Floralies and its long term legacy was given to landscape architect Daniel Colin. The site was centred around a 4,500m2 reflecting pool, which was bordered by the impressive Valley of Flowers. Here, visitors could appreciate the blooming of seasonal flowering plants, including tulips, cloves, poppies, rosebushes, geraniums and pansies, throughout the duration of the Expo. Next to the pool, the largest water-plant garden in Europe featured a range of exotic species, including the American water lily and the Egyptian lotus. The Expo site also featured the three hectare ‘Pine-wood’ with hardy perennials, an industrial and commercial section showcasing the latest machinery and equipment, and a children’s park. In addition to the regular exhibits, the five-month Expo demonstrated the seasonal evolution of plants through three main temporary exhibits based around Spring (23 April-4 May), Summer (20-29 June) and Autumn (26 September–5 October). During these special exhibitions, special cultural events were organised and the site was open until 11pm at night. Countries from across the world were represented through individual exhibits and gardens, with eight countries having official participations, including Cambodia and Japan. National day celebrations were held in the presence of dignitaries, including Princess Paola of Belgium, and Prince Rainer and Princess Grace of Monaco. After gathering 2.4 million visitors during the Expo, the site of the Floralies was converted into the Parc Floral, the first new public park inaugurated in Paris in the post-war period. The largest of four Botanical Gardens in Paris, the Parc Floral continues to be a popular destination for horticultural enthusiasts and for the public at large. Every year, a number of events are held within the park, including the Paris Jazz Festival, as well as indoor events within La Chesnaie du Roy, one of the pavilions built for the Expo.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 26/03/1972 - 01/10/1972
Area (ha) 75 Visitors 4,300,000
Theme Efforts accomplished by International Horticulture Official Designation Floriade Amsterdam 1972
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The Netherlands & the BIE
Floriade Expo 1972 Amsterdam was the second edition of the Floriade. It was formally recognised by the BIE at the 66th General Assembly on 14 November 1969 and ran from 26 March until 1 October.
Welcoming more than 4 million visitors, the Expo took place in Amstelpark, Beatrixpark and the Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre. Amstelpark, located along the banks of the River Amstel in the south of Amsterdam, was created specifically for the event by Bert Mos to host some of the outdoor exhibitions. Beatrixpark, which was created in 1936 and was designed by the Dutch landscape architect, Jakoba Mulder, was redesigned to display the remaining outdoor exhibitions, while the 12,000m2 Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre hosted the indoor exhibitions. The different sites were connected by a Floriade train, a cable car, Expo cars, and the 40-metre-high gondolas, which allowed visitors to travel easily between the sites. To enjoy a panoramic view of the Expo sites and the city, a Ferris wheel was also installed at the main entrance of Amstelpark. The main site was the 70-hectare Amstelpark, where sections were designed according to horticultural specimens, including a “Dahliarama” which displayed more than 40,000 dahlias, and a “Rhododendron Valley”, which showcased more than 8,000 rhododendrons. Other important highlights at Amstelpark included the Rosarium, the Lily Exhibition, the Butterfly Garden, the Greenhouses and the Cascade Gardens. Amstelpark also included an international section, which showcased plants from around the world. Eight different countries were represented, as well as the six capital cities of the European Common Market countries at the time. Beatrixpark featured several pavilions and exhibitions, including the Artsenijhof, which showcased medicinal plants in general, medicinal water plants and tropical and subtropical medical herbs. Eleven temporary indoor exhibitions were arranged in the Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre throughout the Expo. The themes of these exhibitions ranged from exotic plants to international floral art and included a great variety of educational material and entertainment. Along the Europa Boulevard, the Expo pavilion also played host to many exhibitions, as well as a cinema. The legacy of Floriade Expo 1972 Amsterdam is very present in the city today. Although some changes have been made, both Beatrixpark and Amstelpark continue to be popular parks that are enjoyed by the people of Amsterdam and tourists alike. Within Amstelpark, the Rhododenron Valley, the Rosarium and the Orangery are beloved memories of the Expo which continue to draw visitors today. The Floriade was also highly influential on the structure of Amstelpark. Its themed gardens and pavilions, as well as its spacious boulevards, paths and avenues are distinct features of the time. In Beatrixpark, the pavilions are still present, alongside the Arstenhijof and other special gardens created for the Floriade. In 2005, the oldest part of the park was granted city monument status.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 27/04/1973 - 07/10/1973
Area (ha) 76 Visitors 5,800,000 Participants 50
Theme International Horticulture Official Designation Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 73
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Germany & the BIE
Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 1973 Hamburg, known as IGA 1973, was the second BIE-recognised Horticultural Expo to take place in Hamburg, a decade after the first. The Expo received recognition from the General Assembly on 17 November 1970, and was open to the public between 27 April and 7 October 1973, during which time it received 5.8 million visitors. As with the previous edition, IGA 1973 took place in Hamburg’s “Planten un Blomen” park.
The Expo’s organisers drew on Hamburg’s ecological planning strategy, which was supported by the President of the Federal Republic Gustav Heinemann, who opened the event. In his inaugural speech, President Heinemann emphasised the importance of green spaces in city centres and described IGA 1973 as the “window to the city”. Since IGA 1963, the site had undergone several upgrades and modifications, with a redefinition of the Expo site concept, a focus on visitor experience and the insistence on “not getting feet wet.” A single Expo site was created by joining Planten un Blomen with the Old Botanical Garden and the Wallanlagen (fortifications). This was achieved by tunnelling part of Marseiller Strasse and creating a garden crossover between the two sides, in what was an early model of a green bridge. The connection permitted the site’s miniature railway to be extended, taking visitors across the whole site. Additionally, two major new buildings – the Congress Center of Hamburg (CCH) and a 108-metre hotel, were built on the edge of the site, transforming its panorama. In the site itself, the exhibitions had evolved compared to IGA 1963, with a focus on new forms and colours to reflect a more industrialised world. Art played a significant role in IGA 1973, with visitors enjoying a vast programme of culture and entertainment throughout the 164 days of the Expo. As part of this programme, young artists from Hamburg were asked to contribute to the Expo by meeting with the public and presenting their own visions. With 50 international participants, visitors were able to discover plants and gardens from across the world, with notable examples being Sweden’s wooden playground, Italy’s Tuscan landscape and a perennial British garden. Following the Expo, many key features remained in the park, including the “Bullerberge” landscaped play area designed by Wido Buller, as well as the Water Organ, an impressive array of brightly lit, angled fountains. The Japanese Garden, designed by Joshikuni Araki, and Karl Plomin’s Spring and Tropical Gardens are also highlights of Expo 1973 that continue to feature in the modern-day park.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 18/04/1974 - 14/10/1974
Area (ha) 100 Visitors 2,600,000 Participants (Countries) 30
Theme International Horticulture Official Designation WIG 74 – Wiener Internationale Gartenschau 1974
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Austria & the BIE
Austria organised its second Horticultural Expo in 1974, a decade after the first edition. WIG Expo 1974 Vienna was recognised by the 68th General Assembly of the BIE on 17 November 1970. As with the first WIG, the city of Vienna organised the Expo as part of its strategy to develop green spaces in the city.
The selected area for the Expo was a derelict industrial site on the south-eastern slope of Laaer Berg near Oberlaa, which needed considerable work to be transformed into a park. Design of the site was entrusted to a team led by German landscape architect Erich Hanke, who focused on flowing shapes, undulating surfaces and motion. As sulphur had been discovered nearby, organisers opted to develop the 100ha site as a spa park (Kurpark), thus including a health centre, a thermal bath and a hotel, in addition to the gardens and exhibition areas. WIG 1974 was opened on 18 April by President of the Federal Council Anton Benya, with the ceremony featuring performances by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and the Vienna State Opera Ballet. A total of six temporary exhibitions were held throughout the duration of the Expo, providing a highlight for visitors. The first, inaugural exhibition featured contributions from 21 countries from Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia. In total, 30 countries participated in the Expo, with 10 designing their own gardens in the circular “Garden of Nations”. Visitors could learn about different aspects of horticulture in the Expo’s indoor exhibitions and thematic gardens, all of which were connected via a monorail. The Water Lily pond proved particularly popular among visitors, as well as the neighbouring concert garden, where opera and music performances were regularly held. The site also featured the “Party Garden”, the “Utopian Garden”, and the “Water Valley”, as well as children’s playgrounds inspired by a space theme. After gathering 2.6 million visitors during the Expo, the site became a public park named Kurpark Oberlaa, named after the adjacent health resort. With sunbathing meadows, a children’s petting zoo, a love garden and a flower maze, the park has a unique atmosphere in Vienna.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 17/05/1980 - 01/09/1980
Area (ha) 40 Participants (Countries) 23
Theme Relationship between man’s socio-cultural activities and his physical environment Official Designation Floralies Internationales de Montréal
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Floralies Expo 1980 Montreal was the first Horticultural Expo to be held in North America, receiving recognition from the General Assembly of the BIE on 14 February 1979. Initiated by Quebec’s Ministry of Agriculture, the event raised awareness of environmental problems and highlighted the importance for humans to live in a natural and healthy setting. Gathering 23 international participants, the Expo welcomed almost 2 million visitors during its four-month opening. The Expo site was split between two venues; the 6,000m2 indoor exhibition site located within the Olympic Velodrome, and the 40 ha outdoor exhibition site on Notre Dame Island, an artificial island in the St. Lawrence River created for World Expo 1967. The Floralies was the fourth major international event to be hosted on the island, following Expo 1967, the 1976 Olympic Games and the 1978 Canadian Grand Prix. The indoor exhibition formed the initial part of the Expo, running from 17 to 29 May and attracting 290,000 visitors. The exhibition, known as the “valley of flowers”, included a variety of orchids, bonsai, cut flowers and floral art. Seventeen countries, alongside national and international organisations, participated in the event, which celebrated the beauty and diversity of cultivated plants. The main, outdoor exhibition, was open to the public from 31 May to 1 September. The exhibition was divided into various sections presenting different aspects of horticulture, linked by a series of canals, seven bridges, rock gardens and public squares. In addition to the newly created gardens, seven pavilions from World Expo 1967 were renovated and used as exhibition spaces and lecture halls during the Floralies. The international section displayed the horticultural specialities of countries from around the world, including Mexico, Portugal, the United States and Israel. An institutional section offered visitors an insight into scientific and cultural themes, aiming to promote awareness for ecology and respect for the environment. The Canadian section featured a fully reconstructed peat-bog that was transported, piece-by-piece from the far north of the country, and featured thousands of sub-Arctic flowers and Taiga plants. The Quebec section, created by the Montreal Botanical Garden, featured several thousand horticultural species from the province, including a maple grove and a pine wood. Following the Expo, the outdoor area was maintained as the Floralies Gardens, forming part of the large public park now named Parc Jean Drapeau, in honour of the Mayor of the city for both Expo 1967 and Floralies 1980. To this day, the Floralies Gardens feature thousands of perennial plants, shrubs, trees and public artworks dating from the city’s Horticultural Expo.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 08/04/1982 - 10/10/1982
Area (ha) 50 Visitors 4,600,000 Participants (Countries) 17
Theme International Horticulture Official Designation Floriade Amsterdam 1982
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Floriade Expo 1982 Amsterdam was formally recognised by the BIE on 20 June 1979. It was the second Floriade to take place in Amsterdam and the third Horticultural Expo to be held in the Netherlands.
The Expo took place in the Gaasperpark, a previously undeveloped area surrounding the artificial Gaasperplas Lake, to the west of the river Gaasp. The site, chosen for its strategic location near two major motorways and adjacent to the terminus of one of Amsterdam’s new metro lines, was developed from scratch between 1977 and 1982. The area’s geography – exposed to wind and with high groundwater levels and varying soil types – was taken into account by planners, under the direction of J.H. van der Meeren, with Pieter van Loon and Ron Koek as the lead designers. Large trees were planted around the shores of the lake, and novel planting techniques were used with the use of fast-growing species in the years leading to the opening of the Floriade. Specifically designed as a recreation area for the city, the landscaping of the site intended to create a gradual transition from the built-up area to a semi-natural area and then a fully natural zone with wild plants on grazing land. With varied elevations, a capricious shoreline and winding paths, the park was designed as a romantic haven, which was emphasised by formal elements such as the Berceau, the Esplanade and the rose garden. Visitors to Floriade 1982 could discover a rich array of displays, varying from traditional Dutch flowers – many of which were already in bloom when the event opened – to fruit and vegetables, shrubs, and imported species from Asia and Africa. In terms of new technology, hydroculture – growing plants in water with added nutrients – was one of the major novelties on show, while visitors could also learn about computer systems used to regulate growing in greenhouses. Popular attractions included a 7,000m2 flower hall which hosted 13 different exhibitions throughout the event, as well as the Butterfly House and the romantic Rose Garden. Aside from walking around the site, it was possible to take the Floriade train, or to see the site via a tour on a horse-drawn barge. To add to the Floriade’s entertainment offer, a 65-metre viewing tower allowed visitors to enjoy a panorama of the whole site, while there was also a planetarium and a children’s playpark. International gardens were mainly located in the east side of the park, in a strip along the Gaasp, featuring gardens from China, Japan, Belgium, Russia, Italy and West Germany. Known as a “dreamers” garden, the Chinese garden proved particularly popular with its miniature landscapes, while the Japanese garden showcased a wide range of Azelias and Bonsai trees. The UK cities of Liverpool and Manchester, and the Canadian city of Toronto also participated in the Floriade with their own gardens. Aside from the outdoor gardens, several countries participated in the Floriade through exhibits in the indoor halls, including a tropical exhibition from Florida. Following the end of the Expo, which gathered more than 4.6 million visitors, Gaasperpark was transformed into a new and spacious public park for Amsterdam, continuing the Floriade legacy of creating urban green space. It remains popular among residents as a peaceful space with its winding paths, lush vegetation and whimsical shoreline where visitors may swim in the summer months. Within the park, the Expo’s Planetarium was later converted into a conference centre. The Floriade was considered a success for the city, encouraging four Dutch municipalities to show an interest in organising the next edition of the Floriade, in 1992.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 28/04/1983 - 09/10/1983
Area (ha) 72 Visitors 11,600,000 Participants (Countries) 23
Theme International Horticulture Official Designation IGA 83 München – IV Internationale Gartenbauausstellung
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IGA Expo 1983 Munich was the third Horticultural Expo in Germany to be organised under the auspices of the BIE, receiving recognition from the General Assembly on 12 June 1980. Opened on 28 April by Federal President Karl Carstens, the Expo received an average of 250,000 visitors per day, totalling 11 million visits during its six-month run. The Expo site was developed along a 3.5km-long unregulated mixed-use plain in the western part of the city, to be known as “Westpark”. Landscape architect Peter Kluska was tasked to conceive a park suitable for physical and mental recreation in a busy urban area that was previously lacking green spaces. The development works involved moving 1.5 million cubic metres of soil and planting 6,000 large trees. The resulting park was a newly created “natural” environment with mostly indigenous species, including lime trees and elm trees in the central part, and oaks and beeches in the border areas. Split between the western and eastern sides of the highway, the Expo site evoked a valley landscape with varying heights and hollows.
The site of IGA 1983 was structured as one large garden of gardens. With a total of 171 exhibits, the Expo featured 45 themed gardens and 23 national gardens. The latter in particular allowed visitors to discover a wide array of horticultural traditions from across the world. The Mediterranean and Asian sections proved particularly popular among visitors, notably the Sardinian garden, the Japanese cherry blossoms, and the colourful Thai sala. IGA 1983 also boasted a diverse cultural programme, featuring a theatre with music and dance performances as well as varied entertainment activities during participating nations’ national weeks. Furthermore, artwork could be found throughout the site, including Hoch Wiesen Haus, a remarkable architectural model by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who also designed the Expo’s poster. After the Expo closed its gates, the Westpark was maintained as a recreation area for the city of Munich. To this day, it remains a popular recreation spot that still boasts many of the Expo’s key features, including the Asian gardens, Hoch Wiesen Haus, and a wide variety of perennials.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
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Dates 02/05/1984 - 14/10/1984 Theme The progress accomplished by International and National Horticulture
Area (ha) 95 Visitors 3,380,000 Participants (Countries) 29
Official Designation International Garden Festival Liverpool’84
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Expo 1984 Liverpool, which was the first Horticultural Exhibition to take place in Britain, was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 2 May and ran until 14 October. Formally recognised by the BIE on the 24 June 1982 at the 91st General Assembly, it aimed to revitalise the city of Liverpool and its tourism industry. Much of the site, which was situated in the old south docks area, was derelict in the years before the Expo and underwent an extensive renovation project in preparation for the event.
The 95-hectare apple-shaped site, whose shape paid tribute to The Beatles, was divided into four principal areas. The first was the permanent features, which included the Festival Hall, where the indoor exhibitions were hosted as well as 15 varied horticultural shows throughout the duration of the Expo. This area also featured water features, the marine esplanade, as well as the Pathway of Honour, which celebrated various stars connected to Liverpool. The second zone – the national themes area – was dedicated to the best of British horticulture. The international theme area was the third section, which displayed a variety of horticulture from around the world. Twenty-nine countries participated in the event, of which 18 showcased their own outdoor gardens, presenting their own national horticultural traditions and culture. Most participating countries staged National Weeks, which proved highly popular with visitors. The final section was the home and garden features, with many show homes alongside their gardens. As well as the 60 individual gardens, the exhibition also displayed a vast array of artwork. A 15-metre-long Yellow Submarine, which featured a replica of a control cabin, a statue of John Lennon and the Kissing Gate by Alain Ayers were amongst the highlights. In order to improve visitor flow, a miniature railway system was installed, which connected stations all around the site and formed a junction linked to the branch line to the city. A large investment into passenger coaches was also made, which provided visitors with easy access to the Expo site. Since closing, the site has changed significantly. Part of the site was developed into residential housing and the remained was used as an entertainment and leisure venue for several years. In 2009, it was announced that the site – known as the Festival Gardens – would undergo redevelopment, including the restoration of the Chinese and Japanese gardens, the lakes, pagodas and the woodland sculpture trails. These restored features alongside various new elements were completed in 2012 and have been enjoyed by the people of Liverpool since. The distinct Yellow Submarine, one of several pieces of art from the Expo which can still be seen in the city today, has been located in Liverpool John Lennon Airport since 2005.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
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Dates 01/04/1990 - 30/09/1990 Theme The Harmonious Coexistence of Nature and Mankind
Area (ha) 140 Visitors 23,126,934 Participants (Countries) 83
Official Designation International Garden and Greenery Exposition, Osaka, Japan 1990
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After having hosted World Expo 1970 in Osaka, Japan organised a Horticultural Expo in the city in 1990. Recognised by the 99th General Assembly of the BIE on 4 June 1986, the Expo – the first of its kind in Asia – was opened by Crown Prince Naruhito on 1 April 1990. Osaka City and the Japanese Government shared the objective of holding an international exhibition as part of a wider strategy to promote environmental issues and to triple the amount of green space in Japan. The selected theme - “The Harmonious Coexistence of Nature and Mankind” – reflected this objective and looked towards creating a more humanistic world for the 21st century.
The Expo site, which was located in Tsurumi Ryokuchi, around 8km east of the centre of Osaka, was developed on a former industrial site and waste dump that had been lying empty. Spanning 140 hectares, it was divided into three principal zones: The Mountain Area, which made use of the area’s natural topography, featuring international and national gardens between its sloped and wooded valleys; The Field Area, located in the centre of the site and featuring the ‘Sea of Life’ lake and the 90-metre Tower of Life; The City Area, where most of the Japanese and corporate pavilions were located. Spanning the Sea of Life and connecting the Field Area with the Mountain Area, the Flower Cabin Ropeway offered visitors a panorama of the whole Expo site. In the City Area, the elevated Waterride track was an alternative and entertaining way to appreciate views of the different pavilions and gardens. From a horticultural perspective, a vast array of flowers were on display throughout the Expo site, and particularly in the Valley of Flowers and the Floracapade Circus. Other outdoor favourites included a Bonsai exhibit, a 3,800m2 rose garden featuring 450 varieties of the flower, and an Ōga Lotus garden. Among the indoor exhibits, Osaka City’s Sakuya Konohana Kan (Great Conservatory) showcased 15,000 plants from 8 different cultivation zones from across the world, while Osaka Prefecture’s Gingko Pavilion explored the relationship between nature and Osaka’s population since ancient times. The corporate pavilions in the City Area all touched on the Expo’s theme, using the latest technologies to illustrate photosynthesis, or taking visitors on a journey into a living plant cell. Daily entertainment was a key part of the Expo experience, including a parade through the site, as well as a popular Mosesinspired “parting” of the Sea of Life. Temporary events also drew large crowds, such as the Landscape Opera Gaia in May, and the Japan Day celebrations on 7 June. Setting a new record for Horticultural Expos, a total of 83 countries participated in Expo 1990 Osaka, of which 44 designed their own national gardens. National day celebrations were held throughout the Expo, with several high-profile visitors including Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand, Prime Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva of Portugal, and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. After gathering 23 million visitors, the Expo site was transformed into a commemorative park, embodying the national commitment to increasing green spaces. The park offers a large recreational area for local residents while maintaining many of its horticultural features from the Expo, including blooming flowers all year round. A foundation, the Expo’90 Foundation, was also established to commemorate the memory of Expo 1990 and to promote its thematic legacy. In 2007, the BIE and the Expo’90 Foundation established the BIE-Cosmos Prize, given out at each World and Specialised Expo and rewarding grassroots projects linked to their respective themes.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
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Dates 10/04/1992 - 12/10/1992 Theme Horticulture is being involved in a continuous process of renewal in the field of quality, technique, science and management
Area (ha) 68 Visitors 3,355,600 Participants (Countries) 23
Official Designation Floriade The Hague-Zoetermeer 1992
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Floriade Expo 1992 Zoetermeer was the fourth edition of Floriade to be held under the auspices of the BIE. Inaugurated by Queen Beatrix, the Horticultural Expo ran from 10 April to 1 October. Zoetermeer, a growing town located 10km from the Hague, was selected by the Netherlands Horticultural Council in 1984, and the Expo was recognised by the 103rd General Assembly of the BIE in 1988.
The selected site for the Floriade lay in a polder landscape, 5 metres below sea-level and previously used for pasture. Starting with levelling and draining, it took a total of six years to develop the site, with organisers aiming at designing a “Garden of Eden”. This design was a triangular “goose-foot” site, with three axes fanning out – a 1,200-metre flower runner axis, a central axis with a 3.6metre dyke, and a water axis connecting the Flora pond to the Goosefoot pond. At the centre of the site, a 76-metre tower offered visitors a panoramic view, while the caterpillar monorail and vintage trams from the Hague enabled easy access around the gardens and along the flower runner. In terms of exhibitions, the Floriade site was divided into seven theme areas: Trade, Transport and Distribution; Production and Energy; Consumer; Environment; Future and Science; World; and Recreation. One of the largest pavilions – the Exposarium – was located in the first of these areas, with 8,000m2 of permanent and temporary exhibition space dedicated to Dutch and international flowers. The issue of the environment was of notable importance at Floriade 1992, notably via Ecodrom, the National Environment Pavilion. Built as an open-walled circular structure from recycled steel and concrete, the pavilion drew attention to the planet’s limited resources and the importance of clean air and water. With interactive exhibits and a cinema, it proved popular among adults and children alike. New technologies were also highlighted, with the fruit and vegetable pavilion demonstrating the latest computerised techniques to direct nutrient-treated water to plants and to recycle the excess. The pavilion also made use of natural predators to control insects, thus reducing damage to the environment. A total of 23 countries participated in the Expo, of which 13 created their own outdoor gardens. International participants also made significant contributions to the cultural programme, giving music and dance performances and organising national days throughout the Expo. In terms of visitor experience, the Expo site also featured a meditation garden, a scented garden, and a series of playparks for children. Specially designed for the Floriade, a series of artworks known as “Allocations” presented original creations of 23 visual artists. One of these works - a six-metre flowerpot in the shape of a head, designed by Rob Scholte – became one of the main symbols of the Floriade, known as the Colossus of Zoetermeer. As a key project in the expansion of Zoetermeer, Floriade Expo 1992 provided a major positive impulse to the town’s development. With the area having been rendered developable, the northern part of the Floriade site became a new residential zone, while the southern and western parts were maintained as green spaces, becoming the Floriadepark. The national gardens of the United Kingdom, Bangladesh, Belgium and Hungary were transferred to the botanical garden of Haren, where they remain to this day.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
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Dates 23/04/1993 - 17/10/1993 Theme City and Nature - Responsible Approach
Area (ha) 64 Visitors 7,311,000 Participants (Countries) 40
Official Designation IGA Stuttgart 93 – V Internationale Gartenbauausstellung
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IGA EXPO 1993 STUTTGART
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The Expo
Germany & the BIE
IGA 1993 Stuttgart was the fourth BIE Horticultural Expo to take place in Germany, recognised by the General Assembly on 12 December 1989. Opened on 23 April 1993 by Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker, the Expo drew 7.3 million visitors during its six-month run.
The Expo site was located close to the north east of the city centre, and its development was a core part of the “Green-U” project to connect several of Stuttgart’s existing parks in a continuous belt. The area covered the northern rim of the Stuttgart valley basin, including Killesberg Park, Wartberg, Leibfriedsche Garden, and Rosenstein Park. This planning strategy chimed with the chosen theme of the Expo, “City and Nature – Responsible Approach.” As the site encompassed existing parks with differing terrain and characteristics, visitors could appreciate a great deal of variation between the many gardens, which were well-connected by the circular Panoramic Railway. In line with the theme, the Expo’s gardens and exhibits reflected interdependence between humankind and plants in different environments. The Expo’s indoor flower shows took part in the Stuttgarter Messe and the Kongressgesellschaft, covering a total exhibition area of 105,000m2. Organised by theme and by species, over 643 exhibitors contributed to these shows, which included categories such as bonsai trees, hydro-culture, and flowers for balconies and terraces. Horticultural practices, cultures and technologies from Germany and further afield could be explored in a range of exhibits and activities throughout the site, including the “Green University” presentation, which offered regular tours and demonstrations on specific topics and themes. Additionally, the 500m2 Württermberg Gardening Association greenhouse provided visitors with information about modern cultivation methods, and demonstrated vegetable-growing in the outside area surrounding it. This area also featured “Flori”, the 6-metre flower- owl sculpture made from spring and summer flowers that served as IGA 1993’s mascot and most popular photo-opportunity. In Rosenstein Park, 22 countries showcased their national gardens, which varied in style from traditional to modern, and which could be viewed from a 170-metre-long wooden suspension bridge connecting the park to the rest of the Expo site. Among the highlights were a sea of tulips spilling out of a shipping container in the Netherlands’ garden, an Ancient Egypt-inspired garden with palm trees, India’s geometrical garden, and Ukraine’s country house, a replica of where Gogol lived. The Expo featured a lively cultural programme, including national week events organised by participating countries. A Chinese fireworks display on 18 August drew the biggest crowd of the whole event, with 300,000 visitors gathering to watch the impressive spectacle. After the closing of the Expo, the national gardens were dismantled in order to return Rosenstein Park to its original state, but some of the most popular exhibits – including Iran and Ukraine’s gardens – were relocated elsewhere in Stuttgart. Overall, IGA 1993 succeeded in completing Stuttgart’s “Green-U” project, contributing to making it one of Europe’s greenest cities.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 01/05/1999 - 31/10/1999 Theme Man and Nature - Marching into the 21st century
Area (ha) 218 Visitors 9,427,000 Participants (Countries) 70
Official Designation International Horticultural Exhibition Kunming 1999
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EXPO 1999 KUNMING
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The Expo
China & the BIE
Horticultural Expo 1999 was organised in Kunming, China, under the theme “Man and Nature – Marching into the 21st century”. The Expo, recognised by the General Assembly of the BIE on 7 December 1994, was initially due to take place in Beijing, but in 1995 the Chinese Government opted to change the host city to Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province, an area renowned for its agriculture and its rapidly developing horticultural sector. The 218-ha Expo site was located in Haigen, 7km north east of the centre of Kunming and close to the Golden Temple, a historic Taoist sanctuary.
The Expo opened its gates to the public on 1 May 1999 following a grand opening ceremony attended by the President of China Jiang Zemin and a live broadcast gala show dubbed “The Romance of Heaven on Earth.” As the first BIE-sanctioned International Exhibition to be organised in China, the Expo drew a great deal of national and international media attention, aided by the snubnosed monkey mascot “Linling” and a weekly bilingual Expo newspaper, the “Garden Gazette”. Visitors to the Expo had the chance to discover Chinese and international horticultural throughout the undulating site, which was divided into a series of zones, connected by a 10km network of paths. To facilitate transport in and around the site, some 600 electric buses were available to visitors. The outdoor gardens were split between three main areas (Chinese, International and Enterprise), in addition to six thematic gardens that were particularly popular among visitors (Bamboo Garden, Tea Garden, Bonsai Garden, Woods Garden, Medicinal Herbs Garden, Fruit and Vegetable Garden). The 19,927m2 China Hall was the largest indoor exhibition hall, showcasing the gardening and horticultural specialties of China’s provinces, regions and cities, as well as national companies in the sector. In the Grand Greenhouse, built with high-photopermeable and thermal insulating panels, visitors could discover over 1,200 varieties of tropical, temperate and frigid plants. The Expo’s theme was directly addressed in the Man and Nature Hall, which addressed environmental problems and displayed achievements and solutions necessary to ensure coordinated development. Beyond the gardens and plant exhibits, the organisers promoted the development of the theme by holding a series of international conferences and academic round-table meetings, focusing on technological progress and protection of the environment. A total of 70 countries and 26 international organisations participated in Expo 1999 Kunming, of which 34 designed their own outdoor garden. In addition to national day celebrations, many participating countries organised cultural activities, including a French wine festival, Japanese folk theatre performances, and a Scottish pipe band show. These events complimented the Expo’s own cultural programme, which included a mix of Chinese and international performances at the Century and Performance Plazas, and a daily lantern show representing the traditional folk art of Yunnan. After gathering more than 9.4 million visitors during the Expo, the site was transformed into a public park under the name “World Horticultural Expo Garden”, which remains a popular recreation area and one of the city’s most visited tourist attractions.
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The Netherlands & the BIE
Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 25/04/2002 - 20/10/2002 Theme The contribution of the Netherlands horticulture and international horticulture in the quality of life in the 21st century
Area (ha) 140 Visitors 2,071,000 Participants (Countries) 30
Official Designation Floriade 2002
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Floriade 2002 Haarlemmermeer was the fifth Horticultural Expo to be organised in the Netherlands under the auspices of the BIE. It was recognised by the BIE General Assembly on 12 June 1997 and was opened to the public by Queen Beatrix on 25 April 2002. With the motto “Feel the Art of Nature”, the Expo’s organisers opted to address the enjoyment of nature alongside the importance of living in a sustainable and environmentally-friendly manner.
Located in a polder next to Schiphol Airport, in the Amsterdam metropolitan area, the Niek Roozen-designed Expo site included a wooded area - the Haarlemmermeer Bos – as well as ten connected islands surrounding “Spotters Hill”, a 40-metre pyramid. In line with the environmentally focused theme, the site was developed with the existing landscape in mind, integrating existing trees and plants, including a century-old plane tree. The Expo site’s “By the Hill” section, located around Spotters Hill, was focused on future living, featuring the “Green City” as well as a wide range of Dutch exhibits focused on the promotion of a sustainable and natural environment. The other main section – “On the Lake”, was focused on nature, with dense woodland and winding paths, as well as the international gardens on the edge of the lake and on the water itself. In addition to the European gardens, the exotic Asian gardens and the Thai pavilion, this section featured the world’s largest collection of water lilies and the “one million blooms” in the Valley of Flowers. The sustainability focus extended across the whole site, which was entirely powered by a solar roof totalling 19,000 solar panels – the largest in the world at the time. Under the solar roof, 30 sub-tropical plant species could be found, while nearby, the Glasshouse of the Future showcased the latest technologies in plant cultivation, including automatically rotating beds to maximise light exposure and reduce growing time for fruit and vegetables. Aside from the horticultural exhibits, the varied architecture of the site was another major draw for visitors. The Haarlemmermeer pavilion, known as the “HydraPier”, paid tribute to the boundary between land and water in an area lying below sea-level. Designed by Hani Rashid, the pavilion appears to jut out from the polder and features a continuous flow of water from the inclined roof onto the glass walls. Meanwhile, the “Layered City” (Gelaagde Stad) complex was an innovative demonstration of how modern buildings could be integrated into existing landscapes. After welcoming over 2 million visitors during its six-month opening, the Floriade site was transformed into “De Groene Weelde”, a large recreation area that is popular for its varied gardens and for the recognisable Spotters Hill. Each summer since 2003, the site has hosted popular Dutch musical festival Mysteryland. The area under the solar roof is now home to “Expo Haarlemmermeer”, a large exhibition centre that underwent a major expansion in 2017.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 25/04/2003 - 12/10/2003 Theme A Seaside Park. A new flowered world
Area (ha) 100 Visitors 2,600,000 Participants (Countries) 32
Official Designation IGA Rostock 2003 – Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 2003 Hansestadt Rostock
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IGA 2003 was Germany’s fifth Horticultural Expo organised under the auspices of the BIE, after receiving recognition from the General Assembly on 12 June 1997. Located in Rostock, within the region of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, it was the first major event to be staged in former East Germany following reunification, serving as a catalyst for development in the area. In a nod to World Expo 2000 in Hannover, the theme of IGA 2003 was “Mensch – Natur – Wasser” (Mankind – Nature – Water), highlighting the importance of humanity’s relationship with the environment and Rostock’s location at the mouth of the Warnow River on the Baltic Sea. Developed on a parcel of undeveloped land along the riverbank, the Expo was nicknamed “the Green Expo by the Sea”. Expo organisers opted to incorporate as many natural elements as possible within the Expo site, making use of existing streams and designating protected areas of existing vegetation. The water element of the Expo was emphasised by the number of water features (IGA on the Water), the remodelling of the riverbank (IGA on the River), as well as three floating gardens anchored on pontoons by the shore (IGA in the River). Other highlights of the Expo included a rose hill with over 10,000 roses, a 15-metre Willow Dome, as well as the seven gardens of the city of Rostock, which told seven different seafaring stories. To appreciate a panoramic view of the whole site and beyond, visitors could take a cable car offering a 2.8km journey around the main gardens. One of the most eye-catching parts of the Expo site was the Garden of Nations, gathering the individual gardens of 23 international participants. Visitors could discover creative and exotic approaches to horticulture from across the world, including Middle Eastern palm trees, a Chinese bamboo pavilion, Greece’s Aegean Garden, and Austria’s "Garden of Women". After welcoming 2.6 million visitors during the Expo, the site became a brand new park and recreation area for the city of Rostock. Still named “IGA-Park Rostock”, 12 national gardens remain in place alongside many of the site’s natural flora such as reeds, sea buckthorn and willow. As a pleasant and modern public space, the park hosts a number of cultural, educational and recreational events throughout the year. IGA 2003’s legacy also lies in the significant improvements to infrastructure that were a key part of the Expo’s preparation. Over 500 million euros were invested in the years leading up to the Expo, with key projects including a tunnel under the Warnow and a new highway junction.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
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Dates 01/11/2006 - 31/01/2007 Theme To Express the Love for Humanity
Area (ha) 80 Visitors 3,848,791 Participants (Countries) 32
Official Designation International Horticultural Exposition Royal Flora Ratchaphruek 2006
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Expo 2006 Chiang Mai, which ran from 1 November 2006 to 31 January 2007, was hosted in celebration of the Diamond Jubilee and 80th birthday of King Bhumibol of Thailand, at the time the world’s longest reigning monarch. The theme “To Express the Love for Humanity”, reflected the lasting love between nature and mankind and the name of the Expo, Royal Flora Ratchaphruek 2006, consecrated the national flower of Thailand, the Ratchaphruek, also known as the Golden Shower tree. It was recognised at the 138th General Assembly of the BIE on 1 December 2005. The 80-hectare site was located on the land of the Royal Agricultural Centre in the Chiang Mai province.
Welcoming 3.8 million visitors from around the world, the Expo showcased many temporary thematic displays and permanent exhibitions. Thirty-two countries presented indoor and outdoor gardens, rare plants exhibitions and took part in cultural performances. Over 2.5 million trees of 2,200 species were planted for the event, as well as numerous tropical plants and flowers. One of the main highlights of the Expo was the Gardens for the King, which featured the 23 international and 22 corporate gardens. The international gardens reflected horticulture from each country. Popular features included a model of Mount Fuji in the Japanese gardens, and the Tang garden, presented by China. The corporate gardens showcased displays from Thai State enterprises, alongside major corporations from both Thailand and abroad. The 10-hectare Thai Tropical Garden displayed a variety of tropical horticulture both indoors and outdoors, and aimed to showcase the diversity of the country’s fruits, plants, flowers and herbs. The area also presented traditional housing and lifestyle from the country's different regions. The indoor exhibitions were located in several pavilions, including the Ho Kham Royal Pavilion, which was inspired by Lanna architecture, the typical style of architecture in northern Thailand. The Royal Pavilion, the Grand Amphitheatre as well as an indoor exhibition hall were all located at the Royal Plaza, where a variety of specialist exhibitions and plant competitions were held. A Bodhi tree was planted at the Royal Plaza to pay homage to King Bhumibol. In addition to the outdoor and indoor exhibitions, the Expo presented 45 cultural shows originating from all over Thailand and 11 international cultural shows, which included traditional dance and music. The park was reopened to the public in 2008, where many of the original features and gardens from the Expo can be seen. The Expo initiated the development of the Horticultural Knowledge Centre, which is now a hub for horticulturalists from around the globe in technological and knowledge exchange and promotes Thailand as a centre of the production and exportation of horticultural products. Following the success of Royal Flora Ratchaphruek 2006, Thailand has continued to host horticultural exhibitions, including another one in Chiang Mai in 2011.
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Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition
HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Dates 05/04/2012 - 07/10/2012 Theme Be part of the theatre in nature; get closer to the quality of life
Area (ha) 66 Visitors 2,046,684 Participants 38
Official Designation Floriade 2012 Venlo
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The Expo
The Netherlands & the BIE
Horticultural Expo 2012 Venlo was the sixth Floriade organised under the auspices of the BIE, being recognised by the 144th General Assembly on 2 December 2008. Opened by Queen Beatrix on 4 April 2012, the Floriade welcomed over 2 million visitors during its six-month run, of which 52% came from outside of the Netherlands. Organised under the theme “Be part of the theatre of nature; get closer to the quality of life”, the Expo was designed as an event to inspire rather than to instruct. The Netherlands Horticultural Council aimed to make the visitor experience a sustainable positive memory, and thus the “cradle-to-cradle” sustainability principle was adopted. Developed in cooperation with German chemist Michael Braungart and American architect William McDonough, this innovative principle is based on circularity and sustainability, with a focus on the recycling of raw materials.
The Expo site was developed in line with these principles of sustainability, with the organisers making maximum use of the natural topography and preserving 25 ha of existing forest. Overlooking the site was the Innovatoren, a 70-metre conference centre designed by Jo Coenen and built using the cradle-to-cradle concept. Another key Expo building using this concept was Villa Flora, the main indoor exhibition pavilion, designed by Jon Kristinsson. The 66-hectare site was divided into five main areas, reflecting the five subthemes: Relax & Heal – Well-being Green Engine – Economy & Sustainability Education & Innovation - Innovation Environment – Quality of Life World Show Stage – Cultural encounters A cable car ran through the middle of the site to facilitate access and to give visitors the chance to appreciate views of the various gardens and wooded areas. In addition to the large Netherlands national pavilion – whose key exhibit “My Green World” received over 1 million visits – a total of 38 international participants took part in the Floriade via indoor exhibits or outdoor gardens. Visitors could also enjoy the Floriade’s bustling cultural scene, with over 3,000 performances including picnic concerts, international harvest shows, musical shows from 157 different artists, and the ‘Floriade by night’ weekend light shows. Organisers also commissioned 10 individual pieces of art that were installed throughout the Expo site, all of which reflected the theme of the Floriade and were designed to be in harmony with the landscape. In addition to the Expo’s wide range of exhibits, the Floriade addressed thematic questions via the “Floriade Dialogue”, a programme which started in 2009 and was developed in the run-up to and during the Expo. Inspired by Expo 2000 Hannover’s Global Dialogue initiative, the forum gathered international experts from science, business and government to discuss key thematic issues including food production, the built and natural environments, sustainable growth, and quality of life. The conclusions of the Floriade Dialogue were compiled in the “Our Planet is Plant” report, which laid out key principles to set the agenda for 2020. Following the Floriade, in accordance with the planning strategy, 90% of the site was transformed into the Venlo Greenpark innovation complex with the maximum reuse of buildings and facilities. Notably, the park offers office space in the Villa Flora for entrepreneurs and researchers working in the area of agriculture and sustainability.
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HORTICULTURAL EXPO
Turkey & the BIE
Category Category A1 International Horticultural Exhibition Dates 01/04/2016 - 31/10/2016
Visitors 4,693,571 Participants (Official) 54
Theme Flowers and Children Area (ha) 112
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Flowers and Children Between 23 April and 30 October 2016, Turkey organised a Horticultural Expo in the city of Antalya under the theme “Flowers and Children”. Recognised by the 150th General Assembly of the BIE on 24 November 2011, the Expo was the first BIE-sanctioned International Exhibition to take place in Turkey. The Expo aimed to address global environmental issues, to share experiences in horticulture and agriculture, and to increase quality of life through the creation of green spaces and new job opportunities. With its “Flowers and Children” theme, and motto “A Green Life for Future Generations”, the Expo encompassed four subthemes: History, Biodiversity, Sustainability, and Green Cities. The Expo Inaugurated by President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during a ceremony on 22 April 2016, the Expo gathered 4.69 million visitors during its six-month run. Located in a popular tourist region and close to Antalya’s international airport, the Expo was a popular destination for international visitors, with 29% of all visitors coming from abroad.
Developed on a 112-hectare site in Aksu, Antalya, the site was organised around the Expo Lake, with the 111-metre Expo Tower as the central landmark. With over 26,000 trees, three million flowers and several hundred species of shrubs, cacti, geophytes and aquatic plants in the theme gardens, the site was a true festival of horticulture. The Turkish Biodiversity Theme Trail introduced visitors to the country’s diverse phytogeography, while the Ottoman Garden showcased traditional Turkish landscapes inspired by art in Istanbul. A section was dedicated to plants and wild crops from the Fertile Crescent, while the Expo Greenhouse offered a wide range of tropical plants and trees from further afield. Visitors could also discover Turkey’s first Museum of Agriculture and Biodiversity, offering a journey through the history of agriculture over the past 12,500 years in an iconic building designed in the shape of an ear of wheat. In addition to the Turkish gardens and exhibits, a total of 54 international participants took part in the Expo via indoor and outdoor gardens. Inspired by World Expo 2010 Shanghai, organisers also arranged an Urban Best Practices Area, showcasing innovations from different cities in favour of biodiversity, sustainability and green cities. Echoing the “Flowers and Children” theme, Expo 2016 was also a playful and educational experience for younger visitors. In addition to several playgrounds, the Children’s Island offered workshops and learning activities, while the Outdoor Cinema screened a range of animations aimed at children of different ages. Every day at the Expos, a wide array of cultural events and performances took place, offering visitors a full entertainment programme until 2am. Alongside activities as part of the 26 national day celebrations, over 13,000 artistic and cultural events took place throughout the duration of the Expo. These included regular light and water shows on Expo Lake, theatrical shows, and concerts from Turkish and international artists. The Expo also showcased unique works of art, including 108 mosaiculture plant sculptures and artworks inspired by children’s drawings. Legacy Prepared in consultation with participating countries, the Antalya Declaration was made on the closing day of the Expo, with the stated purpose of increasing environmental awareness and promoting it to younger generations. Within the Declaration, the Turkish Government pledged to plant one tree for every child born in the country via the “Newborns Forests Project”. The Declaration also stipulates that the Expo site is to be used as an international technology and training centre to promote international cooperation, to share knowledge in tackling agricultural problems and to raise awareness of key environmental issues.
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Dates 10/05/1933 - 31/10/1933 Theme Style - Civilisation Participants (Countries) 11
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Triennale di Milano 1936
TRIENNALE DI MILANO 1933
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About the Triennale
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Style - Civilisation Following four initial editions, the fifth Triennale di Milano opened on 10 May 1933. It was the first to be organised under the auspices of the newly created Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), after being recognised on 27 October 1932. Architecture was the protagonist of this edition of the Triennale, under the influence of the Italian Government of the time, which focused on modern architecture and figurative art, with an extensive series of murals and sculptures coordinated by Mario Sironi. The majority of international participants contributed to the Exhibition of Decorative and Industrial Arts, which was relegated to a secondary role. Triennale di Milano 1933 was the first edition to take place in the newly built Pallazzo dell’Arte, designed by Giovanni Muzio. Various parts of the building were decorated by the best of Italian artists, including Massimo Campigli, Carlo Carrà, Felice Casorati, Giorgio de Chirico, Achille Funi, Marino Marini, Arturo Martini and Gino Severini. The fifth Triennale also marked the beginning of a custom: the utilisation of the Parco Sempione as an open-air museum, with the erection of 40 temporary constructions. Overlooking them all was a permanent structure – Gio Ponti’s Torre Littoria, which has since been renamed Torre Branca. The majority of the temporary buildings were designed by rationalist architects. Overall, the exhibition was a reflection of modern European architecture and of Italian Rationalism, recognised by the Italian Government of the era as the technical and cultural vanguard of the national modernisation process.
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TRIENNALE DI MILANO 1936
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Dates 31/05/1936 - 01/11/1936 Theme Continuity - Modernity Participants (Countries) 11
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Continuity - Modernity The sixth Triennale di Milano was recognised by the BIE on 22 June 1935 and opened on 31 May 1936 under the theme “Continuity – Modernity”. As with the fifth edition, some structures were erected in the Parco Sempione, including the Housing Exhibition pavilion – a glass and concrete tower designed by Pagano, and a large open-air theatre. International contributions were numerous and of high quality: France was represented by Le Corbusier, Finland by the bentwood furniture of Alvar Aalto, and a range of high-profile artists exhibited their works, including Braque, Derain, Gabo, Goncharova, Larionov, Léger and Picasso. However, it was architecture that remained the preferred area of cultural comparison for the Italian Government of the time. In addition to his contribution to the exhibition on housing, Pagano presented his own photographic exploration of the rural Mediterranean house. The architectural exhibitions were complemented by Agnoldomenico Pica’s survey of Italy and by Giancarlo Palanti and Edoardo Persico’s Hall of Victory, one of the exhibition’s most significant installations, containing a group of statues by Lucio Fontana and graphic work by Marcello Nizzoli.
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Dates 06/04/1940 - 09/06/1940 Theme Order - Tradition Participants (Countries) 8
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Order - Tradition The seventh edition of the Triennale di Milano, organised under the theme “Order – Tradition” was recognised by the BIE on 9 November 1938. The exhibition, which was the last under Italy’s Fascist regime, opened on 6 April 1940 and closed only two months later, on 9 June, when Italy entered the war. While at previous editions of the Triennale, the Italian Government had permitted the comparison between different tendencies and orientations, by 1940 the political and ideological debate was closed. The architects of the regime, notably Marcello Piacentini, prevailed, alongside examples of the Government’s achievements: newly founded cities, interventions in historic centres and the E42 district in Rome, the site of a planned World Expo in 1942 that was later rebaptised “EUR”. The latter aimed to celebrated the power of the “new Imperial Rome” whose architecture shifted the direction of the modern experience towards a monumental scenario of arches, columns and massive travertine walls. Milan’s designers, who did not wholeheartedly embrace the policies of the Italian Government, were confined to subsidiary sections. Banfi, Belgioioso and Peressutti curated the “Open Space in the City”, while several exhibitions were dedicated to the decorative arts: Ignazio Gardella’s Gallery of Metalwork and Glassware, Pagano’s Exhibition on Mass Production, and Piero Bottoni’s section on modern home furnishing.
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Dates 31/05/1947 - 14/09/1947 Theme The House Participants (Countries) 7
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Habitat The first post-war Triennale di Milano was recognised by the BIE on 11 June 1946 and organised under the theme “Habitat”. In contrast to the celebratory and monumental focus of State architecture and planning in 1940, the eighth Triennale set out to make a technically-based contribution to Italy’s reconstruction. The QT8 (Quartiere Triennale 8) stood at the centre of the 1947 Triennale di Milano. It was an experimental housing development based on democratic principles and strictly modern premises of technique and planning. The development was presented with ample documentation, and centred on the questions of low-cost housing and the modern residential district. Piero Bottoni was in charge of the exhibition, and an entire generation of planners and architects worked together to execute it, including De Carlo, Lingeri, Magistretti, Mangiarotti, Pollini, Ponti, Rogers, Sacripanti, Sottsass, Viganò, Zanuso Porcinai, among others. The exhibition model of the eight Triennale was gradually abandoned over the course of the 1950s. From this moment onwards, the “political” pre-eminence of architecture yielded its place to design which, in the field of the applied arts, directly represented the dominant force: the world of industrial production.
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Dates 12/05/1951 - 05/11/1951 Theme Goods - Standards Participants (Countries) 13
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Goods - Standard The ninth edition of the Triennale di Milano, organised under the theme “Goods - Standard”, was recognised by the BIE on 7 June 1950. Taking place between May and November 1951, the exhibition’s themes and objectives were fragmented, reflecting the rapid changes under way at the time. The 1951 edition of the Triennale di Milano saw the participation of Italy’s leading intellectuals. For industrial products, Belgioioso, Peressutti and Max Huber organised a display entitled “The Form of the Useful.” A historical exhibition of architecture was curated by Giulio Carlo Argan and Mario Labò, among others, while “Architecture, Measure of Man” was prepared by Rogers, Gregotti and Stoppino. A further display on urban planning was organised under the responsibility of Giovanni Astengo. Other sections saw the involvement of Nizzoli, Baldessari, Gardella, Viganò, Lingeri, Caccia Dominioni, Ponti, Daneri, Figini, Albini, De Carlo, Samonà and many others, demonstrating the level of participation of the Italian intelligentsia of the time. Some of the most interesting interventions were the work of Lucio Fontana, author of the extraordinary “Luminous Sculpture”, a neon tube that outlined a swirling “spatial concept” suspended in the air above the Palazzo dell’Arte’s grand staircase. Among international participants, New York’s Museum of Modern Art had a significant presence, mounting an exhibition of architecture and city planning, and another of American design that was housed in the experimental construction of the BBPR group.
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Dates 28/08/1954 - 22/11/1954 Theme Prefabrication - Industrial Design Participants (Countries) 16
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Pre-fab Industrial Design Organised under the theme of “Pre-fab Industrial Design”, the 10th edition of the Triennale di Milano was recognised on 5 November 1953 and was held between August and November 1954. The exhibition was marked by two significant developments: the return of experimental constructions in the Parco Sempione, and the definitive affirmation of themes linked to design. Attracting a large number of visitors, the 10th Triennale became a major platform for emerging phenomena. The International Exhibition of Design, curated by Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Menghi, Nizzoli and Rosselli, with graphics by Michele Provinciali, marked the birth of modern Italian design. Contemporary changes in culture and manufacturing also found expression through various initiatives. These included the “Compasso d’oro” prize, established in 1954 by La Rinascente at the suggestion of Gio Ponti and Alberto Rosselli, as well as the formation of ADI, the Association of Italian Designers, founded in Ponti’s studio in 1955. The exhibitions on architecture, city planning and mass-produced furniture saw the involvement of many of the leading figures in Italian design culture: Albini, Gardella, Bottoni (still in charge of the QT8, which was developed for the 1947 edition of the Triennale di Milano), Zanuso, Caccia Dominioni, Magistretti, Gregotti, BBPR group, De Carlo and Quaroni. The experimental structures in the park included some remarkable works that later become iconic. They included Richard Buckminster Fuller’s futuristic geodesic dome, the BBPR group’s labyrinth, Alexander Calder’s Mobile and Saul Steinberg’s long mural decoration.
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Dates 27/07/1957 - 04/11/1957 Theme Improving the Quality of Expression in Today’s Civilization Participants (Countries) 18
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Improving the Quality of Expression in Today’s Civilisation The 11th Triennale di Milano was recognised by the BIE on 15 May 1956 and held between July and November 1957. Its exhibitions were organised under the theme “Improving the Quality of Expression in Today’s Civilisation.” As in the previous edition, an exhibition was organised on the industrial product, organised by Gillo Dorfles, Leonardo Ricci, Rosselli and Zanuso, with the collaboration of the Association of Italian Designers (ADI), founded two years earlier in Ponti’s studio. The exhibition was able to count on the innovations of cutting edge manufacturers, and a field of inquiry that was better defined than the somewhat generic one of the architectural panorama. The section devoted to architecture, coordinated by Agnoldomenico Pica, involved the participation of some outstanding figures, including Alvar Aalto, Giulio Carlo Argan, Pietro Lingeri, Giovanni Michelucci, Luigi Moretti, Giuseppe Vaccaro and modern architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner. With 19 countries represented, international participation was particularly prominent, and was complemented by a survey of sculpture over the previous 50 years. Works by late nineteenth-century masters, including Rodin, Renoir and Matisse, were set up in Parco Sempione alongside creations by contemporary sculptors Constantin Brancusi, Pablo Picasso, Umberto Boccioni, Arturo Martini, Henry Moore and Alexander Calder.
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Dates 16/07/1960 - 04/11/1960 Theme House and School Participants (Countries) 17
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Home and School The 12th Triennale was recognised by the BIE on 5 May 1959 and took place between July and November 1960 under the theme “Home and School.” The theme was addressed through three different situations: the urban centre, the suburbs, and the rural centre. In terms of architecture, the 12th edition of the Triennale was notable for the design of the Entrance Hall by Ettore Sottsass and the Main Hall by Peressutti and Rogers. Additionally, the British and American contributions featured experimental constructions in Parco Sempione, including an elementary school designed by W. D. Lacey. The architectural exhibition was organised into monographic sections devoted to members of the first generation of modern Italian architects, including Albini, Figini and Pollini, Lingeri, Michelucci, Mollino, Quaroni, Ridolfi and Scarpa. Protagonists of the next generation, such as Vittorio Gregotti and Aldo Rossi, contributed to the thematic sections. In addition to its experimental construction in the park, the United States created a commemorative show on Frank Lloyd Wright, who had died the previous year. The show was inspired by Bruno Zevi and designed by Carlo Scarpa, both of whom promoted a peculiarly Italian interpretation of the work of the American architect.
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Dates 12/06/1964 - 27/09/1964 Theme Leisure Participants (Countries) 14
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Leisure The 13th edition of the Triennale di Milano, recognised by the BIE on 12 November 1963, took place during a period of transition between two eras. Organised under the overall theme of “Leisure”, the 1964 edition of the Triennale was developed by Umberto Eco and Vittorio Gregotti. Particular prominence was given to the contributions of front-rank artists and young exponents of the new avant-garde. At the entrance to the Palazzo dell’Arte, designed by Massimo Vignelli, the visitor encountered eight “conduits” before arriving at the main staircase. The introductory route was concluded by the kaleidoscope, a long corridor with a hexagonal cross section designed by Peppe Brivio and the Gregotti-Meneghetti-Stoppino studio. Two documentaries by the young film director Tinto Brass were projected onto the walls of the corridor. The Italian section, prepared by Aulenti and Aymonino, among others, made free use of works of art and mass-produced objects to construct a hyper-realistic theatre of the contemporary. Aldo Rossi and Luca Meda abandoned the Parco Sempione and ventured in the opposite direction. An iron bridge with a triangular section emerged from the building’s portico, crossing the avenue to lead to the Cyclopean Walls, a structure built out of massive concrete blocks that consisted of a sequence of eight enclosures. It featured experimental constructions dedicated to the theme of the house and leisure facilities.
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Dates 23/06/1968 - 28/07/1968 Theme The Large Number Participants (Countries) 14
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The Large Number The 14th edition of the Triennale di Milano was recognised by the BIE on 11 May 1966, and was open in June and July 1968. The exhibition was organised around the theme “The Large Number”, reflecting the contemporary changes arising from industrialisation and growing prosperity. Once again, the organisation of the Triennale was placed in the hands of leading architects, designers and intellectuals. Bringing a wide range of intellectual talents and materials to the fore, the exhibition courageously took on the “contemporary condition”, defining its spirit, prospects and problems. The introductory sections were followed by the thematic exhibition on “The Large Number,” with installations of great scenic effect. International participation, which included contributions from Eastern and Western Europe but also from Mexico, Canada and Cuba, were also particularly unconventional. The exhibitions extended into the park, where a passageway covered with a double membrane of plastic, produced by Lomazzi, D’Urbino and De Pas led to Giancarlo De Carlo’s pavilion of furnishing. A few days before the opening, two additional installations were included: a documentation of the political demonstrations organised by the Florentine radical group UFO and a room on youth protest, prepared by De Carlo along with the painter Bruno Caruso and the film director Marco Bellocchio.
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Dates 21/09/1988 - 18/12/1988 Theme The Cities of the World and the Future of the Metropolis Participants (Countries) 12
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The Cities of the World and the Future of the Metropolis The 17th edition of the Triennale di Milano was recognised by the BIE on 5 June 1986 and was held between September and December 1988 under the theme “The Cities of the World and the Future of the Metropolis”. The international exhibition was preceded by several introductory exhibits that attracted attention, including “Nine Projects for Nine Cities – Journey in Italy”, and “Domestic Design.” The exhibition was guided by the members of the executive committee: the thematic section was curated by Mario Bellini and Pierluigi Nicolin, “Beyond the City, the Metropolis” was mounted by Georges Teyssot, and the international section was coordinated by Luigi Mazza. After an absence of twenty years, the international section was large and varied, thanks to the efforts of a group of architects, historians and city planners who agreed upon an ambitious internationalist and cosmopolitan strategy. International participants, which included Finland, the USSR, the Republic of Korea, Colombia and Ethiopia, among others, provided a fascinating documentation of the contemporary metropolitan phenomena.
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Dates 06/02/1992 - 03/05/1992 Theme Life between Things and Nature: Planning and the Challenge of the Environment Participants (Countries) 17
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Life between Things and Nature: Planning and the Challenge of the Environment The 18th edition of the Triennale di Milano was recognised by the BIE on 14 December 1989 and was held between February and May 1992. Following the remarkable success of the 17th Triennale, the next edition was initially troubled by a political and management crisis, with no board of governors to programme the exhibitions. As a result, architect Alberto Cavalli was appointed special commissioner to oversee the exhibition and ensure its commitments were met. The overarching theme of the 1992 edition was “Life between Things and Nature: Planning and the Challenge of the Environment”. In light of this, many of the exhibits had a particular focus on the relationship between technology and the protection of the environment. Architecture, which had dominated the two previous editions, made only a marginal appearance among international contributions. Visitors made their way through a series of exhibitions and displays that investigated the shifting relations between the life of human beings, technological advance and the ecological balance of the environment. The international sections included a broad selection of global design, with 16 countries representing, including a truly surprising contribution from Switzerland, entitled After Chernobyl.
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Dates 22/02/1996 - 05/05/1996 Theme Identities and Differences Participants (Countries) 27
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Identity and Differences The 19th edition of the Triennale was recognised by the BIE on 8 June 1994 and was held between February and June 1996. It was the first edition of the international exhibition to be recognised since the Triennale di Milano institution became a permanent structure. Now a permanent cultural venue, the Palazzo dell’Arte featured a new entrance, vestibule, impluvium and bookstore designed by Umberto Riva, while Gae Aulenti created a semi-permanent structure on the ground floor. With the overall theme “Identity and Differences”, the 1996 edition of the Triennale was organised under the guidance of architect Pietro Derossi and reflected initiatives and changes that were taking place across the world at the time, gathering 27 participating countries. In the introductory section, four architectural studios – Peter Eisenman, Hodgetts & Fung, Jean Nouvel and Juan Navarro Baldeweg – featured exhibits in relation to the theme. Peter Eisenman’s “Delirium” was the most prominent of these, marking a return to radical experimentation, intellectual provocation and the search for new beauty in architecture at the Palazzo dell’Arte.
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Dates 02/04/2016 - 12/09/2016 Theme 21st Century. Design After Design Participants (Countries) 32
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21st Century. Design After Design The 21st edition of the Triennale di Milano was recognised by the BIE on 26 November 2014 and was held between 2 April and 12 June 2016. Held under the theme “21st Century. Design After Design”, it marked the return of the international exhibition after a 20-year pause. The theme tackled contemporary issues including the spread of design skills across the world, the increasingly transversal and multidisciplinary nature of design, and the new relationship between different skills in design. Rather than creating a “vision” of future design, the theme instead invited participants and visitors to reflect on what design means in a time of sweeping changes, touching on key issues such as gender, globalisation, the financial crisis and migration. Compared with previous editions, the scope of the 21st Triennale was broadened, bringing more diversity in terms of exhibits, ideas, innovations and exchanges. In terms of contributions, non-traditional actors such as museums, universities, design centres and non-profit groups were invited to participate. With over 30 international participants, the Palazzo dell’Arte featured a diverse range of 21st century styles from Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. Among the various exhibits, France showcased the living urban laboratory of Saint-Etienne, Iran featured a 3D printer that continually produced objects to fill up the tables of its “bazaar”, and Angola combined traditional objects with furnishings produced from recycled goods. While still centred around the Palazzo dell’Arte, exhibits from the Triennale were for the first time spread across 19 different venues in and around Milan, bringing a new approach to the fast-changing and expanding urban space. The different contributions covered an exhibition area of 22,000m2, with a further 17,000m2 zone – “City After the City” – located in the former site of Expo 2015 Milan. Among the thematic exhibits, Kenya Hara and Andrea Branzi curated “Neo Prehistory – 100 Verbs”, tracing the history of tools and instruments from pre-history to the latest nano-technologies. In the Fabbrica del Vapore, Stefano Micelli’s “New Craft” exhibit gave visible form to the encounter between technological innovation and excellence in manufacturing, giving visitors the chance to watch new digital manufacturing tools at work and see how they integrate and supplement the work and skills of people. Elsewhere, in the Pirelli HangarBicocca, Nina Bassoli and Gaia Piccarolo curated the “Architecture as Art” exhibition, which created an “encroachment” to convey the understanding of architecture as an artistic event. The 2016 edition of the BIE Bulletin, was dedicated to the theme of the 21st Triennale di Milano.
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