Highways to happiness by the UF

Highways to Happiness A Declaration of the Ideals and Policies of the United Force

IN FOUR PARTS Introduction

- by P.S D’Aguiar

Part I – Declaration of Ideals Part II - United Force Ideals compared with United Nations Ideals Part III – Towards the Ideal Democracy Part IV – Three Chief Duties of an Elected Government (See Full Index at Back)

Introduction: The United Force Declaration of Belief and Intent Goals – Ideals – Action for a New, Free and Independent Nation Fellow Countrymen, A new nation is being born.

It is your nation and mine For all of us the birth should be a glorious event. With it should come hope, faith the bright promise to all that is newly born.

History will record the birth and progress of our new nation. We who will live under this flag will shape its destiny through the government we will elect.

The United Force herein outlines its philosophy, makes clear its beliefs. We tell you what the elected representatives should set as a new goal and we set forth our plan to develop our country so that there will be a full life for all.

We believe that the ideal Government fills the basic needs of the people. We carefully analyse what these needs are, and how everyone should be able to satisfy their needs.

We affirm our belief in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. We show that our own policies and economic ideals are in complete conformity with the United Nations Declaration.

We outline in detail a development plan to build a better Guyana. A plan to provide everyone with enough security, a home, land, dignity and self respect.

We believe that our ideals are in line with the aspirations of every Guyanese and that the best and quickest way to achieve them is through acceptance of our plan.

We seek harmony between people of all races, religions and regions for our land for today and for the days to come. We put behind the pains and sufferings, the resentments and regrets of yesteryears. We look only towards a FULL LIFE in the shining dawn tomorrow, for us, our children, and our children’s children.

Let us lift our eyes to the high places. May we each in our own way be grateful to the Devine Power and humbly ask help as we stand on the threshold of a new destiny and a better way of life.

Yours Sincerely PETER D’Aguiar

Declaration of the Ideals and Policies of the United Force The concept of an Ideal Government What is the basic requirement for an ideal government?

Is it to fill the needs of the people?

What are the needs of the people?

Scientists agree that the human being has four basic needs which demand fulfillment.

What are these four basic needs?

Professor Murray Banks described the four basic needs in this way:“I want to live; to be healthy I want a feeling of importance, of prestige, of power I want someone to love me; I want a little variety something new, a little different.”

These are four basic human needs, the inescapable urges which every human being seeks to satisfy.

These needs seek fulfillment first in the narrow circles of the family, then in the wider circles of the neighborhood, the community and the state.

Scientist teach that if any human being is denied adequate fulfillment of any of these needs (or what he believes to be adequate fulfillment) he is bound to be frustrated and is likely to suffer mental or physical illness.

No single word fully describes each of these four basic human needs; but for the sake of brevity we will use the following terms -1. Life 2. Prestige 3. Love 4. Variety 1. Life The child wants food, shelter and clothing. The parents do all they can to provide these 2. Prestige The child seeks prestige. He wants to feel important. The parents make him the centre of all attention. *Professor of Psychology New York University +Through this declaration whenever the masculine is used it is intended to include feminine.

3. Love The child wants love The parents lavish love on him 4. Variety The child wants variety He gets bored by Monotony.

His need for variety demands satisfaction.

The parents do everything to satisfy this need by new toys and special threats.

Throughout life these four basic needs which begin in childhood are never completely filled and the desire to satisfy them is never lost.

In childhood the child depends upon its parents Parents seek to fill the needs of their children.

But parents seek also that their children become independent and self reliant when grown up.

How does this concern government?

The family is the natural and fundamental group unit within the state.

The state itself had evolved out of the need for families to form into larger groups for mutual protection and assistance. The function of the government of the state is thus an extension of the function of the head of the family. The needs that parents seek to fill for their children; the ideal government seeks to have filled for its people.

At the same time the ideal government seeks to create a state in which every adult is self reliant and financially independent.

In outlining this, our concept of the ideal government we reaffirm our faith in the United Force Charter which says:“We believe that the purpose of government is to fulfill the needs of the people. “ Whose needs does the ideal government seek to fulfill?

The needs of all the people.

But as the majority of the people are either working people or farmers the ideal government must first of all fill the needs of the workers and the farmers.

How is the ideal Government going to succeed in this?

The ideal government is going to achieve this by making it possible for everyone to satisfy there needs.

That means to satisfy positively the four basic human needs of all.

1. LIFE First the need for life.

This is the need not merely to live but to live a full life.

This means to have enough food and clothing; a good home and security so that there can be dignity and happiness.

How can this be achieved?

In all societies people are provided for either by: what they earn through employment by others of self employment, or through state assistance or charity.

It is essential therefore that the government should organize the state so that all should be able to earn enough to provide “a full life” for themselves and their families.

This means that the responsibility of the government is to see that the economy of the country is able to provide: a job every adult and the job pay enough to provide “a full life” The first requirement to satisfy the need for “a full life” is the opportunity to work and earn enough.

If this requirement cannot be met by the normal means of employment then the state should provide assistance.

What are the needs which everyone earnings must fill in order to provide a full life?

There are besides good food, good clothing, and good housing all those other needs which parents seek to fulfill for their children.

In other words just as parents seek to fill the needs of their children so should

government seek to ensure that the needs of all its people are met, for instance: (a) Health Children’s health needs care.

Parents look after the health of their children.

So the government should look after the health of all its people.

In the ideal state no one suffers from the lack of good health care, either everyone earns enough to meet the full cost of good health care or the Government provides sufficient health care for everyone or there is a combination of the two.

Health care provided by the government includes well appointed and staffed hospitals in convenient locations to meet the needs of the people living in reasonably accessible areas and the mobile clinics to serve the people in remote areas. (b) EDUCATION Children need to have knowledge. Parents teach and inform their children.

So the government should see that all its people are educated and well informed.

In this ideal state the introduction to a full life is a full education. A full education is provided equally for all.

Full education is provided by fully appointed and staffed primary and secondary schools, agricultural training schools, technical schools and universities of international standards.

The ideal government keeps its people truthfully informed about national affairs without political prejudice.

Everyone in the ideal state has the right to express himself publicly without censorship, provided he respects the reputation of others and observes reasonable moral standards. (c ) LEISURE Children need to play and to have leisure.

Parents encourage them to play, teach those games and provide toys.

So the government should see that faculties for the use of leisure are provided for all its people.

In the ideal state their are public parks, playing fields, sports arenas, swimming pools, theatres , libraries, museums and other places of recreation and culture so that all can enjoy leisure and participate in the cultural life of the community.

(D) PROTECTION Children need protection. Parents protect their children from hurting themselves

or being hurt by others.

Parents train their children to respect others.

So the government must protect its people from either hurting others or being hurt by others.

So the government must see that all its people respect the rights of each other.

In the ideal state the rights of every person are respected and protected without discrimination.

Those who would destroy the life of another or harm another are restrained by fear of lawful punishment.

But anyone charged with an offence is presumed innocent until proved guilty after a fair trial.

Every trial is conducted in public by an independent and impartial tribunal before which the accused person has all guarantees necessary for hi s defense Law and order is maintained with the minimum use of force.

There is equal protection and justice for all.

In all these matters, the State respects the rights of persons.

Everyone has the right to choose for himself and his children the type of health care he wants the type of education he wants and the way in which he wants to use his leisure.

Everyone is entitled to privacy in his personal and family affairs. (e) OTHER NEEDS what else must the ideal Government provide to enable its people to enjoy “a full life�?

There are many more things which the government must provide or see that they are provided or see that they are provided by others, to make it possible for its people to live a full life.

These are mainly things which are best provided by a single central source from which supply to individuals can be channeled.

There are things which normally the individual could not reasonably expect to provide for himself and which in a modern state add to the comfort, safety, dignity and happiness of life for everyone.

They are principally: Water Light and Power Communications The Government must see that pure water is provided for the people. That water is provided for sewerage and for drainage and irrigation.

The government must see that the people have roads, bridges, pubic transportations, postal and telegraphic services and radio and television stations.

These are facilities for a full life which in modern state must be made available for all its people.

SUMMARY A FULL LIFE In the ideal state then, every citizen can enjoy “a full life.” Parents can also provide a full life for their families.

This means that all parents must earn enough to be able to provide for them selves and families good and sufficient food, good and sufficient clothing and a good home.

Everyone should be able to safeguard his health by good medical care and hospitalisation if needed.

Every child should grow up to enjoy and later to provide “a full life” through a comprehensive education which should enable him to develop fully his natural talents and to fill a place in life commensurate with these talents.

The Government must see that there are provided for every home and farm pure water. sanitation, light and power, drainage and irrigation.

In addition so that call can enjoy ease of communications, there must be provided good roads, public transport and postal and telegraph services.

There must also be adequate means provided for the enjoyment of leisure, including radio and television services.

All of this must be provided efficiently and cheaply so that every one can afford the facilities.

Furthermore, everyone must be secure in his enjoyment of “a full life” through a system of law and order fairly administered.

THIS IS WHAT AMOUNTS TO A FULL LIFE. 2. PRESTIGE Every normal human being desires prestige. Everyone wants to feel important; to amount to something; to be respected; to have power.

Prestige deprives from power. Power is obtained (and hence prestige) by having a greater than average degree of any, or all of the following: (a) Force* (b) Position (c) Proficiency or (d) Property (b) A man of great “force” has more has more power than a weak man- he is respected for his strength, physical or moral . (c) A man of senior position has more power than a man of junior positionhe is respected for his position. (d) A man of great proficiency has more power than a man of little proficiency – he is respected for his skill. (e) A man who owns property has more power than a man who owns nothing- he is respected for his status as a property owner.

Power is every category can be excessive and can be abused. According to action’s dictum, Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.�

In the ideal state, there is no excessive power and no corruption through power.

The acquisition of excessive power by any individual, any group or the state itself is checked.

How is this done? (a) FORCE (i) the physical force of numbers the first check must be against the acquisition and use of excessive power by force.

The force of a number of individuals is greater than the force of a single individual.

Individuals within a state band themselves together into groups for greater force to further their own interests.

Example of such groups are political parties, trade unions professional associations, employer associations, manufacturing associations, co-operative societies and friendly societies. *used here both in the sense of physical force or strength and non physical force or moral or mental or spiritual force. +Property is used in the widest sense and includes personal possessions or any kind of wealth.

The members of these groups band together to further their cause by force of numbers through unified group action.

In a democratic state there are many examples of such organizations. They are sometimes called pressure groups. They normally use peaceful means to further their interest.

In the ideal state there is absolutely no restriction on the formation and meeting of such groups for peaceful purposes.

This is a means of settling disputes by reason and peaceful compromise. This is a means of balancing and checking power.

On the other hand, it is possible for individuals to band themselves into groups to further their cause by physical force and by force of arms.

Indeed the maximum of group can be obtained by armed force.

Since the person or group who controls the armed force has the maximum power, control over the armed forces is used by dictators to impose there will

over the people.

But the ideal state is a state where decisions are not imposed by force, but are reached by peaceful, just and reasonable means.

Thus, in the ideal state the information, control and use of any armed force is strictly limited.

The right to form an armed force is restricted to the state.

Control over the armed force is not given to any political group within the state not even to the ruling political group. It is governed by regulations which require the sanction of independent groups.

The use of the armed force is for the sole purpose of protecting the people from violence. (ii) Non-Physical Force Power can be obtained by force other than physical force.

Power can stem from will power, strength of character mental power or brains and moral or spiritual force.

A man can use all or any of these to achieve whatever end he chooses.

Strength and character can be a powerful source for evil or good.

E.G. Hitler through force of character was a power for evil. Mahatma Gandhi through force of character was a power for good.

Non-physical force can also be increased by force of numbers. When people band together to give their moral support to a cause it can be a powerful means of obtaining the desired end.

In all, religious people gather together to increase moral spiritual strength.

The ideal state is influenced by moral force rather than by physical force.

It is based upon the principle that only good means can be used to produce good ends.

(c) Position The person at the head of a power group is in a position of power. In any state there are positions of great power.

In olden times the supreme position and the supreme power was often in the hands of a single person or a small clique centered around a single person: this was an absolute monarchy.

Today in many states the supreme position giving supreme power is often in the hands of a single person: this is a totalitarian dictatorship.

Both are examples of excessive power.

Both inevitably tend to corruption through power.

In the ideal State positions of power are limited.

Power is exercised by groups of individuals responsible to members of the group,

and exercising power by consent of the group.

Power is limited by division of authority of the group between groups. No one individual can control all power.

No one group or clique can control all power.

The Political is confined to policy and law making through the legislature.

The civil power is confined to the administration of policy and laws through the public services.

The police power is confined to matters relating to the protection of citizens through the police force.

The judicial power is confined to the administration of policy and laws through the courts of law.

All of these groups in the exercise of their power are independent and are not subject to each other’s interference and control.

The ultimate power rests with the free citizens of the state.

All power is derived from consent of the people.

In the ideal state everyone has the right to vote in free and fair elections.

Everyone has the right to participate in the government on the basis of fair merit.

Everyone has the right to enjoy, equally with others, the opportunities for a “full life” which the ideal state provides.

Thus the prestige of National Status and Citizenship is conferred equally upon all. (c ) PROFIENCY And so we come to Proficiency is the source of power least likely to be abused because it is the source of power least likely to be monopolized by any one of any group.

Position in the ideal state depends on proficiency. Proficiency is improved by education.

Therefore education which we have already mentioned under “LIFE” leads to proficiency and prestige.

For instance, a person with a degree such as BSc., MD, LLB, generally has more prestige in his sphere of activity than a person without such a degree.

In the ideal state the prestige which position confers depends upon proficiency and not privilege.

The foundation upon which the ideal state is built is that position depends upon proficiency without discrimination for reasons of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic status,

birth, or any other social condition, and that proficiency is not mere skill, but still combined with moral force. (d) PROPERTY* Property is an important source of power and position.

Indeed it is so important that the urge to acquire it is vey great.

The non-fulfillment of this urge has caused innumerable disputes, feuds and wars.

It’s fair and reasonable fulfillment for all people is therefore urgent.

(1)WHO SHOULD OWN A PROPERTY? Who should own a property?

Everyone!

Property begins with life itself—a person’s most precious possession.

People seek other possessions as a means of increasing their importance; improving their position; and of extending their personality. Everyone wants property.

How much property should the people own?

How much property should the state own?

The people should own as much property as possible.

The state should own no more property that is necessary for it to function properly.

Why should not the state own all the property instead of the people?

Because if the state has all the property it will have all the Power which derives from property.

The people then will be powerless.

But if the state owns no more property than necessary, then the people will also have power.

There will be no state Monopoly of property. Widespread ownership of Property will be possible. The state will have power only by consent of the people.

(2)How should Property be distributed?

Property should be distributed among all the people.

Modern industry produces many items of property which contribute to a full life. *Property is used in the widest sense, and includes personal possessions or any kind of wealth.

These are things such as: radios, television sets, washing machines, refrigerators, gas or electric stoves, modern home appliances, motor cars and other mechanical means of personal transportation.

Things like these make life easier for anyone who owns them, and allow more time for the pursuit of happiness.

In the ideal State everyone can afford these things.

In the Ideal state everyone owns a home or a farm.

Happy family life centers around the home.

Life in the home is easier because the home is furnished with these modern amenities.

Everyone to and from home in cars or other mechanical means of personal transportation.

In the ideal state people own property.

(3)How can there be Equitable Distribution?

Imagine the national wealth as one big cake.

Not just a cake that is made once for all.

But one that is being made and distributed all the time.

How can it be distributed equitably?

There are only three ways to do it: Keep making the cake bigger so there’s more to go around.

Keep giving better opportunities to those who don’t have a slice to get a slice.

Keep taking away something form those who have more than enough so that others can get.

Keep making the cake bigger equitable distribution cannot be achieved by a single wholesale confiscation followed b re-distribution.

In poor countries like ours, there just is not enough to go around.

If all the wealth in Guyana was confiscated and given to everyone in equal shares, each person would get only about $500.

After that production of wealth would cease, No one would get anything anymore.

The answer is to create, not confiscate; to build not to destroy; to produce more so that there will be enough for all.

We will shortly explain how the wealth of a modern nation is created and how it

is increased.

In the ideal state the national wealth is continually increasing and there is a continuing re-distribution.

Keep giving better opportunities to acquire.

The increasing National wealth must provide a better opportunity for everyone to share in it.

This means that everyone must have an opportunity to earn enough to provide for himself “a full life� and to acquire property.

With continually increasing National Wealth, wages must keep increasing. A better wage is a means of getting a better share.

In the deal State the people acquire property through adequate earnings. Not only do they acquire tangible property but also the means of producing wealth itself.

What are the means of producing wealth?

There are farms and factories, mines, industries, shops and services, which produce wealth.

Where these enterprises are on a small scale, many people own them directly.

Where they are on a large scale, very many people own them indirectly through having shares in the public companies which own them.

In the ideal state there is a universal ownership of property; there is very widespread popular ownership of the means of production.

Keep taking away something Even if everyone has a fair chance to acquire property, some will inevitably acquire more than others.

In order to give everyone a better chance to acquire enough something is taken from someone who has more than enough.

This is done by fair taxation.

Taxation is not for the purposes of increasing the property of the state; nor is it for the purpose of confiscating the property of individuals. But it is for the purpose of creating a state in which everyone will enjoy a full life and acquire the property which is necessary for a full life. In the system of taxation a careful balance has to be maintained by – (1)Taking the most practicable from those have more so as to provide everyone with the opportunity for a full life ad the prestige of property ownership.

(2)Not taking so much that cumulative individual effort would be destroyed and the total National Wealth reduced thereby.

In the ideal state there is an economic dynamism which derives form individuals taking advantage of there opportunities and using their initiative in acquiring property.

Both the effort of the state itself ad the cumulative effort of individuals working

within it, contribute to the ever increasing production of national wealth.

The whole effort is directed toward ever producing a bigger cake so that everyone gets a bigger slice.

(3)The production of wealth How is wealth produced?

Wealth is produced from natural resources or Materials through the action of Manpower assisted by Machine Power.

Materials, that is raw materials are changed into new forms by Manpower, that is men, using mental and physical force and proficiency and assisted by Machine power, that is machines, tools ad equipment.

The new forms into which materials are changed are more beneficial and increase man’s material welfare or wealth.

The assistance which machine power gives man power to multiply many times over the power of men to produce wealth.

For instance: Bauxite The raw material of red bauxite dust is changed into alumina.

By workmen and managers using brains and brawn and assister

BY Machines and tools of great complexity subsequently, the alumina is converted into useful products such as roof sheets and airplane frames.

For instance: Rice The raw material of seed, soil, sun and water is changed into paddy by, Farmers using mental and physical energy and assisted by Machines such as plows, tractors, combines.

AND the raw materials of paddy are converted into rise by factory workers and managers assisted by milling plants.

Products such as rice and aluminum increase man’s material welfare or wealth.

(5) The means of increasing Wealth To create more wealth means increasing one or all of the three factors which contribute to the creation of wealth: Materials: Obviously Materials cannot be increased. They are the basic natural resources provided by God. Man Power: man power can be increased but only to a limited extent. Men may work harder-physically or mentally. More men if available may work but obviously there is limitation to the extent to which man power alone can produce more wealth. The ideal is to reduce working hours and make work easier not harder.

Machine Power: Machine Power can be increased. To the increase of machine power there is practically no limit.

Thus the main means of increasing Machine power.

The wealth of any country is measured by the total amount of its production.

The total amount of production is governed by the amount of machine power a country has it use, and the effective use it makes of its machine power.

The richest country in the world the United States of America has more machine power and uses it more effectively than any other The effective use of machine power is called Productivity. In the U.S.A more than 95% of production is attributed to machine power.

This is a means of very high degree of Machine Power and of productivity. This makes possible in the USA an average wage to ordinary workers of approximately $25.00 per day. This makes possible “a full life” for American workers.

In the USA as in other rich countries, machine power is continually increasing.

New Machine power such as Electronic Power and Atomic Power is now being developed.

Increasing machine power is called industrialization. Rich countries are industrialized and are continually increasing industrialization.

Poor Countries are not industrialized. No country can be rich without sufficient machine power and effective use of machine power to produce wealth. In the modern world wealth cannot be produced with hands and shovels.

Machine Power is needed.

Machine power requires capital. It is in fact capital invested in machines. Capital productivity used creates a cycle of ever increasing wealth.

More Capital creates more Machine Power.

Machine Power creates more capital.

The need in poor countries is to get this “Cycle of Productivity” started.

This can only be done by acquiring enough capital; investing it productivity and continually improving the managerial and technical skills of the people.

In the ideal State is continually increasing National Wealth.

Everyone shares the increasing National Wealth. Living standards continually improve. More property is produced. Everyone acquires more property: The ideal state is a property owning democracy.

(To describe this ideal economic system we had coined the phrase Economic Dynamism.

(6) CONCLUSION: Wealth and Power must be spread around.

The ideal state, a free democratic is impossible if there is excessive power in hands of individuals, groups or state itself.

The concept of the ideal state is a concept of a balance of power.

There must not be concentration of Power or Property.

In some states the source of all power is in the hands of the state. The state controls directly the armed power owns almost all property. Controls all positions and all skills and thus controls all groups and all people. Such a state is corrupted by power. In such a state there is no balance of power. In such a state the people have lost all freedom.

This is the opposite of an ideal.

In the ideal state power which derives from group force from position from property and from proficiency is widespread among the people.

There are checks against an excessive degree of power whether that power derives from group force unlimited authority excessive ownership of property or monopolistic control of skills.

Checks are by:Independent group forces acting peacefully within the state and without interference by the state.

Division and limitation of authority preventing the state from abusing the police power, of the power of administer justice.

Restrictions or monopolies whether by the state or individuals or groups.

Fair taxation to provide the maximum opportunity for every one to acquire enough for a full life.

The ideal state is a state where excessive power is limited.

Honour and prestige is for proficiency.

The state itself rules by consent.

1. Love we come not to the third human need – Love Love is a vitally important human need.

But it is difficult to express the obligations of the ideal state in regard to the people’s fulfillment of this need.

It may be argued that material welfare does not necessarily lead to happiness that the state should strive for something more than just material welfare for its people.

Some object to the materialism of the modern age.

But the ideals of a political party must be confined primarily to material things.

Many philosophers and others have held that the ideals of justice peace and freedom are derived from the all embracing ideal of love.

Yet justice peace and freedom are political ideals.

Obviously where there is love there is no hatred.

And where there is no hatred there is no violence.

Where there is no violence there is peace.

Thus, where there is love, peace and justice, freedom will naturally follow.

The elevation of mind to the concept of ideal love is prerogative of religion rather than government.

In the ideal state there is no state sponsored religion.

But religious, philosophic and benevolent organizations are encouraged.

Men live together in harmony as brothers, under the fatherhood of God. 2. VARIETY Finally we come to the fourth human need – Variety.

The Roman emperors had a well known saying “ Give them bread and circuses”

In other words they understood the need to provide the people with relief from boredom.

They realized that by keeping the people interested with circuses they could keep them from demanding fulfillment if many of their needs.

In modern dictatorship great public spectacles are frequently provided for the people this helps to deflect the people’s minds from other needs unfilled.

In a country where there is economic stagnation people are depressed and bored.

In such countries there is almost always revolutionary unrest or suppression by dictatorship.

In the ideal state there is the dynamic of national development of rising living standards.

And this in itself provides relief from monotony and fulfillment for the need for change and form individual progress.

Summary

The Search for an Ideal Thus in the ideal state, the needs of the workers and the farmers and the needs of all the people will be met.

Thus in the ideal state everyone will enjoy: 1) Life “A Full Life” which means the enjoyment if a good home enough food and clothing good health care good education , security, leisure and liberty.

2) Prestige Power and prestige as a free citizen in a free country.

The prestige of personal ownership of property Personal liberty maintained through a balance of power.

3) Love the dignity, respect and goodwill of the community and peace justice and freedom.

The equality of the brotherhood of man under the fatherhood of god.

4) Variety The excitement and inspiration derived form self satisfying partnership in a vitally growing nation of free people.

It should be noted that liberty is necessary for the fulfillment of all basic human needs.

THUS LIBERTY OF THE INDIVIDUAL IS THE FIRST ESSENTIAL IN THE IDEAL STATE. From the beginning Man has sought the fulfillment of these four basic urges.

The pages of history unfurl the drama of man’s adjustment to his needs. In this endeavor there has been evil and good.

There has been a ruthless search for self satisfaction.

There has been a sacrifice for self for others.

History is both the story of those who sort there own good at the expense of others and of those who sacrificed themselves for the good of others.

Life In the struggle to live a full life some has disregarded the welfare of others.

Some have killed others to prolong their own lives.

Some have sacrificed their lives for others.

Prestige The history of nations is the history of an armed struggle for power and prestige.

In olden times kinds justified their supreme power on the theory of the divine rights of kings.

In modern times dictators justify their supreme power on the theory of socialism.

Throughout the course of history people have nearly always been subjected to the rule of a supreme state without having any say in it themselves.

True democracy has been a rare exception.

After thousands of years subjection people wrested the power away from the autocratic state.

Socialism is being used by some as a theory like the divine right of kings to bring back the autocratic state.

Power tends to corrupt.

Unless the people are vigilant they will lose the democratic freedom they have won to band themselves into as many group as they like for the furtherance of their own interests.

Such freedom of association is in the essence of a free democracy.

It cannot be tolerated in any system of autocracy or single party state.

Love The epic of history is the epic of love.

In this too there is inherent conflict.

Conflict as to whether love’s fulfillment is concerned mainly with self satisfaction or whether fulfillment is concerned mainly with self sacrifice and directed towards satisfaction of the object of love.

Theologians and philosophers distinguish between two types of love: sensual love called “Eros” and self sacrificing love called “Agape”

VARIETY The need for variety, to do something that has never been done before drives men ever onwards.

Variety is so powerful an urge that man must climb Everest simply because its there and has not been climbed before.

The endless search for variety reveals itself in the fantastic endeavor now being made to place men on the moon.

General Conclusion So man lives on.

Seeking the fulfillment of his desires as he interprets them.

Forever he seeks life, Prestige, Love, and Variety.

Relentlessly he presses on either concerned mainly with his own self satisfaction or sacrificing himself for the needs of others or sometimes one sometimes the other.

No matter how self interested he may be the search for an ideal is always there.

The conflict between self interest and the interest of others is at the root of all struggles.

In the fulfillment of personal needs everyone has the right to self satisfaction.

But none has the right to fill its own needs at the expense of others. The greater his own fulfillment, the greater his obligation to others.

Those already living a full life those in high positions those who own property, those who have exceptional skills, have an obligation to use what they have, not only for themselves but for the benefit of others.

For instance anyone who owns any property has a responsibility in regard for the use of that property. A man who owns such a simple thing as a bicycle has the responsibility to use it with courtesy, and not to harm others through its careless use.

Our concept of the ideal state depends upon personal liberty and a peaceful balance of power. Another concept (which we reject) depends on subjection of individual liberty to an all-powerful state.

There is not example in history of an ideal state.

But there are modern examples of states where the individual is free to own property to form and join groups for the protection of his own interest; to receive and impart information. And to vote at fair elections for candidates of his choice.

These states are free democracies; they are reaching towards an ideal.

There are also modern examples of the states where the individual is not free to own property; not free to join groups other than those sponsored by the state not free to receive or impart information without censorship by the state not free to vote at an election for any other but a state sponsored candidate.

These states are socialist dictatorships.

These states have reverted to autocracy under the guise of “socialism”.

They need have distorted an ideal.

They call themselves “People’s Democracies” But they are totalitarian dictatorships.

In the free democracies the people are free to enter or leave the country as they wish.

In the socialist dictatorships the people are held within they confines of their country as within a prison.

We have stated our concept of an ideal government.

This is an ideal for everyone who seeks progress, a chance for the better for everyone who loves and longs for an ideal for everyone who wants to amount to something.

It is in fact an ideal for everyone who lives and cherishes freedom. This, our concept of an ideal is an ideal for all.

In order to achieve it, we all need only to have this simple faith:

THAT ALL MEN ARE BROTHERS THAT GOD IS THE FATHER OF ALL

United Force Ideal compared with United Nations Ideals.

On December 10th, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

We support in full the principles and ideals of the United Nations Declaration.

In order to show how our ideals are in keeping with those of the United Nations, we print below the United Nations Declaration and show by a reference in the margin how there may be referred to our own ideals.

The reason why our ideals conform to those of the United Nations is simply this: The United Nations Declaration derives from an analysis of universal democratic principles.

Our Declaration derives from an analysis of universal human needs

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on the tenth day of December, 1948.

Reference to the United Force Declaration of Ideals “That all men are brothers.” (p.22) “Men live together in harmony as brothers under the fatherhood of God.” p.18.3 “… “Foundation upon which the ideal state is built is that position depends upon proficiency without discrimination for

ARTICLE 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in spirit of brotherhood.

ARTICLE 2: everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedom set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Furthermore no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political jurisdictional or

reasons of race, colour, sex, languages, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic status birth or any other social condition.

“everyone will enjoy a full life … and liberty” p.19:1 “Liberty of the individual is the first essential in the ideal state.” p.19 “Law and order is maintained with a minimum use of force.” p.8 (d) “The rights of every person are protected and respected without discrimination.” p.8 (d) “There is equal protection and Justice for all.” p.8 (d) (see p.8 (d) ) “Every trial is conducted in public by an independent

international status of the country of territory to which a person belongs whether it be independent, trust non-self governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

ARTICLE 3: Everyone as the right to life, liberty and security of person.

ARTICLE 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude, slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

ARTICLE 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel in human or degrading treatment or punishment.

ARTICLE 6: Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

ARTICLE 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are

“The accused person has all guarantees for his defence.” p.8 (d)

(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a “Everyone is penal offence entitled to privacy under national or in his personal international law, and family at the time when it affairs.” was committed.

ARTICLE 12: No one shall be “In the free subjected to democracies arbitrary inference people are free to with his privacy, enter or leave family, home or their country as correspondence, they wish.” nor to attacks upon p.22 his honour and reputation.

Everyone has the right to protection of law against such interference or attacks.

ARTICLE 13 (1): Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave

and impartial tribunal.” p.8 (d) “Everyone charged with an offence is presumed innocent until proved guilty after a fair trial.”

entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

ARTICLE 8: Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental Rights granted him by the constitution or by law ARTICLE 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest detention or exile.

ARTICLE 10: Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by and independent and impartial tribunal in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11 (1): Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

“The prestige of national status and citizenship is conferred equally upon all.” p.12 (b) “The family is the natural and fundamental group unit within the state.” p.6

any country including his own and to return to his country.

ARTICLE 14: (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

ARTICLE 15 (1): Everyone has the right to a nationality.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality ARTICLE 16 (1): Men and women of full age without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion have the right to marry to found family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage during marriage and at is dissolution.

(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses (3) The family is

the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.

“Who should own property?

Everyone.” p.13 (1) “In the ideal state… religious, philosophic and benevolent organizations are encouraged.” p.18. 3 “Everyone is the ideal state has the right to express himself publicly without censorship.”

In the ideal state there is absolutely no restriction on the formation and meeting as such groups formation and meetings of such groups for peaceful purposes. p.11 (a) (i) Everyone has the right to participate in the government on the basis of merit. p.12 (b) All Power us derived form

ARTICLE 17 (1): Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

ARTICLE 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought conscience and religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice worship and observance.

ARTICLE 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression: this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Producing a bigger cake so that everyone gets a bigger slice.” p.14 “People seek other possessions as a means of extending there personality.” p.13 (d) (i) “The responsibility of the government is to see that the economy of the country is able to provide a job for every adult that the job pays enough to provide “a full life” p.7.1 “this means to have enough food and clothing a good home and security so that there can be dignity and happiness.” p.p6.1 Right to form associations. p.11 (a) (i) .

So that all can enjoy leisure,” p.8 (c ) “In the ideal state

Economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

ARTICLE 23 (1): Everyone has the right to work to free choice of employment to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

(2) Everyone without any discrimination has the right to equal pay for equal work.

(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration insuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity and supplemented if necessary by other means of social protection.

(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the

consent of the people. p.12 (b) “Both the effort of the state itself and cumulative effort of the individuals working within it, contribute to the ever increasing production of national wealth.

The whole effort is directed towards

ARTICLE 20 (1): Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

ARTICLE 21 (1): Everyone has the right to take part in government of his country, directly or chosen representatives.

(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government: this shall be expressed in periodic and general elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

ARTICLE 22: Everyone as a member of society has the right to social security and is entitled to realization through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state of the

no one suffers from lack of good health care.” p.7.1 (a) See .9 “Summary” A full life education is provided equally for all. p.7.1 (b).

Every child should grow up to enjoy, and later to provide

protection of his interests.

ARTICLE 24: Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

ARTICLE 25 (1): Everyone has the right to standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family including food clothing housing and medical care and social and services and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness disability.

Widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children whether born in or out of wedlock shall enjoy the same social protection.

ARTICLE 26: (1) Everyone has the right to education.

Education shall be free at least in the elementary and fundamental stages.

“A full life” through a comprehensive education which should enable him to develop fully his natural talents and to fill a place in life commensurate with those talents. p.9 Summary

“Everyone has the right to choose for himself and his children the type of education he wants.’ P.8.1 (d) So that all can participate in the cultural life of the community.” p.8 1 (c ) The democratic rights and freedoms and dealt with in detail from

Mentary education shall be compulsory.

Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom. It shall promote understanding tolerance and friendship among all nations racial or religious groups and shall further the activities of the united nations for the maintainance

(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purpose and principles of the united nations.

ARTICLE 30: Nothing in this declaration may be interrupted as implying for any state group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

p.71 (a) under the heading “true democracy�

of peace.

(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

ARTICLE 27 (1) Everyone has the right to freely to participate in the cultural life of the community to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interest resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

ARTICLE 28: everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedom set forth in this declaration can be fully realized.

ARTICLE 29: (1): Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedom everyone shall be subject

only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedom of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

From the above clause by clause comparison is can be clearly seen that the ideals of the united force are the same as those declared by the United Nations.

Towards the ideal Democracy The realization of Ideals.

We have shown how in the ideal state the needs of the people the workers and the farmers are filled. Now we propose to show: How our United Force Policy would be a practical means towards fulfillment of our people’s needs and how far from fulfillment the needs of the people have been.

First of all it must be realized to achieve perfection to fulfill the ideal completely in impossible.

Nevertheless there should be substantial progress towards the ideal. To achieve this it is essential to have a clear ideal to aim at.

For Instance the creation of a work of artistic genius is a step towards the achievement of an ideal. But the difference between a mediocre work or art and a work of artistic genius is simply this: The mediocre artist aimed at an easy target and hit it: his chief motive was self interest. The artistic genius aimed at an impossibly distant target and missed it: but his arrow carried infinitely further than the mediocre artist could hope to have reached and he was not concerned with self interest.

So in our blueprint for a better Guiana, we aim at perfection knowing we cannot reach it. But that we can reach further than those who aim at the easy target or who merely shoot at random or who are motivated by self interest.

It must be realized that what we seek to do requires hard work. The people’s needs cannot be met by clever phrases or fine words.

Nor can laying the blame for past fault help satisfy present needs.

The fulfillment must be by works not words.

The first step is to establish which the people’s most desperate needs are. To examine in detail these most desperate needs. Then to establish a plan for their fulfillment.

Not everything can be done at once. Fulfillment will take time. A start must be made. Priorities must be established. Then progress must be maintained.

What is the most desperate need of the people?

The first need is that everyone every farmer, every workingman should be able to earn enough money to live “a full life” To improve wages and to eliminate unemployment is therefore the first priority.

1. Wages and conditions of employment

Let us therefore, consider first, the need to improve wages and conditions of work and our United Force Policy in regard to this.

We have stated in the ideal state wages from employment should be sufficient to enable a man to lead a full life. We explained what we meant by a full life. Sufficient earnings to provide a good home, good food good clothing and something more for the security, comfort, dignity and happiness of everyone. Later we said that the ideal state was a property owning democracy in which workers would earn enough to satisfy their desire to own property.

How far are we from the ideal?

What does the average standard wage provide in Guyana?

Cost of living statistics indicate that it is almost impossible for a workingman merely to exist on the present minimum wage paid by the Government.

The minimum wage for Government pays to workers is $3.04 per a day.

Approximately 6,000 workers for government receive this bare minimum with no other benefits.

Surveys have shown that to meet the present cost of living at least minimum of $4.00 per day is necessary. Therefore it is clear that government workers are not being compelled by the wages being paid to them just merely to exist. For them to live a full life is impossible.

For many workers, not working for government wages are better.

Sugar workers get a minimum of $3.45 per a day.

Workers at Demerara Bauxite Company get a minimum wage of $8.08 per day.

Workers at Bank Breweries Limited get a minimum wage of $5.00 per day.

As the first step towards filling all the needs of the people it is the duty of the government to set a good example to an employer.

At the bottom of his heart Dr Cheddi Jagan knows this on the 4th February 1949 in a debate on the estimates he said: “working class people are being forced to live sub-standard because of the low wages they receive. We must endeavor to raise the standard of living in this country and government must set the example.”

(a) WAGE POLICY (i) Minimum Wages Government must enable its workers to earn the minimum required to meet the cost of living. This minimum is at least $4.00 per day Therefore the first U.F priority is a minimum wage of $4.00 per a day for government workers, and this should then become the basis minimum wage for all workers. This should be the first step towards the target of minimum wages capable of providing “a full life” for all.

Our policy is continually to increase the national wealth and the standard wages until every worker can live a full life. (ii) Annual Increment working year after year at the same wage is monotonous and frustrating. There should be national economic growth and all workers should benefit by it.

Many government employees enjoy minimum annual increment within the limits of certain fixed scales. We propose that a minimum annual increment of 2 ½ % of earnings be paid to all government employees (classified or unclassified) not at present enjoying annual increments and that approximate scales be fixed.

All employers will be encouraged to establish such a scale of minimum annual

increments as may be negotiated between themselves and the unions representing their employees. The system may be made compulsory.

But the duties of an employer do not begin and end with wages.

There are other benefits which a worker needs to save him from merely existing and to give him the security of the full life. Benefits which add to his dignity and sense of well being and co-partnership with his employer.

What are these benefits?

There are often called “Fringe Benefits.”

We continue our wage Policy with our proposals for the following: (b) Fringe Benefits (I) Health A UF Government will set the example by providing a health scheme for all its employees. The Government health scheme will provide for every employee of Government the following: Free medical service excluding the free for the first visit to the doctor in regard to any illness.

Free medicine upon prescription.

Free hospitalization up to 2 months.

And after 3 years service 50% of dental expenses and 50% of optical expenses.

Employees may be required to contribute ½ % or 1% of wages or salaries to the scheme.

Thus, an employee earning $100 per month may contribute 50c per month.

Every employer of 10 or more persons will have to provide a similar health scheme of his employees.

All such health schemes will have to be submitted to and approved by the commissioner of labour.

Unemployed persons will be entitled to free health benefits.

(I) Pension At present Government has a non contributory pension scheme or all Government employees on the fixed establishment. We propose to establish a pension scheme for which all employees paid by government will qualify after completing one year’s service. This scheme will be introduced to coordinate as far as reasonable and practical with the government pension schemes at present in force.

In preparation of the schemes in unions concerned will be consulted.

Every employer of 10 or more persons will have to provide a pension scheme for all his employees.

A general outline of the type of scheme is given below: Pension would calculate as follows: 2% of wages or salary on retirement multiplied by the number of consecutive

years service up to a maximum of 70%.

Normal retirement age would be 65 for men; 55 for women.

Pensions would be payable in respect in any number of years service in express of 15, provided retirement is at age of 50n or over.

Employers may require employees to contribute 5% of wags or salary to a pension fund.

In an event of premature non-pensionable retirement, all employees’ contributions will be refunded. (iii) Severance Pay The object of severance pay benefits is to provide for the needs of those employees:Who will have pass service not pensionable because it will have accrued prior to the legislation introducing the pension scheme.

Who will not be enjoying pensionable service?

Whose termination of service may occur in such a way as to preclude any pension benefit other than refund of contributions.

Severance pay will be at the ray of one month’s pay for every year of service but will not be payable in respect of a period of service of less than 3 years or in respect of service prior to 1952.

All employers including government will be liable for severance pay.

Severance will be payable upon the retirement, retrenchment or dismissal of any employee/ Severance pay will not be payable to employees retiring with pension or to employees dismissed for causes which have resulted in penal convictions. (iv) Bonus all families have additional expenses at Christmas time. There is need to provide for this. Some employers give there employees a generous bonus. Others do not.

In order to provide a minimum annual Xmas Bonus it will be compulsory for all employers (including government) to pay 12 months pay in respect of each years employment.

The extra half month’s pay will be payable between 1st and 15yh December of every year to every employee who has served 6 months consecutively previous to December.

Profit sharing schemes for employees will be established in government Corporations and will be generally encouraged. (v) Home purchase plan It is the policy of the United Force in keeping with its ideals of a property owning democracy that every worker should own his own home. Government will encourage the building of owner occupied homes through Home Purchase Co-operatives and by other incentives.

Home purchase Co-operatives will generally be sponsored by employers (including government) for the benefit of there workers.

HPC’s may also be sponsored by trade unions and other organizations.

The sponsor of a HPC will be responsible for organizing a group for the purpose of building not less that 10 homes for members of the group. Each member will join the HPC for the purpose of obtaining a new home on easy purchase rental terms. The sponsor will provide finance and management for the scheme until its completion.

After the homes have been built and occupied by the members of the HPC a loan company would normally take over from the sponsor the home Purchase Rental Agreement in bulk. The sponsor will then deduct the monthly rental purchase from the employer’s earnings and pay it to the loan company. The sponsor will guarantee the first 15% of the loan to the loan company or make such other arrangements as might be manually agreed.

The object of this plan is to stimulate home building by independent and competitive group initiative. This will create the maximum number of homes at the minimum cost. It is estimated when the scheme is in full swing 5,000 new homes per a year will be built.

This will create employment in the building and timber trades.

Government will assist as follows:Sponsor HPC’s for its employees prepare and offer for sale at cost land for building sites.

Provide technical assistance for self help scheme whether sponsored as HPC’s or not.

Provide tax relief to sponsors of HPC’s and loan companies financing such schemes by allowing –

(a) The sponsor to claim income tax relief to the extent of 15% of the total cost of the scheme provided the scheme is a non-profit one. (b) Exempt from Income tax for 10 years interest earned either by the sponsor or the loan on the financing of the HPC provided the interest rates are the normal minimum rates for long term mortgages.

Guarantee in certain schemes up to 50% of the loan repayment to the load company.

Provide loan funds for loan companies if necessary.

By there means it is intended to provide workers with homes. (vi) Job Training The opportunity for promotion is another important need for workers.

Promotion often depends upon technical skill or qualification. Technical training at the Technical Institute will be expanded for this purpose.

Employers will be encouraged to send employees for special training in advance skills while retaining there services.

In order to encourage employees to do this they will be entitled to deduct from income tax the value of the employees time lost to the employer providing it can be shown the employee time lost to the employer providing it can be shown the employee has been promoted and salary increased as a result of the training.

Summary Wages and Conditions of Employment Our United Force policy in regard to wages and conditions of employment is summarized as follows:A Wages 1. Immediate minimum wage of $4.00 per day.

2. Minimum annual increment B Fringe Benefits 1. Health Scheme for workers.

2. Pension Plan for workers.

3. Severance pay for workers.

4. Half month’s extra pay at Christmas 5. Home purchase Co-operative Plan.

6. Job training to encourage promotion.

Our United Force policy of improving wages and conditions of employment will be effected as follows:Government will set a good example as an employer.

Free independent non political trade unions will b encouraged and consulted.

Tax relief will be given in certain instances for the purpose of encouraging employees benefits.

Effective legislation will be introduced to ensure certain employees benefits.

2. Employment Unemployment situation The present most desperate need of the people is the need for

employment. We need not only better wages for those who work but also work for those who can’t get work.

What is the present situation in regards to unemployment? How man are unemployed The international labour office at Geneva under the United Nations program of technical assistance sent an expert in 1956 Mr. Edward McGale to report on unemployment.

The McGale report published the following statistics:In 1956 out of a labour force of 164,600, 29,600 were employed In 1956 18% of the labour force was unemployed.

The labour force would increase at the minimum rate of 6000 persons per a year.

The economic development program (Berril Plan) would create 7000 new jobs by 1966 McGale concluded that failure of new employment opportunities to develop would mean that the influx of workers into the labour force would simply swell the ranks of the unemployed. Under these circumstances unemployment is 1966 could rise as high as 80,000 to 90,000 depending on the size of the labour force.

Undoubtedly since McGale wrote new employment opportunities have failed to develop. Therefore unemployment has been steadily increasing.

Clearly Government has failed to establish a state where every adult can find work.

Using McGale's statistics we estimate unemployment in 1963 to be 45000 out of a labour force of 192,000. This is nearly one in four persons out of work! 23 ½ % of the labour force unemployed. *Note our calculation is reached as follows: Unemployed in 1956 to nearest 1,000. .. 30,000 Increase in labour force1956 to 1963. .. 42,000 Total. 72,000 Estimated reduction in labour force through emigration 1956 to 1963 . . .. 15,000 Estimated new jobs created 1956 – 1963 … 12,000 Total reduction: 45,000 Estimated unemployed in 1963 (a) Plan for full employment The most urgent need therefore is to establish a plan for full employment.

What can be done?

Clearly, 45,000 people cannot be employed overnight. A plan must be established stretching over a number of years.

We propose a 6 year plan for full employment.

First we must establish the total number of new jobs that need to be created to provide full employment in 6 years. McGale assumed that everyone 14 years and over who needed or sought employment was unemployed. He observed how ever that the raising of the school leaving age or an increase in secondary education could have the effect of reducing the labour force.

In 1956 school leaving age was optional at 14 and compulsory at 16. This is no longer so therefore it is more realistic to assume that unemployment now begins at age 17.

Further more it is the United Force policy to increase secondary education and to raise the school leaving age.

McGale estimated that 26% of unemployed were under 18. On this assumption we estimated that in order to provide full employment from the age of 17 is up it will be necessary to create 60,000 new jobs in a six year period.

Our Plan for full employment is to create 60,000 new jobs within 6 years, We outline this plan under seven headings:General policy for employment of Guyanese Plan to create 60,000 new jobs Capital needed to fulfill plan Plan to obtain capital from 4 sources A blueprint for a better Guyana Need to know about capital How to attract the necessary capital General Policy for Employment of Guyanese Our policy is to create jobs for Guyanese. To give Guyanese the opportunity to fulfill there highest post.

We have a great country. It is under populated and under developed. Yet in it people are unemployed and underemployed.

The density of population is only 7 persons per square mile. By comparison the population densities* is some countries are :Guyana :: :: :: :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 Trinidad::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::418 Barbados :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1395 Puerto Rico ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::684 India :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::371 United Kingdom ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::559 This means that the land of Trinidad is providing approximately 60 times more per a square mile than ours and Barbados is providing approximately 156 times more!

It is shameful that with all our land and resources 45,000 Guyanese citizens are

unemployed.

1960 figures.

We believe we can develop Guyana so that every Guyanese would be full employed and there will be a scarcity of labor.

When this time comes workers from overseas will be welcomed to our country.

But for the time being the employment policy of the united force is to create employment for Guyanese and see that they attain the highest positions.

Policy towards Expatriates We realize that despite unemployment of Guyanese it is necessary to employ persons from overseas (expatriates) to fill post which Guyanese is not yet technically qualified to fill.

Our policies towards expatriates are therefore two fold: To discourage employment of expatriates in post which could be reasonable filled

by Guyanese and for which they are technically qualified Guyanese available.

To encourage the employment of the most highly qualified expatriates for the purpose of training Guyanese to fill technical posts and for the development of new industries in which new employment will be created for Guyanese.

In order to effect this policy technical qualified expatriates are employed for the purpose of: training Guyanese for the technical post of developing a new industry will be allowed exemption from personal income tax for the period training or development.

Encouragement for Guyanese Technical training at the technical institute will be expanded with the object of training Guyanese to fill the highest post in industries. Companies would be encouraged by tax incentives (see page 33 (6)) to send employees for technical training to the technical institute.

In order to encourage technically trained Guyanese to return to Guyana all Guyanese returning from over seas with technical qualification which have required 3 or more years training To encourage by special concessions Guyanese who have become technically qualified abroad to return home.

1. To employ many more Guyanese as directors of locally registered companies.

2. To establish a Register of Unemployment, and in collaboration with trade unions out a system to provide relief.

(b) PLAN TO CREATE 60,000 NEW JOBS

We plan to create 60,000 new jobs in 6 years.

We plan to create these jobs in four fields of employment.

We list below the four fields of employment with the number of new jobs we aim to create in each

Field of Employment Year Plan

Number of New Jobs

Six

Each year 1) Pioneer Farming ‌..

5,000

2)

Construction and transport..

3)

Private Industries

4)

Government Projects TOTAL 60,000

30,000 2,000

2,333.3 666.6

12,000 14,000 4,000

10,000

We outline below how the requisite number of jobs will be created in each of the four major fields of new employment. (i)

Pioneer Farming Our target is to provide within six years 30,000 farmers with news land and livelihood

Present Performance What has Government already done to fill the people’s need for land? Very little In the past 5 years more than $30M has been spent on land settlement schemes. The biggest of these schemes was the Black Bush Polder Scheme. $20M was spent to develop 31,000 acres. 625 farmers are settled as residents; 772 non- resident. The land is leased to them by Government for $17.50 per acre.

Taking all schemes into account no more than 2,000 farmers has been settle on new lands.

The farmers settled on the new lands are compelled forever to pay rent to their landlord, the Government.

They can never enjoy the prestige of ownership of their own land.

Without ownership, loans for the development of the land they work cannot be obtained. Without ownership, loans for the development of the land they work cannot be obtained. Without ownership, they cannot build for their future.

The renter of land can have no permanent interest in improving the land.

This is one reason why socialist schemes of agriculture in China, Cuba and Russia and other countries have failed so dismally.

Our Plan Yet Guyana’s greatest asset is land. Most of it still unused. The unused land is the people’s land. It should be providing livelihood for everyone.

It should be made available to the people.

Our policy is to provide 30,000 people with land and livelihood within 6 years, It is simple enough.

Our “Magic Circle” road plan will encircle with roads more than one million acres of fertile land within 6 years.

There will be access to this virgin land by road from Georgetown to New Amsterdam and Vreed-en-Hoop.

A minimum plot of 30 acre of this land will be given to each farmer who settles on it. Thus 30,000 new farmers will be provided with land and livelihood.

The land will be freehold land and will be given free to farmers who settle on it to use it. The size of the plot will depend upon the profit potential of the land in the particular area.

To prevent exploitation by those who have surplus capital, the title deeds to the land will contain clauses which will restrict resale of the land and will prevent acquisition of the land by those who do not occupy it, and the ownership of more than one farm by one owner. There will also be clauses to prevent the breaking up of the land into smaller pieces which would be units too small to provide adequate livelihood.

Thus “aggregation” and “fragmentation” will not be allowed. Thus our policy for the development of new lands is FREEHOLD LAND FREE TO FARMERS! The income derived by farmers from the working of the new land will be free of income tax for six years.

It is hoped that the people of all six races will avail themselves of this opportunity to own and farm the land.

To effect this policy a Pioneer Farmers Homestead Act will be passed.

Government policy towards pioneer farmers will be self-helped and credit facilities rather than outright aid. The Pioneer Farm policy will go along just as quickly as new roads can open up new lands.

Our Plan is to create 30,000 independent self-reliant farmers within six years by opening up more than one million new acres of land. This means to open up 166,000 acres each year and to create livelihood for 5,000 farmers each year.

We have outlined our plan to provide self-employment for 30,000 new farmers.

More details of our “Magic Circle” road and our policy for agriculture are given later under appropriate headings.

We summarise briefly here our plan to provide new employment and livelihood for 30,000 farmers.

1. Opening up for more than a million new acres of land by roads from Georgetown, New Amsterdam and Vreed-en-Hoop.

2. Giving free to pioneer farmer’s minimum plots of 30 acres of “bona fide” land each and making the proceeds of the land free of income tax for 6 years.

3. “Fragmentation” and “Aggregation” to be prevented by law and resale to be restricted.

(ii)

Construction and Transportation Our target is to provide 12,000 new jobs within six years through new construction and new transport services.

Present Performance

What has Government already achieved?

Government has actually caused a slump in construction and transport. Home building has been a standstill. Bad roads and severe taxes have limited transport services.

In 1961 only 167 new houses were built in the towns of Georgetown and New Amsterdam. There is a failure to provide the pressing need for new homes in these cities.

Through the sugar Industry Labour Welfare Fund, 597 houses were built for sugar workers in sugar estates areas. In addition we estimate about 1000 homes

for modest standard were built in other rural areas. Thus total home construction for 1961 is estimated at 1764.

This is poor record.

But in 1962 and 1963, we estimate construction to have been even less. There has been underemployment in construction.

Our Plan (a) Construction Home building is one of the most labour intensive of industries. It creates allot of employment in relation to money invested. It helps the economy be stimulating other local industries, particularly timber and furniture.

It is our plan to stimulate the building of homes for workers and homesteads for farmers.

Our plan is to encourage workers and farmers to own and occupy their own homes.

We have already outlined a Home Purchase Co-operative Plan. The target of this plan is the building of 5,000 new homes per year. By this plan and our Pioneer Farmers Plan, we estimate that 5,000 new jobs will be created directly and indirectly through the construction of new homes.

(b) Transport Our road programme is bound to expand road transport and employment in road vehicles.

Guyana is forty times as big as Trinidad. Yet Trinidad has ten times as many miles of food road than Guyana.

Trinidad has approximately: 9,000 taxicabs 11,250 goods vehicles 250 buses TOTAL

20,510 jobs creating motor vehicles

All providing direct employment for at least 25,000* persons.

The comparative figures for Guyana are approximately: 15,000 taxicabs 4,000 goods vehicles 135 buses TOTAL

5635 Job creating motor vehicles

All providing employment for about 7,000* persons.

We estimate our road policy will be effective in doubling g road transport in six years and thus providing 7,000 new jobs.

(iii)

Private Industries Our target is to create 14,000 new jobs in private industries within 6 years.

Present Performance In the last 5 years there has been a standstill in industrial development.

Both the manganese company and bank breweries limited started more than 5 years ago.

In the past 5 years employment in new industries cannot have exceeded 200.

Our Plan The establishment of new industries depends upon many factors which go to creating a climate favorable for the growth of new industries.

New industries require capital and a climate to att6ract capital is necessary.

Since 1959 in Trinidad when the industrial development cooperation started 83 new industries have been already started. The total capital expenditure is estimated at 217M and the number of jobs created directly or indirectly over 10,000.

The question of how capital can be attracted for new industries is discussed in a later chapter.

*Assuming every vehicle creates employment for one person and, about 25% of the vehicles create employment for 2 persons. + up to 1963

We believe that the United Force policies can bring about the right industrial climate. We believe that the right industrial climate 14000 new jobs in industries will be achieved in 6 years. (iv) Government projects Finally, we come to new employment to be provided by government projects.

The present labour force of government is about 16000. Frankly, we plan to provide full and better employment for government workers rather than over expand the government’s service.

We estimate that government projects – mainly land development and roads/will, while these project under way, create employment for 4000 extra persons.

We summarise briefly our PLAN FOR FULL EMPLOYMENT. This is the plan to create 60000 new jobs in 6 years in 4 fields of employment.

1. By opening up over a million acres of new land by “Magic Circle” of roads to provide land and livelihood for 30000 farmers, giving them each a minimum plot of 30 acres of free hold land free …………….. number of jobs…………30,000 2. By home purchase cooperative plan and a Pioneer farmers and homestead plan to create 5000 new jobs in home construction. ………………..number of jobs……..12000 3. By establishing a climate favourable for growth of new industries to create 14000 jobs. ……………….number of jobs……………14000 4. By government works and projects to provide and additional 4000 jobs. …………………number of jobs….4000 TOTAL NUMBER OF JOBS………………………….60,000 We have shown in what fields of employment 60000 jobs will be created in 6 years.

3, CAPITAL NEEDED TO FULFILL PLAN What must government do to create the 60000 jobs in the four fields of employment?

First, face up to the realities of the problem in regard to capital New permanent employment can only be created by: Opening up of new industries for people to work in.

Opening of new lands for farmers to work in.

There is no other way to do it.

We have advantages which may other emergent nations don’t have. We have land. Plenty of land. Less than 1% of our land is now being used.

Our unused land can be our greatest source of employment and wealth. On it many new crops can be grown. Under it many valuable minerals which now lie useless could be developed.

What then is the obstacle? The obstacle is lack of capital and technique to provide and use the machine power to develop our land.

New employment can be only be created by new capital. Expenditure.

In order to understand this clearly, let us consider 2 examples of recent developments.

(1)BLACK BUSH POLDER this agricultural development cost $20m.

1297 farmers work on it (625 resident; 672 non-resident) they earn they’re living by self employment.

The capital cost per a farmer was thus approximately 15,000 each.

The Capital was supplied by government partly from funds supplied by people of the United Kingdom. Partly from funds supplied by the people of British Guyana through taxes.

(2)AFRICAN MAGANESE (2) The capital cost of this new industrial development in North West was approximately $45m The industry employs about 1000 people Thus the capital cost per worker was $45000.

From these two examples it will be seen the creation of new jobs whether in agriculture or industry require capital.

In one case the capital was supplied mainly by the British Government.

The British government obtained the capital from the British people, either through taxes paid by them, or through savings invested by the British Government Securities.

In the other case the capital was supplied voluntarily by an oversea company out of their or own savings or from saving of people who invested in their company.

The object of both these development was to create wealth.

As we have already explained the creation of wealth requires man power and machine power.

Man power means men employed machine power means capital employed.

Thus, to create jobs capital must be spent.

Some agriculture and industrial developments require more capital per a job created than others. The world trend is to worth higher capital cost per jobs created.

A fair estimate at a minimum average amount of capital required to create new employment a development country is 15,000 per job.

Some agricultural development should average less than this.

Some industrial development should be higher than thi

TO CREATE NEW JOBS FOR 60,000 PEOPLE WILL REQUIRE A CAPITAL EXPENDITURE 900M. To provide full employment we must simply get this capital.

Where can we get this full amount of money from?

How best can we use it to achieve our object of creating full employment?

We have to prepare a plan to raise a target sum from each of four sources to make up the total of $900m.

We have prepared a plan for the most beneficial use of this capital in 4 sectors of development.

We will now outline these plans.

4, PLAN TO OBTAIN CAPITAL FOR FOUR SERVICES. OBJECT OF PLAN First, what are the available sources of capital? There are 4. Development capital may be obtained from:(1)Our own Government – this really amounts to money obtained from our own people through taxes paid by them to Government, or through savings invested by them in Government securities, the money being used

by Government for development projects.

(2)Foreign Governments – this is money advanced by foreign governments to our Government to carry out development works. The money is obtained by the foreign Governments by taxes paid by their own people or from saving invested by their own people in Government securities.

(3) Local private sources – this is money saved by local people and invested directly by them in industrial development projects.

(4)Foreign private sources – this is money obtained from private citizens of foreign countries and remitted to our country for investment in industrial development projects.

It is our plan to attract as much capital as possible from each one of these sources. Indeed it is essential to do this. So much capital is needed every possible source must be tapped.

We outline below how our target of $900M will be reached over a six year period.

Source & Use Of Capital 1. GUYANA GOVERNMENT (a) For development (b) For farmers credit

YEARLY APPROX. M 12 3.8 15.8 ROCKY

SIX YEAR PLAN M 72 22.5 94.5

2. FOREIGN GOVERNMENT (a) For development ·

Including transport This is an ambitious target.

It cannot be achieved by Government investment alone It can only be achieved by a combination of Government and private investment.

We analyze below the various aspects of our plan to raise capital and give reasons for its feasibility.

(a) COMPARISON WITH TRINIDAD PLAN It comprises reasonably with Trinidad’s 1964 – 1968 Plan.

The Trinidad Plan is outlined in detail in a book published by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago, entitled “ Draft Second Five – Year Plan 1964 – 1968” The book contains 340 pages.

The Trinidad Plan calls for a total capital expenditure of $1,557M over a 5 year period as against our total of 900M over 6 years. In the Trinidad Plan the target is $330M from local and foreign private sources.

In our plan the target is $384.5M from local and foreign government sources, and $515.5M from local and foreign private sources.

The Trinidad Plan has been carefully prepared from practical experience of their first Five-Year Plan.

When compared with the Trinidad Plan our plan does not seem too ambitious or impractical.

In Trinidad the public sector is already well advanced, and the foundation for private capital investment is well laid.

In Guyana the public sector is backward. The standard of public roads, communication, electricity service, and other public services is far behind Trinidad.

Therefore it is essential to build up the public sector (the infrastructure) before there can be as much private investment as in Trinidad. The ratio of Government to Private Capital Expenditure must necessarily be higher for the initial report.

(b) CAPITAL FROM GUYANA GOVERNMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT We have planned for expenditure by means of local revenue or loans at the rate of $12M per year or $72M for the 6 year plan.

In 1961*, the Guyana Government provided approximately $6M in Development funds.

We plan to raise this to $12M. The full effect to our Development Plan will be to raise revenue between $30M to $36M per year.

Thus the increase in revenue would fully justify the capital cost and once the Plan began to take effect would go towards financing it.

Our calculation of increased revenue is arrived as follows: We estimate that the effect of the completion of our Road Development Policy will be to increase revenue from roads by $8M per year.

By revenue from roads we mean the revenue that the Government gets from import duties in motor vehicles, motor vehicle road licenses and taxation on gasoline.

The present revenue is about $3m a year.

In Trinidad where the taxation on motor vehicles is at a lower rate, the revenue obtained by Government is approximately $16m per a year.

We believe that with more and better roads in Guyana road revenue will reach $11m per a Year.

Our plan to raise wages.

Our plan to create 60,000 new jobs will increase the amount of money in circulation among Guyanese people.

We use 1961 for comparative purposes here as elsewhere because it is the latest year for Which full official figures are available.

This will mean that more people will purchase more goods. More good swill be imported and sold without any increase in taxation. More revenue will go to the government from customs and excise duties. We estimate increase revenue to9 Government through the effect of this policy will be $11M per year.

The effect of more money in circulation, the effect of a tremendous absorb in home building and Pioneer farming will have beneficial results on industries and trade in general. In particular the timber and trade will be benefited.

The result of all this will be increase in income tax revenue of an estimated $9M. We estimate an increase in miscellaneous revenue of $2m. Thus, we estimate a total increase in revenue of $30M per year.

Another way to estimate the total increase in revenue is to estimate the total increase in Gross domestic product which will result from development plan, and then to calculate the increase in revenue as a proportion of the GDP. By this means we can test check our calculations.

Economists calculate that for every $5M properly spent on productive development an increase of $1M in the GDP can b e reasonably anticipated,

thus, if $900M is spent on development the anticipated increase in GDP will be $180M. This confirms that our estimate of $30M increase in the revenue is reasonable.

We feel therefore that the raising of $72M through Guyana Government sources is reasonable and practicable (C) CAPITAL FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT. Our plan is to obtain by grants or loans from foreign government $30M per year or $180M for the 6 year plan.

Is this practical?

In 1961, capital supplied by foreign governments to the Guyana Government for development amounted to $19.3M. Of this total $18M or 93% came from the British Government and $1.3 from the United States Government.

Our target of $30M per year is just about half as much again.

We plan to obtain a larger supply of capital from the U.S Government, as well as to attract capital from other foreign governments. Thus, instead of virtually only one source of capital there will be several sources.

In this context, we believe the target of $30M per year practical.

The soundness of our Development Plan will make it easier to obtain finance.

We have already explained that the effect of our plan will be to raise revenue by $30 - $36M per year.

This will provide both the means for increased contribution from local Government sources, and repayment of loans granted by foreign governments. (d) CAPITAL FOR PIONEER FARM DEVELOPMENT Our policy is to set up the Guyanese farmers as a prosperous, independent citizen owning his own farm.

We estimate that 30,000 pioneer farmers settling on new lands given to them by Government will spend an average of $500 each per year out of their own earnings or savings on their land.

This would be easier for them because they will have no rent to pay, and no income tax.

Our plan is to open up new lands fast enough to provide 5000 pioneer farmers with land each year. This means that over the six year period 30,000 pioneer farmers will have invested $52.5M. These pioneer farmers will require assistance through financial credit to establish their homesteads and farms.

We plan that Government should establish an Agricultural Development Bank to help farmers help themselves. The total credit to be made available over 6 years, we estimate at $97.5 M, of which $22.5M would be provided from local government sources and $75M from foreign government sources.

Thus, the total investment in Pioneer

Farming over 6 years will be $150M

(e) CAPITAL FOR HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Our policy is to set up the Guyanese worker as an independent citizen, proud of his national status, and his position as a home owner.

We plan, through Home Purchase Co-operatives and other incentives, to create 5,000 new home owners each year. There again, we estimate each home purchaser will contribute an average of $500 per year out of his own earnings towards the rental purchase of his own home, instead of paying rent to a landlord. This means that over a 6 year period home purchasers will contribute $52.5M. We estimate that the average cost of each home will be $5,000 and that the total investment necessary to build 30,000 homes will be $150M. We estimate to provide $97.5M home purchase mortgage loan. Of this amount, we calculate $36M will be provided through local private sources, $25M from foreign government sources and $36.5M from foreign private sources. (f) CAPITAL FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Our plan estimates capital to be spent on new industries and expansion of existing industries at the rate of $15M per year from local sources and $41.3M per year from foreign sources.

Our estimate includes new capital investment in road transport.

As a result of a new road system, investment in motor transport should increase at the rate of $3M per year.

Our estimate for investment in industrial development is based on the assumption that a more favorable climate for industry will accelerate development of a new and existing industry.

New highways will make projects in the interior feasible that were no so before due to lack of and high cost of transport.

Our programme to expand geological surveys should accelerate development of new mining industries. If such industries as copper and oil were to be developed, our industrial target would easily be surpassed.

In the Trinidad 1964 -68 Plans, private investment in industry is estimated at more than $200M per year and this figure is calculated on part experience.

We feel that our target, much more modest than that of Trinidad, will be fully realized once our development plan gets going. (g) CAPITAL TO PROVIDE CREDIT FACILITIES

Greatly expanded credit facilities will be necessary – To enable farmers to establish themselves on new lands; To enable workers to own their own homes; To enable enterprising people to start new industries.

We have estimated a need for $132.5M in credit facilities for our 6 year plan. Of this, we estimate $22.5M to be provided by own Government and $110M from foreign Governments.

The amounts advanced to farmers, workers and enterprisers will be secure by the land, buildings and machinery upon which the advances are spent.

We have already explained our plan to bring into use more than a million acres of new lands.

The total capital value of the assets for the development of which the credit facilities are necessary is as follows:1 million acres of land at $250 per acre ….. $250M 30,000 homesteads & improvements to land 150 30,000 homes for workers at $5,000 each including land 150 Total minimum Value: $550M It is against the value of these assets that is proposed to obtain credit facilities of $132.5M. This is obviously reasonable. (h) PUBLIC DEBT It is true that our development Plan will increase public debt. The amount of increase in debt will depend on how much of the capital is obtained from loans, from grants, and from revenue.

In 1961, the public debt was $107M and revenue $60M. The debt was thus 1.8 years revenue.

In the United Kingdom debt is approximately €30,000M and annual revenue €6,000M. The U.K debt is equivalent to 5 years revenue.

Our plan might increase debt to 3 years revenue. But revenue should increase approximately $100M per year. The increased debt charges would be more than met by increased revenue.

It is impossible to create development without capital. And capital normally increases debt. Capital must be a debt to the person supplying it. If development is worthwhile, then it is worthwhile borrowing money to carry it out. The test is that a development plan to be worthwhile must increase productivity and must generate new wealth, and thus generate new capital.

This is exactly what our plan aims to do.

We have explained from what source this $900M will be obtained. We believe that if placed in charge of the finances of Guyana, the capital will be raised.

We now outline details of how the money will be used.

5. A BLUEPRINT FOR A BETTER GUYANA Object of Plan We now come to our plant to use $900M for the development of Guyana. We call this plan “A Blueprint for A Better Guyana” What exactly is the Plan?

Guyana is like a great treasure chest with all the wealth locked inside. We must break it open. We must release the wealth of our land. We plan to integrate our great land into one prosperous unit.

What is the purpose of our plan?

The basic purpose is to fulfill our ideals. To provide full employment. To enable all our people to earn enough to enjoy a full life.

We calculate that the full effect of our plan will be to make possible both full employment and better standard of living.

With increasing national wealth and productivity the minimum wage should increase from $4.00 per day to $7.00 within the 6 year period. ($10.00 per day should be achieved within 10 years) Our development Program like that of any other government requires capital expenditure on various economic sectors.

Economists usually distinguish between development in the public sector and the private sector. The public sector means development works carried out by money supplied by government.

The private sector means development works carried about money supplied by private investors. We have planned for development in both the public and the private sector. Another distinction is usually made between capital spent of works which provide a basis for further economic development and works which relate directly to social welfare. Examples of basic development works are roads, drainage and irrigation and other basic public works. The name infra-structure is often used to describe this type of development. Another name used is economic over heads.

We use the simple term “economic development”.

Examples of development works relating directly to social welfare are schools, hospitals, community halls. This type of development is often referred to as social over heads. We will simply call it social development.

The ability of any country to expand social welfare depends on the wealth which the nation generates. Thus the priority for capital expenditure in a sound development plan must be given to works which the nation generates. Thus the priority for capital expenditure in a sound development plan must be given to works which will create wealth and make expanded social welfare possible.

The extensive capital expenditure on social development in our plan is possible because the effect of the capital expenditure on economic development will generate the wealth to keep up and increase social welfare.

So the first priority in our plan is for works which create permanent employment and which are productive. That is for works which will increase the nation’s wealth and raise the people’s standard of living. That is why one of the main features of our plan is open up Guyana with a network of new roads and to blacktop all existing roads.

We call this our “Magic Circle” road development plan.

For convenience in the presentation of our plan we divided expenditure into 5 sectors of development as follows:(a) “Magic Circle” Road Development Plan. (b) Agricultural Development (c) General Economic Development (d) Social Development (e) Credit for Agricultural housing and Industry Each sector is further divided under appropriate sub headings, under each sub heading the particular project is described and at the bottom of each sub heading the estimated total capital required for the projects included under sub heading is given. (a) “MAGIC CIRCLE” ROAD DEVELOPMENT PLAN This is our plan to open up Guyana with a network of new roads: We plan also to stimulate agricultural and industrial development by perfecting all existing roads The first “Magic Circle” planned is a “Grand Circle” road encircling the land within the following route.

Georgetown, Atkinson, Mackenzie, Ituni, Kwakwani, Orealla, Crabwood Creek, New Amsterdam, Georgetown.

The complete road circle would be about 370 miles and require about 197 miles of new road. The second magic circle is a road circle branching off from the first circle as follows Ituni, Ebini, Mara (there is an existing road from Mara to New Amsterdam) This splits the “Grand Circle” into two smaller circles and will require 79 miles of new road. The third magic circle is a road circle from vreed-in-hoop, Parika Uresima, Rocktsone Wismar, Wales, back to vreed-in-hoop. The circle will be linked with the other two circles by a bridge at Wismar.

The total circle is about 176 miles are requires 146 miles of new roads. Within these magic circles more than 2 million acre of lands will become available for use and of this at least 1 million acres is of reasonably good fertility.

Fertile land along the Berbice, the canje, the Demerara and Essequibo Rivers will be accessible.

It is within these circles that 30,000 farmers can be provided with means of good livelihood.

More land will be available for cultivation and pasture than the total coastlands now in use. All the new lands will be accessible by road from Georgetown and other towns.

The town of New Amsterdam will be greatly expanded.

New important townships will be developed in the areas of Mackenzie, Kwakwani, Skeldon, Wismar and others.

Some of the lands may require fertilization but this is what is normally expected.

From Ebini the road will extend on to Lethem. Thus for the first time there will be a road linking Guyana with Brazil.

This plan opens up magnificent vistas for development. The cattle and dairy industry would at last come into its own. Agriculture would become diversified with important development in Bananas, citrus, Tobacco, and other crops. The interior will at last yield its riches for the benefit of Guyana’s people.

We outline below a detailed estimate of the ‘MAGIC CIRCLE’ Road Plan. Our estimates are based upon figures obtained from the Metcalf and Eddy Report, which was a report prepared by United States road experts.

MAGIC CIRCLE ROAD DEVELOPMENT PLAN We refer to a map prepared by our Cartographer and which appears on page.

The map shows our road development plans. We have used the following

symbols to describe types of roads improvements and type of new road construction planned.

Road Improvements I – A Bituminous Concrete Surfaced road 18’ to 20’ wide on well drained roadbed.

I – B Bituminous Sealed Surface on road 16’ to 20’ wide on well drained roadbed.

I – C upgrading existing bituminous surfaced roads New Road Construction N – 1 first class modern highway with bituminous concrete surface N – 2 High Type graded road 18’ to 20’ wide with laterite or low grade bauxite surface N – 3 Well Graded and shaped for good drainage, surfaced with sand-clay, laterite or low grade bauxite N – 4 Access Trial 12’ to 16’ wide for 4 – wheel – drive vehicles Location

1. Georgetown to 22 Miles East ……

2. 45 miles to Rosignol … …..

3. West Coast …………….

4. Essequibo Coast ……………

5. Corentyne Coast …. ….

6. New Amsterdam to Mara ………..

7. East and West Canje…………..

8. Burma Road ………..

9. Leguan & Wakenaam 10.Georgetown to Atkinson Field ……..

11.Bartica to 20 miles South …………….

12.20 miles to Potaro area 13.75 miles to Issano 14.Atkinson to McKenzie 15.Mackenzie to Ituni 16.Lethem Road to Kwakwani (1) 17.Kwakwani to Orealla 18.Orealla to Crabwood Creek 19.Ituni Road – Tacama Ebini (2) 20.Ebini to Mara

Type

I I I I I I I I I I

– – – – – – – – – –

C A A A A B B B B C

I–B N–3 N–3 N–I I–B N–3 N–3 N–3 N-3 N–3

Miles

Cost per mile 000 $

Total 000,000 $

22 45 35 38 53 26 10 4 30 8 271 20 103 43 166 45 32 18 71 41 207 39 40 79

9 86 100 85 80 80 70 70 50 150

0.2 3.9 3.5 3.2 4.2 2.1 0.7 0.3 1.5 1.2 20.8 0.2 1.o 0.6 1.8 7.1 0.6 0.3 1.8 2.0 11.8 0.4 1.9 23

10 10 15 157 19 16 25 48 10 48

Locations

Type

21.Parika to Makouria …………..

22.Makouria to Rockstone……….

23.Rockstone to Wismar*…….

24.Wismar to Wales ………….

N N N N

– – – –

1 2 2 2

25.Ituni to Canister Falls (3) 26.Canister Falls to Kurupukari ….. (4) 27.Kurupukari to Annai 28.Annai to Good Hope 29.Good Hope to Lethem

N N N N N

– – – – –

2 2 2 2 2

River Crossing Summary (1)Ferry at Kwakwani ………

(2)Berbice Bridge at Ebini …………

(3)Demerara Bridge at Canister Falls (4)Essequibo Bride at Kurupukari

…………. …………. …………. …………

1. Detailed Survey Plans and ultimate construction engineering of all roads not already surveyed 2. Survey and Plans for Demerara Bridge at Georgetown 3. Survey of road to Northwest District including construction of the Access Trail 4. Land acquisition and damage payment for road construction 5. Contingencies COST SUMMARY Existing Coast Roads Existing Interior Roads New Road Construction Magic Circle No 1.

Magic Circle No 2.

Magic Circle No 3.

Highway to Brazil Major Bridges Engineering and extra costs ESTIMATED TOTAL CAPITAL

Miles

36 30 25 60 151 55 30 65 50 43 243

Cost per unit mile 000 $ 100 50 16 50 95 110 108 50 47

Total 000,000 $ 3.6 1.5 0.4 3.0 8.5 5.2 3.3 7.0 2.5 2.0 20.0

……….. ………. ……….. …………

……….. ………… …………. ……………

…………….

986

9.75

0.3 1.5 0.2 3.5 5.5 9.6

………………

…………..

…………..

0.5

…………….

210

14

2.9

…………….

……….

………….

3.0

…………..

…………

…………

1.0 17.5

…………….

271 166

20.80 1.8

207 79 151 243

11.8 2.3 8.5 20.0 5.5 17.8

1117

87.7

REQUIRED FOR ‘MAGIC CIRCLE’ ROAD DEVELOPMENT There is a bridge connecting Wismar to McKenzie for auto traffic

(b) AGRICULTURE

The fault of the development programme or many countries has often been an attempt to industrialize at the expense of agriculture.

This has often led to a wild rush to the cities and to city plenty amidst rural property.

We can learn from others’ mistakes.

In a developing country, agriculture has three major roles to play. There are: 1) Agriculture must supply population increases

the

increase

food

necessary

to

meet

2) Agricultural expansion is required to create capital, to earn foreign exchange, and to generate raw materials for new industries 3) The development for Agriculture provides an important direct stimulus to overall prosperity. No country is prosperous unless its farmers are prosperous.

Agriculture, therefore is a very important sector in development plan.

Farmers themselves should play a direct part in agricultural development.

Agricultural policies imposed upon farmers by the Central Government do not often succeed.

We believe in establishing farmers as co-partners with Government in the development of agriculture. In order to achieve this we propose to set up Regional Farmers’ Councils in different regions of the country.

The councils would consist of a majority of impartially elected farmers, and would play an important role in the formulation and carrying out of the policies for the agricultural development of the region.

We outline below a general description of our agricultural projects and their estimated costs. (i)

Drainage and Irrigation Drainage and irrigation of lands opened up by our ‘Magic Circle’ road development. The natural water supply and drainage of

these lands is generally better than coastlands, thus very extensive drainage and irrigation schemes will not be necessary.

Drainage and irrigation for the East Coast in particular the Mahaicony, Abary, Mahaica area.

Improved drainage and irrigation in other coastal areas.

Estimated Total Capital Required………………………………… $35M (ii)

Access Roads While main roads have been provided for, access roads to new farms opened up by our ‘Magic Circle’ Development will be needed.

Estimated Total Capital Required……………… ……………. $4M

(iii)

Regional Farmers Councils It is proposed to establish Regional Farmers’ Councils so that farmers themselves in the different regions will participate

In the planning and execution of Agricultural development. The regional farmers councils will operate in each region as a co-partnership between the farmers themselves and the department of agriculture. There will be full time qualified personnel from the department of Agriculture attached to each regional farmer’s council. The Regional farmer’s council for each agricultural region will operate machine pools for the region. Training and educational programmes will be carried out through the RFC’s. RFC will use the means of films, radio, television, printed publications and agricultural fairs for creating interest and encouraging initiative among farmer. RFC’s will act as marketing boards for farmers in the region. RFC’s will distribute fertilizer where needed at subsidizes prices for farmers in the region. .. … … . .. .. .. . $9m

(iv)

Cattle – Dairy and Beef Development

It is proposed that the cattle industry should be developed into one of the major industries in Guyana.

Estimated to provide for: Improvement and enlargement of beef and dairy cattle experimental stations.

Animal health clinics in cattle farming areas.

Extensions of animal health laboratories.

Improvement of cattle breeding stations.

Grassland Research.

Grass improvement and cattle improvement subsidies.

Estimated total capital required .. …….. . .. .. .. .. . .. ………………………………..…………………………… $4M

(v)

.. .

Timber Development

Greater use should be made of Guyana’s timber wealth. It is proposed to set up a timber development council. The object of the council will be to create a spirit of co-partnership between saw millers, loggers, grant holders and government.

There will be representatives of each of the council. The timber development council will operate a machine pool to assist small operators. Extensive research to create new uses for timber and used for waste products will be undertaken.

The TDC will process applications for credit for timber development.

The TDC will publicize Guyana’s forest products in General and in particular the potential for a paper pulp industry.

The TDC will organize means for expanding export sales of forest products and of creating new forest product industries such as paper pulp.

Estimated total capital required ………….. $4M

(vi) Fisheries To provide better refrigeration, ice and marketing facilities and research.

Estimated total capital required ……………………. $2M

(vii) Research Intensified research to produce better quality crop yield in rice and other crops.

Estimated total capital required ... .. .. $2M Total estimated capital required for agriculture ..

..

.. $60M

(c ) GENERAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Having provided for our people’s basic needs for agricultural development we must provide the foundation for general industrial development.

The works outlined below along with those already mentioned are necessary to establish a country in which new industries will develop and thrive. (i)

Scientific Surveys To Provide for: An extensive program for scientific surveys to complete and extend existing surveys in the interior so as to locate and analyze in the shortest possible time the total mineral and soil wealth of the land.

Before our mineral wealth can be developed it must be known what we have and where it is. Our road system is planned to lead to or have branches leading to areas that have the most potential wealth.

Thus, intensification and speeding up of scientific surveys must have priority. Surveys and plans for hydro electric power.

A program for training Guyanese surveyors Estimated total capital required.. .. .. .. $5M

(ii)

Industry To provide for: The preparation of fully serviced industrial sites for sale at cost or for lease at reasonable rates.

These sites will be made be available to local or foreign investors for the purpose for establishing industries.

A technical advisory service to assist persona in developing industry especially small local businessmen.

Advertising at home and abroad the industrial potential of Guyana and the facilities available.

New equipment including aircraft for government operations.

Better facilities for tourist visiting the interior and to join in hunting, diamond hunting and natural history expeditions. A holiday development board to sponsor development of holiday areas for Guyanese and tourist.

Estimated total require ‌‌ $6M (iii) To Provide for: A first class modern sea port in Georgetown.

An opportunity arises to use the burn our area to establish a modern port for Georgetown.

A port Georgetown Authority will be created to operate the entire port of Georgetown. The Port Georgetown Authority will own and operate the port of Georgetown. The Port will be a modern port with berths for several ships and modern unloading, loading and transit facilities. The Port Georgetown Authority might be financed and managed as a consortium between existing

owners and Government or might be a government sponsored corporation acquire the wharf sites by purchases from the existing owners.

A New Amsterdam Port of Authority will build own and operate a modern port for New Amsterdam. This will be required as a result of our development of the Berbice river area.

Dredging of harbor approaches in Georgetown and New Amsterdam. Modern cargo transit sheds and cargo handling for port Georgetown and New Amsterdam.

Improvements of stellings.

New Handling equipment.

Improved ferry services; Bartica – Makouria, Parika – Leguan, Improved river services; Georgetown – North West District.

New Road development will make the over land route the normal way to travel and river steamer services will eventually become obsolete.

Improved ferry services will be necessary to link the over land routes.

Railway maintenance and rehabilitations.

Modern international airport at Atkinson Field.

New airport terminal near Georgetown headquarters for B.G airways and main terminal for all interior services.

New Interior landing fields and improving of existing ones.

Estimated total capital required …………………………………………………………………………………..$12m ( iv) Telecommunications .. .. ..

To provide for Expansion of Georgetown telephone services to meet all existing and estimated future requirements.

New telephone exchange for New Amsterdam Extension for interior telephone services.

Rural post offices.

Estimated total capital cost ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….$4M (v) Electric Light and Power To provide for: Expansion of BG Electricity Corporation to provide for rural electrification as already planned and further extensions and improvements.

Estimated total capital required …………………………………………………………………………………………………… $5M

(vi) Public Buildings It is proposed to construct new public buildings to provide efficient and centralized government offices on the St. Stanislaus College Grounds.

In order to do this St Stanislaus College will be provided with equipment value in new site and building suitable for the college.

To provide for new Government buildings to be erected in place of the old McInroy Buildings and on the site of the old Colonial Bonded Warehouse.

To improve and provide for other government buildings not including schools and hospitals.

Many of the existing government buildings spread out around the city which were formerly private properties could be sold and the proceeds set off against the cost of the new centralized offices.

Estimated Total capital required …………………………………………………………………………………………. $7M (vii) Local Government To provide for: Financial assistance for improvement works to be undertaken by Georgetown and New Amsterdam City councils and by county councils and rural authorities.

Estimated total capital required ………………………………………………………………………............... $4M (viii) Public Works and Miscellaneous To provide for: Sea and River Defenses.

Pure water supply for rural areas.

Pure water supply extensions and improvement for Georgetown and New Amsterdam.

Estimated total capital required ………………………………………………………………………………………………. $6M (ix) Amerindian Development It is proposed that development projects in Amerindian areas such as the Rupununi and North West District should be considered as general development projects.

Agriculture and cattle rearing projects to benefit Amerindians would be channeled through the regional farmers councils already referred to.

There will be a regional farmers council for both the Rupununi and the North West District and on each there will be an Amerindian representative.

Strictly local development would be normally channeled through the county or rural authorities. It should be possible to establish new local authorities for areas which do not have them.

The small development projects should be undertaken through self help schemes

channeled through the local authority.

Estimated total capital required ………………………………………………………………………………………………… $2M TOTAL ESTIMATED CAPITAL REQUIRED FOR GENERAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT …………………… $ 51M

We now come to the fourth sector of Development Capital. (d) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Broad speaking this covers expenditure more directly related to service to the individual than economic development. Economic development relates more to productive works, works upon which the economic structure directly rests.

However, the distinction is more for convenience than anything else, because the economic structure depends just as much upon technically trained and physically healthy people as it does upon good roads and drainage and irrigation. (i) Education To provide for: Preparation of campus site, building and equipping a University to be affiliated to the University of the West Indies or other internationally recognized University.

Subsidies for training students in foreign universities.

Building and equipping and technical college.

Extending and providing further equipment for the technical institute.

Building and equipping 50 kindergarten schools.

Building and equipping 50 all age schools.

Building and equipping 10 secondary schools.

Building and equipping 4 agricultural schools and research centers.

Building and equipping 2 handicraft centers.

Building and equipping 2 schools of Home Economics.

Improvement to existing schools.

Capital grants to secondary schools.

Estimated total capital required ……………………………………………………………………………………………$28M (ii) Health To provide for: New 1,200 –bed hospital in the Georgetown Area.

Remodeling of existing public hospital Georgetown to provide specialize units for Maternity cases, chronic diseases, out patients, causalities, central laboratory, laundry, nurses hostel, nurses training school, dispensers training school.

Remodeling of Palms as geriatric home.

Modernization and additional wing for New Amsterdam Hospital.

New equipment, improvement and extensions to existing hospitals in the country districts.

River boat clinics and mobile clinics for remote areas Health Training and Sanitation.

Estimated total capital required ………………………………………………………………………………………………… $16M (iii) Housing to provide for: Home purchase co-operatives for government employees.

Self help for home purchases Co-operatives and other housing schemes.

Preparation for housing sites.

Estimated total capital required ………………………………………………………………………………………..$7.3M (IV) Community Development To provide for: Sport Stadium.

Cultural Center.

Public swimming pools.

Rural self-help.

Estimated total capital required ……………………………………………………………………………………………. $2M ESTIMATED TOTAL CAPITAL REQUIRED FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ……………………………………. $53M (E) CREDIT FACILITIES In addition to this special credit facilities must be provided by Government to stimulate economic growth and to enable pioneer farmers to develop their homesteads and farms and others to acquire homes.

Our plans for credit facilities are as follows: To provide loans to pioneer farmers ………………………. $97.5M To provide loans to home purchasers …………………….. 25.0 To provide loans to pioneer industries ……………………. 10.0 $132.5M Of this we estimate $22.5M to be provided from local Government sources ad $110M from foreign Government sources.

We analyze our blue print for a better Guyana as follows: Public Sector Total investment by Government in: 1) “Magic Circle” Road development $87.7M 2) Agricultural Development $60M 3) General Economic Development 51.0 Total for economic development ………………………$198.M 4) Social Development ………………………………………. 53.3 252.0 5)Credit facilities to be provided by Government ……………………… 132.5 $384.5M

PRIVATE SECTOR Local Private investment in: Pioneer Farm Development …. 52.5 Housing Development ……………88.5 Local Industrial Development …90.0 231.0 Foreign Private Investment in: Housing Development and ………………36.5 Industrial Development … 248.0 284.5 515.5….. $900.0M 6, EVERYBODY NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT CAPITAL Capital Needed Our Blue Print for a better Guyana plans requires the expenditure of $900M in capital.

Our plan is to cure the economic ills of our country.

Capital in large doses properly applied is the only remedy to cure the economic ills of Guyana. Just as no man can be physically strong and healthy without sufficient food no nation can be economically strong and healthy without sufficient capital.

Without food and man’s body weakens and dies. Without capital the economic life of a nation weakens and dies.

Guyana’s disease is poverty. Large injections of capital skillfully applied is the cure.

Considering the need for capital in Guyana it is surprising how the function of capital is misunderstood.

It is surprising how some parties breach against “Capitalism” as if capital itself was a bad thing.

Some political party try to make people believe that there is a choice of two economic systems: The Capitalist system or The Socialist System.

They condemn the “Capitalist” system as being an old system which leads to exploitation.

They advocate the “Socialist” system as being a new system which leads to equality.

The theory is that if the state owns all the capital and the means of production then there will be no need for profits and thus no exploitation. (a) THE TRUTH ABOUT CAPITAL What is the truth about capital; about profits?

The truth about capital is: Capital is needed in every country and in every economic system. The question is not whether there be “Capitalism” or not. But who should own the capital.

The choice lies between three systems of capital ownership.

The three possible systems are:

(1) A system where broadly speaking, a new private monopoly capitalists own almost all the capital (and the means of production) and the state and the people own comparatively little capital.

An accurate name for this is: Private Monopoly Capitalism This system is often referred to as “laissez-faire capitalism” or even just capitalism. Some examples of countries where this system is still practiced to a great extent are Brazil and some other parts of South America.

(2) A system where broadly speaking the state owns all the capital (and the means of production) and none of the people own any capital.

An accurate for this is: State Monopoly Capitalism This system is often referred to as “Socialism”. When there is total state monopoly is usually called “Communism”. Some Examples of countries where this system is in action today are Russia, China, Yugoslavia, Cuba.

(1) A system where broadly speaking there is widespread ownership of capital (and the means of production) among the people and there are no private monopoly capitalist and the state owns comparatively little capital.

An accurate name for this is: People’s Enterprise Capitalism.

This system is often given various names such as “Private Enterprise Capitalism”, “Free Market System”, “People’s Capitalism” ; it is sometimes referred to mainly as capitalism confuses it with system number 1 which is also sometimes merely referred to as “Capitalism” We have explained that the basis of every economic system is capital and thus every system is “Capitalism”. People have been confused by not distinguishing between the 3 different systems of capital ownership.

In particular those who advocate “Socialism” oppose what they call “Capitalism” as if the system of private monopoly capitalism was the only form of Capitalism.

They often deliberately ignore the modern development of “People’s Capitalism”.

Some examples of countries where this system is in action or where the trend is toward this system are the United States of America, Great Britain, Canada, Trinidad and Malaysia.

Some Countries such as the Scandinavian Countries are often cited as socialist but as a matter of fact their economy is based on people’s enterprise rather state monopoly. (b) THE TRUTH ABOUT PROFITS Before we example these three systems let us consider for a moment the question of profit in regard to the 3 systems.

What is the truth about profit?

The truth about profit is:-

Profit is not the immediate interest of the workers. The workers immediate interest is that they earn enough to purchase what they want.

That goods should be available in quantity and quality for them to purchase at reasonable prices.

They are not immediately concerned whether the manufacturer of the goods makes a profit or not.

Operating under the profit system the manufacturer has to produce the things the customer wants and will buy.

The manufacturer either pleases the customer or goes out of business.

Under the “Socialist” system the customer is compelled to purchase whatever the government produces at whatever price it fixes.

In this system workers are exploited by high prices charged by the government owned or controlled monopolies or by taxes to subsidies losses.

The profit system subjects all goods produced to the fair test of popular choice.

The profit system is a necessary discipline on cost, an incentive for and a measure of efficiency..

It is the only means that ensuring goods are produced to meet the free choice of people.

The fact is that the production for use theory of socialism tends to: -reduce of restrain earnings because publicly known profits are the best means of obtaining wage increases.

- reduce the quality and quantity of goods available because consumption is no longer by free choice and popular demand.

- raise prices because there is no discipline on costs.

The profit system properly managed tends to provide the workers with: Better Earnings A greater variety of Goods And lower Prices.

Than the alternative “socialist” system.

There is need for government to protect workers from exploitation by any employer who may put his own profit before all other considerations. But if the government is the sole employer (or even the principal employer) or labour it cannot be an impartial protector of the interest of its own workers.

Certainly in Guyana there is evidence to indicate that a worker for a government controlled corporation is not as well paid or treated as a worker for a company not controlled by Government.

So the profit system properly managed and checked by an impartial government and by free trade unions is the best means of ensuring a fair deal for workers and eliminating exploitation. (c ) CONSIDERATION OF THREE SYSTEMS OF CAPITAL OWNERSHIP We will now examine the three alternative systems and how they arose and the

select as our choice the system which offers the best hope of advancement for Guyana workers.

The first system private monopoly capitalism is the original system which arose after the industrial revolution began towards the end of the 18 century.

It persisted more or less unchallenged for 160 years.

The second system state monopoly Capitalism was a reaction against the abuses of the first system.

The first full scale introduction of this system was in the early 20th century in Russia after the Revolution of 1918.

The third system, People’s enterprise capitalism gradually evolved out of the first system.

It is still evolving.

It is well underway in advance countries like USA and Great Britain in some former colonial territories it is jus beginning to emerge.

It never really got going anywhere until the advance of mass production at the beginning of the 20th century.

(i)PRIVATE MONOPOLY CAPITALISM This is the oldest capitalist system.

It is now out of date but it still persists today in some countries.

There were excuse for it when it started.

There must have been because it grew spontaneously at the same time in many different countries and continued for very many years was the only system.

There is no excuse for it today because the errors out of which this system grew are now fully understood.

When the system was in full swing people no more understood the truths of modern economics than they understood the truths of Modern Astronomy.

Two errors fatal for social progress were fixed in the minds of he factory owners on one hand and factory workers on the other. The factory owners simply could not understand that machine power was changing the whole basis upon which their society was built.

They were accustomed to a static society.

They expected wages to remain at the same level indefinitely.

They were accustomed to an almost feudal relationship between master and servant.

They introduced Mechanical changes but they could not understand the need for social changes.

They could not understand that machine power made possible a d necessary

continuous improvements in wages.

The benefits of mechanical production they belonged exclusively to themselves.

They really did exploit the workers.

On the other hand the workers naturally came to look upon new machines with hatred.

It seemed to them that if one machine did the work of 10 men it was going to put 10 men out of work.

They looked upon new machines both as creators of unemployment and tools of exploitation.

Very often they ganged together to destroy new equipment.

They could not have realized that machine power would create far more jobs and created far better wages than had ever existed before.

These two errors namely that the social order was static and that new machines created unemployment caused over 100 years of conflict between employers and workers.

Class conflict seemed permanent and inevitable.

Karl Marx hated the injustice of exploitation.

But he was unable to understand the errors which caused it.

His whole system was ill founded on those errors.

His conclusion was that the conflict between the employer and worker was inherent in the existing system.

His remedy was the total destruction of one side.

He advocated the destruction of the capitalist owners and the seizing of all machine power by the government for the supposed benefit of the workers.

This was a failure to understand the problem and solve it by the old fashioned way of force. There was no reason why the new group who were to take over from the old group of exploiting monopolists would not form a new group of exploiting monopolists.

No one could then understand that there was no inherent conflict. That the real interest of employers and workers were compatible. That the clear cut distinction between owner and worker would fade. That workers would themselves become owners and capitalist.

No one then foresaw that machine power would lead to mass production. That mass production necessitated mass consumption and that mass consumption necessitated mass purchasing power.

These were the economic trends favorable to the interest of workers which no one then perceived.

At the time of the industrial revolution no one in England could have imagined that machine power would create new jobs for 25 million people far more than the entire population then was.

No one could have foreseen that machine power would make possible and average wage (1961) of 15 pounds 1s 4d ($72.34) per a week for each worker; a 40 hour week; guaranteed pensions; health insurance; job security and other benefits.

No one could have foreseen that workers themselves would become owners of property and would become the most important group of consumers for whom a very large proportion of the products of industry were made.

Machine power was at first looked upon as a tool of exploitation by capitalists as a menace to workers.

But looking back on history with a perspective of 150 years it is to see how now great an error was made.

Machine power has made possible the realization of the ideals of Democracy.: that every worker should earn enough to enjoy a full life that every worker should own the amenities which modern industry produces: that every worker should own property; that every worker should have an equal voice with other workers in the affair of his union; that every worker should be a free citizen in a free democracy and enjoy the self satisfaction of partnership in the growth of his nation.

These are things which machine power has made possible in Guyana.

But Industrial enlightenment has not yet full dawned on every country. Some have chosen the reactionary path of state monopoly.

In some countries like Brazil the old ways of Monopoly capital still partially persist.

Guyana like all colonies is emerging from the old system.

The right choice ahead is to develop our country to improve wages and conditions of employment to create opportunities for everyone to own land and property so as to advance rapidly to the stage of a modern property owning democracy.` (ii) State Monopoly Capitalism The second system was called “socialism” by its originators.

It was proposed as a remedy for the evils of private monopoly capitalism. The remedy proposed was to replace private ownership with state ownership to replace private monopoly by state monopoly.

But the evils of private monopoly capitalism largely arose out of the restriction of ownership to too few people. This caused a rigid class division between owners (capitalist) and the non owners or workers.

The remedy socialism proposed was to further restrict rather than to expand ownership.

At the time when socialism was first proposed the idea of widespread ownership was inconceivable.

The new economic possibilities was simply not perceived.

The theory of “socialism” did not solve or correct the errors of the 19th Century capitalism. “Socialism was never tested in practice until after 1918.

The evidence shows that the error upon which the theory is based show up in practice.

In Russia for instance “Socialism” has tended to create new rigid class

divisions in place of the old. The old capitalist class of the 19th Century is replaced by a new ruling class and the old working class remains as powerless under commissars as it was under the Czars.

The state in Russia has not proved to be a better employer than the average independent employer. There is no logical reason why the state should be a better employer than anyone else.

Indeed logic would tell us that wherever human beings have a free choice they tend to select whats good for them than what’s bad.

Thus, if there are many independent employers and some offer better conditions than others workers will tend to give first choice to the employer who offers better conditions.

Trade Unions will tend to use the better conditions offered by one employer as a means of bargaining with another employer to improve his conditions.

Thus, there will be a trend toward continually improving wages.

There two important reasons for ever improving conditions of employment is property owning democracies are completely eliminated when the state becomes the sole employer and are considerably weakened when the state becomes the most powerful employer.

All the evidence shows that when the state becomes the sole employer the people are suppressed and exploited by a ruling clique.

State monopoly is nothing new.

It was the order of the day long before the industrial revolution.

Ancient Egypt was an example of a Nation where everything was owned by the state. The people built magnificent pyramids for the rulers they were slaves. *Refer to the “New Class” written by M Djilas a former Communist.

Russia today is an example of a nation where everything is owned by the state.

The Russian people built magnificent subways under ground and satellites in the air.

But the people of Russia are not free.

One thing is certain.

There is no example in the world where the state owns all the means of production where the state governs by consent of the people given at free elections.

State Monopoly and Democracy appear to be incompatible. (iii)

People’s Enterprise Capitalism This system is the widespread ownership of capital by the people themselves.

In the advanced democracies such as U.S.A, Great Britain there has been a gradual but steady transference of capital ownership from a few people to many. There has been a peaceful revolution from private monopoly ownership to popular ownership.

It has already made it possible in many countries for workers and farmers to

enjoy a full life in security dignity and happiness.

The revolution still continues. Working conditions already amazingly good in some countries continue to improve.

Guyana is on the threshold of opportunity to advance to this system.

There are seven trends which we will have to follow in order to fully achieve this system of social progress out of the old monopoly system from which we are emerging.

We will examine carefully these trends now. There are the trends towards: True Democracy.

Strong and Independent Trade Unions.

State action for social welfare.

Fair Taxation.

Widespread Ownership through Public Companies.

Professional Management.

General Enlightenment.

True Democracy From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution until today there has been a trend towards true Democracy but there has also been a reactionary trend towards new totalitarian states.

We in Guyana are on the crossroads.

We are emerging from the old fashioned way of private monopoly capitalism.

We can follow the trend towards true democracy.

Or we can take the reactionary road towards the totalitarian state.

One thing is certain. People all over the world want democracy.

That is why no one ever offers them totalitarian dictatorship. What is offered is always a nice looking package wrapped up in the guise of Democracy.

Very often people grab at the package and when they open it they find it is too late to exchange it for what they really wanted.

If we Guyanese are to build true Democracy we must first know what democracy really is.

We must be prepared to reject fancy but false packages.

What is Democracy and how did it arise?

True Democracy depends upon the belief in and the practice of three basic democratic principles: Fully representatives government.

The democratic freedoms of assembly association and information.

The rule of law.

Any Government which does not practice these principles is not a democracy.

Let us see what exactly what these principles mean.

Fully Representative Government This means that every (adult) citizen should have an equal voice with every other citizen in the government of his country.

Every Citizen should be free to make his voice heard in the following ways. *in choosing between different kinds of governments offering themselves at a fair election. * in choosing to dismiss or retain the government previously chosen at subsequent election held after a reasonable period. *in having a continuous voice in the control of the government in the period between elections.

Fully representative government of this sort is the only base upon which true Democracy can be built.

Democratic Freedoms In addition to fully representative governments, certain freedoms are essential for a democracy.

These freedoms are: freedom of association freedom of assembly freedom of information.

No state which denies these freedoms can be a democracy.

Freedom of association is the freedom people need go band themselves into groups for the furtherance of their own interest. It was out of this freedom that powerful unions developed.

People need this freedom to form themselves into political parties to oppose the government if they wish. It is a freedom essential for creating a balance of power in a democracy.

Freedom of assembly is the freedom people need to get together to meet and to demonstrate if they wish for or against the policy of government, or the policy of any other group.

Freedom of information is the freedom people need to use any medium of communications such as the press, radio television for the purpose of publicly criticizing the policy of government of policy of any other group.

All of these freedoms have necessary limitations. They must only be used for peaceful, moral and lawful purposes.

For instance no civilized state would tolerate an incitement in speech and writing to murder a particular individual.

But because even in the truest democracy these freedoms must be limited, there is always a danger that government may use the pretence of reasonable limitation as an excuse for suppressing the freedoms together.

In a true democracy these freedoms are always allowed to the widest practical degree.

The United Nations declaration of human rights has demanded these freedoms for all the people of the world. In our declaration of ideals we showed that these freedoms are necessary in an ideal state.

The Rule of Law all of these freedoms, representative government, democracy itself depend upon the rule of law.

The rule of law means that the lawful acts of any individual in the exercise of his freedoms are beyond the control or interference of government or anyone else.

If there is any doubt as to the lawfulness of any act the law courts will decide impartially for or against the government.

The law Courts must therefore be independent of the will of government.

In countries which do not practice the principles of democracy the people are not free to organize trade unions to demonstrate in public meetings against the Government and to criticize the government in speech or writing.

If they do these things they are in danger of arrest, imprisonment or torture.

There are no impartial courts. The courts carry out the will of the Government.

The rule of law is the main bulwark of democracy. It is the first to be breached by any government which seeks totalitarian power for itself.

When True Democracy Began Democracies which honor to the fullest the principles of democracy we have described are of very recent origin and there are not many in the world at that.

The events that marked the beginning of modern democracy were the American Revolution of 1776 the French Revolution of 1789 and the English reform act of 1832.

All of these events marked the beginning of social upheaval the turning away from autocratic rule and the intellectual acceptance of democratic theories.

After these events the people began to exercise democratic freedoms and to demand their right to exercise these freedoms. Democratic principles began to be begun to be adopted.

True democracy evolved gradually. It was not until 1918 that women were allowed to vote in England and until 1929 that fully representative government where the democratic freedoms of association, assembly and information are generally allowed and where the rule of law is practiced.

Any state like Russia which does not practice these principles is not a democracy.

Socialism and Democracy Undoubtedly in the world today true democracy is being undermined.

People are being offered a superficially attractive packaged labeled “Socialism” Democracy is supposed to be contained in this package but it is seldom so.

There are many different packages labeled socialism. It is not easy to know what each one contains.

Those who offer them very rarely tell exactly what is inside. Some label there packages “Democratic Socialism” This at least suggest that is accepted that some “socialist” packages are not democratic.

Intelligent people who are offered “socialism” will demand to know exactly

what degree of “socialism” is being offered.

If socialism is going to deprive the people of owning capital then it cannot be democratic.

If socialism is going to mean an excessive amount of power in the hands of the state then it cannot be democratic.

The “socialist” gift package needs to be looked ay with penetrating eyes.

The United force Ideal is widespread ownership among the people. We do not believe in exclusive or greatly expanded state ownership.

Our ideal is true democracy.

True democracy has only emerged recently after more than 150 years of struggle as well as peaceful progress.

It became reality because of the determination of ordinary citizens to develop and maintain democratic freedoms.

Fully representative Government cannot begin or having begun be maintained unless people have and use the democratic freedoms.

As democracy develops governments become ever more sensitive to the will of the people to the force of public opinion.

Thus is a true democracy public opinion is an important force at all times.

It prevents any government abusing its legislative majority to introduce unpopular measures.

If we are to follow the real desire of the people – the trend towards true democracy - then we must vigilantly maintain the basic principles of democracy full representative government the exercise of democratic freedoms and the rule of law.

As in other countries where true democracy is practiced, these things will naturally lead us towards a property owning democracy. True democracy will always lead to the maximum benefits for everyone.

We believe that the maximum amount of social welfare will be achieved by these means, not by socialism.

Strong and Independent Trade Unions The emergences of strong independent trade unions was a most important factor in the elimination of private Monopoly capitalism and the development of property owning democracy based largely on peoples’ enterprise capitalism.

A property owning democracy really means a democracy where the workers earn enough to enjoy a full life and to acquire personal property.

In every modern property owning democracy strong independent trade unions play a most important part. They played a great part in the development of democracy. They have a continuous part to play in maintaining and improving it.

They are a balance of power against excesses of any other power group and the government itself.

Trade unions in a property owning democracy have power because of:their independence; they are not stooges for the government or any other group the united force of their numbers;

the influential and respected positions there leaders hold the amount of property they own and represent.

At the beginning of the industrial revolution trade unions were weak and non existent. Workers did not wield (for their own advantage) any of the power factors mention above.

Although their numbers were great they were powerless without unity and organization.

Their leaders were without influential position and loyal support; they themselves were property less and their unions without funds; gradually these conditions changed. Now in all property owning democracies the trade unions are a powerful force. They became so because the workers became united. Because their leaders and their own organizations became financially strong. Strong independent trade unions are a bulwark against any sort of monopoly capitalism if any sort of abuse. Without the development of strong independent trade unions, private monopoly capitalism would have persisted and property owning democracy could not have developed. Wherever state monopoly capitalism is practiced, independent trade unions are forbidden. They have to be.

Independent trade unions would not be tolerated the labor abuses which occur in Russia, Cuba,

And other “socialist” countries. As long as they are strong, independent trade unions in Guyana, it will be impossible for anyone to establish a Marxist-Socialist state. That is why the Jagan government has tried every means of gaining control of the trade unions. If the trade unions are free they cannot be a totalitarian state. The United Force belongs that strong and independent trade unions are an important means of social progress and the development of true democracy.

State action for social welfare.

The days are gone when the state stood idly and watched the march of humans misery pass by. The political philosophy of “laissezfare” is dead. The modern democracy now takes firm steps in a new march forward to social progress. The modern democratic state responds quickly to public opinion. Public opinion is generated by trade unions and organizations and the people themselves exercising there democratic freedoms. Where there is fully representative Government where there are democratic freedoms. The welfare of the people in general must be the concern of the government. The government must be sensitive to the needs of the people because the people can always retain or dismiss the government at free elections. So social benefits such as unemployment relief, pensions, health services, maternity and child welfare housing and other benefits, have become common place in all true democracies.

In the totalitarian countries social welfare does exist. But it exists in the same sort of way as we used to know it in the old plantation system of indentured labor.

In the plantation system total responsibility was assumed by the plantation owner of the workers.

The workers were allocated work by the plantation owner. They could leave or change there jobs. No one could enter or leave the plantation without permission.

Medical services housing and some other social benefits were provided at the discretion of the owners.

The result was the workers did not starve. They have according to their ability they relieved according to there needs as the owners interpreted there needs.

They had food clothing, shelter and medical care as the owners saw fit to provide. Very few got what they usually needed. No one had a say in what they got.

So it in “Socialist” state.

The stat assumes total responsibility for all who lived in it.

The state allocates work. The workers cannot leave or change their jobs. No one can enter or leave their districts without permission.

The state provides housing, medical services, education and other social services as it sees fit to provide. The people are looked after in a sort of paternalist plantation way.

Very few get what they really need.

No one has a say in what they get.

This is the socialist system which Dr Jagan would impose.

The United force rejects it completely.

We believe the people must at all times have a say in what they get.

We believe in state action for social welfare.

We believe that this is achieved by positive action to increase the Nation’s wealth for the purpose of social progress.

Fair Taxation.

At the time of the industrial revolution income tax and death duties were unknown. Indeed they are of recent origin. Until the beginning of the 20th Century the idea that Government should confiscate for its own use a part of a man’s personal income would have been looked upon as stealing.

The idea that a portion of a man’s estate should be confiscated by the government after his death would have been considered when worse.

But these taxes are now common place in all true democracies.

Systems vary but generally the Government confiscates from a man’s income an amount which increases with the size of the income. The government also confiscates after a man’s death a slice of his estate, the proportion of the slice usually increasing with the size of his estate.

In many instances income tax and death duties are at the rate of more than 50%. In most true democracies the standard rate of profits tax paid by

companies is in the vicinity of 50%.

All of this when done according to sound economic principles has made possible social welfare for the masses.

It has made possible a re-distribution of wealth. It has made possible democratic states where everyone who not have is given a chance of having.

It is the introduction of effective modern tax systems that has been an important factor in the development of modern property owning democracies.

A modern tax system has to be neatly balanced. If it weighs too lightly on one side or the other the advance towards a property owning democracy will not take place.

If the load on personnel capital accumulation is too light capital will tend to be monopolized by a few and widespread ownership will not develop.

On the other hand if the load on personal capital accumulation is too heavy, there will be economic stagnation and the increase in national wealth necessary for equitable distribution will not take place.

So far as we are concerned, the object of taxation is to create a State where the national wealth will increase and everyone will enjoy the opportunity to enjoy a full life and acquire property.

Widespread ownership Through Public Companies.

The industrial Revolution began with private individual ownership of the means of producing wealth. It continued this way until the beginning of the 20th century.

In Guyana 45% Trinidad 42 ½% USA approx 48%.

Some individuals amassed colossal fortunes. Wealth has passed on though inheritance from generation to generation. Powerful capitalist dynasties grew up.

Some wealthy families such as roths-childs, Rockefellers, Morgans, wielded more power through property ownership than many governments.

But all that developed before there were modern tax systems. A modern tax system is a curb upon the amassing and passing on of excessive wealth.

As a result individual or family ownership of large companies is very rare today.

Almost all the large companies in a modern democracy are publicly owned. In many cases as for instance, General Motors in the United States and Imperial Chemical Industries in England there are literally hundreds of thousands of individual share holders in both those countries the high earnings of workers have enabled them to become to an ever increasing extent art owners of the means of producing wealth.

There is another modern trend that has helped to create widespread ownership.

That is the growing importance of investment companies which depend to a great extent on workers saving on their capital. Examples of types of business carried on by such companies are life insurance, General insurance, building loans, hire purchase loans, pension funds, and mutual investment funds.

In a modern property owning democracy practically every worker can and does enjoy the security of life insurance.

Workers acquire their own homes through rental purchase agreements with

building loan companies.

They acquire motor cars and modern amenities through hire purchase companies. Pensions are provided for them by their own and their employees contribution to pension funds.

They invest there savings by purchasing shares in small units through mutual investment funds or unit trusts.

The sum total of the holdings of all these companies is enormous in a modern democracy but the wealth accumulated is impersonally held and professionally managed for the general benefit of the workers for whom such companies provide their services. There is no possibility of this vast pool of wealth being used for personal arrandisement as in the case of the old private monopoly capitalist.

The workers themselves are indirect partners in the vested holdings of these companies.

The United Force believes in developing to the maximum extent in Guyana widespread ownership through public companies and through locally owned and managed investment companies.

We want to see it made possible and easy for every Guyanese worker to become a shareowner.

We want every worker to earn a share in the production of wealth.

Professional Management The trend towards widespread, ownership through publicly owned companies and the development of investment companies has had a natural result that is the modern trend towards professional management.

In modern democracies the all powerful owner boss has largely become a phenomenon of the past. In the modern company, management is divided into different categories, each category having a technically trained specialist in charge of it.

The trend is towards position through proficiency, not privilege. Modern professional management is, of course responsible for the success for the company and its profitability. But the trend for this is for modern management to be equally concern with the welfare and high morale of the workers. The success of modern company depends to an ever – increasing extent on the establishment of a spirit of co-partnership between management and labour.

The united force believes in encouraging this modern trend.

Above all, we believe in training Guyanese to hold the specialist positions of management in Guyanese industry, and establishing a system where any Guyanese can reach the highest position through proficiency.

General Enlightenment All of these trends towards property owing democracy which we have mentioned add together to a general enlightenment in regard to the relationship between employer and employee.

The old idea of perpetual and inevitable conflict is not accepted be the intelligent.

The interests of worker and employer are mutual, compatible and overlapping.

The modern trend is towards co-partnership. Voters, workers, foremen, managers, public servants, legislators, are all co-partners in development of a prosperous state. Together, each works for and shares in the prosperity of his country.

We plan to build a Guyana upon the sound basis of true, democratic principles; to encourage strong, independent trade Unions, to establish a well balanced, sound economic tax structure, so as to make possible the maximum degree of social welfare compatible with the Nation Wealth; to achieve widespread ownership of wealth through public companies under Guyanese management; and finally, for all to move forward together as co-partners in the development and density of our land.

7. How to attract the necessary Capital (a) CAPITAL FOR GOVERNMENT PROJECTS The magnificent prospect before us is the development of our land for the benefit of all.

We all need to be partners in this great project.

To get the project going we need capital. A great amount of capital.

We have outlined our need for $384.5M for Government projects. This is a target only a competent Government could reach. (i)

Conditions for Attracting Capital First, we must create the conditions necessary to attract capital. Just as in order to gro9w more rice we must create conditions in which the growth of rice will flourish, so in order to increase capital it is essential to create conditions in which the growth of capital will flourish.

There is no short cut; no easy way to get capital.

A poor beggar may get a handout out of compassion, but he is not going to get rich from it; nor achieve respect.

Our country is poor.

We want it to be rich, independent, and internationally respected.

This cannot be achieved by obtaining hand outs.

It can only be achieved by creating the conditions necessary for obtaining the capital for a sound development project.

What are the conditions necessary for attracting capital? They are: ¡

A good project

·

A good reputation

·

Confidence of the people concerned in the project, and the reputation of those in charge of it.

Whether capital is needed by a single individual, by a company or b y Government, the same principles apply.

For instance: A farmer needs capital to acquire a tractor to develop his land. The project is a good one. The farmer has a good reputation. The bank to which he goes for a loan has confidence in his project and his reputation. The farmer gets the loan.

A company proposes to start a brewery. An appeal is made to the people to provide the capital out of their savings. The directors have a good reputation.

Enough people have confidence in the project and the reputation of the directors to invest their money in the project so the capital is raised.

The Government of a country needs money for development. They have a good plan. The people of the country have confidence in the plan and in the ability of the Government to carry it through. People oversees too have confidence in the plan and the reputation of the Government. So a Government raises capital for development.

The same rules apply The Development project must be worthwhile. The Government must have a reputation for ability. Enough people at home and abroad must have sufficient confidence in the Government to advance the money for the projects. (ii)

Where Capital Comes From and Why it is Invested All capital comes out of the pockets of the people. This simple fact is often overlooked.

Government depends for its capital upon people investing their savings in Government securities, such as bonds, debentures, saving deposits.

The four sources from which we said we would attract capital – namely, our own Government, foreign government, local private investors, and private investors – in turn get their capital from one source – people’s savings.

The single source of all capital is the people’s savings. People will not take money out of their pockets and invest in Government, unless they have confidence in their Government.

Let us illustrate this with two examples of capital raised for Guyanese development projects.

(i)

Bank Breweries Limited This industrial development project was to build a brewery. The capital required was approximately $2M. People took out their savings and invested them in the Company. In this way $1.5M was raised.

The people who did this did it because they had confidence in the project, and the reputation of its managers.

Another 1/2M was loaned by a bank. But the money loaned by the bank was the savings of other persons who had deposited capital in the bank.

The bank loaned their money because they too had confidence in the project and its managers.

(ii)

Black Bush Polder This was an agricultural development scheme to drain the irrigate 30,000 acres of land for rice cultivation. The capital required was approximately $20M The capital was for the most part advanced by grant of the British Government.

But the money advanced by the British Government was obtained from the savings of the British people. Money obtained from the savings of people who invested in Treasury Bonds, Savings Certificate and other Government securities.

money mainly British British

At the time when the money was advanced, the British Government has sufficient confidence in the Black Bush Scheme, and the ability of the Government then in power to manage it, as to advance the money.

In order to attract the capital which people save into Government securities, it is necessary to understand the reasons why people invest their savings.

1. For security of fixed returns 2. For hope of better returns 1. Some people put their savings in the Post Office Saving Bank, commercial banks, or buy bonds because they are attracted by the security of the investment, and the guaranteed rate of interest. They have confidence in

the reputation of the organization in which they invest to meet its obligation.

2. Others put their savings in private industrial investments in the hope of better returns. They judge the project to be a good one. They have confidence in its management. They choose the hope of a better return rather than the security of a fixed return. Sometimes they may be successful as in Bank Breweries Limited, or, they may lose as in other instances.

Both types of investors benefit the economy. One creates stability, and the other creates progress.

In both cases the magnet which attracts capital is CONFIDENCE. Confidence people have in the honesty and capability of the Government or organization to whom they hand their money since the Government depends for its capital on the people who invest for a safe and certain return. It is all the more essential for Government to attract the confidence of the people in order to attract capital. (iii)

When Voluntary Means Fail Compulsion is No Answer So in order to attract capital Government must realize it is subject to just the same rules as anyone else who seeks to attract capital. Capital can only come from people’s savings; local people or people overseas on their own, or through their government.

The only way to attract capital is to establish a reputation for financial and managerial ability, for absolute honesty, and for stability.

When people lack confidence in Government they refrain from investing their capital in Government securities.

When this happens the remedy should be for Government to improve its management, eliminate dishonestly, and retrieve its reputation.

But instead of adopting these self – disciplinary measures it often happens that Government seek other ways out. They often seek to force the people to do that which they would not voluntarily do.

They adopt the method of Compulsory Savings rather than voluntary savings.

Since people refrain from investing their capital in Government Securities, they compel them to do so.

The result is that people’s confidence is Government is still further shaken and doubts as to the ability and honesty of Government are intensified.

Such voluntary capital formation that there was is dried up, and the amount capital formation achieved by compulsion never comes near to the amount achieved by voluntary means.

Take two examples to illustrate this: The capital formation projected in the Trinidad 1964-68 plan amounts to an estimated $311.4M per year, $1,557M in 5 years!

ALL OF THIS IS FROM VOLUNTARY DOM ESTIC SAVINGS AND VOLUNTARY FOREIGN INVESTMENT. NONE OF IT IS BY COMPLUSION

By contrast, the capital formation estimated from Dr. Jagan’s Government’s original COMPULSORY SAVINGS SCHEME was only $6M per year or 30M is 5 years! Thus Trinidad is going to get over 50 times as much development capital by voluntary democratic means than Dr. Jagan’s Government was planning to get by compulsion.

The Trinidad example illustrates the fact that the tax revenue of Government is normally used for recurrent expenditure, not to provide development capital.

Budget surpluses should be used to provide development capital. But taxation is basically to provide income to Government rather than capital. Adequate development capital can only be provided by voluntary investment.

There is no example in history of a successful Compulsory Savings Scheme.

Yet, the method will always appeal to those who cannot and will not remedy their own faults, and who veer toward dictatorship.

The fact is, than just as concerns which do not have efficient, honest management does not attract capital, so Governments which do not have a reputation for honesty and effienciency do not attract capital.

Sometimes people are misled by clever promotion schemes to invest in bad projects, they lose.

They lose only once; they would not be caught again by the same people.

Similarly, people are often misled into supporting bad governments.

They also lose.

In a democracy they need not be caught twice.

CONCLUSION The fact is Guyana badly needs capital.

The Jagan Government has failed to get capital.

They have failed to produce a sound development plan.

They have failed to administer development capital they had.

effienciency

and

honestly

the

No one at home or abroad has confidence in the ability of Government to invest any more capital in it.

It is time to consider electing a Government that will build a reputation for ability and effienciency, and will create confidence in people here and abroad to invest in it.

People had confidence in our leader to invest their savings in Bank Breweries Limited. Their confidence was rewarded.

We believe that if the people show their confidence in our democratic ideals they will be rewarded.

We believe that the United Force is the party that has a well prepared development plan, and has the ability to carry it out successfully for the benefit of all Guyanese, and will be able to attract they necessary capital.

(b) CAPITAL FOR PEOPLE’S ENTERPRISE PROJECTS (i) Reasons For Attracting Private Investment We have calculated that the total capital required for direct investment by people – local and foreign – in Guyana’s development is $515.5M. Successful industrial development depends mainly on people’s enterprise and people’s capital.

The need to attract capital from private sources is paramount. The more capital that can be attracted from private sources, the easier it is to attract capital from foreign Governments.

When people invest their savings in enterprises in their own country, it shows they have confidence in it, then it is easier to appeal to foreign governments for capital.

The Trinidad Government in their 1964-1968 Five Year Plan, plan to attract a total of $1557M in capital; $330M from Government sources and $1227M from private sources.

It would be quite impossible to attract such a large amount of capital from Government sources alone.

The extent of any country’s development thus depends upon attracting the maximum amount of people’s investment capital.

In a successful development plan from 3 to 4 times the total amount of Government capital is provided by private investors. So that private investors must be attracted for economic development to be successful.

There are groups of people at home and abroad who have, over many years, established specialized “know-how” in certain industries.

These groups either have their own finance available or can readily obtain finance from others on account of their reputation.

Government needs to attract the finance and technical ability of such groups.

This finance has the advantage that it will cost the Government and the people nothing.

The capital used for industrial development is always ‘risk’ capital. It is better for Government to encourage others to take risks rather than to take risk itself.

If a new private enterprise succeeds the Government and this economy benefits.

If it fails only those who risked their capital lose.

But if a new Government enterprise fails all the people lose; because they have supplied the capital out of taxes, and they are then called upon to continue loosing by making good the losses out of further taxes.

The scope of Government enterprise is limited by the amount of money Government can obtain and use, and by the technical and administrative staff that is available. If Guyana is to progress Government must use all resources is can muster to provide the basis for economic and social development. Guyana is

poor simply because the essential basis for economic and social development is not there.

Guyana need roads, bridges, drainage and irrigation, pure water, hydro- electric power, new sea and air-ports schools, hospitals housing and public buildings.

The present resources of Government are far from adequate to meet these needs.

Government must stretch every resource it has to meet all the basic needs it possibly can. The filling of these needs will strain the resources, ingenuity and ability of the government for many years to come. It is impossible for Government to find the money or the technical staff for new industries without sacrificing the more essential public needs.

For maximum development it is therefore essential for government to encourage the development of new industries by private initiative and by industrial groups that can provide finance and technical “know how�

Our plan is to attract $515M for investment in local industries over 6 years.

We will now explain the right policy to make this possible. (i)

Establishing Favorable Conditions for Private Investment The establishing of many new industries by private investors is an urgent need.

Its fulfillment depends upon Government successfully establishing conditions favorable for private investment. In any country where there is a large scale local and foreign investment in industry, the following conditions have been established.

These are the conditions which must be established in Guyana for successful industrial development. They are: Modern Industrial facilities Sufficient raw materials available Adequate sales potential Incentive to risk capital Favorable political background

We give below a brief description of these conditions which are necessary for industrial development and how United Force policy will create these conditions in Guyana.

Modern Industrial Facilities Industry requires modern facilities and is attracted to countries which provide them efficiently and cheaply.

They are:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Land Water Electric light and power Communications

Trinidad has already had the benefit of a five year plan (1958 – 1962) designed for this purpose:“The 1958-1962 Five year development program was a public sector program primarily designed to provide the basic services required to the expansion of our industry and agriculture.

- (Government of Trinidad and Tobago draft second five year plan) 1. Land Good easily accessible industrial sites must be developed and made available for sale or lease at reasonable rates.

2. Water All industries are large consumers of water. Some industries such as paper pulp consume enormous quantities of water. The present water supply for industries in the greater Georgetown town area requires investigation into (a) its quantity (b) its quality (c) its price.

Our policy is to make such investigations and then steps have to be taken to make available for industry: (a) a greater supply of water (b) a supply of better water (c) a cheaper supply of water 3. Electric Light and Power Some industries requires vast amounts of electricity. An efficient and cheap supply of industrial power is essential. The rates charged to industrial users of electricity are generally higher than the rates charged to the domestic user. This is contrary to the principle that a wholesale price should be cheaper than a retail price. It is not a incentive to industry There is need to consider revision of rates charged for electricity supply to industry.

Hydro electric power is the best means of providing cheap electricity to really big users.

Our policy is to improve electricity services to industry. To consider special bulk rates for exceptionally large users. To develop hydro electric power as quickly as possible.

4. Communication (a) Telecommunication Industry requires an efficient and inexpensive telephone service. The present service is inadequate. It seems unable to provide enough new lines. It has not provided a new telephone directory for more than 2

years. There are complaints about over charges.

There is great urgency to provide adequate and better telephone services. (b) Roads An essential for industry is cheap transport. We have already outlined our plan for road development. The immediate need is for: Good roads and more roads.

Revision of licensing duties to provide a uniform and reasonable duty for each class of goods vehicle to travel on any road and thus to eliminate the discriminatory duties charged on vehicles operating on the East Coast and West Coast roads.

Possible reduction of gasoline tax to stimulate trade by cheaper transport. (c) River or Air Transport There needs to be a reduction of rates for goods vehicles crossing on the Demerara and Berbice river ferries.

There needs to be better river transport services especially to those areas not directly connected to Georgetown by roads.

There needs to be better and cheaper facilities for air travel to the interior and remote areas.

Our policy as shown by our development plan is to provide a network of good roads. To extend and improve telephone services. To extend and improve river and air transport. To the lower the cost of road transports.

Sufficient Raw Materials Available Development of industry depends upon availability of sufficient raw materials. First of all the materials must be there a bauxite industry cannot develop unless bauxite is there.

Secondly the materials must be economically accessible – if materials are available in large enough quantities and are of sufficient value like manganese or diamonds, difficulties of accessibility can be over come.

But these are exceptions and normally industry cannot sleep unless raw materials are readily accessible.

Our policy is therefore: 1. To carry out complete surveys of the entire country to establish availability of raw materials as already outlined in our development plan.

2. In particular to endeavor to locate and made accessible like for fertilizer and cement industries.

1. To make the interior accessible by roads so as to make possible in those areas new industries which would otherwise be uneconomic or account of inaccessibility.

Adequate Sales Potential Every Industry depends on sales. In order for an industry to develop there must be adequate sales potential at home or abroad.

An industry cannot develop unless there are markets available for its produce.

In the development of new industries we are hampered by our small population which limits local sales potential. The more people employed and the more they earn the better will be the sales potential for local industries.

Our Policy is:1. To establish and aggressive trade organizations for the purpose of increasing sales of Guyanese products at home and abroad by advertising by public relations and special promotions.

2. To sponsor and enter into agreement for a Caribbean common market and other common markets and thus increase sales potential for the products of our industries.

3. To expand the local sales potential by full employment and better wages for our increasing population and so encourage local industries to develop.

Special Incentives to risk capital The need for industries is so great that special incentives must be given to attract people to invest in them.

Our Policy is to:1. Reconstitute the industrial development corporation and to put at its head a man independent of government and with experience in commerce.

2. Re-introduce tax holidays and other incentives for new industries.

3. Provide tax relief for technically qualified foreigners who are employed to set up new industries.

4. Provide credit and technical advisory service to assist people in starting new industries.

5. Encourage widespread ownership of shares in new industries of local or foreign origin and to encourage the formation of mutual investment funds for small investors.

Favorable Political Background The right political background is most important for industrial development. We have already explained that government must establish reputation for good financial and managerial ability, for honesty and stability otherwise it will not be able to provide the conditions necessary to attract capital. Mr. Robert Garner, President of the international finance corporation, listed the following essentials for any country to attract development capital.

There must be: 1. Impartial administration of law and order.

2. A reasonable efficient and honest public administration.

3. Financial Stability 4. A sensible plan for development.

5. An honest and effective tax system 6. Avoidance of a society in which wealth and power is in the hands of a few.

The plans to fulfill every one of these 6 conditions have already been laid down by us. ·

On p8 and p73 we referred to the need for impartial administration of the law

·

On p82 we said the way to attract capital is for government to establish a reputation for financial and managerial stability for absolute honesty and for stability.

·

We have outlined our blue print for a better Guyana which is a sensible plan for development.

·

On p77 we stressed the need for a fait and modern system of taxation.

·

On p17 we concluded that wealth and power must be spread around. We have stated that wealth should not be concentrated in the hands of a few whether the few are private monopolist or government monopolist.

On the other hand Dr. Jagan’s Government has failed to fulfill every one of these 6 conditions necessary for economic and social development.

1. There has been a breakdown of law and order.

2. Affairs of the Rice Marketing Board of the Del Conte contract and GIMPEX are evidence of inefficiency mal administration dishonesty and partisan politics.]

3. There have been financial chaos, unprecedented budget deficits and the secretary of state referred to insolvency.

4. A part from plans carried over from the interim Government the present Government has had no development plan. Plans prepared by their own planners – Best Gyanchand, Dhar – have been either ignored or suppressed.

5. New taxation has been levied for the mere sake of taxation. It has reduced revenue and increased the cost of Government. It has been ineffective.

6. The policy of the present Government is to create state Monopoly Capitalism to be managed like GIMPEX for the private benefit of the party elite and not the general welfare of the people of Guyana.

The means we will adopt to create the conditions necessary for attracting capital for industrial development are: 1. To provide the basic services and facilities for industrial expansion.

2. To open up the interior of our country for development.

3. To advertise and promote Guyanese products in Caribbean and world markets.

4. To provide the maximum incentives to encourage the inflow of capital for industrial investment.

5. To develop a reputation for the financial and managerial ability strict honesty and impartiality of the government administration.

6. To encourage the maximum participation of Guyanese people as shareholders in new industries weather of local or foreign origins.

7. To generally establish the conditions favorable for industrial development by all there means and to foster a spirit of co-partnership between all those helping to build and benefiting form new industries namely the workers and their trade unions the shareholders their companies and their trade associations; the Government of Guyana and its civil servants and indeed all the people of Guyana.

8. To move forward form the old colonial background of Private monopoly capitalism towards people’s enterprise capitalism towards a true property owning democracy, and thus to attract the maximum investment of people’s savings in industry and to avoid the reactionary socialist path to state monopoly capitalism which blocks private investment.

So we have devoted much time and space to and explanation of how to attract capital both for government projects and people’s enterprise projects.

This is because the need is so urgent and the problem is misunderstood.

Our $900M development plan is a good plan. It is the blue print for a better Guyana.

It is ambitious so was bank breweries limited. It can be equally successful.

The choice is really yours.

If you vote for our plan then there will be a better Guyana for all.

Summary

Towards the Ideal Democracy The way towards the ideal democracy is economic as well as political. Bad economic conditions block the path towards Democracy. That is why a good economic program is so important.

Where the people are free, where the workers has security and self respect, where the people own homes and farms where there is co-partnership between government and people, there will be progress towards an ideal democracy.

But where the government rules with iron fist where the government is the sole or principal employer, where the government is tolerant of criticism and disregards public opinions, where the government limits the right of the people to oppose it, where the government acquires excessive power there will be undermining of democracy and a trend towards dictatorship.

The seven important features of our economic plans for Guyana are in fact steps towards true democracy:1. A plan to create full employment by creating 60,000 new jobs within 6 years.

2. A positive policy to improve wage and conditions of employment in Guyana.

3. A plan to burst open the treasure chest of interior by driving a network of roads through it this we call our Magic Circle road development.

4. A plan to give 30,000 farmers approximately 30 acres each of bona fide land.

5. Positive action to assist and encourage workers own their own homes.

6. A blueprint to obtain and use $900M for the economic and social development of Guyana.

7. A positive policy to establish capital ownership among all people of Guyana.

There are the 7 steps towards an independent, democratic state of Guyana.

Merely to achieve an independent nation is to achieve status in name only. What we aim to is to create an independent state of Guyana in which every single person will be truly free and financially independent. We have prepared the solid economic foundation upon which Guyana can build true democracy. Let us start moving towards it now.

IV The Three Chief Duties of an Elected Government.

We come now to the final part of our Highways to Happiness. Let us consider what the three chief duties of newly elected government are.

1. The first duty of the elected government is to honor, uphold and obey the constitution.

2. The second duty of the elected government is establish a general policy and a specific plan for economic and social development.

3. The third duty of the elected government is to set up an efficient and impartial public service administration which will carry out its general policy and its specific plan.

Let us consider a little further what there duties involve:(1)Upholding the Constitution The constitution is not a mere document.

It is a guide for behavior and a code of ethics.

Like every code of ethics it places a limitation on behavior; it is something which has to be lived up to.

It does not give the elected Government unlimited license to do just what it wants. It confines the duties of the elected Government within legal limits.

How can the people make sure that the constitution will be up held and their fundamental rights and freedoms preserved?

It is often claimed that the people make sure that the constitution will be up held and their fundamental rights and freedoms preserved?

It is often claimed that the people are protected because the constitution guarantees democratic rights. It is true that the constitution gives legal validity to the rights of the people.

The constitution is in the fact the law. But how can people be sure that the law will not be broken.

For obviously the law cannot guarantee itself.

The truth is democratic principles always hang on three slender threads and there is never anything stronger to up hold them.

The three threads are:1. Honor 2. Public Opinion 3. Tradition Honor To honor and uphold the constitution is the normal oath of the elected Government

That the elected government will rule in according to democratic principles is something which depends on the honor of the elected representatives. It is a sacred trust handed to them which they should be worthy of. Whether if everyone will continue to enjoy the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution depends primarily upon the honor of the elected government.

Public Opinion If the government acts dishonorably, if it disregards the principles of democratic impartiality if it interferes with the impartial administration of the la, then the force of public opinion should deter it.

People should then use their democratic freedoms of assembly association and information to bring the government back into line. People then should meet publicly demonstrate their disapproval of a breach of democratic principles.

To press the radio and other publications should carry messages of criticism.

The government then should give in to the force of public opinion and mend the breach.

In older democracies such as England and the United States of America this is inevitable.

In the emerging democracies sometimes public opinion is not strong enough to control government.

If people are not vigilant enough the government can easily get away with the suppression of democratic principles by force. This has happened in Ghana.

Tradition In the older democracies there is a Tradition to honor democratic principles. This makes it more difficult for governments is those countries t abuse their power.

Public opinion is all more effective when it is allied with tradition. It becomes a habit for people to assert their opinion ad for elected governments to submit to it.

Emergent democracies like Guyana have no democratic traditions of their own.

But they should build upon the democratic traditions of the older democracyGreat Britain.

For emergent democracies it is most important to develop a new tradition of democratic honor. In the older democracies the force of public opinion and tradition is strong enough to prevent any government from dishonoring democratic principles.

In a young democracy the danger is that the government may take advantage of the weakness of public opinion and the lack of democratic traditions to dishonor democracy. This is happening in many newly independent countries today.

No matter how good the constitution is no matter how well entrenched are the clauses guaranteeing the people’s fundamental rights, it all depends on three slender threads which are all too easily severed. There is nothing stronger than the honor of the elected politicians, the strength of public opinion and the forces of tradition to keep democracy intact.

If people wish to preserve democracy then they must take care to elect the government the political party most likely to honor the constitution, and to respect public opinion and democratic traditions.

The Rule of Law In order to uphold the constitution the elected Government must have respect for the law. The rule of law in a true democracy really means the willingness of the elected government and the majority of the people to submit to the law.

Above all it means that the elected government must not control or interfere with the administration of the law in any of its aspects namely: 1) POLICE – enforcing the law 2) JUSTICE – Administering the law 3) LEGISLATURE – Making the law

1) POLICE In a democracy the law must be enforced by an impartial police force.

High officials of Government may break the law. They should be arrested by the police and charged for breaking the law just any ordinary citizen.

2) JUSTICE The courts of justice may be called upon to decide cases between ordinary citizens and high officials of Government or even the government itself.

3) LEGISLATURE The legislature must be ran impartially.

It is presided over by an impartial speaker. The debates are public and the opposition is given a fair hearing.

Opposition members are included on all parliamentary committees and the chairman of the public accounts committee which scrutinizes public expenditure is the member of the opposition.

Democracy cannot exist without impartiality of the law.

A government which is a dictatorship must control the administration of the law in order to dictate.

A government which is a democracy must not interfere with the administration of the law; if it does it will cease to be democratic. It is only by the impartiality of the law that the democratic rights of all citizens can be maintained.

2, Preparing Plans Setting policy and planning for economic and social development is an important duty of the elected Government. The first step is to establish a plan.

Effective planning is an essential for the success of any project especially military, commercial or Government project.

Effective planning simply means gathering together all possible information, analyzing the information systematically and then formulating a detailed plan based upon common sense conclusions drawn from the analyses. Gathering together, tabulating and classifying information is statistics. Hence statistics is an important part of planning.

The government of Guyana has failed to establish an adequately staffed department statistics. Statistics on the Guyanese economy are woefully lacking.

It is possible to gather far more detailed and accurate information about the economy of Trinidad than that of Guyana.

The first essential for planning is to establish a department of statistics with sufficient qualified staff.

The next essential is the setting up of a National Planning Commission. The NPC would be supreme authority for planning in the country.

The function of the Planning Commission would be: \ 1) To assess the national resources of Guyana and how they might most effectively be utilized.

2) Set up targets for achievement in the economic and social fields based upon reasoned conclusions drawn from facts.

3) Formulate and direct measures for the achievement of the targets.

4) Evaluate continuously year by year the extent to which the objectives are being achieved and adjust the targets accordingly.

Flexibility is essential to good planning. Planning for development is a continuous process. What we have done so far in our development plan for full employment is to outline a strategy for development. Taking the circumstances of Guyana at the time we have assessed what are the strategic areas in which to concentrate investment and effort in order to promote employment and effort to order to promote employment and self sustained growth.

Our strategy is directed to concentrating: a) In the greater use of our most valuable but unused asset land. b) In providing the basic services required for the expansion of our industry and agriculture.

Having established the overall object the target continuous planning is essential and must be carried on three fronts.

1) Overall planning – relates to the whole economy.

2) Sectoral planning – relates to particular sectors for instance, roads, drainage, education.

3) Finally all planning reduces to individual projects a road a drainage sluice, a school.

We do not want to imply that planning is everything. There is a modern tendency to over value planning. Good planning is highly important. But obviously the execution of the plan is more important. The ability to carry out plans is even more important than the ability to make them. There is often a tendency to believe that a plan having been made and publicized will automatically be fulfilled. This is of course just wishful thinking.

There is also a modern tendency to confuse economic planning by government with government economic control.

The success of good planning is a free democracy depends upon the willing corporation of all concerned. Attempts by government to enforce plans by big stick methods are never really successful. Enforcement means the plan is not acceptable and good planning means getting the willing acceptance of all concerned.

Good democratic planning does not need compulsory enforcement.

Good planning leads to the voluntary co ordination of all efforts by the state with the individual efforts of all enterprising farmers and businessmen towards fulfillment of the national target.

The United Force has a plan and plan to plans.

3, Carrying Out Plans To see that its plan for economic and social development is carried out is the third duty of the elected Government. But the actual work for carrying out the plans is for the permanent government the public services.

The public service is in fact the permanent government.

It is not subject to change my elections like the elected government.

The job of the public service is to carry out efficiently and impartially the plans and policies of the elected government.

The successful completion of any development plan depends upon the efficiency of the public service is carrying it out. Hence the vital importance of the public Services.

First it is essential for the public services to be efficient, second it is essential for the public services to be impartial.

Efficiency The prime task of a newly elected Government is: to gain the confidence of the public service and to maintain and improve its efficiency.

Even if the elected government has good plans it will fail unless there is an efficient Public Service is carry them out.

Unfortunately the Guyana Public service has gravely deteriorated since the Jagan Government has been in Power.

There has been a regular stream of resignations.

Approximately 1,000 vacant posts have been left unfilled.

Unprecedented in British Colonial history the public service was on strike against its employer, the elected government.

There has been political interference in the running of the public service.

There is no doubt that the morale of the Public service is at its lowest ever. This has been due to lack of confidence in the elected government. Consequently the public service has deteriorated and has become insufficient.

This cannot be blamed on imperialism.

One of the better aspects of British Colonial Administration has been the training of a reasonably efficient and honest local public service. This has always been a solid basis for former colonies to build there independence on.

The absence of a trained local public service to carry out the policy of the elected government has caused chaos in the Congo. It is a great pity that the Jagan Government has caused the public service to deteriorate.

It will be a difficult but urgent task to rehabilitate it. But it is a task that will have to be tackled vigorously by the newly elected government.

How is it to be done?

The first essential is to establish a spirit of understanding and co-partnership between the public service and the elected government. This can only be achieved by encouraging the public service to be what it ought to be an efficient permanent and independent service concerned with the day to day management of Government departments and not with politics.

A public service career should provide security and prestige for a young man and reasonable hope of promotion to the top by merit.

Security of position and promotion should not be affected by changes in the elected government.

The public service should be entirely divorced from politics. Appointments and promotions should be by an entirely impartial board of appointments, the need for which we have already outlined. The immediate and difficult task of the board will be to successfully fill the many vacant positions in the public service. rather than attempt to fill vacancies willy nilly, the first step should be the appointment of a United Kingdom or United States firm of management consultants to undertake a study of and to advice on the general reorganization of the Public Service.

Some departments may need streamlining others strengthening. By judicious reorganization and promotions it should be possible to minimize the ill effect of so many gaps in the service.

The management consultants should also study and report on the present standing orders which establish the conditions of employment in the service.

These rules need revision especially having regard to independence.

In these days when there is so much talk of equality, something ought to be done to raise the position and prestige of the open vote and unclassified government workers.

While the upper echelons of the public service have formed a sort of white collar elite, the ordinary workers of government have been neglected.

On the whole the ordinary workers of government have received les pay and less benefits than any other workers in Guyana. This ought to change.

Management consultants should therefore also investigate the three systems of employment in the public service – classified, Unclassified and open vote. They should then make recommendations for a more unified and fairer system of employment for the public service.

The united force policy will be to raise the standard of government workers.

The unclassified and open vote standards need to be greatly improved and the system modified.

We have already outlined our wages policy which applies to Government workers as well.

The united force policy to build morale in the Public Service. Every worker should feel he is part of the permanent government and should be proud to serve the elected government. At the same time the elected government should take a personal interest in his welfare.

The civil service association and other government unions are important bodies representing government workers. They should be frequently consulted by the elected government. There should be a spirit of co partnership between there unions and the elected government. The United Force will do everything possible for good government.

A satisfied and efficient public service is the foundation of essential good government.

Impartiality The public service is the permanent government. Elected governments may come and go but the public service remains.

The same public service may serve many different elected Governments. Hence the impartiality of the public service is essential.

The entire Public Service must be impartial but there are some departments of it which must not be only impartial but completely cut off from inference by the elected government.

Apart from the law which we have already mentioned the other departments of Government which should be completely divorced from political direction are the public audit and public corporations.

The need for this is obvious and we need not go into details.

To protect the people from having their money used to line the pockets of politicians an independent audit department is essential.

Public corporations are ran with public funds.

The funds are provided by all the people not only by those who voted for a particular party.

The public corporation should be run for the public good.

Directors of public corporations should be selected for ability and not as a reward

for political loyalty.

If the elected Government uses its position of power to award spoils then it is not being democratic.

Public corporations run by political boards are not likely to be efficient. There is ample evidence that the Jagan Government has adopted the spoils system and that the public corporations have been very badly managed.

The need for impartiality of the public service is obvious how is it to be achieved?

The most important means is by impartiality of appointments to the public service. It is vitally important for the success of democratic government that appointments of Judges, Magistrates, Police Officers, public auditors, public corporation directors and managers and indeed all appointments to the pubic service should be of impartial persons, impartially selected.

How is impartiality secured?

Impartiality of appointment is secured by starting off with a completely impartial board which serves as a commission of public appointments. To appoint this board is one of the first and most important duties of a newly elected Government.

The board must consist of competent persons known for their ability, experience and impartiality. The selection of the board should be made with the Intentions of being impartial and after consultations with all parties represented in the house.

Once the board is appointed it should be free to act without any interference whatever from the elected government.

Only in this way can democracy function through impartiality of the courts, police, public audit, public corporations and the public service administration in General.

Summary We have explained what the 3 prime duties of a newly elected government are:¡

To uphold the constitution

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To establish a plan for social and economic development

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To carry out the plan through the medium of an efficient and impartial public service.

The United Force is above all a party that believes in the principals of true democracy. A party that will in fact honour the constitution and preserve the fundamental rights of the people.

We have already established a plan for the social and economic development of Guyana.

It will be our immediate task to carry out the plan and for this purpose to re establish an efficient and impartial public service.

GENERAL CONCLUSION Every thinking Guyanese should consider seriously all that we have written.

We have stated in our ideals our policies our plan for economic and social development. We have expressed ourselves in simple language.

We have avoided the “jargon” of economics and the clichés of demagogues.

They are often used as fancy wrapping to gloss over the emptiness within. We have hidden nothing. We have told all.

Those who like our plan for social and economic development, Those who believe in the principle of true democracy, Those who have faith in our ideals, Those who accept the united nations declaration of Human rights, Above all those who believe in the oneness of God, and the universal brother hood of man should consider how well the government of Guyana would stand for those things if we are elected.

Consider fairly all that we have said and consider supporting the United Force for a better Guyana for a better life for all.

The present publication concludes our “Highway to Happiness” In preparation is a small booklet called “Policies for the good Government of Guyana”. This booklet will expand our policies in regard to the various Ministries and Departments of Government under the following heads: 1) Finance 2) Home Affairs ( and interior) 3) Foreign Affairs 4) Trade 5) Agriculture 6) Public works 7) Housing 8) Communications 9) Labour 10)

Health

11)

Education

12)

Public Relations

From what we already written in “Highway to Happiness” the general policy and a specific economic and social development plan has been made clear.

Our final booklet “Policy for the good government of Guyana� will expand this policy and analyze it in relation to each department of Guyana.