Landscape design techniques in high-rise buildings by Bushra Parveen

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Landscape design techniques in High-Rise buildings A Dissertation Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE By

Bushra Parveen (1605181009) Under the Supervision of

Prof. Tauseef Rahi

to the

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW (Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow) Session 2019-20

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Certificate

I hereby recommend that the dissertation, entitled “Landscape design techniques in High-Rise buildings”, prepared by Ms. Bushra Parveen under my supervision, is the bonafide work of the student and be accepted as a partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelors in Architecture of Faculty of Architecture, AKTU, Lucknow.

Asst. Prof. Tauseef Rahi (Name and Signature of the Guide) Recommendation:

Prof. Dr. Vandana Sehgal (Name and Signature: Principal) Accepted Not Accepted

……………………… Examiner 1

………………………… Examiner2

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my regard to all those who motivated me to complete this dissertation successfully. I want to thank my college Principal Dr. Vandana Sehgal for giving me permission to commence this dissertation in the first instance, to do the necessary research work as per my requirement.

I would like to acknowledge my guide Asst. Prof. Tauseef Rahi for his patience and guiding during this work. I would also like to acknowledge all the jury members whose valuable suggestions advices and comments helped me complete this dissertation.

I would like to express genuine appreciation to my family, their love and support during my studies. Also, I would like to thank my colleagues Arpit Khare, Priya Gupta, Adity Rawat, Lakshita Goyal and Rajat Gupta whose comments and ideas helped me to write this dissertation successfully.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Abstract The emerging megacities have influenced the ecosystem and the urban environment at a very large scale. The Heat Island Effect caused by the diminishing of green areas and more and more manmade surroundings such as buildings, roads, etc. The shortage of lands tends the design ideas to convert to verticality. All the buildings today are generally categorized as High-Rise buildings. The growing population hinders the availability of land for a lavish foreground landscape design. Other countries had established well with these landscape techniques to reduce the energy efficiency of the building. India somewhat does not have any of the high-rise building which incorporates landscape techniques. Since in a high-rise building the space which can be used for landscaping is walls, roofs and sometimes balconies, so all the techniques are related to them. This dissertation deals with the analysis of these landscape techniques in high-rise office buildings on the basis of specified climate. Climate has been specified because India has several climatic regions and every climatic regions has its set parameters for designing. Therefore, the analysis has been done of composite climate. Since other countries are classified according to the Koeppen’s climatic classification according to which composite climate of India falls under Warm Temperate zone. This helped in selecting the case studies which were not of India. KEY WORDS: Landscape techniques, Green Wall, Green Roof, Climate, Eco-skyscraper, Heat Island Effect, High-Rise Buildings, Irrigation, Installation, Maintenance, Green Area Coverage.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Aim ......................................................................................................................................12 1.2 Objective ..............................................................................................................................12 1.3 Need and Significance .........................................................................................................12 1.4 Scope and Limitations ..........................................................................................................12 1.5 Hypothesis ...........................................................................................................................13 1.6 Research Questions ............................................................................................................13 1.7 Methodology ........................................................................................................................13 1.8 Historical Overview ..............................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2: Landscape techniques in high-rise ............................................................ 16 2.1 Green walls ..........................................................................................................................16 2.1.1 Façade supported green walls .......................................................................................17 2.1.1.1 Cable supported green wall .....................................................................................17 2.1.1.2 Rigid green wall .......................................................................................................18 2.1.1.3 Metal mesh green wall .............................................................................................19 2.1.2 Façade integrated living walls ........................................................................................19 2.1.2.1 Hanging pocket living wall........................................................................................20 2.1.2.2 Vegetated mat living wall .........................................................................................20 2.1.2.3 Modular living wall ...................................................................................................21 2.2 Green roof............................................................................................................................22 2.2.1 Intensive green roof .......................................................................................................23 2.2.2 Extensive green roof ......................................................................................................23 2.2.3 Semi-intensive green roof ..............................................................................................23 2.3 Comparative analysis (key considerations) ..........................................................................24 2.3.1 Climate ..........................................................................................................................24 2.3.2 Installations ...................................................................................................................26 2.3.4 Irrigation System............................................................................................................32 2.3.5 Costing and Maintenance ..............................................................................................32 2.3.6 Impact on Structural System ..........................................................................................32 2.3.7 Benefits .........................................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 3: Case Studies................................................................................................ 35 3.1 Case study 1: Consorcio Santiago Building, Santiago, Chile ................................................37 3.1.1 Climatic analysis ............................................................................................................37 3.1.2 Need of green wall for the building ................................................................................38 3.1.3 Evolution of design ........................................................................................................38 3.1.4 Analysis of green wall ....................................................................................................43 3.1.5 Irrigation system ............................................................................................................45 3.1.6 Maintenance ..................................................................................................................46 3.1.7 Effect of green wall on the building ................................................................................46

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings 3.1.8 Green coverage calculation ...........................................................................................47 3.1.9 Analysis and inferences .................................................................................................47 3.2 Case study 2: ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall, Fukuoka, Japan ...........49 3.2.1 Climatic analysis ............................................................................................................50 3.2.2 Need of green roof for the building ................................................................................51 3.2.3 Evolution of design ........................................................................................................51 3.2.4 Analysis of green roof ....................................................................................................55 3.2.5 Irrigation system ............................................................................................................58 3.2.6 Maintenance ..................................................................................................................58 3.2.7 Effect of green roof on the building ................................................................................58 3.2.8 Green coverage calculation ...........................................................................................59 3.2.9 Analysis and inferences .................................................................................................59 3.3 Case study 3: One PNC Plaza, Pittsburgh, USA ..............................................................61 3.3.1 Climatic analysis ............................................................................................................61 3.3.2 Need of green roof for the building ................................................................................62 3.3.3 Evolution of design ........................................................................................................62 3.3.4 Analysis of green wall ....................................................................................................64 3.3.5 Irrigation system ............................................................................................................66 3.3.6 Maintenance ..................................................................................................................66 3.3.7 Effect of green roof on the building ................................................................................66 3.3.8 Green coverage calculation ...........................................................................................67 3.3.9 Analysis and inferences .................................................................................................67 3.4 Case study 4: Spire Edge IT Park, Manesar, Gurgaon, India ..........................................69 3.4.1 Climatic analysis ............................................................................................................70 3.4.2 Need of green roof and green wall for the building.........................................................70 3.4.3 Evolution of design ........................................................................................................71 3.4.4 Analysis of green wall and green roof ............................................................................73 3.4.5 Future assumptions and results of the technique ...........................................................75 3.4.6 Analysis and inferences .................................................................................................76 3.5 Comparative table of case studies. ..................................................................................78 CHAPTER 4: Conclusion................................................................................................... 82 4.1Combined inferences..........................................................................................................82 Literature review table ...................................................................................................... 84 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 88

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

List of Tables. Table 1: Climate groups according to Koeppen. Source- google .................................................... 25 Table 2: Climate types according to Koeppen. Source- google ....................................................... 25 Table 3: Landscape techniques suitable climate ............................................................................. 26 Table 4: Irrigation system of each landscape techniques. ............................................................... 32 Table 5: Costing and maintenance of each landscape technique for High-Rise ............................... 32 Table 6: Impact on structural system of each landscape technique for High-Rise ........................... 32 Table 7: Different parameters of each landscape technique for High-Rise ...................................... 33 Table 8: Analysis and selection criteria of case studies .................................................................. 36 Table 9: Building data ................................................................................................................... 37 Table 10: Climatic data.................................................................................................................. 38 Table 11: Percentage of green area in the building ......................................................................... 47 Table 12: Green area coverage calculation ..................................................................................... 47 Table 13: Analysis and inferences.................................................................................................. 49 Table 14: Building data ................................................................................................................. 49 Table 15: Climatic data.................................................................................................................. 51 Table 16: Green area coverage calculation ..................................................................................... 59 Table 17: Analysis and inferences.................................................................................................. 61 Table 18: Building data ................................................................................................................. 61 Table 19: Climatic data.................................................................................................................. 62 Table 20: Green area coverage calculation ..................................................................................... 67 Table 21: Analysis and inferences.................................................................................................. 68 Table 22: Building data ................................................................................................................. 69 Table 23: Climatic data.................................................................................................................. 70 Table 24: Analysis and inferences.................................................................................................. 77 Table 25: Final inferences and parameters ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

List of Figures. Figure 1- Hanging gardens of Babylon Source- google .................................................................. 14 Figure 2- Green roof/turf of Vikings Source- google ...................................................................... 14 Figure 3- some examples of green wall Source- (Dover, 2015) ...................................................... 17 Figure 4- Examples of projects with façade-supported green walls (left to right): School of the Arts, Singapore; IDEO Morph 38 Tower, Bangkok; Pasona Headquarters, Tokyo; Consorcio, Santiago. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014) ....................................................................................................... 17 Figure 5- Examples of cable supported green wall. Source- google ................................................ 18 Figure 6- Full vegetation on 2-d trellises rigid green wall. Source- google ..................................... 18 Figure 7-Frame of 3-d trellises rigid green wall. Source- google .................................................... 18 Figure 8- 3-D diagram of rigid green wall (2-D trellises and 3-D trellises). Source- (Antony Wood, 2014) ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 9- Wire mesh green wall placed on the outer façade of the building. Source- google ........... 19 Figure 10- Examples of projects with façade-integrated living walls (from left bottom to bottom right): Trio Apartments, Sydney; Athenaeum Hotel, London; One PNC Plaza, Pittsburgh. Source(Antony Wood, 2014) .................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 11- Plants being placed in the pockets separately. Source- (Afrin, 2009) ............................. 20 Figure 12- Panel of vegetated mat living wall. Source- (Dover, 2015), google ............................... 21 Figure 13- Modular living wall with different material. Source- (Gabriel Pérez J. C., 2014) .......... 21 Figure 14- Diagram showing the layers of green roof. Source- (Landscape Architecture, 1969) ..... 22 Figure 15- Examples of green roof over high-rise buildings. Source- (Landscape Architecture, 1969) ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 16- Diagram showing different layers of intensive green roof & an example of such roof. Source- (Dover, 2015) ................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 17- Diagram of extensive green roof showing all the layers and an example of the building. Source- (Dover, 2015) ................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 18- Diagram of semi-intensive green roof showing its layers and an example of the building. Source- (Dover, 2015) ................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 19- Map of India showing its different climatic zones. Source- google ............................... 25 Figure 20- The marking on the walls/façade is done with the help of ruler scale or spirit level so that there is no deviation and the line is straight. Source- youtube.com ................................................. 26 Figure 21- The screw of the hub is fixed first manually and then it is fixed with screw driver. Source- youtube.com ..................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 22- Steel wires are passed through the holes given in the steel hub horizontally through all of the hubs. Source- youtube.com ...................................................................................................... 27 Figure 23- Steel wires are then passed vertically and then are tighten respectively. Sourceyoutube.com .................................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 24- The wires used in this technique is galvanized steel wires which are stiff and lightweight. Manually installation of the frame attached to the wall. Source- youtube.com ............................... 28 Figure 25- Galvanised steel mesh is being cut for appropriate size. Source- youtube.com .............. 28 Figure 26- Temporary fixation of metal mesh with bungee cords and holes being made with the help of screw driver in the frame. Source- youtube.com................................................................. 28 Figure 27- Metal clips are used to fix the metal mesh with the frames. Source- youtube.com ......... 28 Figure 28- Pocket panels that are hung by their mounting tabs. Source- youtube.com .................... 29 Figure 29- Stretching the pockets of panel. Source- youtube.com .................................................. 29 Figure 30- Tuck in flaps. Source- youtube.com.............................................................................. 29 Figure 31- Marking on wall using measuring tape. Source- youtube.com....................................... 30 Figure 32- Placement of frames in order of first vertical and then horizontal. Source- youtube.com ...................................................................................................................................................... 30

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 33- Steps of placement of fabric, cutting of fabric and placing plants. Source- youtube.com ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 34- Views of materials used in the modular living wall. Source- youtube.com .................... 31 Figure 35- Placing of vertical rails. Source- youtube.com .............................................................. 31 Figure 36- Module holder and holding clips. Source- youtube.com ................................................ 31 Figure 37- Putting plants into the module holder. Source- youtube.com ......................................... 32 Figure 38- View of building showing the green wall. Source- (Khazraie, 2017) ............................. 37 Figure 39- Graph showing Average annual temperature, average relative humidity and average rainfall. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014) .......................................................................................... 38 Figure 40- Conceptual sketches for planning of the building. Source- archdaily.com ..................... 39 Figure 41- Ground floor plan. Source- archdaily.com .................................................................... 39 Figure 42- First floor plan. Source- archdaily.com ......................................................................... 40 Figure 43- Terrace plan. Source- archdaily.com............................................................................. 40 Figure 44- Site plan. Source- archdaily.com .................................................................................. 41 Figure 45- Sketches showing effect of other techniques on the building. ........................................ 42 Figure 46- Section and facade detail. Source- archdaily.com ......................................................... 42 Figure 47- Variation of green wall due to seasonal change. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014) ............ 43 Figure 48-The building façade during summers. The building façade during autumn. Source- google ...................................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 49- Sketch of the building elevation showing elements of landscaping used........................ 44 Figure 50- Sketch of the water mirror used for evaporative cooling. .............................................. 44 Figure 51- Detail of wall section showing the connection between the plant, planter and the building. Source- (Khazraie, 2017) ................................................................................................ 44 Figure 52- Detail of planting media and plant species used in the green wall. Source- (Khazraie, 2017) ............................................................................................................................................. 45 Figure 53- Detail of wall section. Source- (Khazraie, 2017) ........................................................... 46 Figure 54- Ariel view of the building and the elevation. Source- (Velazquez, 2011) ...................... 50 Figure 55- Graph showing Average annual temperature, average relative humidity and average rainfall. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014) .......................................................................................... 51 Figure 56- Ground floor layout plan. Source- (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016) ........................... 52 Figure 57- Site Plan. Source- google earth ..................................................................................... 52 Figure 58- Building with vertical green wall .................................................................................. 53 Figure 59- Building with stepped green roof .................................................................................. 53 Figure 60- Section. Source- (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016) ...................................................... 54 Figure 61- Front elevation of the building. Source- google ............................................................ 55 Figure 62- The building façade during summers. The building façade during autumn. Sourcegoogle ........................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 63- Sketch of the building elevation showing the pathway that proceeds upwards. .............. 56 Figure 64- Sketch of the skylights present in the building due to the form of roof. ......................... 56 Figure 65- Detail of wall section showing the relationship between the building and the greenery that flows over it. Source- (Velazquez, 2011) ................................................................................ 57 Figure 66- Detail of roof section. Source- (Li W.C., 2014) ............................................................ 58 Figure 67- Graph showing temperature difference between greenery and concrete surfaces. Source(greenroofs.com, n.d.).................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 68- photo showing the temperature difference between the green roof and other adjacent surfaces. Source- (greenroofs.com, n.d.) ........................................................................................ 59 Figure 69- View of green wall present on the building. Source- google.......................................... 61 Figure 70- Chart for average temperature per month. Chart for average rainfall per month. Sourcegoogle ........................................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 71- Aerial view of the site and building. Source- archdaily.com.......................................... 63

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 72- Orientation of building. Source- archdaily.com............................................................. 63 Figure 73- The building façade during summers. The building façade during autumn. Source(Köhler, 2008) ............................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 74- Details of modular living wall. Source- (Köhler, 2008) ................................................. 65 Figure 75- The green facade showing all the plant species. Source- (Khazraie, 2017) .................... 65 Figure 76- Sectional detail of modular living wall ......................................................................... 66 Figure 77- Diagram showing the effect of various heat waves over green wall. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014).................................................................................................................................. 66 Figure 78- Difference in building surface and greenery. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014) ................. 67 Figure 79- View of Spire Edge. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016) ....................................................... 69 Figure 80- Chart for average temperature per month. Chart for average rainfall per month. Sourcegoogle ........................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 81- View from downwards. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016) .................................................. 71 Figure 82- Site plan Source- (NYAWARA, 2016) ......................................................................... 71 Figure 83- Human eye view and Bird Eye view of the building showing the green landscape techniques. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016) ...................................................................................... 72 Figure 84- Green wall view and orientation of the building. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)............. 72 Figure 85- Sectional view of the building. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016) ....................................... 73 Figure 86- Detail of planters in the building and vegetated mat living wall. Source- google ........... 73 Figure 87- Section of intensive green roof. Source- google ............................................................ 74 Figure 88- The green areas present in the building in the form of green wall and green roof. Source(NYAWARA, 2016)...................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 89- irrigation layer and the superstructure of the building. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016) .... 75

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

CHAPTER 1: Introduction An area that is growing its importance with the society's increasing sensitivity to its ecosystem and environment. Today humankind should address the most vital issue of saving the environment, so as the result of it designing the buildings incorporating the landscape techniques and ecologically is important. The present phase of architecture demands for something new in every possible field. It demands for innovation with emerging technologies, theories, and practices. The growing population hinders the availability of land for a lavish foreground landscape design. These landscape strategies of planning on foreground has become secondary and the main focus shifts to confine them in minimum spaces with the purpose served. In today’s scenario the building of new cities, towns, villages which simultaneously creates new locations for establishments, cultures, economies and changes in micro-climate, for which high-rise buildings is the suitable option which now make logical sense. These landscape design techniques are an easy and inexpensive way to improve the energy efficiency of a building. High-rise buildings either be it residential, commercial or public buildings lacks in the part of landscaping, which somehow results in high consumption of energy. In addition to it high-rise buildings acts as engines which intake large amount of nonrenewable resources to conduct and apparently release carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

1.1 Aim To study various landscape design techniques in a high-rise building.

1.2 Objective     

To study the landscape architecture, elements of landscaping and types of landscaping. To deliberate on landscape techniques in a high-rise building and its importance in the present era. A detailed analysis on the techniques used in the other countries and in India at the present time. To discuss on the elements of landscaping which can be used in a high-rise building and to find out the techniques which are applicable in the composite climate of India. To apply modifications in techniques as the climatic conditions if required with respect to the study.

1.3 Need and Significance     

There is a need of landscape techniques in high-rise buildings so that the purpose of comfortable live is served with less energy consumption as the secondary. The purpose of cooling effect in a high-rise building through landscape is the requirement in this time-period where resources are limited. To enhance the biodiversity in the high-rise buildings through putting vegetation in it. Human life is dynamic with its requirements changing spontaneously, so the space in which they are living should also be dynamic with fulfilling their needs and requirements. The need to provide landscaping elements even to those spaces where land area such as high-rise where open spaces are minimum, and landscape techniques can be applied to the refugee areas as well, so that there is a connection between user group and nature.

1.4 Scope and Limitations   

The inferences of this research can be applied in the other high-rise design problems as a part of strategic landscape design. The research limits to one specific climatic region i.e. composite climate of India. It further consists of the analysis of the landscape techniques which can be applicable in high-rise buildings of India.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

1.5 Hypothesis The study of innovative landscape techniques will allow to find the techniques that can be used in India. Further the result will set a standard for landscape techniques that can be used in the composite climatic region of India so as to minimize the usage of energy resources.

1.6 Research Questions   

What are the innovative landscape design techniques that are being used at the present time? Which of the techniques is applicable in India so as the usage of energy resources minimizes? What is to be done to minimize the energy usage in composite climatic region?

1.7 Methodology The study will be divided in four main parts:    

Initially all the literature study will be done. It includes data collection from library and internet through books and research papers available. A live discussion and collection of data with the people familiar with the topic. Case studies of the related topic. To thoroughly analyse the projects done similar to the topic. The data is collected and inferences is obtained. Last step is to gather all the data and to summarize it in order under different sub-titles. All the inferences and graphical representations are summed up and organize to right place.

1.8 Historical Overview Green walls have been in use since decades in buildings for serving the purpose of shading, thermal comfort, cooling, protection from strong winds, etc. The original concept of vertical vegetation, including a wide use of green walls, can be traced to the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Köhler, 2008), considered as one of the seven wonders of the world during the time period of 600-800 B.C. The roofs and balconies of the building blocks were used to provide vegetation and creeper plants were used for vertical greenery. This tradition is carried out by various countries which has hot climate where variety of plants are available and is useful for insulation and keeping the room temperature less as compared to the outside temperature. In Medieval Europe, to provide shade and to harvest fruits and vegetables in limited horizontal area, these plants were intentionally grown against the wall. This technique is very rare in dry countries because of the scarcity of plant types. Vegetation was often integrated into the building traditions of many northern countries, which commonly used turf or sod(a top layer of soil consisting of grass and roots) as a façade or roof material (Antony Wood, 2014). Talking about the Vikings, they used to cover their roof with sod which provided great insulation from the weather conditions outside. By stacking the layers of prairie topsoil on top of each other which formed walls, the first pioneers built the houses, in Northern Midwest prairies of United States and Canada. Sod had the capability to absorb water from rain and snow so it was not considered for protection from rain and snow but provide better heat insulation. The connection between nature and human being is more important now than ever, as most of the world population resides in cities where humans are substituting nature by man-made non-living things. Buildings incorporating plants into their construction is a new wave that started due to environmental sustainability movement. In, recent year’s builders, engineers, architects and designers are focusing on incorporating plants in most of the part of buildings including walls and roofs, which shows the major portion of the building. Integration of vegetation into the vertical parts of building have been commonly known as green walls which is now very famous as vertical greenery system.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

The rapid urbanization and increase in population has increased the number of tall buildings or high-rise buildings with a major shift over the past few decades (Ken Yeang, 2007). Besides improving connectivity and nexus horizontally in our built environment, this linkage must be extended vertically within the skyscraper, with organic connectivity stretching upwards within the built form to its roof-scape, as a form of vertical landscaping (Ken Yeang, 2007). So the emphasis on vertical greenery and roof gardening is being the main focus of todays’ world. By doing so, architects, engineers and designers are trying to enhance the human-made ecosystems’ and their ability to sustain life in the biosphere.

Figure 1- Hanging gardens of Babylon Source- google

Figure 2- Green roof/turf of Vikings Source- google

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

CHAPTER 2: Landscape techniques in high-rise Talking about the techniques of landscapes, there are various landscape techniques now practiced in the field of architecture. But there are few techniques which are applicable in the high-rise building typology. The verticality of the buildings and the scarcity of land, restricts the possibility of many other landscape techniques to be carried out for a building. Introducing landscape techniques in a high-rise building can be also related to eco-skyscraper, which involves configuring its operational systems and built form so that the built form merges and integrate with the nature by imitating the nature and the ecosystem. These methods in all aspects is beneficial for our built environment as well as our natural environment. For a high-rise building these techniques can be broadly divided into two main categories that is green walls and green roofs.

2.1 Green walls Green walls in easy language means vegetation or landscaping done on the vertical elements of buildings such as walls and façade instead of ground or any flat surfaces. If compared with the horizontal landscaping, vertical landscaping or the green wall techniques requires minimum space and can be installed on the unused space on the façade or walls. Even for the aesthetic purposes green walls are considered more attractive than a plain façade. As for wider environmental benefits such as reducing the heat island effect and surface temperatures (Wilmers, 1998) (Dover, 2015). Green walls have become major design device for many architects and designers and engineers who integrate this with the façade of the most of the buildings that are either commercial, residential or institutional. This is the new fashion in the world of architecture and needs to be regularly maintained for better performance and aesthetics. First, the sort of construction system used to place plants on the building façades (Gabriel Pérez J. C., 2014). Second, the climate influences not only the thermal behaviour of the building, but also the choice of plant species and how this climate influences their growth (Gabriel Pérez J. C., 2014). Third, the type of plant species used, that is if they are deciduous or evergreen, shrub or climbing plants, etc.(Gabriel Pérez J. C., 2014). Finally, the last key aspect to consider is to know what mechanisms influence the operation of these green systems as a tool for passive energy savings (Gabriel Pérez J. C., 2014). Different types of climbing plants are incorporated to climb on the outer façade of the buildings with the help of several mechanism and techniques. Some of the plants can directly grow on the façade without any support because of the stem that takes the support of the walls. Other climbing plants needs support such as wire mesh, trellises, cables, etc. Thus the main elements of green walls are:    

Planting media Plants Supporting structures Irrigation system

Green walls are broadly divided into two, depending on the plant species, planting media and support structures that is used: “Façade supported green wall” and “Façade integrated living wall”.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 3- some examples of green wall Source- (Dover, 2015)

2.1.1 Façade supported green walls Façade supported green wall can be described as the technique in which plants are grown against the wall with the support of the wall. The planting medium are not the integral part of the façade but just grown with external extra support. The planting medium is placed on horizontal portion either be it on the ground or along the height of the façade at different intervals. In façade supported green walls the support structure can be of different materials. The structural system comprises of plastic, steel, wood trellises which is attached to the buildings externally where extra diagonal, vertical or horizontal trellises supports are provided so that the climbers or vines and climbing plants are supported. This technique is widely used on the exterior façade of the building. These green walls can be two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional. Two-dimensional green facades are generally formed by ropes, cables, mesh and three-dimensional green facades are formed by the rigid frame structures and cages. Further division of façade supported green walls are on the basis of the support structure used:   

Cable supported green wall Rigid green wall Metal mesh green wall

Figure 4- Examples of projects with façade-supported green walls (left to right): School of the Arts, Singapore; IDEO Morph 38 Tower, Bangkok; Pasona Headquarters, Tokyo; Consorcio, Santiago. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

2.1.1.1 Cable supported green wall Flexible cables are used in this type of façade system. The plants are supported through cables that runs over the façade of the buildings. The cables runs’ vertical longitudinally over the walls creating a surface for the plants to climb on. It is used for wide-span and intensive plantation and climbers.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 5- Examples of cable supported green wall. Source- google

2.1.1.2 Rigid green wall Rigid green wall system can be installed by using two-dimensional or three-dimensional trellises that can be free standing. This structure can either be attached to the wall for support, around the columns as well or can be totally structural with no support needed. Rigid green wall system as compared to other green wall system adds on to extra load on the wall as for the three-dimensional free standing trellises already has self-load greater than the two-dimensional trellises. This system can be installed either on the ground floor to top floor or only the middle floor as well because it does not need any horizontal supported. Plants will be chosen according to the condition.

Figure 6- Full vegetation on 2-d trellises rigid green wall. Source- google

Figure 7-Frame of 3-d trellises rigid green wall. Source- google

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 8- 3-D diagram of rigid green wall (2-D trellises and 3-D trellises). Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

2.1.1.3 Metal mesh green wall Aluminium or lightweight steel is used in the metal mesh green wall which is tightly intertwined and attached to the façade via brackets. In this techniques a wire mesh is used as the base for vegetation on the wall. The metal mesh/wire mesh is placed directly on the façade with the help of screws and is fixed by them. It is checked that there is a minimum difference of 50-70mm between the wall and the mesh. This distance is maintained so that the plant does not start growing on the wall as taking the wall the planting media.

Figure 9- Wire mesh green wall placed on the outer façade of the building. Source- google

2.1.2 Façade integrated living walls Unlike the façade supported green wall, where the vegetation is not integrated with the façade, the vegetation in façade integrated living walls is integrated in the façade. The façade is attached to the building not with any other structural element but is fully integrated in the façade. To avoid the possibility of water seepage and dampness waterproofing compound and sheet are introduced to protect the building. The wall is separated from the vegetation with the means of waterproofing layer. On the exterior façade of the building both the plants and planting media are placed. In this system, plants are rooted into thin, synthetic, horticulture felt and maintained wholly hydroponically (Dover, 2015). This type of wall was pioneered by Patrick Blanc, who calls it a ‘Mur vegetal’ or ‘vertical garden’ (Dover, 2015). Living green walls are all constructed with panels of plants, using hydroponics and are grown vertically on the structural elements of the wall or directly on the wall. Living walls are also referred to as eco-wall. Using minimum of horizontal space, the living green walls are inserted with

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

plants into the growing medium and then in is placed on the walls of buildings. They have properties to provide greenery and environmental benefits. Further living wall is divided in the following:   

Hanging Pocket Living Wall Vegetated Mat Living Wall Modular Living Wall

Figure 10- Examples of projects with façade-integrated living walls (from left bottom to bottom right): Trio Apartments, Sydney; Athenaeum Hotel, London; One PNC Plaza, Pittsburgh. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

2.1.2.1 Hanging pocket living wall This type of living wall consists of a fabric that contains fabric pockets. The planting medium is filled in those pockets and then the plants are planted in them. The pockets are made soft fabric so that the water does not gets accumulated and gets drain easily as provided in the pot. The pockets are lightweight and easy to handle. Plants receive water from the top and the plants grow to their mature age. The fabric provided should not get decay easily.

Figure 11- Plants being placed in the pockets separately. Source- (Afrin, 2009)

2.1.2.2 Vegetated mat living wall Vegetated mat living wall consist of a fabric layer between the plants. The fabric is cut into holes and the plants establish their root system through those holes. The fabric serves as the irrigation medium to the plants placed and it has water-based hydroponic system. This hydroponic system is provided because there is no planting medium present in vegetated mat living wall and all the nutrients are transferred to plants through the fabric by the means of irrigation. The pipes for irrigation system is placed behind the fabric layer.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Plants are chosen wisely in vegetated living mat living wall because there is no planting medium present that is soil is not present. Those plants are placed in the holes of the fabric which can be grown easily without soil. Such as amphibious species that can be grown either in soil or in water. Since all the nutrients are provided to the plants through irrigation it is better to provide amphibious species of plants.

Figure 12- Panel of vegetated mat living wall. Source- (Dover, 2015), google

2.1.2.3 Modular living wall Modular living wall is made up of containers which are rectangular in shape and are filled with planting media. This container can be attached to the exterior wall or it can be totally free standing. The containers which are attached to the façade are of different materials such as metal or lightweight structural plastic. These containers can be shaped as framed boxes, solid boxes with pre-cut holes or wire cages. Many of the times the containers are sub-divided into smaller cells are then are installed angular or perpendicular on the back wall of the container. In some of the cases, the mini planters are stacked on the wall to form a living wall.

Figure 13- Modular living wall with different material. Source- (Gabriel Pérez J. C., 2014)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

2.2 Green roof Green roof can the defined as a roof that contains plant or vegetation and it may be fully or partially covered on the roof and it’s an addition on a normal concrete decked roof (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016)(Dvorak, 2010). The top layer is the vegetation stratum, followed by growing medium or soil layer, irrigation layer, filter fabric layer, drainage layer, waterproofing membrane layer, and then the roof deck (Dunnet & Kinngsbury, 2004, Ouldboukhitine et al, 2011) (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016). A green roof in common language is the roof which is totally or partially covered with vegetation. The vegetation is acquired by placing the layer of planting media above a waterproofing layer. Green roof consists of different layers such as root barrier, insulation, water proofing layer, drainage and irrigation system. Green roof has various benefits such as insulation from heat, creating habitat for wildlife, catering rainwater, creating healthy environment by proving landscaping elements and change is micro-climate. High-rise buildings are now-a-days the most focused portion of society to provide green roofs as there is less space for proper landscaping on ground. The only option left is either roof or balconies and walls (as discussed above about green walls). Stepped terraces and extended balconies also comes under green roof classification because of the fact that they are on the horizontal zone.

Figure 14- Diagram showing the layers of green roof. Source- (Landscape Architecture, 1969)

Green roofs can be briefly divided into two parts that is intensive green roof and extensive green roof. Sometimes there is a mixed type that is used called semi-intensive green roof.

Figure 15- Examples of green roof over high-rise buildings. Source- (Landscape Architecture, 1969)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

2.2.1 Intensive green roof Intensive green roof is identified by its vegetation types. If the vegetation includes grasses, shrubs and short trees. Intensive green roofing is provided to places where the vegetation is scarce and short trees are the necessity. This type of green roof is often a roof garden with pathways and small benches on it. Intensive green roof is heavy weight and need high maintenance after installation. The depth of the green roof is always greater than 150mm because of some extra layers which are provided especially for short heighted trees. The slope is less than 100 , it can weigh from 171 – 391kg/m2 (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016).

Figure 16- Diagram showing different layers of intensive green roof & an example of such roof. Source- (Dover, 2015)

2.2.2 Extensive green roof Extensive green roof consists of small plants and grasses whose roots are not wide spread. It is light weight as compared to intensive green roof. This type of green roof requires less maintenance and drought resistant plants are used as the vegetation. The thickness of the green roof is less than 150mm. Extensive green roof can weigh from 73kg/m2 to 122 kg/m2 (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016). Extensive green roof is used widely around the world because it is light weight and is cheap as compared to intensive green roofing.

Figure 17- Diagram of extensive green roof showing all the layers and an example of the building. Source- (Dover, 2015)

2.2.3 Semi-intensive green roof Sometimes the elements of intensive green roof and extensive green roof are seen in one green roof then the green roof is known as semi-intensive green roof.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 18- Diagram of semi-intensive green roof showing its layers and an example of the building. Source- (Dover, 2015)

2.3 Comparative analysis (key considerations) 2.3.1 Climate These landscape techniques are widely in use in other countries except India. The climatic regions of other continents and countries are according to the Koeppen’s classification. The research paper will discuss about the composite climate of India. Some cities that lies under that belt are Delhi, Gurgaon, Lucknow, etc. Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India is a classification based on the average monthly, yearly temperature and precipitation records. A close relationship was found by Koeppen between the distribution of vegetation and climate. Certain values of precipitation and temperature were taken with vegetation and these values were used for classifying climates. There were five major climatic groups in which one was based on precipitation and the others were based on temperature. A, C, D and E delineate humid climates and B dry climates. a: hotter summer, average temperature of the warmest month is around and over 22°C c: cooler summer, average temperature of the warmest month is around and under 22°C f: consists of dry season w: consists of dry season in winter s: dry season falls in summer g: hottest month of the year comes before solstice and the humid rainy season. h: average annual temperature is around and under 18°C m (monsoon): short dry season

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 19- Map of India showing its different climatic zones. Source- google

Table 1: Climate groups according to Koeppen. Source- google

Table 2: Climate types according to Koeppen. Source- google

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

In conclusion to this, composite climate of India is warm temperate climate according to koeppen’s classification. Techniques Green Walls

Living Walls

Suitable Climate Metal Mesh Green Wall

All climatic regions

Cable-Supported Green Wall Rigid Green Wall

All climatic regions

Vegetated Mat Living Wall

Warm temperate, tropical humid Warm temperate, tropical humid Warm temperate, tropical humid All climatic regions All climatic regions All climatic regions

Hanging Pocket Living Wall Modular Living Wall Green Roofs

Intensive green roof Extensive green roof Semi-intensive green roof

All climatic regions

Table 3: Landscape techniques suitable climate

2.3.2 Installations Cable supported green wall. Materials that are required in the installation of a cable supported green wall are: Stainless steel hubs, 3mm dia. Stainless steel cable/wire, Wood screws and Plastic wire caps 1. Firstly, façade is marked as per the steel hubs distances. Equally divide the façade in grids.

Figure 20- The marking on the walls/façade is done with the help of ruler scale or spirit level so that there is no deviation and the line is straight. Source- youtube.com

2. Then the stainless steel hubs are screwed on the façade at those nodes of the marking with leaving the space for insertion of the cable or wire. The screws are first fit in the hub and then fixed in the walls/façade with the help of screw driver. It can be done manually as well as by machine.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 21- The screw of the hub is fixed first manually and then it is fixed with screw driver. Source- youtube.com

3. Steel wire or cables are passed through the holes and are fixed tightly with the hub so that it does not gets misplaced during overlapping it with vegetation.

Figure 22- Steel wires are passed through the holes given in the steel hub horizontally through all of the hubs. Sourceyoutube.com

Figure 23- Steel wires are then passed vertically and then are tighten respectively. Source- youtube.com

Rigid green wall For installation of rigid green wall trellises are required which are made up of stainless steel. They are constructed in two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional as per the requirement of the client and the design.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings Figure 24- The wires used in this technique is galvanized steel wires which are stiff and lightweight. Manually installation of the frame attached to the wall. Source- youtube.com

Metal mesh green wall. Materials required for the installation for a metal mesh green wall are: Galvanized steel mesh, bungee cords, screws and mild steel frame. 1. Firstly, the galvanized steel is cut in the size that is required for the wall.

Figure 25- Galvanised steel mesh is being cut for appropriate size. Source- youtube.com

2. The steel mesh is then temporarily fixed in the frame with the help of bungee cords and holes are made to fix the screws in it.

Figure 26- Temporary fixation of metal mesh with bungee cords and holes being made with the help of screw driver in the frame. Source- youtube.com

3. The metal mesh is then fixed with the main frame with the help of screws and the total frame is placed on the required place.

Figure 27- Metal clips are used to fix the metal mesh with the frames. Source- youtube.com

Hanging pocket living wall. The following are the steps to install hanging pockets living wall.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

1. Pocket panels are lightweight panels which are modular and are attached to a rigid plastic board. The panels are hung on hooks, nails, or deck screws.

Figure 28- Pocket panels that are hung by their mounting tabs. Source- youtube.com

2. Before planting, the pockets are stretched so that a required space for planting is achieved. A minimum of 2.5 inches’ gap is required.

Figure 29- Stretching the pockets of panel. Source- youtube.com

3. The bottom flap of the pocket of the upper panel is tucked behind the top flap. This is very important for watering also.

Figure 30- Tuck in flaps. Source- youtube.com

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Vegetated mat living wall. Following are the steps for installing a vegetated mat living wall. 1. Firstly, levelling and marking of the wall is done, so that the frames are placed at exact position. Frame is usually made of aluminium or wood.

Figure 31- Marking on wall using measuring tape. Source- youtube.com

2. Then the frames are screwed to the wall. The frames are placed first vertically then horizontally.

Figure 32- Placement of frames in order of first vertical and then horizontal. Source- youtube.com

3. The fabric is placed all over the frame with the help of screws after the placement of waterproofing sheet and then simultaneously 5 inch holes are made with knife or scissor.

Figure 33- Steps of placement of fabric, cutting of fabric and placing plants. Source- youtube.com

Modular living wall. Materials that are required for the installation of a modular living wall are:    

Vertical rails. Module holder. Holding side clips. Screws and bolts.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 34- Views of materials used in the modular living wall. Source- youtube.com

Following are the steps to install: 1. Firstly, the marking is done on the wall and the vertical rails are placed on the position with screws.

Figure 35- Placing of vertical rails. Source- youtube.com

2. Then the module holder is fixed with the vertical rails along with the holding clip.

Figure 36- Module holder and holding clips. Source- youtube.com

3. Lastly the modular containers are filled with the planting media that is soil and the plants are placed in it. After placing the plants, the frame is fixed on the rails with holding clips and the base support will be the module holder.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 37- Putting plants into the module holder. Source- youtube.com

2.3.4 Irrigation System The irrigation of these landscape techniques are of very different types and depends individually on the particular technique. The façade supported green wall is mainly irrigated by rainfall or manual and the living green wall is most importantly having automatic irrigation system. The green roof after few years of manual or automatic irrigation technique tends to convert into irrigation by natural rainfall. Landscape technique Façade-supported green wall Living wall Intensive green roof Extensive green roof

Irrigation system Natural by rainfall, manual and automatic Automatic irrigation system Natural by rainfall, manual and automatic Natural by rainfall, manual and automatic

Table 4: Irrigation system of each landscape techniques.

2.3.5 Costing and Maintenance The landscape design techniques are thought as practical techniques. The cost of heat, soundproofing and the protection equals to the total energy use. The surfaces of the building are protected by the green roof and the vertical green wall from the sun light and the landscape techniques consumes it. The cost of these techniques depends on the surface area of the building on which it is to be applied. Maintenance of the techniques depends mostly on the plant species used and the amount of flora used in the technique. Landscape technique Maintenance Façade-supported green wall Little maintenance required Living wall Higher level of maintenance required Intensive green roof Higher level of maintenance required Extensive green roof Little maintenance required

Cost Low cost High cost High cost Low cost

Table 5: Costing and maintenance of each landscape technique for High-Rise

2.3.6 Impact on Structural System The vertical greenery system and the green roof has little or more weight which affect the structural system of the building. These landscape techniques contribute to additional dead load on the building. Landscape technique Façade-supported green wall Living wall Intensive green roof Extensive green roof

Impact on structural system Lightweight structural support off the façade; mesh, cable, trellises Additional dead load on buildings; more significant structural system Requires deeper substrate; heavy weight Requires shallow substrate; light weight

Table 6: Impact on structural system of each landscape technique for High-Rise

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

2.3.7 Benefits There are various benefits of green wall and green roof:       

Reduces Heat Island Effect. Reduces energy consumption Reduces the heat gain by the surface and keeps the space below cool Energy efficiency Reduces storm water runoff Reduces air pollution as well as noise pollution It helps in preservation of rare species of plants and green roof may form its own ecosystem

Parameters

Façadesupported green wall

Living wall

Lifespan

Up to 100 years and longer

30-50 years

Thermal performance and insulation

Some thermal benefits

10-15 30-50 years years(shorter than the building lifespan) Better thermal Thermal benefits insulation

Climatic Zones

All climatic zones

Warm temperate, tropical humid

All climatic zones

Table 7: Different parameters of each landscape technique for High-Rise

Intensive green roof

All climatic zones

Extensive green roof

Thermal insulation

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

CHAPTER 3: Case Studies

Building

Location

Year

Santiago, Chile

1990

Fukuoka, ACROS Japan Fukuoka Perfectural International Hall

1994

Consorcio Santiago Building

Climate

Technique used Warm Green Wall Temperate Façade Mediterranean supported green wall.

Warm Temperate Moderate

Green Roof Green Wall

Parameters for analysis  Climatic analysis  Need of green wall for the building  Evolution of design  Detail study of green wall used  Irrigation system  Effect of green wall on the building  Placing other techniques other than green wall  After effects on building (regarding energy consumptions)  Green coverage calculation  Climatic analysis  Need for techniques  Evolution of design  Detail study of techniques used  Irrigation system  Effect of technique on the building  After effects on building (regarding energy consumptions)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings



One PNC Plaza

Pittsburgh, USA

2014

Warm Temperate

Green Wall Façade integrated living wall.

     

Spire Edge IT Park

Manesar, Gurgaon, India

Ongoing Warm Temperate

Green Wall, Green Roof

   

Table 8: Analysis and selection criteria of case studies

Green coverage calculation Climatic analysis Evolution of design Detail study of technique used Irrigation system Effect of technique on the building Green coverage calculation Climatic analysis Need for technique Detail study of the technique Future assumptions and results

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

3.1 Case study 1: Consorcio Santiago Building, Santiago, Chile Building Data Year of completion Architects Location of building Height Stories Building gross floor area Building function Structural material Green wall type Surface area of green coverage

1993 Enrique Browne, Borja Huidobro Santiago, Chile 58 meters 17 27,720 square meter Office Concrete Façade supported green wall 2,293 square meter (approx.)

Table 9: Building data

Figure 38- View of building showing the green wall. Source- (Khazraie, 2017)

3.1.1 Climatic analysis Climate of Santiago is warm temperate, which means hot and dry summers and cold and wet winters. In summers that is from November to February the temperature varies from 17 OC to 20 O C. Summers in this area is windy and dry and the prevailing wind is from southwest. In winters that is May to August the temperature varies from 0 OC to 13 OC. in winters the temperature drops lightly below the freezing point. Santiago receives rain during winters and that is more humid season. Snowfall is very rare in the area while it strikes the Andes mountain that crowns the city. Smog is produced during winters on a very high rate. Santiago is considered as the most polluted cities in the world due to its location and smog is worst in the winters. Climatic data

Parameters

Findings

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Geographical Position Elevation Climatic Classification

Latitude 33.5O S Longitude 70.7O W 550 m above sea level Warm temperate, summer dry, warm summer, cool winters, rainy season 14.4 OC 20.5 OC

Mean Annual Temperature Average Daytime Temperature during the hottest months (December, January. February) Average Daytime Temperature during the 8.7 OC coldest months (June, July, August) 58% (hottest months); 83% (coldest Annual Average Relative Humidity months) 30 mm Average Monthly Precipitation Southwest Prevailing Wind Direction 2.5 m/s Average Wind Speed Maximum: 976 Wh/m2 Solar Radiation (December 21) Minimum: 815 Wh/m2 (June 21) 6.6 hrs Annual Average Daily Sunshine Table 10: Climatic data

Figure 39- Graph showing Average annual temperature, average relative humidity and average rainfall. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

3.1.2 Need of green wall for the building The city is highly polluted and produces the worst smog in the winters. As per site conditions the building is fully exposed to sun from South-West side. For creating a better environment and aesthetical façade. Green façade has been used in the building. Green façade has been used to minimize the energy consumption of the building. Orientation of the building plays the major role for the placement of the green façade. 3.1.3 Evolution of design The design was conceptualized keeping in mind the harsh sunlight that the south-west façade would face. So the façade was designed curved so that it receives scattered and less sunlight. The core was placed at the centre of the plan and both the volumes flanged on the two sides.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

At the front side, water body was also placed for climatic reason and for irrigation of vertical green wall.

Figure 40- Conceptual sketches for planning of the building. Source- archdaily.com

Figure 41- Ground floor plan. Source- archdaily.com

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 42- First floor plan. Source- archdaily.com

Figure 43- Terrace plan. Source- archdaily.com

Orientation of building      

Building is oriented in the direction of NW-SE as per the site conditions. The South-West façade is fully exposed to sun and receives the maximum sunlight. Prevailing wind direction is in the South-West to North-East direction. The most suitable façade to be treated with landscape technique was the South-West façade. Since it is the front façade and is aligned to the axis of the road. So the façade treated with landscape technique was the front façade and for maintaining the aesthetic of the building.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 44- Site plan. Source- archdaily.com

Examining best technique to be used. Before finalizing the landscape technique, the effect of other techniques was considered and examined. Firstly, the horizontal terracing of the balcony:    

The sunlight was being received by the terracing. The terracing didn’t stop the sunlight to penetrate inside the building through windows. The horizontal gardening needed more structural requirements for extending it in cantilever. The façade still remained plain aesthetically.

Secondly, the vertical green wall:    

The vertical green wall receives sunlight and prevents it to penetrate through it and windows inside the building. It consumes less area as compared to the horizontal green roof. The green wall filters out the dust and provides better inner air inside the building. Vertical green wall provides aesthetics to the building.

Thirdly, tree façade:   

The tree façade technique would require more area and structural technique. The incoming sunlight would not be stopped completely. The roots of the tree will damage the building on the future when the tree achieves its maturity.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 45- Sketches showing effect of other techniques on the building.

Section

Figure 46- Section and facade detail. Source- archdaily.com

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

In section it is clearly visible that the vertical green wall has been provided in three tiers. Green wall splits into three individual areas in verticality, each one supported by the façade and getting bigger as it goes upwards. It comprises of aluminium braces, counterbalance 1.4 meters from façade and climbing creepers which are more that 2-4 stories in height. Plants used in the green wall is deciduous plant which provides shade from sun in the summer and during winters it allows sun when the plants shed their leaves.

Figure 47- Variation of green wall due to seasonal change. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

3.1.4 Analysis of green wall The green wall used in this building is a twofold vegetated veneers that is façade-upheld green wall. The green wall is 1.4 meters away from the actual façade of the building. The green wall system starts from the initial three stories because the below one are shaded by the road trees. As well as the highest floors are shaded by the use of cantilever of 4.5 meters wide, which acts as the crown of the building visually. As for the warmth island impact, the building has incorporated a 290-square-meter wellspring at the ground level with water bodies and distributors which contributes to evaporative cooling of the building. At road level additional trees were planted to shade up to the third floor of the building and make the pathway cool. The green wall was made with deciduous climbing plants. It delivers a stack impact between the outside, directs the warm air to rise up, into the above atmosphere.

Figure 48-The building façade during summers. The building façade during autumn. Source- google

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 50- Sketch of the building elevation showing elements of landscaping used.

Figure 49- Sketch of the water mirror used for evaporative cooling.

Figure 51- Detail of wall section showing the connection between the plant, planter and the building. Source- (Khazraie, 2017)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 52- Detail of planting media and plant species used in the green wall. Source- (Khazraie, 2017)

The double skin system of the green wall provides the clients and the public with the changing hues of the leaves consistently. Not for the stack impacts but the second skin of the façade supported green wall was for efficient maintenance from stages outside the windows. The main aim of the design was to create a connectivity between the client/human and the natural vegetation. 3.1.5 Irrigation system The irrigation system for this green wall was simply a plastic hose that discharges water droplets at particular points along the green wall framework. A programmed control to manage the irrigation system. Depending on the season and temperature, irrigation of the plants happens for one time for two minutes in the morning and up to three minutes in the evening.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 53- Detail of wall section. Source- (Khazraie, 2017)

3.1.6 Maintenance The distance between the façade and the skin of green wall is efficient that the maintenance staff goes in through the windows for the maintenance. Additionally, the gap allows the worker to access the maintenance lift which is used for more complex treatment of the green wall at the very high point. The lift is mostly used during the annual pruning that is in August to maintain the foliage of the plants and is used in summers and winters to support the plant.

3.1.7 Effect of green wall on the building In 2002, a similar observational investigation of 10 other corporate structures in Santiago was led (Khazraie, 2017). The result of the analysis concludes that the Consorcio building utilizes 48% less energy than 10 different conventional buildings. To confirm the results, a story by floor correlation was considered inside the building. The results stated that the green wall used in the building secured the floors of the buildings utilized 35% less energy.

Percentage of Green Area – Pre-Existing Homes Total Site Area

3,781 m2

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Green Areas 2,674 m2 Percentage of Green Areas 7,071 m2 Percentage of Green Areas – New Consorcio Total Site Area Green Areas Percentage of Green Areas

3,781 m2 2,735 m2 7,234 m2

Table 11: Percentage of green area in the building

3.1.8 Green coverage calculation Total vertical wall area of the building is 10,498 square meters, including the rages of each tier of the green wall together. The slight bend of the west facades was converted into a progression of associated straight – line sections for rearrangements purposes. The north, ventured in plan, façade range (58 m high and 18 m wide) was observed to be 1,044 m². The west, bending façade is 4814 square meters add up to (58 m high × 71 m wide), and the south façade, a range of 522m², (58 m high × 9m wide), don't bolster greenery. (Khazraie, 2017)

Elevation

Total Wall Area (m2)

Green Wall Coverage (m2)

Percentage of green Coverage

East West North South Total

4,118 4,814 1,044 522 10,498

0 2,066 227 0 2,293

0% 43% 22% 0% 22%

Table 12: Green area coverage calculation

3.1.9 Analysis and inferences Criteria Orientation of Plan

Observation

Inferences

Building orientation was NW-SE

In composite climate the orientation of building is SW-NE

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Climate Considerations

The green wall was provided West and Southwest façade.

Landscape Technique

Façade Supported Green Wall.

Total Percentage of Green Coverage Largest Percentage of Green Coverage on a Single Facade Massing

22%

Reduction of Heat Interior Spaces

60%

43% West Façade.

The green wall is most suitable on Southwest façade and South façade. Façade Supported Green Wall and Façade Integrated living Wall. 20%-40%

40%-70% South and SouthWest Façade.

Massing is done in verticality. Can be done in more than one façade.

Interior spaces were influenced by the vertical vegetation. Natural Light

Natural Ventilation

Prevailing wind direction is SW-NE.

50%-75% The interior spaces will be formed with respect to the connectivity of human to the nature.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Irrigation

Plastic hose is used for irrigation.

Maintenance

The gap between building façade and the green wall was served as the maintenance area.

Plant Species

Bougainvillea Parthenocissus quinquefoila Plumbago capensis

Wind direction is SE-NW during summers and is NESW during winters. No extra space is required for irrigation purpose. Gap should be provided for maintenance purpose between building façade and green wall. Any plant species can be used as per availability in India. Such as: Bougainvillea Abelia

Table 13: Analysis and inferences

3.2 Case study 2: ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall, Fukuoka, Japan Building Data Year of completion Architects Location of building Height Stories Building gross floor area Building function Structural material Green roof type Surface area of green coverage Table 14: Building data

1995 Emilio Ambasz & Associates Fukuoka, Japan 60 meters 14 92,903 square meter Office Steel Stepped terrace garden 5,326 square meter (approx.)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 54- Ariel view of the building and the elevation. Source- (Velazquez, 2011)

3.2.1 Climatic analysis Climate of Fukuoka is moderate, with hot summer and mild winters. The average temperature of Fukuoka is 16.6 OC and an average relative humidity of 77%. Winters are cold and the temperature falls to 0 OC. the climate of Fukuoka is very similar to composite climate with all the seasons that is summer, rainy and winter. Climatic data

Parameters Geographical Position Elevation Climatic Classification

Findings Latitude 33.57O S Longitude 130.55O W 19 m above sea level Warm temperate with fully humid, hot summer and rainy season 16.6 OC 25.7 OC

Mean Annual Temperature Average Daytime Temperature during the hottest months (July, August, September) Average Daytime Temperature during the 8 OC coldest months (January, February, March) 77% (hottest months); 63% (coldest Annual Average Relative Humidity months) 150 mm Average Monthly Precipitation Southeast Prevailing Wind Direction 3.4 m/s Average Wind Speed Maximum: 782 Wh/m2 Solar Radiation (December 21) Minimum: 647 Wh/m2 (June 21)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Annual Average Daily Sunshine

5 hrs

Table 15: Climatic data

Figure 55- Graph showing Average annual temperature, average relative humidity and average rainfall. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

3.2.2 Need of green roof for the building Since the site was situated just beside the Tenjin Central Park- the only open space or green space in that area, the architect decided to incorporate that in the design. The area is affected mainly by the pre-dominant rainy season called ‘Tsuyu’ which occurs in the month of June and July. This season brings abundant humidity and warmth. To protect the building interior spaces from such harsh weathers incorporation of green roof was done and other reason was that the area already has less vegetation on ground. 3.2.3 Evolution of design The concept of the building was to create a green roof system integrating the adjacent Tenjin Central Park into the design and thus increasing the area of park and green spaces while maintaining sufficient spaces for offices of municipal operation. Beside the park the building rises up step by step upwards with incorporating green terraces on the steps, these steps were the floor by floor increment, in a stratification of low-landscaped terraces. Each terrace of floor extends towards the park vertically and contains a series of gardens for meditation, escape from the congestion of the city and relaxation. A stepped series of water body like mirror climbs upwards the building creating a ladder like view and acts like a water curtain which protects the building from the surrounding noises. These water bodies lies directly above the atrium which is of glass and brings diffused sunlight in the interiors of the building.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 56- Ground floor layout plan. Source- (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016)

Orientation of building    

Building is oriented in the direction of NW-SE as per the site conditions. The façade which recieves the major sunlight is the South-East façade. Hence the façade most suitable for the treatment with landscape technique is the SouthEast façade. The stepped terraces of floor by floor increment has been incorporated with green roof and is in increasing the direction opposite to the park.

Figure 57- Site Plan. Source- google earth

Examining best technique to be used. Firstly, the vertical green:

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

  

The sunlight was being obstructed to enter the building. Large horizontal roof area was vacant and exposed to sunlight which makes the interior spaces warmer. There would not be connectivity between the park and the building.

Figure 58- Building with vertical green wall

Secondly, the horizontal green roof:   

The green roof receives sunlight and prevent it to heat up the roof and maintain the cool temperature beneath it. The horizontal roof area is utilized in it. There is connectivity between the park and the building.

Figure 59- Building with stepped green roof

Section

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 60- Section. Source- (Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, 2016)

The stepped terraces are lush with greenery providing a link to the existing park. Through this linkage, the building seems to grow out of its site. The proximity of the existing park to its south and the river to its east played very important in the development of the design as per site conditions. A large stone-like wedge is placed at the bottom most level of the terrace garden that includes a Vshaped entrance to the building. The stone represents the geological strata which underlies below the surface of vegetation and adhering the building to a massive block emerging from the earth. This wedge serves as the ventilation exhaust for the underground basement floors and serves as a stage for performing artists on the upper floor.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings Figure 61- Front elevation of the building. Source- google

3.2.4 Analysis of green roof The green roofs are inclined hills built on the top of stepped structure. This acts as a single plane rather than dividing that into horizontal and vertical planes, thus the transition between them is resolved by the greenery. At this rate the amount of soil used would be much larger, but it has been reduced by forming bulk of the inclined area with foam. This foam bulk massively reduces the weight of the structure above the roof that is soil. The soil layer is placed above the foam layer separated by the drainage layer made from plastic. The soil used is an artificial inorganic lightweight soil made up of a naturally occurring amorphous volcanic glass, perlite, aluminium, potassium, many silicon dioxide and sodium oxides. The benefit of this soil is that it can retain water at higher rate and can be saturated as well when needed.

Figure 62- The building façade during summers. The building façade during autumn. Source- google

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings Figure 63- Sketch of the building elevation showing the pathway that proceeds upwards. Figure 64- Sketch of the skylights present in the building due to the form of roof.

The pathway proceeding upwards in direction has been designed in zig-zag manner just as the same as the pathways are designed in contours landform. The pathway is surrounded by glass railing which reflects as water. Skylight in the building has been placed on the riser of the step of the roof so that appropriate amount of sunlight enters the building. The structure system of the roof is made of truss so that it bears the load of the green roof above it. The skylight is made of material glass. It is fixed so that the water above the roof doesn’t enters the building in any manner.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 65- Detail of wall section showing the relationship between the building and the greenery that flows over it. Source- (Velazquez, 2011)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 66- Detail of roof section. Source- (Li W.C., 2014)

3.2.5 Irrigation system The irrigation system for this green roof are mainly the sprinklers. But its use has been degraded since the time of its installation because the greenery has formed its own ecosystem and it lives on the rainwater. The drainage system has been designed in such a way that it acts like a mountain hill natural rainwater drainage. 3.2.6 Maintenance When it was constructed it had 37,000 plant species in number. Now it has more than 50,000 plant species due to migration of seeds. It has formed its own ecosystem and hence requires no maintenance. The only maintenance needed is the trimming of trees from time to time. 3.2.7 Effect of green roof on the building In 2000, a thermal environmental measurement survey was conducted by Kyushu University, Nippon institute of Technology and the Takenaka Corporation. According to the data, the green roof system plays an important role in reducing the energy consumption, cooling surrounding areas and mitigating the urban heat island effect.

Figure 67- Graph showing temperature difference between greenery and concrete surfaces. Source- (greenroofs.com, n.d.)

The green roof system resulted for a difference of 15 OC between the surface temperature of the green roof and the concrete surface on the either side of the building.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 68- photo showing the temperature difference between the green roof and other adjacent surfaces. Source(greenroofs.com, n.d.)

3.2.8 Green coverage calculation Total roof area as the stepped terraces was in total 19,228 m2. The green roof coverage was 5,326 m2 as not the whole roof was not used as the green roof. The total percentage of green coverage of the building is 28%.

Roof

Total Roof Area (m2)

Green Roof Coverage (m2)

Percentage of green Coverage

East West North South Total

3,876 3,096 5,880 6,376 19,228

0 0 0 5,326 5,326

0% 0% 0% 84% 28%

Table 16: Green area coverage calculation

3.2.9 Analysis and inferences Criteria Orientation of Plan

Climate Considerations

Observation

Inferences

Building orientation was NW-SE.

In composite climate the orientation of building is SW-NE Green roof can be provide on flat roof and well as stepped roof.

Green roof is provided in form of steps.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Landscape Technique

Intensive green roof.

Total Percentage of Green Coverage Massing

28%

Reduction of Heat

15% temperature difference between green roof and other surfaces.

Intensive green roof, extensive green roof and semi-intensive green roof. 25%-50%

Massing is done horizontally.

15%-40% The interior spaces will be formed with respect to the connectivity of human to the nature.

Interior Spaces

Interior spaces were lighten up by the skylights which were established by the stepped roof. Natural Light

Natural Ventilation

Prevailing wind direction is SE-NW.

Wind direction is SE-NW during summers and is NESW during winters.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Irrigation

Maintenance

sprinklers were used for irrigation but later on the green roof formed its own ecosystem. Only the trimming of the trees and shrubs are required according to time and a pathway, no other maintenance.

Green roof can form its own ecosystem and then no further irrigation is required. Pathway should be provided for maintenance. Any plant species can be used as per availability in India. Such as:

Plant Species

Table 17: Analysis and inferences

3.3 Case study 3: One PNC Plaza, Pittsburgh, USA Building Data Year of completion Architects Location of building Height Stories Building gross floor area Building function Structural material Green wall type Surface area of green coverage

2009 Welton Beckett Associates Pittsburgh, USA 129 meters 30 74,147 square meters (approx.) Office Steel A Facade-integrated living wall (modular living wall) 221 square meters (approx.)

Table 18: Building data

Figure 69- View of green wall present on the building. Source- google

3.3.1 Climatic analysis On an average Pittsburgh receives 38 inches of rainfall, 28 inches of snow and 160 sunny days per year. On an average Pittsburgh gets some kind of precipitation for 140 days per year. The precipitation falls in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail on the ground. The summer in Pittsburgh

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

is extremely humid and warm. Cooling measures are required in each and every building. Buildings at PNC Plaza are highly sustainable.

Figure 70- Chart for average temperature per month. Chart for average rainfall per month. Source- google

Climatic data

Parameters Geographical Position Elevation Climatic Classification

Findings Latitude 41o 30'N Longitude 80°13' W 373 meters above sea level Warm temperate with fully humid, hot summer and rainy season, cold winters 28.5°C 21 °C

Mean Annual Temperature Average Daytime Temperature during the Hottest Months (January, February, March) Average Daytime Temperature during the 12 °C Coldest Months (June, July, August) 67% (hottest months); 70% (coldest Annual Average Relative Humidity months) 183 millimetres Average Monthly Precipitation Southwest Prevailing Wind Direction 139 m/s Average Wind Speed Maximum: 893 Wh/m² (April 21) Solar Radiation Minimum: 795 Wh/m² (August 21) 15.5 hours Annual Average Daily Sunshine Table 19: Climatic data

3.3.2 Need of green roof for the building The need for greenery around the building and on the building was the step taken by the PNC Financial Services Group. Hence the PNC green wall was the first step taken by the administration on an account for maintainability. The green wall present on the PNC Plaza is classified to be the living green wall (modular). The building now has almost to surpass LED Platinum (US Green Building Council's), the most astounding accreditation level. 3.3.3 Evolution of design The green wall introduced to the wall in which the plants were put off-site and then introduced vertically in the location. The classification of the green wall is the living modular wall. Many different kind of blossoming plants were placed so that it gives seasonal variation. The overall green wall system was constructed out of stainless steel.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 71- Aerial view of the site and building. Source- archdaily.com

Orientation of building     

Building is oriented in the direction of SW-NE. The green wall is situated on the south façade of the building. The south façade is most exposed to sun and receives maximum time of sunlight. The façade on which the green wall is situated is projecting little outwards that the actual façade. The surface area that the green wall occupies is approximately 221 square meters.

Figure 72- Orientation of building. Source- archdaily.com

Examining best technique to be used. Before finalizing the landscape technique, the effect of other techniques was considered and examined. Firstly, the horizontal terracing of the roof: 

The surface area of vertical surface is much greater than the roof area.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings



So the roof terracing could not reduce much energy as compared to any other landscape technique.

Secondly, the vertical green wall:  

Green wall vertically occupies the larger surface area. Since the south façade receives greater extent of sunlight, the green wall established should be helpful for the energy reduction of the building.

3.3.4 Analysis of green wall All the parts of the modular living wall were pre-developed into modules and were welded on site. The board framework was specifically secured into One PNC Plaza’s strengthened solid brick wall and first framework was mounted on it with a stainless steel sectioning. The living green wall consisted of 602 boards in number. Each board measured 610mm in height, 610mm in width and 102 mm profound. Each board consisted of 24 plants. The planting medium used in the modular green wall was a thick soil-less and was placed in 102mm X 152mm X 102mm aluminium cell, in the inner side of every board. The plants showed some seasonal variation when the season changes from summer to autumn.

Figure 73- The building façade during summers. The building façade during autumn. Source- (Köhler, 2008)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings Figure 74- Details of modular living wall. Source- (Köhler, 2008)

The frame was prepared off-site with the material stainless steel and aluminium. The boxes were made up of stainless steel. The boxes were then placed and fixed on the aluminium wall frame which was further fixed with the wall. The plants were put in the boxes before they were fixed on the wall.

Figure 75- The green facade showing all the plant species. Source- (Khazraie, 2017)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

3.3.5 Irrigation system The irrigation of plants on the wall was done by a 6.4mm dribble line which was separated by 610mm skyline count at the first time of the framework. On the highest point of each 610mm by 610mm boards these lines were placed. Then the trickle line was installed at these little bended section situated at the either end of the board. The water starts to dribble from one board to other through 9 water systems zones. The weight of wall was 24 tons whenever the living green wall was watered completely and it was managed through an inside controlled framework. On an average 15 minutes of watering is required on the living green wall. 3.3.6 Maintenance The maintenance of the living wall depends on the characteristic development of the plant species. Until the green wall achieved 90% development and scope, it was adjusted once every week. When the development was going on the administrations were moved to once every next week. After development of the green wall the administrations were considered on every month once or as per the conditions required. To control the water system framework a creative support administration programming was incorporated to check the green wall technique working. To give more ecological and practical answers for the maintenance of the green wall the new system utilizes remote observing sensors. Figure 76- Sectional detail of modular living wall

Figure 77- Diagram showing the effect of various heat waves over green wall. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

3.3.7 Effect of green roof on the building When the green wall was established, the PNC green wall was the biggest green wall in North America. Reviews state that the south-bound green wall is cool than the different surfaces on the same façade. Overall, the green facade surfaces appeared to be 25% cooler than encompassing surface temperatures (Khazraie, 2017).

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 78- Difference in building surface and greenery. Source- (Antony Wood, 2014)

3.3.8 Green coverage calculation One PNC Plaza is a rectilinear tower with a different balance concrete-clad centre. The consolidated veneers measure roughly 129 meters high x 36 meters wide x 68 meters in length. The north and south raises measure 129.2 m high by 36.4 over, for an aggregate of 4,703 m² each. The east and west raises measure 129.2 m high by 67.9 m over, for an aggregate of 8,773 m² every

Elevation North East West South Total

Total Wall Area (mⁿ) 4,703 8,773 8,773 4,703 26,952

Green Wall Coverage (m²) 0 0 0 221 221

Percentage Green Coverage 0% 0% 0% 5% 1%

Table 20: Green area coverage calculation

3.3.9 Analysis and inferences Criteria Orientation of Plan

Observation

Building orientation was SW-NE. Landscape Technique

Façade integrated living wall

Total Percentage of Green Coverage

Inferences

In composite climate the orientation of building is SW-NE Façade integrated green wall and façade supported living wall. 25%-50%

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Largest Percentage of Green Coverage on a Single Facade Massing

18% South Façade.

Reduction of Heat Interior Spaces

60% Interior of the building was cool than the outside.

40%-70% South and SouthWest Façade. Massing is done in verticality. Can be done in more than one façade.

50%-75% The interior spaces tends to be cooler than the outer.

Natural Light

Natural Ventilation

Prevailing wind direction is SWNE. Irrigation Maintenance

Plant Species

A layer of irrigation medium is used for irrigation. External ladder is required for the maintenance of the living wall.

Carex variegated, Heuchera Purple Varietle, Ajuga, Brass Button, Lysimachima numm, Euonymus, Sedum, and Fern

Table 21: Analysis and inferences

Wind direction is SE-NW during summers and is NESW during winters. The irrigation layer is attached to the living wall. There’s no gap between the façade and the living wall so an external layer is sufficient for the maintenance of the wall. Any plant species can be used as per availability in India. Such as:

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

3.4 Case study 4: Spire Edge IT Park, Manesar, Gurgaon, India Building Data Year of completion Architects Location of building Height Stories Building gross floor area Building function Structural material Green roof type Surface area of green coverage

Ongoing T.R. Hamzah & Yeang Sdn Bhd Manesar, Gurgaon, India 92 meters approximate 20 stories plus roof garden 4,765 square meters (approx.) Office Steel Green wall and green roof Still to be measured

Table 22: Building data

Figure 79- View of Spire Edge. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

3.4.1 Climatic analysis Manesar, Gurgaon lies at 251 m above the sea level. It does not receive much rainfall throughout the year. The average temperature here is 25.1 °C. Manesar receives around 565 mm of rainfall over the year. The highest temperature falls in June and is the hottest month with 34.2 °C. January is the coldest month of the year with 14.2 °C.

Figure 80- Chart for average temperature per month. Chart for average rainfall per month. Source- google

Climatic data

Parameters Geographical Position Elevation Climatic Classification

Findings Latitude 28° 22' N Longitude 76° 55' E 251 meters above sea level Warm temperate with hot summer and rainy season, cold winters 25.1°C 34.2 °C

Mean Annual Temperature Average Daytime Temperature during the Hottest Months (January, February, March) Average Daytime Temperature during the 14.2 °C Coldest Months (June, July, August) 78% (hottest months); 20% (coldest Annual Average Relative Humidity months) 565 millimetres Average Monthly Precipitation Southeast Prevailing Wind Direction 5 m/s Average Wind Speed 6.5 hours Annual Average Daily Sunshine Table 23: Climatic data

3.4.2 Need of green roof and green wall for the building The need for green wall and green roof in the building was due to the climate of the region. This building stands for first building in India to be an eco-skyscraper. The south façade of the building has continuous green wall from ground to top most level of the building. The tower has a continuous green eco-infrastructure at the north façade. All this greenery meets up to the roof garden by a series of vertical landscaping such as green planters on the ramps with pedestrian walkway, vegetated green wall and a series of green terraces.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 81- View from downwards. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)

3.4.3 Evolution of design The green wall is introduced to the building as an important element. The greenery spires up in verticality form basement to the green roof. The ramps of the building are also being used for the landscape elements to be placed in planters. This is first eco-skyscraper in India to be made. It already has been nominated for various important awards. The interior spaces of the building have large span floor beams to eliminate the intermediate columns.

Figure 82- Site plan Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 83- Human eye view and Bird Eye view of the building showing the green landscape techniques. Source(NYAWARA, 2016)

Orientation of building 

 

Building is oriented in the direction of E-W with slightly shifted on the South West side. The green wall is situated on the south façade as well as north façade. The green roof is situated at the top and a series of green roof is also present at the edge of the building.

Figure 84- Green wall view and orientation of the building. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 85- Sectional view of the building. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)

3.4.4 Analysis of green wall and green roof The green wall provided in the building is vegetated mat living wall. The wall is composed of two layers one that is a synthetic fabric with pockets which support the plants and the other is the planting/growing media. The fabric is the attached to a frame, backed by a waterproofing membrane and the attached to the wall of the building. The green ramp in which planters are placed.

Figure 86- Detail of planters in the building and vegetated mat living wall. Source- google

The green roof type is intensive that is large trees can also be planted on the roof. This green roof is responsible for the cooling of the spaces below it.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 87- Section of intensive green roof. Source- google

Figure 88- The green areas present in the building in the form of green wall and green roof. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Figure 89- irrigation layer and the superstructure of the building. Source- (NYAWARA, 2016)

3.4.5 Future assumptions and results of the technique Due to the landscape techniques provided in the building, the “Heat Island Effect” is reduced by 94.7%. These landscape techniques allow interaction between the occupants and nature, giving opportunities to experience the external environment. The green ramp on the south façade acts as a thermal buffer and protects the façade from excess heat gain.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

3.4.6 Analysis and inferences Criteria Orientation of Plan

Observation

Building orientation was SW-NE. Landscape Technique

Vegetated mat living wall

Green coverage mostly present on façade. Massing

South Façade and North Façade

Reduction of Heat Interior Spaces

60% Interior of the building was cool than the outside.

Natural Light

Inferences

In composite climate the orientation of building is SW-NE Façade integrated green wall, façade supported living wall, green roof. 40%-70% South and SouthEast Façade. Massing is done in verticality and horizontally. Can be done in more than one façade.

50%-75% The interior spaces tends to be cooler than the outer.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Natural Ventilation

Prevailing wind direction is SE-NW.

Irrigation

Plastic hose and some automatic sprinkler were used for the irrigation process.

Maintenance

A pathway is provided along the planters an the living wall so that it can be accessed for maintenance.

Table 24: Analysis and inferences

Wind direction is SE-NW during summers and is NESW during winters. The green roof can be irrigated with sprinklers and can be naturally irrigated in future. The green wall can be irrigated by the plastic hose and automatic irrigation system. There’s no gap between the façade and the living wall so according to the design maintenance should be checked.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

3.5 Comparative table of case studies.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

CHAPTER 4: Conclusion The aim of this dissertation was to analyze various landscape techniques in high-rise and to finally frame parameters of landscape techniques for high-rise buildings of composite climatic region (India). Throughout the research work it was studied that how the landscape techniques are beneficial in various ways such as energy efficiency, heat island effect, cooling effect, etc. there are many ways to incorporate these landscape techniques in building, for better prosperity of our economy, society and the urban environment. The research work incorporated all the study of techniques, their installations, maintenance, irrigation, etc. and their effect on the building itself. The most suitable façade for green wall installation in composite climate is Southeast, South and East façade. Green wall can be designed to install all oevr the façade, or any one edge of façade or randomly designed over the façade. Green roof can be installed all over the roof, or on any edge of the roof, or randomly distributed over the surface. Green roof can also be used as stepped roof garden.

4.1Combined inferences Parameters

Inferences

Orientation of building

Suitable landscape technique

Orientation of building in composite climate is NE-SW Green wall  Façade supported green wall  Façade integrated kiving wall Green roof  Intensive green roof  Extensive green roof

Suitable façade for application of green wall

South, South-East and East façade. Suitable portion for application of green roof

whole of the roof area excluding some space for walkways.

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Massing of green wall on vertical surface

Green wall can be designed to install all oevr the façade, or any one edge of façade or randomly designed over the façade. Massing of green roof on horizontal surface

Percentage coverage of green wall and green roof in composite climate Benefits

Table 25: Final inferences and parameters

Green roof can be installed all over the roof, or on any edge of the roof, or randomly distributed over the surface. Green roof can also be used as stepped roof garden. Green Wall -40%-70% Green Roof -25%-50% Less energy consumptions Cool surfaces Reduced Heat Island Effect

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Literature review table

Landscape design tecghniques in high-rise buildings

Bibliography Afrin, S. (2009). Green Skyscraper: Integration of Plants into Skyscraper. Stockholm . Al-Kodmany, K. (2018). GREEN TOWERS AND ICONIC DESIGN: Cases from Three Continents. Chicago: Kheir Al-Kodmany. Antony Wood, P. B. (2014). Green walls in high-rise buildings. Australia: Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. Dover, J. W. (2015). Green walls. In J. W. Dover, Green infrastructure (pp. 107-162). London, New York: Routledge. El-Shorbagy, D. A.-m. (2009). GREEN SKYSCRAPERS: Criteria for Dynamic Sustainable TallBuildings. Jeddah. Gabriel Pérez, J. C. (2014). Vertical Greenery Systems(VGS) for energy saving in buildings:A review. Spain: Elsevier Ltd. Ken Yeang, R. P. (2007). DESIGNING THE ECOSKYSCRAPER: PREMISES FOR TALL BUILDING DESIGN. London, UK. doi:10.1002/tal.414 Khazraie, S. (2017). An Analytical Approach to Vertical Green Systems in High Rise Buildings. North Cyprus. Köhler. (2008). Urban Ecosystem. Green Facades - A View Back and Some Visions, 423-436. Landscape Architecture. (1969). In G. Eckbo, The Landscape We See (pp. 97-116). USA: Library of Congress Catalog Card Number. Li W.C., Y. K. (2014). A comprehensive study of green roof performance from environmental perspective. Hong Kong: Elsevier. NYAWARA, B. (2016, FEBRUARY 17). Retrieved from archute.com: https://www.archute.com/ken-yeang-spire-edge-tower-india/ Perini, P. R. (2019). Selection of (Green) Roof Systems: A Sustainability-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis. 1-17. Rufai Mohammed Ahmed, A. P. (2016). An Evaluation of Green roofing in Buildings. Turkey: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. S, S. P. (2011, JANUARY 1). Retrieved from thearchiblog.wordpress.com: https://thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/kenneth-yeang-spire-edge-it-park-manesargurgaon/ Velazquez, L. (2011, August 12). Retrieved from https://www.greenroofs.com/: https://www.greenroofs.com/2011/08/12/gpw-acros-fukuoka-prefectural-international-hall/ Vosloo, P. (n.d.). LIVING WALLS AND GREEN FACADE. In P. Vosloo, LIVING WALLS AND GREEN FACADE- A CASE STUDY OF THE UP PLANT SCIENCES’ VEGETATED WALL (pp. 42-55). Wilmers, F. (1998). Green for melioration of urban climate. In Energy and Buildings (pp. 289-299). Xue Fei, L. S. (2013). Livable landscapein high-rise and high-density built environment for health promotion in singapore. Hong Kong: SB13 Organisers.

Landscape design techniques in high-rise buildings

Articles inside

Bibliography

3.4.6 Analysis and inferences

3.3.4 Analysis of green wall

3.4.3 Evolution of design

3.4 Case study 4: Spire Edge IT Park, Manesar, Gurgaon, India

3.4.5 Future assumptions and results of the technique

3.2.4 Analysis of green roof

3.2 Case study 2: ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall, Fukuoka, Japan

3.2.1 Climatic analysis

3.4.4 Analysis of green wall and green roof

2.1.1.2 Rigid green wall

2.3.2 Installations

2.3.7 Benefits

3.1.5 Irrigation system

CHAPTER 3: Case Studies

2.1.2.3 Modular living wall

2.2 Green roof

3.1.4 Analysis of green wall