Thames Edge Transitions Unit 4 MArch and Landscape MA by Calila Ribeiro da Ponte

Thames Edge Transitions Unit 4 MArch and Landscape MA

“No man ever steps in the same river twice, for it’s not the same river and he’s not the same man.” - Heraclitus

With Thanks to Pierre D’Avoine Pat Brown Alec Scragg Christoph Lueder Judi Farren-Bradley

Under Putney Bridge, 2015, Mariam Ahmadzade 4

Contents Introduction - Working on an Edge

Chapter 1 - Designing Against the Tide Ethics Ethical Approach Land Designations SSSIs, SACs and SPAs Parks and Gardens, RSPB Green Belt Statutory Marine Designations Contracts Health and Safety Sustainable Design

Chapter 2 - Custodians of the Thames Thames Basin; An overview GLA; Managing a Metropolis Port of London Authority; Limits and Strategies Ownership; Who Owns London, and its river? Boroughs; Boundaries and Jurisdictions Construction on Thames; Planning Policies Blue Ribbon Network The Regional Planning Context; Case Study

15 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 39 43

49 53 55 59 69 71 73 75 77

Chapter 3 - Urban and Landscape Transformation History of London: From Londinium to London Listed buildings: Types of Protection Conservation: London’s preserved places Urban Powerhouse: Industrial Heritage History of Geology: What’s Inside of Thames

Chapter 4 - Current Conditions Biodiversity Soil Flood Thames Field Trip Tidal Hidden Rivers Sewers Landuse The River Thames and the Waste Industry

Chapter 5 - People and Politics Poverty Health and Wellbeing Population House Prices

Boris Development Thames Development Food Food History Food -Supply and Demand Food -Future Access to the River-Edge condition Health Industry to Culture Art Literature Sport

79 83 93 97 105 111

115 119 123 131 135 139 147 155 161 165

Conclusion - A Multitude of Concerns

263

Appendix

267

Unit 4 Landscape Studio Bibliography

List of Illustrations Chapter 6 - Tectonics of the Thames

173 177 179 181 185

189 191 193 195 197 199 201 205 211 212 213 214

Bridging the Thames Putney Bridge Wandsworth Bridge Battersea Railway Bridge Battersea Bridge Albert Bridge Chelsea Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Material Study London’s Canals Existing Infrastructure Building Regulations and Specific Concerns

269 271

273

279

215 219 221 225 229 231 235 237 239 241 247 251 253

Introduction Working on an Edge

Wandsworth Bridge, 2015, Regina Ortega

Working on an Edge

The artist Roni Horn writes that; ‘When I look at water I’m entering into an event of relation. Rather than an object, water becomes a form — of consciousness, or time, of physicality, of the human condition, of anything I desire to project on it, of anything I want it to be (fig. 1). This water exists in monolithic, indivisible continuity with all other waters. No water is separate from any other water. In the River Thames, in an Arctic iceberg, in your drinking glass, in that drop of rain, on that frosty window pane, in your eyes, in every other microscopic part of you (and me), all waters converge. Invisible continuity is intrinsic to water (fig. 2). This continuity exceeds us even while being the biggest part of us. It’s this continuity that makes our effect on water an effect on us. That is to say: “I am the Thames!” or “The Thames is me!”’1 This essence is embodied in our study of the River Thames. Fig. 1. Photograph from Some Thames - Group J, Roni Horn, 2007

Fig. 2. Photograph from Some Thames - Group E, Roni Horn, 2007 1. Roni Horn, ‘Water’, Accessed http://water.pulitzerarts.org/artiststatements/horn/ 11/02/15

We are crossing boundaries. We are blurring the lines between the study of infrastructure, architecture and landscape. Our study crosses political boundaries, city boundaries and authority boundaries. The projects will span different soil types, floodplains and rivers (fig. 3). Multiple social economic borders will be crossed. At the centre of all of this is the River Thames. The focus of Unit 4 is to ‘make proposals for the edge of the Thames and its immediate hinterland, focusing on the stretch of river between Putney Bridge downstream to Westminster Bridge ... to design a counterproposal to the privatized landscape of much of the south bank, using the river landscape to create a project of reclamation of the public realm, engaging with the notion of civitas.’2 The focus of the Landscape Studio is to react to trends and trials in connection to the Thames through the medium of Landscape. They are investigating the scope, power and potency of landscape architecture and urbanism proposition in the context-of the Thames and its immediate edges and ‘terraces’’. We have been working in collaboration by going on our Field trip to Paris together, working on this manual and working more informally in studio. Through this work we have formed a united approach to our study of the Thames and working alongside it. 2. Pierre D’Avoine and Alec Scragg, ‘MArch Unit 4’, MArch/MA Unit Introduction, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, Pdf, 2015

We believe that the River Thames itself as an entity has been neglected. Access to the river is being further reduced by the privitisation of public space and by new ‘luxury developments’. The reduction of the river as a means of transport has also contributed to this. We want to remind Londoners and visitors of the vital wild space in the heart of the city. We want access for all to engage with the precious resource of water.

Site Roa

Nickols Wa

To implement an architectural, infrastructure or landscape proposal in or on the edge of the Thames there are a multitude of interests, policies and regulations to navigate. This booklet will be a guide to the regulatory framework concerned in implementing these proposals.

Wan

Wandsworth

All of us are developing different thesis projects and so the sites and typologies have a vast range. This manual cannot cover everything offers a flavour of the constraints and opportunities of working on the edge of the Thames as an Architect or Landscape Architect. The next page shows the vast range of our sites along the path of the Thames and the collaborative opportunities between the architectural projects and landscape projects.

Fig. 3 Satellite Image of the Thames, Chris Penford, 2015

12 6

4 2 1

5 9

11 10

7 13

2 3

Fig 4. Landscape Studio Model with Thesis Sites Shown

Landscape MA Projects from Kew to Beckton

wark to the Thames, Calila Ribero da Ponte

Unit 4 Projects from Fulham to Westminster

1. Sponge City: Kew Garden Rainwater Park, Renjing Lzie

10. Productive Landscapes: Food Production and Education, James Shore

1. Pier Tower: Introducing a leisure tower on the River, Mariam Ahmadzade

2. Accessible Kew: Water and Biodiversity Management, Alba Campos Vazquez

11. Green and Blue Cells: Managing flood to reduce water waste, Steven Nguyen

2. Rebirth: a multi storey underground cemetery, Parisa Ghorani

3. Ebb + Flow: Adapting to Climate Change, Gill German

12. Urban Sprawl: Dwelling within a public landscape, Arsia Mesbah

3. The Transitional Taxonomy of Waste: An industrial Archipelago in the Thames, Chris Penford

4. Social and Spatial Coherence: Connecting many socioeconomic groups to the river, Dimitris Grozopoulos

13. From the Alps to the River: Re-connecting Becton Alps with contemporary development, Hannah Shaw

4. Reading Water: Carrying information along the Thames, Regina Ortega

5. Freedom of Space: Encouraging public closeness to the River, Alice Hankin 6. Urban Forest: Connecting the River and Green Spaces, Hui Wang 7. Future Vision for Green: Seeing the Landscape from a different angle, Weiding Dou 8. Vauxhall Connect: Green Connecting Infrastructure, Tzu Ping Chang 9. Between the Urban Fabric: Reconnecting South-

10. The Cultural Bridge: A habitable bridge, Fatima Sulman 11. Resetting Parameters: Vagrant and Social Housing, Sulaiman A. Abedi 12. At the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Edge: Neglected Space, Lee Jae Jin 13. Access to Nature: Public Space as a Healer, Tayo Arkle

5. Swap: A new water-village for London, Carola Migliore 6. Linking the Unseen: A new navigable waterway, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson 7.Cultural Exchange: Neutral Territory, Sheena Patel 8. Chelsea-Battersea: Enhancing the potential for joy, Wan Emir Astar 9. London Material Trust: A counterproposal for Battersea Power Station, Alexander Bowers

Chapter 1 Designing Against the TIde

Lots Road Power Station, 2015, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson 18

Designing Against the Tide

Collaboration between different disciplines is a very relevant issue to the procurement of a project. The scale of the projects that Unit 4 and Landscape Studio are exploring are vast and if these were to be brought to fruition there would need to be a vast team involved. Working together forms a key part of our practice as studios and so as part of the Architectural and Landscape community. This chapter will also explore the ways that practitioners collaborate and in so doing bring projects to fruition. In this collaborative sense there also needs to be a combined approach to projects. Part of this is our approach to sustainability. This chapter will explore the framework that Architects and Landscape Architects need to adhere to professionally and our own reading of these ethical standards.

ideology of progress that discards the old and moves quickly onto the new. In order to expose what Graham names as “the containment of the environment according to capitalist interests,” Graham understands MattaClark’s practice as “an attack on the cycle of production and consumption at the experience of the remembered history of the city.”’1 In exploring a context for our projects in the reality of legislation we are acknowledging the society and principles that we are working within. The work of Matta Clark has influenced many of us. Some of us will choose to take a stance against the current framework and others will choose to stand against it. By understanding the current framework and expectations of a practitioner we are able to take our own ethical stances in the Theses that we develop individually.

We are taking a stance on our attitude to the River and working in and around it. This is a stance that unities all of our projects. We believe that the River and water should be at the centre of our study and our projects. ‘Writing about Matta-Clark’s practice, the artist Dan Graham emphasizes Matta-Clark’s process of revisiting illegible spaces in order to renew phenomenal accessibility and to replace social legibility. The impulse of revisitation challenges the modern social Fig. 1 Contours of the Thames Valley, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2015 1. Pierre D’Avoine and Alec Scragg, ‘MArch Unit 4’, MArch/MA Unit Introduction, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, Pdf, 2015

Stages

The RIBA Plan of Work 2013 organises the process of briefing, designing, constructing, maintaining, operating and using building projects into a number of key stages. The content of stages may vary or overlap to suit specific project requirements. The RIBA Plan of Work 2013 should be used solely as guidance for the preparation of detailed professional services contracts and building contracts.

Strategic Definition

Preparation and Brief

Concept Design

Developed Design

Technical Design

Construction

Handover and Close Out

In Use

Core Objectives

Identify client’s Business Case and Strategic Brief and other core project requirements.

Develop Project Objectives, including Quality Objectives and Project Outcomes, Sustainability Aspirations, Project Budget, other parameters or constraints and develop Initial Project Brief. Undertake Feasibility Studies and review of Site Information.

Prepare Concept Design, including outline proposals for structural design, building services systems, outline specifications and preliminary Cost Information along with relevant Project Strategies in accordance with Design Programme. Agree alterations to brief and issue Final Project Brief.

Prepare Developed Design, including coordinated and updated proposals for structural design, building services systems, outline specifications, Cost Information and Project Strategies in accordance with Design Programme.

Prepare Technical Design in accordance with Design Responsibility Matrix and Project Strategies to include all architectural, structural and building services information, specialist subcontractor design and specifications, in accordance with Design Programme.

Procurement

Initial considerations for assembling the project team.

Prepare Project Roles Table and Contractual Tree and continue assembling the project team.

Ethics, ARA, RIBA, Landscape RIBA Plan of Work

Tasks

‘The RIBA Plan of Work 2013 comprises eight work stages, each with clear boundaries, and details the tasks and outputs required at each stage. Purpose The RIBA Plan of Work 2013 organises the process of briefing, designing, constructing, maintaining, operating and using building projects into a number of key stages. It details the tasks and outputs required at each stage, which may vary or overlap to suit specific project requirements.

*Variable task bar

Programme

The RIBA Plan of Work 2013 itself is not a contractual document: it directs readers to various tools and supplementary core documents used by a project team, including documents relating to professional services contracts, Schedules of Services and project protocols, which may or may not be contractual, and to the various forms of commonly used Building Contracts.’1

Establish Project Programme. Review Project Programme.

(Town) Planning

Review Project Programme.

Pre-application discussions.

Suggested Key Support Tasks

Review Feedback from previous projects.

Prepare Handover Strategy and Risk Assessments. Agree Schedule of Services, Design Responsibility Matrix and Information Exchanges and prepare Project Execution Plan including Technology and Communication Strategies and consideration of Common Standards to be used.

Administration of Building Contract, including regular site inspections and review of progress.

Undertake In Use services in accordance with Schedule of Services.

Conclude administration of Building Contract.

The procurement route may dictate the Project Programme and may result in certain stages overlapping or being undertaken concurrently. A bespoke RIBA Plan of Work 2013 will clarify the stage overlaps. The Project Programme will set out the specific stage dates and detailed programme durations.

Prepare Sustainability Strategy, Maintenance and Operational Strategy and review Handover Strategy and Risk Assessments.

Review and update Sustainability, Maintenance and Operational and Handover Strategies and Risk Assessments.

Undertake third party consultations as required and any Research and Development aspects.

Undertake third party consultations as required and conclude Research and Development aspects.

Prepare and submit Building Regulations submission and any other third party submissions requiring consent.

Review and update Project Execution Plan.

Review and update Project Execution Plan, including Change Control Procedures.

Review and update Project Execution Plan.

Consider Construction Strategy, including offsite Review and update fabrication, and develop Health Construction and Health and and Safety Strategy. Safety Strategies.

Fig 2: RIBA Members’ online survey 2012

Offsite manufacturing and Handover of building and onsite Construction in conclusion of Building accordance with Construction Contract. Programme and resolution of Design Queries from site as they arise.

Planning applications are typically made using the Stage 3 output. A bespoke RIBA Plan of Work 2013 will identify when the planning application is to be made.

*Variable task bar

Review Construction Strategy, including sequencing, and update Health and Safety Strategy.

Review and update Sustainability Strategy and implement Handover Strategy, including agreement of information required for commissioning, training, handover, asset management, future monitoring and maintenance and ongoing compilation of ‘Asconstructed’ Information.

Carry out activities listed in Handover Strategy including Feedback for use during the future life of the building or on future projects. Updating of Project Information as required.

Update Construction and Health and Safety Strategies.

Conclude activities listed in Handover Strategy including Post-occupancy Evaluation, review of Project Performance, Project Outcomes and Research and Development aspects. Updating of Project Information, as required, in response to ongoing client Feedback until the end of the building’s life.

Sustainability Checkpoints

Sustainability Checkpoint — 0

Sustainability Checkpoint — 1

Sustainability Checkpoint — 2

Sustainability Checkpoint — 3

Sustainability Checkpoint — 4

Sustainability Checkpoint — 5

Sustainability Checkpoint — 6

Sustainability Checkpoint — 7

Information Exchanges

Strategic Brief.

Initial Project Brief.

Concept Design including outline structural and building services design, associated Project Strategies, preliminary Cost Information and Final Project Brief.

Developed Design, including the coordinated architectural, structural and building services design and updated Cost Information.

Completed Technical Design of the project.

‘As-constructed’ Information.

Updated ‘As-constructed’ Information.

‘As-constructed’ Information updated in response to ongoing client Feedback and maintenance or operational developments.

Not required.

Required.

Not required.

Required.

As required.

(at stage completion)

1. http://www.ribaplanofwork.com/About/Default.aspx

The procurement strategy does not fundamentally alter the progression of the design or the level of detail prepared at a given stage. However, Information Exchanges will vary depending on the selected procurement route and Building Contract. A bespoke RIBA Plan of Work 2013 will set out the specific tendering and procurement activities that will occur at each stage in relation to the chosen procurement route.

*Variable task bar

The RIBA Plan of Work 2013: - Acts across the full range of sectors and project sizes - Provides straight-forward mapping for all forms of procurement - Integrates sustainable design processes - Maps Building Information Modelling (BIM) processes - Provides flexible around (town) planning procedures

www.ribaplanofwork.com

UK Government Information Exchanges

*Variable task bar – in creating a bespoke project or practice specific RIBA Plan of Work 2013 via www.ribaplanofwork.com a specific bar is selected from a number of options.

Fig 3: RIBA plan of work 19

Ethical Approach Although the scale of our projects vary depending on the type and location of the buildings, we would need to use consortium and BIM modelling as we are dealing with big projects. Introduction to Smart PFI ‘The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is likely to remain a key mechanism through which major public infrastructure will be delivered over the next 10-20 years.’1 ‘Standard PFI structures at present are not conducive to good design. In the early stages, inexperienced clients are too often faced with trying to conduct a design dialogue with three design teams embedded in binding consortia, each managed by the contractor component of the consortium. It is the mission of the RIBA to promote excellence in building design. In the Public Sector, to fail to deliver design quality is to waste the taxpayers’ money.’2 Step 1 ‘The public sector client appoints a design team, chosen through a competitive design interview process for their creative skills and understanding of the client’s area of expertise. The successful team is then appointed to work in close collaboration with client representatives in developing an intimate knowledge of the client’s strategic and operational needs and in setting an appropriate vision for the project supported by research and visits to class-leading facilities.

strategic and operational needs and in setting an appropriate vision for the project supported by research and visits to class-leading facilities. They are required to produce:

• a well researched and comprehensive design brief • site analyses and selection • a concept design/sketch scheme for the project, achieving full userclient sign -off on content, layout and quality • a full performance specification identifying all aspects impacting on the quality of the required project • a costing for the project based on the actual design solution and taking account of site specific costs • a further client sign-off to confirm the affordability of the project • outline planning approval

Step 2 This information, including the signed-off sketch scheme, is brought together as a client’s requirement document for inclusion in the Invitation to Negotiate (ITN). The consortia is challenged to use their innovation in competing as to how they could most efficiently deliver the required design solution in terms of building methodologies, value engineering, lean construction, facilities management, financing etc. Step 3 The exemplar sketch design, as opposed to the exemplar design team, is then novated to the preferred bidder. A separate design team, within the preferred bidder’s consortium, is responsible for the detailed construction design.’3

1. Royal Institute of British Architects (20/02/1911). RIBA Consultation. IntroducingSmartPFI. pdf, 2005, p.1 2. RIBA, IntroducingSmartPFI.pdf, p.2 3. RIBA, IntroducingSmartPFI.pdf, pp.7-8

Fig 4: The exemplar model 21

Land Designations Ramsar sites, NNRs and LNRs Land Designations

Ramsar Sites - Designated under the Convention on Ramsar Sites - Designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance,1971, Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance,1971, Ramsar sites were intended to protect sites of importance, sites were intended to protectThe sites of importance, particularly wildfowl habitat. Convention has particularly wildfowl habitat. The Convention been extended to cover all aspects of wetlandhas been extended to cover all aspects of wetland conservaconservation. It includes wetlands as ecosystems tion. It includes wetlands as ecosystems important for important for biodiversity conservation in general and biodiversity conservation in general and for the wellbefor the wellbeing of humans. ‘Wetland” includes areas ingmarsh, of humans. ‘Wetland” areas ofnatural marsh,orfen, of fen, peatland orincludes water, whether peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permaartificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is nent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas fresh, brackish salt, including areas of tide marine water of marine wateror the depth of which a low does the depth of which a low tide does not exceed six metres.” Wetlands ‘may incorporate not exceed metres.” Wetlands ‘may incorporate riparian andsix coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six and islands or bodies of marine water deeper meteres at low tide lying within the wetlands” than six meteres at low tide lying within the wetlands” National Nature Reserves (NNRs) include some of the most Nature important natural (NNRs) and semi-natural terrestial National Reserves include some of and coastal ecosystems in Great Britain. Managed to the most important natural and semi-natural terrestial conserve habitats and the scientific study of habitat, and coastal ecosystems in Great Britain. Managed to communities, species public recreation conserve habitats andand the scientific study of habitat, National Parks and Access to the recreation Countryside Act 1949 communities, species and public Wildlife Countryside Actto1981 Nationaland Parks and Access the Countryside Act 1949 Wildlife Countryside Actare 1981 Local Natureand Reserves (LNRs) declared and managed by local authorities for nature conservation, Local Nature are declared and education andReserves research (LNRs) after consultation with 1 conservation, managed by local authorities for nature statutory nature conservation agencies education and research after consultation with statu1 1tory nature conservation agencies.

Blackwater Estuary

Lee Valley

Blackwater Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 4) Denghie (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 1) (Ramsar) Dengie Foulness (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 5)

Crouch & Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3) Fenn Washland Kendall Park

Vantage Hill

Ripple

Grove House Wood Linford Wood

Rainham Marshes

Fig 5: Rainham Marshes Ramsar site

Gunnersbury Triangle

South West London Waterbodies

Crossness Mudchute Farm

Richmond Park

Bedfont Lake

Benfleet and Southend Marshes Belton Hills Southend on Sea Canvey Leigh Shoeburyness Foreshore Lake Old Ranges Thames Estuary & Marshes

High Halstow

Swanscombe skull Site

Medway Estuary & Marshes The Swale

Hampton Elmley

Riverside walk Virginia water

Baty’s Marsh

6km

Thanet Coast & Sandwich The Swale Bay South Bank of The Swale Oare Marshes

Ramsar Site National Nature Reserve Local Nature Reserve

Fig 6: Dukes Hollow (Gunnersbury Triangle) LNR

Fig 7: Map of Ramsar sites, NNR and LNR along River Thames

Images: Top - Rainham Marshes Ramsar site 1. Jncc.defra.gov.uk:Protected Sies Designations Bottom - Dukes Hollow (Gunnersbury Triangle) LNR Opposite - Map of Ramsar sites, NNR and LNR along River Thames 248 23

Land Designations SSSIs, SACs and SPAs

SSSIs, SACs and SPAs

Sites Interest (SSSI) provide statuSites of ofSpecial SpecialScientific Scientific Interest (SSSI) provide tory protection for the best examples of flora, fauna, statutory protection for the best examples of flora, geological or physiographical features. They also fauna, geological or physiographical features. They support other national and international nature conseralso support other national and international nature vation designations and may extend to intertidal areas conservation designations and may extend to intertidal outside local authority jurisdiction. SSSIs are usually areas outside local authority jurisdiction. SSSIs are privately owned or managed or are owned usually privately owned or managed or are owned or managed by public bodies or managed by public bodies or or nongovernment nongovernment organisations. organisations. They They are are notified notified under under the the National National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 1949 and and the the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

Blackwater Estuary

Maldon Cutting Sandbeach Meadows

Crouch and Roach Estuaries

Dengie

Foulness The Cliff Burnhamon-crouch

Lee Valley

Special areas areasofofConservation Conservation (SAC) designated Special (SAC) areare designated under the EC Habitat Directive and apply to the UK UK under the EC Habitat Directive and apply to the and Gibraltar. SACs are areas identified as best and Gibraltar. SACs are areas identified as best reprerepresenting the range and variety of habitats and senting the range and variety of habitats and (nonbird) (nonbird) listed species within the EU. listed species within the EU.

Inner Thames Marshes

South West London Waterbodies

Hangmans wood & Deneholes

Holehaven Creek Vange & Fobbing Marshes

South Thames Estuary and Marshes

Benfleet and Southend Marshes

Mucking Flats & Marshes

Medway Estuary and Marshes

Sheppey Cliffs & Foreshore The Swale

Thanet Coast

Special (SPA) are classified byby Special Protection ProtectionAreas Areas (SPA) are classified the the UK UK Government Government under under the the EC EC Birds Birds Directive Directive and and applies applies to to the the UK UK and and Gibraltar. Gibraltar. SPAs SPAs are are areas areas of of the the most most important important habitat habitat for for rare rare (listed (listed on on Annex Annex II to to the the Directive) Directive) and and migratory migratory birds birds within within the the European European Union. Union. Agencies Agencies -- UK UK Government; Government; Defra; Defra; Devolved Devolved administrations; Government of Gibraltar. administrations; Government of Gibraltar. 1 SACs SACs and and SPAs SPAs form form the the Natura Natura 2000 2000 network. network.1

SSSIs

Fig 8: Averley Marsh SSSI

6km

Special areas of Conservation Special Protection Area

Fig 9: Map of SSSIs, SACs and SPAs along River Thames

1 1. Jncc.defra.gov.uk:Protected Sies Designations Images: Right - Averley Marsh SSSI Opposite - Map of SSSIs, SACs and SPAs along River Thames

25 250

Land Designations Land Designations Parks and Gardens, RSPB Parks and Gardens, RSPB Parks and Gardens, RSPB

Country Parks CountryParks Parksmanaged by local authorities in England Country Country Parks local authorities England and Wales andmanaged statutorilyby declared under theinCountryCountry Parks and Wales and statutorily declared under the Countryside Act 1968 in Scotland under the Countryside Country Parksand managed by local authorities in England side Wales Act 1968 in Mainly Scotland underunder the (Scotland) Act 1967. intended for Countryside recreation and and andand statutorily declared the (Scotland) ActAct 1967. Mainly intended forunder recreation and leisure opportunities they doin not necessarily have Countryside 1968 and Scotland the any leisure opportunities they do not necessarily have any nature conservation importance. in areas of Countryside (Scotland) Act 1967.However Mainly intended nature conservation importance. However indo areas semi natural habitat they form a valuable network of of for recreation and leisure opportunities they not semi natural habitat they form a valuable network of locations. necessarily have any nature conservation importance. locations. Gardens and Designed Landscapes However in areas of seminatural habitat they form a Gardens and gardens Designed Landscapes For important and designed landscapes valuable network of locations. For important gardens andand designed Scottish Natural Heritage Historiclandscapes Scotland assess Scottish Natural Heritage and Historic assess them for their natural heritage and cultural importance Gardens and Designed Landscapes Scotland them for their natural heritage and cultural importance for inclusion in the Inventory. This Inclusion attracts For important gardens and designed landscapes for inclusion in the Inventory. This attracts statutory planning control under theInclusion Town and Country Scottish Natural Heritage and Historic Scotland assess statutory planning control under the Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) (Scotland) them for their natural heritage and cultural importance Planning (General Development Procedure) (Scotland) Order 1992 (GDPO) and SDDThis Circular No 6/1992. for inclusion in the Inventory. Inclusion attracts Order 1992 (GDPO) and SDD Circular No 6/1992. statutory planning the Town Country The Royal Societycontrol for theunder Protection of and Birds Planning (General Development Procedure) (Scotland) The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a non statutory body which restores, creates Order 1992 and SDD Circular No 6/1992. (RSPB) is a (GDPO) non statutory body which of restores, and enhances thousands of hectares land to creates benefit and enhances thousands of hectares of land to benefit people and wildlife, from reedbeds and heathland to The Royal thereedbeds Protection of Birds (RSPB) 1 people andSociety wildlife, from and heathland to is chalk grassland andfor wetlands. 1 a non grassland statutory body which restores, creates and chalk and wetlands. enhances thousands of hectares of land to benefit people and wildlife, from reedbeds and heathland to 1 chalk grassland and wetlands.1

Fig 10: Kew Gardens

6km Parks and Gardens RSPB sites

Fig 11: RSPB Rainham

Fig 12: Parks, Gardens and RSPB sites along the River Thames

Images: Right top - Kew Gardens Images: Right bottom - RSPB Rainham top - Kew Gardens 1. Jncc.defra.gov.uk:Protected Sies Designations Opposite - Parks, Gardens and RSPB sites along the River Thames Right bottom - RSPB Rainham Opposite - Parks, Gardens and RSPB sites along the River Thames 252 252 27

Statutory Marine Designations Green Belt Inshore Special Protection Areas (SPA) apply in territorial marine waters out to 12 nautical miles and are classified under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and beyond 12 nautical miles are designated under the Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 2007 (as amended). Marine Conservation Zones protect nationally important marine wildlife, habitats, geology and geomorphology. Established under the Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009), they can be designated anywhere in English and Welsh inshore and UK offshore waters. Inshore Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) in terrestrial areas and territorial marine waters out to 12 nautical miles are designated under the Conser- vation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended). Beyond 12 nautical miles they are designated under the Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.)1 0

In 1955, local authorities were encouraged to protect land around their towns and cities by the formal designation of clearly defined green belts. It is regulated by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) March 2012 and aims to control urban sprawl.

6km

Inshore Special Protection Area

Greenbelt land

Marine conservation area Inshore special area of conservation Protected Wreck Sites

6km

Fig 13: Map of Statutory Marine Designations on the River Thames

Fig 14: Map of the Metropolitan Green Belt

1. Jncc.defra.gov.uk:Protected Sies Designations

Guide to selecting the appropriate JCT main contract

Framework Agreement

Contracts ‘Procurement is the process of purchasing goods or services. There are many different routes by which the design and construction of a building can be procured. The selected procurement route should follow a strategy which fits the long-term objectives of the client’s business plan. Considerations are likely to include: Speed. Cost. Quality. Specific project constraints. Risk. Asset ownership. Financing.

In 2012, an RIBA member’s survey suggested that procurement routes commonly used by respondents were: Traditional contract 86% Single-stage design and build 41% Two-stage design and build 39% Management contract 18% PFI 10%

In 2012, an RIBA member’s survey suggested that the procurement routes commonly used by respondents were in order of popularity: 1. Traditional contract 2. Single-stage design and build 3. Two-stage design and build 4. Management contract 5. PFI

Types of Contracts There are many variations on building contracts including; Construction management. Custom build Design and build. Design-build finance and operate (PPP / PFI / DBO / BOOT). Emerging cost contracts. Engineering procurement and construction contract (EPC) / turnkey contract Engineering procurement and construction management contract (EPCM) Fast-track construction Furniture, fixtures and equipment (FF&E) Framework agreements. Guaranteed maximum price Lump sum contract Management contract. Measured term contracts Measurement contract (re-measurement or measure and value contract). Partnering. Prime cost contract / cost plus contract / cost reimbursable contract Prime contracting / prime-type contracting Public procurement. Schedule of rates term contract. Self-build. Single-stage tender. Traditional contract (Design-Bid-Build). Two-stage tender.’1

Management Procurement

Use Construction 2 Management

Traditional Procurement

Works contain an element of design by the Contractor

Employer wants contractor to employ ‘Works’ Contractors Works include a regular flow of maintenance and minor works projects to be carried out in a specific period under one contract

yes Use Management 3 Building Contract

yes

Use Measured 1 Term Contract

Use Prime Cost 4 Building Contract

yes yes Use Standard Building Contract With Approximate 2, 3 Quantities Use Intermediate Building 2, 3 Contract

yes

Detailed procedures or named subcontractor(s) required

yes

Use Standard Building Contract Without 2, 3 Quantities

no no

yes

Work is for a residential occupier’s dwelling yes

Work is for repair and maintenance without a consultant

A consultant will administer the contract

Use Building Contract for home owner/occupier with a consultant*

yes

Use Repair and Maintenance Contract

Same contract throughout supply chain

yes

Use Design and Build 2, 3, 5 Contract

Work other than that designed by Contractor is fully designed and detailed documents provided

Works are of a complex nature or involve a high degree of building services or other specialist works

yes

Use JCT Constructing Excellence Contract with Project Team Agreement

yes Detailed procedures or named subcontractor(s) required

Multi party team agreement is required yes

no Works are of a complex nature or involve a high degree of building services or other specialist works

Use Major Project Construction 2, 3 Contract

Use JCT Constructing Excellence Contract

no Use Minor Works Building Contract with contractor’s design

Use Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s 2, 3 design

yes

no Use Minor Works Building Contract

Work is for small scale repairs and maintenance yes

.’

1 4

Use Home Repair and Maintenance Contract*

Use Building Contract for home owner/occupier without a consultant*

Not for use with the Framework Agreement; Pre-Construction Services Agreement (General Contractor) (PCSA) can be used with these contracts; Pre-Construction Services Agreement (Specialist) (PCSA/SP) can be used with these contracts; 5 pricing mechanism: cost plus fee; pricing mechanism: principally lump sum

Consider other procurement route

no no

1. Designing Building Wiki (04/02/2016). Procurement route. Contracts (Practice Project Report, School of Architecture Kingston University, 2014-2015,PDF)

Major project where limited contractual procedures required

A Bill of Quantities is required

Use Standard Building Contract 2, 3 With Quantities

yes

Works are of a complex nature or involve a high degree of building services or other specialist works

yes

A Bill of Quantities is required

Works are of a complex nature or involve a high degree of building services or other specialist works

Design of the Works is completed by the Contractor or it is done on his behalf yes

Works have been fully designed and detailed documents provided yes

no The work is to be quantified and remeasured

yes

Integrated Procurement

Design and Build Procurement

Practice Note – Deciding on the appropriate JCT contract 2011

Fig 15: Guide to selecting the appropriate JCT main contract

Page 33

‘The main procurement routes each have a choice of different contracts. Traditional Contracts For traditional procurement there are three main types of contract: - Lump sum contracts - Measurement contracts - Cost reimbursement contracts Lump sum contracts – where the contract sum is determined before construction work is started. The contractor undertakes a defined amount of work in return for an agreed sum. Contracts ‘with quantities’ are priced on the basis of drawings and a firm bill of quantities. Contracts ‘without quantities’ are priced on the basis of drawings and another document — usually a specification or work schedules. Measurement contracts – where the contract sum is not final- ised until after completion, but is assessed on remeasurement to a previously agreed basis. This type of contract can arise because the work which the contractor undertakes cannot for good reason be measured accurately before tenders are invited. Design will be reasonably complete and an accurate picture of the quality required will be available to the ten- derer. Probably the contract of this type with least risk to the client is that based on drawings and

approximate quantities. Measurement contracts can also be based on drawings and a schedule of rates or prices. A variant of this is the measured term contract under which individual works can be initiated by instructions as part of a programme of work, and priced according to rates related to the categories of work likely to form part of the programme. Cost reimbursement contracts - where the sum is arrived at on the basis of prime (actual) costs of labour, plant and materials, to which there is added an amount to cover overheads and profit. Sometimes referred to as a ‘cost-plus’ or a ‘prime cost’ contract; the amount or fee added to cover overheads and profit can be a fixed sum, a percentage, or on some other reimbursement basis. Where the full extent of the work is not known or cannot be designed pre-tender, this is a relatively high risk option for the client and only generally acceptable where the circumstances preclude other alternatives or where a partnering ethos is established.’1

Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design

Intermediate Building Contract

Is the sub-contractor named?

Is the sub-contractor named? Yes

Yes

Is the sub-contractor

Intermediate Named Sub-Contract

No No

to design?

Yes

Intermediate Sub-Contract with sub-contractor’s design

Is the sub-contract work small scale where detailed procedures are not required?

Yes

Short Form of Sub-Contract

Intermediate Sub-Contract

Sub-subcontract

’1 1. Designing Building Wiki (04/02/2016). Procurement route. Contracts (Practice Project Report, School of Architecture Kingston University, 2014-2015,PDF)

Practice Note – Deciding on the appropriate JCT contract 2011

Page 36

Fig 16: Guide to selecting the appropriate JCT Sub-subcontract 34

Design and Build Contracts ‘- Package deal or turnkey contract - Design and build contracts - Contractor’s design for specific elements only

Contractor’s design for specific elements only – strictly,these are not design and build contracts, but traditional ‘work and materials’ contracts which include for limited design provision relating to an identified portion of the work.1

For design and build procurement there are three main types of contract: Package deal or turnkey contract – where the client settles on a complete package, usually to some standard specification from a commercial firm. Such arrangements sometimes result in a specially drafted contract, but they will usually be based on the provider’s standard terms. Design and build contracts – where project documents will be written with the contractor’s design obligations relating to the whole of the works in mind. These contracts differ fundamentally from traditional ‘work and materials’ contracts in that they expressly provide for contractor’s design obligations. The wording used in contracts which require a material level of design input from the contractor is often the same as in those which are used for a ‘develop and construct’ approach.’ Fig 17: Project duration

.1 1. Designing Building Wiki (04/02/2016). Procurement route. Contracts (Practice Project Report, School of Architecture Kingston University, 2014-2015,PDF)

Management Contracts ‘For management procurement there are two main types of contract, but variants do exist: - Management contracts - Construction Management

Management contracts – where the management contractor undertakes to manage the carrying out of the work through works contractors, who are contractually accountable to him. The contract will usually include both a pre-construction phase and the construction phase. Documentation will start with project drawings, a project specification and a cost plan, and this information will allow the transmutation into documents on which competitive tenders can be obtained for the work packages. The management contractor is responsible for the administration and operation of the works contractors. However, the management contractor is not liable for the consequences of any default by a works contractor so long as the management contractor has complied with the particular requirements of the management contract. Obviously the management contract and the works contracts for each package must be compatible.

he work through trade contractors but the client is involved in the directing of the project, and the contracts with the trade contractors are directly with him. The construction management appointment will be for the services as defined in that document. Although the trades contracts are arranged and administered by the construction manager, contractually they are the client’s risk. Obviously the construction management appointment and the trade contract for each package must be compatible.’1

Construction Management – where the construction manager undertakes to manage the carrying out of the .’1 1. Designing Building Wiki (04/02/2016). Procurement route. Contracts (Practice Project Report, School of Architecture Kingston University, 2014-2015,PDF)

Health and Safety ‘The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) cover the management of health, safety and welfare when carrying out construction projects. CDM 2015 replaced the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 (CDM 2007) from 6 April 2015, from this date, the Approved Code of Practice which provided supporting guidance on CDM 2007 was withdrawn. Whatever your role in construction, CDM 2015 aims to improve health and safety in the industry by helping you to: - sensibly plan the work so the risks involved are managed from start to finish - have the right people for the right job at the right time - cooperate and coordinate your work with others - have the right information about the risks and how they are being managed - communicate this information effectively to those who need to know - consult and engage with workers about the risks and how they are being managed The changes from CDM 2007 to CDM 2015 were substantial, the Health and Safety Executives guidance on CDM 2015, ‘Guidance on The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015’, provides advice on how the law is to be complied with.

- the law that applies to the whole construction process on all construction projects, from concept to completion; and - what each duty holder must or should do to comply with the law to ensure projects are carried out in a way that secures health and safety The guidance content is as follows: - Introduction - Part 1 - Commencement, interpretation and application Regulation 1 Citation and commencement Regulation 2 Interpretation Regulation 3 Application in and outside GB - Part 2 - Client duties Regulation 4 Client duties in relation to managing projects Regulation 5 Appointment of the principal designer and the principal contractor Regulation 6 Notification Regulation 7 Application to domestic clients - Part 3 - Health & Safety Duties and Roles Regulation 8 General duties Regulation 9 Duties of designers Regulation 10 Designs prepared or modified outside Great Britain’1

Fig 18: Health and Safety

’1 1.CDM Regulations (2015). The (Construction Design and Management) Regulations

‘Regulation 11 Duties of a principal designer in relation to health and safety at the pre-construction phase Regulation 12 Construction phase plan and health and safety file Regulation 13 Duties of a principal contractor in relation to health and safety at the construction phase Regulation 14 Principal contractor’s duties to consult and engage with workers Regulation 15 Duties of contractors - Part 4 - General requirements for all construction sites Regulation 16 Application of Part 4 Regulation 17 Safe places of construction work Regulation 18 Good order and site security Regulation 19 Stability of structures Regulation 20 Demolition or dismantling Regulation 21 Explosives Regulation 22 Excavations Regulation 23 Cofferdams and caissons Regulation 24 Reports of inspections Regulation 25 Energy distribution installations Regulation 26 Prevention of drowning Regulation 27 Traffic routes Regulation 28 Vehicles Regulation 29 Prevention of risk from fire, flooding or asphyxiation Regulation 30 Emergency procedures Regulation 31 Emergency routes and exits

Regulation 32 Fire detection and fire-fighting Regulation 33 Fresh air Regulation 34 Temperature and weather protection Regulation 35 Lighting - Part 5 - General Regulation 36 Enforcement in respect of fire Regulation 37 Transitional and saving provisions Regulation 38 Revocation and consequential amendments Regulation 39 Review - Schedule 1 Particulars to be notified under regulation - Schedule 2 Minimum welfare facilities required for construction - Schedule 3 Work involving particular risks - Schedule 4 Transitional and saving provisions - Schedule 5 Amendments - Appendix 1 The general principles of prevention - Appendix 2 Pre-construction information - Appendix 3 Construction phase plan - Appendix 4 Health and safety file - Appendix 5 Working for domestic clients’1

Fig 19: Health and Safety at work

s’1 1.CDM Regulations (2015). The (Construction Design and Management) Regulations

Sustainable Design For year, the construction industry had an unfriendly environmental effect due to a lack of sustainable codes. Currently the London boroughs are committed to sustainable design and construction principles as well as mitigation of the impacts of Climate Change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions associated with new developments within the Boroughs. Over the next few years, UK Building Regulations are set to become increasingly stringent in terms of the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction targets of new buildings. The borough authorities set a 60 per cent reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, from which 27% is created in the residential sector. In order to achieve this, the government legislations became more demanding when they introduced the Code of Sustainable Homes, which aim is to set a world-beating target of zero carbon by 2016 for all new homes. It is becoming more and more important for both Local Planning Authorities and developers to play their part. There is a rating system from 1 to 6 stars, and it specifies that any domestic energy required must be generated by renewable sources in order to achieve a level 6 zero carbon home. Besides the builders need to consider other factors such as the environmental impact and transportation of materials, health and well being, management and water among others.1

Fig 20: Code for sustainable homes logo

Fig 21: BREEAM logo

Applicants should submit a Sustainability Statement which describes how these key principles of sustainable design and construction have been applied to their development. The standard used in the United Kingdom, is BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method). The purpose of BREEAM is to raise awareness amongst owners and designers of the benefits of adopting a sustainable approach and also to do this in a cost effective manner. BREEAM does not cover just newly built dwellings and non dwellings, but also provides an assessment method for community master planning as well. Its aim is to help the construction industry develop communities in which people can live and work in a healthy and economical environment, by incorporating sustainable design into the master planning process. The advantage of such a scheme is that it becomes internationally feasible due to the high number of countries using the same environmental criteria imposed by BREEAM.

Fig 22: BREEAM logo

5 46

It is the aim of the different boroughs to work with developers to achieve high standards of sustainable design and construction. It is important that principles of sustainable design and construction are considered from the outset of a development project, in order that they help shape the proposal. In a Code for Sustainable Homes (Code) or BREEAM Pre-assessment, many of the points below will have already been covered. 1. Environmental Rating - Achieve the Code for Sustainable Homes and/or BREEAM ratings set out in the Local Plan 2. Energy Assessment - Design the scheme for minimum energy use and CO2 emissions 3. Water consumption - Use water conservation devices and recycling techniques 4. Materials - Specify environmentally-friendly construction materials

7. Health – Achieve Lifetime Homes criteria 8. Management- Reduce adverse impact of construction process on quality of site and its surroundings 9. Secure by design - Adopt best practice in the secure design of the development 10. Ecology – Maintain or improve site biodiversity 11. Quality – Building for Life 12. Public Transport & Cycling and Walking Facilitate the use of public transport and ensure development design encourages cycling and walking 13. Light pollution - Mitigate light pollution 14.Site contamination - Investigate potential contamination of site.

5. Flood risk management - Prevent water pollution and overburdening of drainage systems 6. Recycling - Provide internal/ external recycling facilities Fig 23: Chart showing the minimum Standards that need to be achieved in the Code for Sustainable homes

Fig 24: Picture of the river Thames and Battersea Power Station

Chapter 2 Custodians of the Thames

On Vauxhall Bridge, 2015, Lee Jae Jin 22

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Enfield

The area of study is vast and crosses many boundaries. These boundaries split up the control of the Thames into many different interests.

Part of the reason that we as Unit 4 and Landscape Studio see the Thames as a disconnected entity from the rest of the city is due to the way that it is managed.

Haringey Waltham Forest

This chapter will explore the different entities involved in looking after the Thames and explore the reason for the lack of a holistic approach and strategic planning which focusing on the river.

12 11

Hackney

Camden

Islington 9

7 8 City of Westminster

City of London

Kensington and Chelsea 4

Hammersmith and Fulham

1. Putney Vale 2. Bishops Park 3. Brompton Cemetery 4. Royal Albert Hall/ College 5. Kensington Gardens 6. Regent’s college 7. Regent’s Park 8. Euston Station 9. HMP Pentonville prison 10. H.M. Prison Holloway 11. East/ West Reservoir 12. Finsbury Park 13. Saint Ann's Hospital 14. Banbury Reservoir 15. Tottenham Cemetery 16. North Middlesex Hospital 17. Pymmes Park - Playing field 18. William Girling/ King George’s Reservoir 19. Epping Forest 20. M25

Wandsworth

Public Buildings 1

Scale 1:40000

Fig. 1 A slice of Public Buildings, Mariam Ahmadzade, 2015 51

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1 WWF-UK, Summary of the first ever Thames Basin Vulnerability Report. http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/thames_vulnerability.pdf. T.9

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38.,;.8' M41?41' D:;+48%;6' J3MDKE' <,/' A8.,;.?' ,>;.8' a referendum in 1998. It is made up of one Mayor JA:88.1;56' 048%/' R4+1/41K' ,1?' 2!' D//.-956' -.-9.8/' <+4' ,8.' .5.A;.?' .=.86' >4:8' 6.,8/' 96' M41?41.8/' J$%&' !K@' *+.' Y,648' 4>' M41?41' %/' 8./B41/%95.' >48' ,' 9:?&.;' 4>' ^(L91' <+%A+' %/' :/.?E' ,-41&' 4;+.8' ;+%1&/E' ;4' 8:1' transport, police and fire services, build affordable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as (TfL): responsible for Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transport, (MOPAC): oversees the work of the Metropolitan Police Service (LFEPA): runs the London Fire Brigade, Port of London Authorithy (PLA) and London & Partners: the official B84-4;%41,5'A4-B,16'>48'M41?41@

LABOUR PARTY GREEN PARTY LIBERAL DEMOCRAT PARTY CONSERVATIVE PARTY

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M41?41_/'A4:1A%5/E'8,;+.8';+,1';+.'Y,648E',8.'8./B41/%95.' >48' -,16' 4>' ;+.' /.8=%A./' M41?41.8/' .GB.8%.1A.' ?,67 ;47?,6' 5%F.' A4:1A%5' +4:/%1&E' /A+445/E' /4A%,5' /.8=%A./E' 8:99%/+' A455.A;%41E' /;8..;' A5.,1%1&E' B,8F%1&' B.8-%;/E' A4:1A%5' ;,G' A455.A;%41' ,1?' 9%8;+E' ?.,;+' ,1?' -,88%,&.' certificates. Central government leads on the NHS, <.5>,8.',1?'-4/;'>48-/'4>';,G,;%41'J$%&'LK@(' \41A.81%1&';+.'.1=%841-.1;';+.'3MD',8.'%1=45=.?'<%;+' Waste and Recycling, Pollution and air quality as well as Parks, Green spaces, and Energy saving. Striving to 54<.8' A,8941' .-%//%41/' ,1?' %-B84=.' ;+.' .1=%841-.1;' %1'38.,;.8'M41?41@'*+.'+4:/%1&'/.A;48',554</';+.-';4' ;,AF5.'+4-.5.//1.//',1?'9:%5?'-48.',>>48?,95.'+4-./'' for Londoners across the capital (Fig 8). C.&,8?%1&' ;+.' /:B.8=%/%41' 4>' ;+.' *+,-./' <%;+%1' %;/' jurisdiction, the GLA works closely with Port of London Authorithy (PLA) in ensuring the conservation and optimal use of the river whilst benefitting Londoners on ,'?,%56'9,/%/@ *+.' M41?41' D//.-956' .G,-%1./' B45%A%./' ;+84:&+' A4--%;;..'-..;%1&/E'B5.1,86'/.//%41/E'.;A@'*+.'Y,648' /+4:5?' 8./B41?' ;4' D//.-956' -4;%41/' ,1?' >48-,5' 8.A4--.1?,;%41/@' *+.' Y,648' -:/;' ,5/4' A41/:5;' ;+.' -.-9.8/'9.>48.'B84?:A%1&'/;,;:;486'/;8,;.&%./',1?';+.' -:5;%79%55%41'B4:1?'9:?&.;'>48';+.'3MD'384:B'J$%&'HK@2'

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Fig 8: Example of London Proposed Affordable Housing

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Fig 10: Obelisk marking the starting point of the PLAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s jurisdiction

V;8,;.&%A'B8%48%;%./',8.) 7'V,>.;6'4>'1,=%&,;%41'41';+.'8%=.8',1?'./;:,86'J$%&'((K' 7'\41/.8=%1&';+.'.1=%841-.1;'4>';+.'8%=.8 - Promoting the use of the port and the river - Partnerships with river users and accountability to /;,F.+45?.8/

Fig 11: PLA Patrol Boats on the Thames

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1 Port of London Authority, PLA Summary. https://www.pla.co.uk/as7 sets/PLASummary.pdf. Web

Port of London Authority handles more than 40 million ;411./'4>'A,8&4'.,A+'6.,8';+.6'.-B546'-48.';+,1'#OEOOO' B.4B5.' ,1?' A41;8%9:;.' 4=.8' ^"' 9%55%41' ;4' ;+.' .A414-6' ,11:,556@' *+%/' -,F./' ;+.-' PQ_/' /.A41?' 9%&&./;' B48;@' Growing from a mere 1.5 million tonnes in 2008. The PLA uses the most modern port control service to 4=.8/..';+.'/,>.'-4=.-.1;'4>'2"OEOOO'A4--.8A%,5',1?' 5.%/:8.' =.//.5/' <%;+%1' ;+.' B48;' 4>' M41?41' .,A+' 6.,8@' D55' =.//.5/' ,8.' -41%;48.?' 96' ;+.' B48;@' Z;' +,/' ;+.' -4/;' /4B+%/;%A,;.?'%17+4:/.':1?.8<,;.8'/:8=.6'A,B,9%5%;6'4>' ,16' B48;S' -,BB%1&' ;+.' ?.B;+/' 4>' #OO' /I:,8.' -%5./' 4>' /+%>;%1&E' A+,1&%1&' 8%=.89.?@' *4' .1/:8.' ;+.' A5.,15%1.//' 4>';+.'8%=.8',5-4/;'2OO';411./'4>'?8%>;<44?',1?'8:99%/+' %/' A5.,8.?' >84-' ;+.' 8%=.8' %1' A.1;8,5' M41?41' .,A+' 6.,8' J$%&' ("K@( Additionally, the PLA Hydrographic Service B84=%?./','<%?.'8,1&.'4>'/.8=%A./';4'8%=.8':/.8/'%1';.8-/' 4>'-,%1;.1,1A.',1?',AI:%8%1&'/,-B5./'%1'48?.8';4'&,%1',' 9.;;.8':1?.8/;,1?%1&'4>';+.'*+,-./'J$%&'(#K@'' The PLA fleet work on the Thames every day of the year for efficient monitoring. The port can handle cruise 5%1.8/E' 84784' >.88%./' ,1?' A,8&4' 4>' ,55' ;6B./' %1A5:?%1&' A41;,%1.8/E' ;%-9.8E' B,B.8E' =.+%A5./E' ,&&8.&,;./E' A8:?.' oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, coal, -.;,5/E' &8,%1' ,1?' 4;+.8' ?86' ,1?' 5%I:%?' 9:5F' -,;.8%,5/@' Mostly handling over five million tonnes of goods and -,;.8%,5/'J$%&'(!K@

Fig 13: Volunteers cleaning the river banks

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1 Port of London Authority, PLA Brief Guide July 2015. https://www. B5,@A4@:F[,//.;/[B5,98%.>&:%?.`:562O(!@B?>@'T.9

The PLA is responsible for navigational safety and -,1,&.-.1;' 4>' -,8%1.' 4B.8,;%41/' 41' ;+.' H!' -%5./' 4>' ;%?,5' *+,-./' >84-' *.??%1&;41' M4AFE' ;+84:&+' A.1;8,5' M41?41',1?'4:;';4';+.'X48;+'V.,@'Z;'4=.8/..',55'=.//.5/_' 1,=%&,;%41'a'A4--.8A%,5',1?'8.A8.,;%41,5'a'41';+.';%?,5' 8%=.8' *+,-./' ,1?' <.8.' %1=45=.?' <%;+' -,16' ,&.1A%./' in planning for the London Olympics for over five years. PLAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Olympics preparations included working <%;+' B,8;1.8/' ,A84//' ;+.' -,8%;%-.E' /.A:8%;6' ,1?' /,>.;6' /B.A;8:-'%1'M41?41',1?'1,;%41,556E'%1A5:?%1&';+.'38.,;.8' London Authority, Metropolitan Police, LOCOG, ODA, M41?41_/' 8%=.8/%?.' 9484:&+/E' ;+.' C46,5' X,=6E' C46,5' Marines, Maritime & Coastguard Agency, Environment Agency, Kent Police, Essex Police, Canal & River Trust ,1?'C46,5'b4AF/'Y,1,&.-.1;'D:;+48%;6'J$%&'(NK@(' D5-4/;' ;.1' -%55%41' B.4B5.' ,' 6.,8' :/.' ;+.' ;4:8%/;' ,1?' A4--:;.8'84:;./'41';+.'*+,-./'J$%&'(LK@'D;'/:A+','+%&+' number of users on the River the PLA have a massive 8./B41/%9%5%;6'.1/:8%1&';+.'/,>.;6'4>';+./.'B.4B5.@'Y,16' 4;+.8' /4A%,5' .=.1;/' ;,F.' B5,A.' ;+84:&+4:;' ;+.' 6.,8' 41' ;+.' C%=.8' /:A+' ,/' ;+.' T4-.1_/' ]UCC' >84-' \+%/<%AF' Bridge to Putney Bridge, the Barking and Dagenham, the Canoe Club Race at Barking Creek, The New Years Eve Fireworks at the Houses of Parliament and the Great River Race from Millwall - Richmond (Fig 18). All events are monitored by the PLA in junction with the M41?41'Y.;@

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Fig 18: The PLA oversees the annual New Yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Eve firework celebrations

1 Port of London Authority, The role of the PLA in the Olympics. https://pla.co.uk/Events/The-role-of-the-PLA-in-the-Olympics. Web

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1 Vanessa Taylor, Whose River? London and the Thames Estuary, 1960â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2014 (The London Journal, November 2015), Vol. 40 No. 3

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1 Stephen Payne, London Borough. http://www.theinfolist.com/php/ SummaryGet.php?FindGo=london_borough. Web

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*+.' \%;6' 4>' M41?41' %/' B84B4/%1&' A+,1&./' ;4' ,?4B;.?' Core Strategy Policy CS9 Thames and the Riverside to align it more fully with the NPPF requirement to support /:/;,%1,95.'.A414-%A'&84<;+@ The PLAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s planning policies seek to translate general PQ' &4=.81-.1;,5' /:BB48;' >48' /:/;,%1,95.' ;8,1/B48;' 4>' freight to the specific context and policy environment existing within the Port of London. Policies are based on comprehensive economic >48.A,/;%1&E' :1?.8;,F.1' %17+4:/.' ;4&.;+.8' <%;+' 8.&:5,8' A41;,A;' <%;+' ;.8-%1,5' 4B.8,;48/E' ;4' ,//.//' 5.=.5' 4>' investment, throughput. The PLA seek to ensure that B45%A%./'<%;+%1'8.&%41,5'&:%?,1A.',1?'54A,5'?.=.54B-.1;' B5,1/'B84-4;.';+.';8,1/B48;'4>'>8.%&+;'96'<,;.8',1?';+.' B84;.A;%41E' ,1?' >:;:8.' .GB,1/%41E' 4>' A,8&4' +,1?5%1&' terminals and riparian industry. Within London, the PLA ,A;/',/',?=%/.8';4';+.'Y,648'4>'M41?41'%1'8.5,;%41';4';+.' A:88.1;',1?'B84B4/.?'/,>.&:,8?.?'/%;./@(

*+.' ;%?,5' *+,-./' %/' +4-.' ;4' 4=.8' !!' /,%5%1&E' 84<%1&' ,1?' A,14.%1&' A5:9/E' ,B,8;' >84-' <,5F%1&' ;+.' *+,-./' Path National Trail, yet the infrastructure essential to ;+./.' ,A;%=%;%./E' /:A+' ,/' 94,;6,8?/E' ?8,<?4AF/' ,1?' 4;+.8' 5,:1A+%1&' B4%1;/' ,8.' :1?.8' %1;.1/.' ;+8.,;' >84-' development. The PLA will seek to promote planning B45%A%./'-,%1;,%1%1&'.//.1;%,5'%1>8,/;8:A;:8.',;'8.&%41,5' ,1?'54A,5'5.=.5@ The PLA also seek to ensure that new development ,?`,A.1;';4'<+,8=./',1?'4;+.8'c<48F%1&'8%=.8_'>,A%5%;%./E' ?4./' 14;' B8.`:?%A.' ;+.' 8%=.8' .A414-6' J$%&' 22K@' DBB84B8%,;.' -%;%&,;%41' -.,/:8./' <%55' 9.' B84B4/.?' and the PLA will also work closely with local planning ,:;+48%;%./' ,1?' ?.=.54B.8/' 41' ;+./.E' ,1?' ,55' 8%B,8%,1' /%;./@

D55' B5,11%1&' ,BB5%A,;%41' >48' :/./' 4;+.8' ;+,1' ;+./.' -:/;' 9.' 8.>.88.?' ;4' ;+.' Y,648E' <+4' <%55' A41/%?.8' ;+.' ,BB5%A,;%41' <%;+' 8.>.8.1A.' ;4' .G;,1;' B45%A%./' ,1?' ;+.' views of the PLA. The PLA will seek to promote planning B45%A%./'-,%1;,%1%1&'.//.1;%,5'%1>8,/;8:A;:8.',;'8.&%41,5' ,1?'54A,5'5.=.5@ $%&'22)'\41/;8:A;%41',541&'*+,-./'C%=.8

1 Port of London Authority, Planning Policy. http://www.pla.co.uk/ About-Us/Planning-Policy. Web

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*+.'B5.;+48,'4>'/;,;:;486',&.1A%./',1?',:;+48%;%./'<%;+' 8./B41/%9%5%;%./' ,541&' ;+.' 8%=.8' ;+84:&+' M41?41' ,1?' V:88.6'8./:5;/'%1'A4-B5%A,;.?'/6/;.-/'4>'B5,11%1&',1?' -,1,&.-.1;@ The London Plan 2012 contains a comprehensive set of B45%A%./'>48';+.'05:.'C%9941'X.;<48F';+,;'%1A5:?./';+.' River Thames and other London waterways. Policy 7.29 encourages boroughs to identify Thames Policy Areas <%;+%1';+.%8'54A,5'B5,1/'JB8.=%4:/56'F14<1',/'Mb$/K',1?' B8.B,8.'?.;,%5.?',BB8,%/,5/'4>';+.%8'/;8.;A+./'4>';+.'8%=.8' ,1?'%;/'.1=%841/E',1?'14;./';+,;';+.'*+,-./'M,1?/A,B.' Strategy Hampton to Kew fulfil this role. The local ,:;+48%;%./' ,8.' ;+.' B8%1A%B,5' B5,11%1&' ,:;+48%;%./' %1' ;+.' V;8,;.&6' ,8.,' <%;+' 8./B41/%9%5%;6' >48' 5,1?' :/.' B5,11%1&' ,1?'9:%5?%1&'A41;845@'*+.',:;+48%;%./',8.';+.) 7'W5-98%?&.'0484:&+'\4:1A%5S 7'M41?41'0484:&+'4>']4:1/54<S 7'M41?41'0484:&+'4>'C%A+-41?':B41'*+,-./S' 7'C46,5'0484:&+'4>'Q%1&/;41':B41'*+,-./ *+.'>4:8'*MV'J*+,-./'M,1?/A,B.'V;8,;.&6K'0484:&+/' 7'B,8;'4>'D8A,?%,1'*+,-./'7',55'14<'+,=.'/;841&'B45%A%./' <%;+'8./B.A;';4'?.=.54B-.1;',?`4%1%1&';+.'8%=.8/%?.',1?' ;+.'B84;.A;%41'4>'=%.</E'<+%A+'B4/;'?,;.E';,F.',AA4:1;'4>' ,1?'8.>.8';4';+.'*MV'J$%&'2#K@('

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Chapter 3 Urban and Landscape Transformation

Thames Embankment, 2015, Sheena Patel 26

Urban and Landscape Transformation

The Thames is the centre of our study and it has changed so many times over the course of its life. The history of the city’s relationship with the Thames has a massive impact on how it is viewed, buildings have developed around it and how it is used today. This chapter will explore the geological history of the Thames and the history of the city of London as it sprung up around it. This exploration will further explain how legislation such as listing affects our working practice today.

Lambeth Brid

‘The Thames is synonymous with London and continues to be of much more than emblematic significance. We are interested in an historical time frame that reaches back to the medieval, before the river was the city’s major thoroughfare and hub of international trade and commerce. In the last century the docks have been moved far away into the Thames estuary and the wharves and quaysides have vanished in all but name.’1 This richness in historical context along the Thames is a vastly important factor in working on our own thesis projects. London has developed in a unique way and studying and understanding it’s past will provide us with richer proposals for its future.

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Charles Booth’s Poverty map overlapped Millbank Prison map in 1898-1899

Current transformation of former Millbank Prison Area Private properties after Millbank prison demolition Private commercial buildings around Millbank conservation site

Fig. 1 Historical Development of MIllbank, Lee Jae Jin, 2015

Charles Booth’s Poverty maps of London Indicated Millbank Prison demolished in 1903 1898-9

1. Pierre D’Avoine and Alec Scragg, ‘MArch Unit 4’, MArch/MA Unit Introduction, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, Pdf, 2015

History of London From Londinium to London Stuart period of London (1603–1714) The Stuart period, from the accession of James I. to the death of Queen Anne, extends over little more than a century, and yet grater changes occurred during those years than at any previous period. The early years of Stuart London may be said to be closely linked with the last years if Elizabethan London, for the greatest men such as Raleigh, Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson lived on into James’s reign. Much of the life of the time was then in the City, but the last years of Stuart London take us to the 18th century, when social life had permanently shifted to the west end. In the middle of the period occurred the civil wars and then the fire which changed the whole aspect of London(Fig. 2).[1]

Fig. 2 Ogilby & Morgan’s map of the City of London (1673).

Fig. 3 Map showing the extent of the Great Fire of London, which destroyed nearly 80% of the City

Fig. 4 The Great Fire of London in 1666

1. www.1902encyclopedia.com/L/LON/london-38.html

London in 18th Century

In 1715 London witnessed with mixed emotions the triumphal procession through its streets of the newly crowned George I. It was a city divided by politics and religion. Jacobitism and anti-Catholicism sat side by side, leading to both anxious government policy and popular unrest. In the decades that followed, economic instability, fitful population growth, fear of crime, and crime itself, all contributed to a heady mix of disappointment and possibility. It was in the decades between 1715 and 1760 that English fiction came of age, when the shape of the first British Empire was set and the lineaments of an Imperial state outlined(Fig. 5). By 1760 there were still fragments of an older, medieval City behind every facade, but the direction of change was established(Fig. 6).[1]

Fig. 5 London on 18th Century

Fig. 6 A detailed copy of John Rocqueâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Map of London, 1741-5.

1. George, Dorothy, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (London, 2nd edn, 1966)

London in 19th Century

The population of London grew from 950,000 in 1800 to 6 million in 1900. At the beginning of the 19th century rich men built estates at Somerstown, Camden Town, Walworth, Agar Town, Bromley and Pentonville. Growth also spread to Battersea, Clapham, Camberwell, Brixton, Bayswater and Peckham. By 1850 Deptford was part of London. Growth also spread to Fulham and Kensington. As late as 1839 Shepherds Bush was called a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pleasant villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; but it was soon swallowed up. In the east Hackney, Poplar and Cubbitts Town were built up by 1850. Later in the century growth spread to East and West Ham(Fig. 7).

New museums were created in Victorian London. The Victoria and Albert Museum opened in 1852. The Science Museum opened in 1857 and the Natural History Museum opened in 1881.[1]

In 1834 Parliament was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt to a design by Charles Barry. The new parliament included a great clock, which is now known as Big Ben. Originally only the bell which struck the hour was called Big Ben (It was probably named after Sir Benjamin Hall, the Commissioner of Works) but in time people began to call the whole clock tower Big Ben. John Nash created Trafalgar Square in 1839 and Nelsons column was erected in 1842. Furthermore many parks were created in London in the 19th century. Regents Park opened to the public in 1838. Victoria Park opened in 1845. Battersea Park opened in 1858. Another great London landmark the Albert Hall was built in 1871 by Francis Fowke (1823-1865) (Fig. 8).

Fig. 7 Victorian London in 19th Century

Fig. 8 Map of the City of London (1850)

1. austenonly.com/2011/04/08/early-19th-century-guide-books-to-london/

London in 20th Century

In the early 20th century London continued to grow rapidly. Hendon and Finchley became built up. Growth also spread to Harrow and Wealdstone, Twickenham, Teddington and Kingston Upon Thames. Wimbledon and Surbiton also became suburbs of London. Furthermore in the early 20th century London County Council began to build estates of council houses on the edge of the city. In 1903 the first ones were built at Tooting. Later estates were built at Norbury, Tottenham, Roehampton, at Downham near Catford and at Becontree. Other estates were built at Watling and Morden. Despite these new council house estates 75% of houses built in London between 1919 and 1939 were private. The population of London rose from 6 million in 1900 to 8.7 million in 1939.

London suffered badly during the Second World War. When the Blitz began in September 1940 Londoners started sleeping in the underground stations and soon 150,000 people were sleeping there overnight. In the blitz about 20,000 people were killed and 25,000 were injured. The first blitz ended in May 1941 but in 1944 Germany began firing missiles at London and killed about 3,000 people (Fig. 9). As well as building new towns the council began building flats in London (Fig. 10). The first were built in 1948. At first they were low rise but from 1964 high rise flats, up to 24 storeys high, were built to replace slums.[1]

Westminster Cathedral was built in 1903. The Victoria and Albert Museum moved to its present home in 1909. The Geological Museum opened in 1935. White City Stadium was built in 1908. Wembley Stadium was built in 1923 and Gunnersbury Park opened in 1925. Chiswick Bridge was built in 1933.

Fig. 10 Map of London in 1910 Fig. 9 World War Two in London

1. www.localhistories.org/london.html

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1. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/planning/heritage-and-design/conservation-areas/ Documents/Conservation%20Areas%20in%20the%20City%20of%20London%203.pdf

OLIPH ANT

This general introduction to the character of the City’s conservation areas provides a summary of background information common to the appreciation of the character of the individual areas.[1]

BOR

KILBURN

OLIPH ANT

KILBU

In the application of planning policy in the City’s conservation areas, the City seeks to manage change commensurate with the objectives of the preservation and/or enhancement of the character and appearance of these areas. There is recognition of the need to accommodate change and new development, yet also the requirement to retain buildings and spaces where their loss or their replacement would be injurious to the character or appearance of that area. As part of this process, applications within conservation areas are the subject of additional consultations with various advisory bodies (Fig. 11).

St John's Wood Regent's Park Maida Vale Dorset Square Westbourne Bayswater Molyneux Street Portman Estate 29 Harley Street Stratford Place Mayfair Regent Street Charlotte Street, West Soho Covent Garden Strand St James's Trafalgar Square Whitehall Westminster Abbey & Parliament Square Smith Square Knightsbridge Belgravia Grosvenor Gardens Birdcage Walk Westminster Cathedral Pimlico Millbank Queens Park Estate Vincent Square Adelphi Savoy East Marylebone Broadway & Christchurch Gardens Paddington Green Albert Gate Knightsbridge Green Aldridge Road Villas & Leamington Road Villas Hanway Street Medway Street Royal Parks Leicester Square Churchill Gardens Cleveland Street Dolphin Square Fisherton Street Estate Hallfield Estate Haymarket Lillington and Longmoore Gardens Lisson Grove Regency Street Peabody Avenue Queensway Chinatown Peabody Estates: South Westminster Page Street SIXTH

The legislation for planning control in conservation areas is principally enshrined in the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (as amended by the National Heritage Act 1983). Planning Policy Guidance Note 15, ‘Planning and the Historic Environment’ and Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 ‘Archaeology and Planning’ and the associated Regulations provide the further background. City planning policies for the City of London are drafted in the light of national policy and guidance. Planning policies are incorporated within the City of London Unitary Development Plan adopted in 1994. The City has taken into account guidance published by the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission (English Heritage) and the London Planning Advisory Committee

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

AD S

BOU NDARY

L TO RO N AD

EN AD MD RO Y AR

LD FIE

MARL

Conservation Areas

SP BE Y

U GH BOU

DN OR

Conservation Policy and Designation

FINCHLE Y Rd

WOOD PARK

Urban

Fig. 11 Conservation areas in City of Westminster

Urban Listed Building 18 19

20 21

A listed building is a building or other structure of special architectural or historic interest included on a statutory list and assigned a grade (I, II* or II) (Fig. 12). All buildings built before 1700 which survive in anything like their original condition are listed, as are most of those built between 1700 and 1840. The criteria become tighter with time, so that post-1945 buildings have to be exceptionally important to be listed. A building has normally to be over 30 years old to be eligible for listing. [1]

7 15

1 6

14 13

17 9

16 12

10 11

1 15 Queen Anne’s Gate 2 17 and 19 Queen Anne’s Gate

Fig. 12 Listed buildings in London

3 21 and 23 Queen Anne’s Gate 4 25 Queen Anne’s Gate 5 40 Queen Anne’s Gate 6 42 Queen Anne’s Gate 11

7 44 Queen Anne’s Gate 4

8 46 Queen Anne’s Gate 3

9 Blewcoat School

10 St John’s, Smith Square

22 1

11 Westminster Cathedral

1. http://www.whitecatjoinery.co.uk/2012/12/what-is-a-listed-building/

12 The Burghers of Calais

1 Goodyer House

13 Westminster Abbey

2 Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks

14 St Margaret’s Church

3 Henry Wise House

15 20 Broad Sanctuary

4 Hogarth House

16 College Dormitory, Westminster School

5 Lord High Admiral Public House

17 Little Deans Yard

6 Methodist Central Hall Westminster

18 10 Downing Street, Downing Street

7 Middlesex Guildhall

19 11 Downing Street, Downing Street

8 Parkinson House

20 Horse Guards, Whitehall SW1

9 Royal Horticultural Society New Hall

21 The Cenotaph

10 Tate Gallery

22 St James the Less Church

11 Millbank House

23 St James the Less Parish Rooms and Schools

12 Vauxhall Bridge

GRADE II* LISTED BUILDING

Fig. 13 Listed buildings in City of Westminster

Listed Building City of Westminster April 2014

93 1:5000 @ A1

Heritage Category: Listing List Entry No :

1242617

Grade:

County: Greater London Authority

In case of The Milbank Tower, it of 1959-63 by Ronald Ward and Partners is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons (Fig. 14, 15) [1]:

District: City of Westminster Parish:

Architectural form: an elegant tower of distinctive, concave and convex form rising from a complex podium on columns, with a complementary Y-shaped lower block, together forming a sinuous composition of modern buildings skilfully designed with modern materials.

Non Civil Parish

For all entries pre-dating 4 April 2011 maps and national grid references do not form part of the official record of a listed building. In such cases the map here and the national grid reference are generated from the list entry in the official record and added later to aid identification of the principal listed building or buildings.

Historic interest: one of the first tall buildings in London to be built along the river Thames, which was identified for such development in the early post-war plans for London. It also was an early experiment with entasis and Britainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first use of projecting stainless steel mullions.

For all list entries made on or after 4 April 2011 the map here and the national grid reference do form part of the official record. In such cases the map and the national grid reference are to aid identification of the principal listed building or buildings only and must be read in conjunction with other information in the record. Any object or structure fixed to the principal building or buildings and any object or structure within the curtilage of the building, which, although not fixed to the building, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1st July, 1948 is by law to be treated as part of the listed building.

Relationship with site: the tower cuts a distinctive profile on the river Thames, with which it has a symbiotic aesthetic relationship: the ever-shifting river and clouds reflected in the good-quality curtain walling of the tower and the podium.

This map was delivered electronically and when printed may not be to scale and may be subject to distortions.

1. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1242617

Fig. 14 Current Millbank Tower

Name: MILLBANK TOWER

TQ 30201 78692

Map Scale:

1:2500

Print Date:

18 October 2015

This is an A4 sized map and should be printed full size at A4 with no page scaling set.

HistoricEngland.org.uk

Fig. 15 Millbank Tower as a listed building 95

Urban Conservation Area and Character Urban character is derived from the historical evolutionary sequence particular to that area and principally from the combination of and interaction between the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s form and structure, its uses and activity patterns, its architectural fabric, all aspects of its groundscape, roofscape, skyline and setting. Where it arises from the combination of so many factors and influences, usually over a considerable period of time, the appearance and especially the character will be unique to that area and both complex and subtle. The way these characteristics function and interact is central to an understanding of their role in the creation of the particular character of the City of London, and how this is expressed in the individual identity of its conservation areas (Fig. 16). The role played by each of the characteristics therefore will vary from area to area; certain characteristics will inevitably be more readily apparent than others. Their respective influences form the basis of the summaries published for each conservation area. Most conservation areas are designated by the Council as the local planning authority. Historic England can designate conservation areas in London, where we have to consult the relevant London Borough Council and obtain the consent of the Secretary of State for National Heritage. The Secretary of State can also designate in exceptional circumstances - usually where the area is of more than local interest.[1]

Fig. 16 Conservation in London

Fig. 17 Millbank in Conservation area

1. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/local/conservation-areas/

Architecture, throughout its history, has been the medium for the expression of most public art and represents considerable investment in artistic creativity, building and craft skills (Fig. 18). This has ranged from the restrained expression and subtle variations evident in the 18th century and early 19th century, to the flamboyance of much of the delight and competition in decoration and sculpture in the Victorian and Edwardian period. Many later 19th and early 20th century buildings are characterised by the use of iconographic and symbolic sculpture for the embellishment of the street facades (Fig. 19). Beyond its obvious intrinsic cultural value and contribution, the knowledge and understanding of the craft and artistic skills required are today rare. Furthermore in the recent past the philosophy of design, and the priorities of building and development have been regarded as prohibitive to such architectural expression. The value of such detail is heightened by its relative irreplaceability.[1] Fig. 19 Fleet Street

1. Department of Planning and Transportation Conservation area in the City of London

Fig. 18 Detail and Materials on conservation

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Millbank Conservation site Designation: First designated in 1969 covering the octagonal site of Millbank Penitentiary. It was extended in 1990 to include the river embankment and the Westminster half of the Thames between the Vickers Tower and Vauxhall Bridge and Ponsonby Place area. Historical Background: The Millbank Penitentiary was built in 1812-20 and demolished in 1890. The Tate Gallery was built in 1890, by Sidney R.J. Smith, and placed centrally on the octagonal site of the Millbank Penitentiary. There were additions in 1909, 1937 and 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and most recently the Clore gallery by James Stirling in 1984-85. Other development on the site included the Edwardian military medical establishment, the Millbank Estate built 1897-1902 by the London County Council and the mid 19th century houses around Ponsonby Place (Fig. 20).

Key Features: The Millbank Conservation Area contains four distinct elements. First, the early 19th century parts of stock brick and stucco terraced housing around Ponsonby Place. Secondly, the Tate Gallery and Army Medical Corps grand buildings to the north. Thirdly, the red brick Arts and Crafts style mansion blocks of flats to the West of the Tate Gallery built between 1897-1902, providing one of the first very large Council housing scheme of working class flats accommodating 4,500 people. The Millbank Estate, by reason of its date and design is a particularly important milestone in the development of local authority housing and the evolution of the Arts and Crafts principles of architecture, applied to large scale housing development. The quality of design, layout and materials set an important standard in the further development of that movement. Fourthly, the embankment wall with its attractive dolphin lamps and a large stretch of the Thames to the south. The open aspect of the embankment provides extensive views along the river. Viewed from the south bank, this Conservation Area is offset by the Vickers Tower (1962) which dominates the skyline in that part of the riverside. land uses include art gallery, hospital and residential.[1]

Designation: First designated in 1969 covering the octagonal site of Millbank Penitentiary. It was extended in 1990 to include the river embankment and the Westminster half of the Thames between the Vickers Tower and Vauxhall Bridge and Ponsonby Place area.

Historical Background: The Millbank Penitentiary was built in 1812-20 and demolished in 1890. The Tate Gallery was built in 1890, by Sidney R.J. Smith, and placed centrally on the octagonal site of the Millbank Penitentiary. There were additions in 1909, 1937 and 1970's and most recently the Clore gallery by James Stirling in 1984-85. Other development on the site included the Edwardian military medical establishment, the Millbank Estate built 1897-1902 by the London County Council and the mid 19th century houses around Ponsonby Place

Key Features: The Millbank Conservation Area contains four distinct elements. First, the early 19th century parts of stock brick and stucco terraced housing around Ponsonby Place. Secondly, the Tate Gallery and Army Medical Corps grand buildings to the north. Thirdly, the red brick Arts and Crafts style mansion blocks of ats to the West of the Tate Gallery built between 1897-1902, providing one of the rst very large Council housing scheme of working class ats accommodating 4,500 people. The Millbank Estate, by reason of its date and design is a particularly important milestone in the development of local authority housing and the evoimpo lution of the Arts and Crafts principles of architecture, applied to large scale housing development. The quality of design, layout and materials set an important standard in the further development of that movement. Fourthly, the embankment wall with its attractive dolphin lamps and a large stretch of the Thames to the south. The open aspect of the embankment provides extensive views along the river. Viewed from the south bank, this Conservation Area is oďŹ&#x20AC;set by the Vickers Tower (1962) which dominates the skyline in that part of the riverside. land uses include art gallery, hospital and residential.

Stock brick and stucco

First designated in 1969

Development Planning Services, Department of Planning and City Development, City of Westminster 2005

Red bricks arts and crafts

1. City of Westminster Conservation Area Audit

101

Extension of the rst designated in 1990

Fig. 20 The change of Millbank Conservation site

102

City of Westminster

Borough of Lambeth

20 25 34

24 23

21 26

The Millbank Conservation area is made up of four distinct character areas (Fig. 21). Within the boundary of the former Millbank Penitentiary is the group to the east formed by Tate Britain, The Royal Army Medical College and Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, and to the west the Millbank Estate. Together these provide a high concentration of listed buildings (Fig. 22). To the south are the 19th century residential terraces of Ponsonby Place and Ponsonby Terrace. Finally the area includes part of the Millbank Embankment and a larger stretch of the River Thames.[1]

49 27

43 45

Fig. 21 Millbank Conservation site

1. City of Westminster Conservation Area Audit

Conservation areas Westminster City Council January 2013

City of Westminster borough boundary

1 St John’s Wood 2 Regent’s Park 3 Maida Vaile 4 Dorset Square 5 Westbourne 6 Bayswater 7 Molyneus Street

29 Queens Park Estate 30 Vicent Square 31 Adelphi 32 Savoy 33 East Marylebone 34 Broadway & Christchurch Gardens 35 Paddington Green

8 Portman Estate 9 Hartley Street 10 Stratford Place 11 Mayfair 12 Regent Street 13 Charlotte Street, West 14 Soho

36 Alberty Gate 37 Knightsbridge Green 38 Aldridge Road Villas 39 Hanway Street 40 Medway Street 41 Royal Parks 42 Leicester Square

15 Covent Garden 16 Strand 17 St James’s 18 Trafargar Square 19 Whitehall 20 Westminster Abbey & Parliament square 21 Smith Square

43 Churchill Gardens 44 Cleveland Street 45 Dolphin Square 46 Fisherton Street Estate 47 Hallleld Estate 48 Haymarket 49 Lillington & Longmoore Gardens

22 Knightbridge 23 Belgravia 24 Grosvenor Gardens 25 Birdcage Walk 26 Westminster Cathedral 27 Pimlico 28 Millbank

50 Lisson Grove 51 Regency Street 52 Peabody Avenue 53 Queensway 54 Chinatown 55 Peabody Estate: South Westminster 56 Page Street Conservation site in City of Westminster

1:5000 @ A1

Conservation site in City of Westminster in segment site

Fig. 22 The list of Conservation site in City of Westminster

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Urban Powerhouse London was seen during some points in its history as the centre of the known world and of commerce. Much of this commerce, manufacturing and industry was based around the Thames as water was and still key a main way of moving goods around the country and the world (fig. 23). The Thames is rarely thought of as a hub of industry, a financial and trading hub perhaps but compared to the large coal mining industrial towns of the North, the perception of London is not one of industry. However this perception is misplaced and the industrial heritage of the Thames is scattered all over the banks (fig. 24), illustrated by the fact that ‘at the height of the industrial revolution between 1775 and 1800, apart from Lancashire ... the greatest concentration of Boulton & Watt steam engines was found in London.’1 The River itself was the centre of much of this industrial activity as it was accessible by large boats which initially were the main method of transport for goods.

Fig. 23 London Ship Yard, Photographer and Date Unknown

1. Geoff Marshall, ‘Preface’, London’s Industrial Heritage, The History Press, 2013

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Fig. 24 Tate & Sons Sugar Factory, Photographer and Date Unknown

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London is first mentioned in Annals of Tacitus in AD 43 as a ‘town of the highest repute and a busy emporium of trade and traders.’2 Almost every Industrial trade can be found in London and London holds many firsts in terms of industrial achievements. Examples of these are ‘the sub-aqueous tunnel, the container hoist, extrahigh-tension electricity generation, television, gas street lighting, Portland cement and public railways.’3 London developed through the ages as has been explored previously in this chapter and alongside these social and architectural changes industry developed hand in hand. Much of this industry was housed around the Thames due to the ease of Transportation (fig. 25 and 26).There are many relics of this industrial past found across the city and it is these that are the specific tectonics that we need to be aware of in our work. Some of the old industrial buildings still remain but others have been demolished. In both cases contamination in the land and activities below the ground surface need to be taken into consideration.

Fig. 25 London Cement Kilns, Photographer and Date Unknown 2. Aubrey Wilson, London’s Industrial Heritage, David and Charles Ltd, 1967, p. 6 3. Ibid. p.10

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Fig. 26 The Thames in use, Photographer and Date Unknown

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Different industries have put different containments in to the soil and a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Land Contamination Reportâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; would have to be carried out before work commences.4 This involves checking for past land uses such as car manufacture (fig.27), or other industries that may have left contaminants in the soil. The industrial heritage of London has left many iconic landmarks such as Battersea Power Station (fig. 28) which may also have been listed due tho their cultural significance and this also needs to be taken into consideration when working with these buildings and spaces.

Fig. 27 The Ford Factory, Photographer and Date Unknown

4. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/land-contaminationtechnical-guidance

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Fig. 28 Battersea Power Station, Photographer and Date Unknown

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History of the River Geology The London Thames is lies within a chalk trough, with the North Downs to the south and Chilterns Hills to the north. Over much of the course of the London Thames geological deposits comprise London Clay, which is a stiff bluish-grey marine deposit, famous for its fossil inclusions. This deposit can be up to 150 metres thick below the city. This London Clay was formed during the 60-50 million years ago during a time when Britain was under warm tropical seas (Fig. 29). Around 40 million years ago these tropical seas gradually receded and dry land emerged. It was during this period that the origins of the Thames river system developed. This gradual development of the Thames continued on a steady trajectory until approximately 2-3 million years ago, when a much enlarged proto-Thames formed a tributary to the ancestor of the modern Rhine. During this period, the Thames would have followed a course to the north of its current course. However. the development of this proto-Thames was severely disrupted with the coming of the last Ice Age about 110,000 years ago. The glacial advance had the effect of pushingthe course of the river gradually southward, approximating something like its present course.[1]

As the Thames was gradually diverted southwards, the river eroded the London Clay valley and created a series of sand and gravel terraces, whilst depositing heavier sediments, such as sands and gravels on its margins as sea levels continued to fall. In places, there are deposits of brick-earth, which is a mixture of clay and sand that has been the source of Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s longstanding brick-making industry.The thickness of these deposits is generally less than 10 m and only locally exceeds 25 m. Towards the end of the last glaciation, the release of water contained within the melting glacial ice caused a global rise in sea level which had the effect of halting the down-cutting Thames and terrace formation. Improvements seen at the end of the last Ice Age, roughly 12,000 years ago, continued up until the Bronze Age, about 4000 years ago, when climatic changes caused the development of peat deposits all along the London Thames foreshore.[2]

Fig. 29 Cross-section at the Blackwall Tunnel

1. www.thamesdiscovery.org/riverpedia/geology-of-the-thames 2. www.bgs.ac.uk/research/engineeringGeology/urbanGeo

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Geology of the river Thames comprises various differing layers of sedimentary rock upon which London, England is built. London Clay- Is described as mainly grey to bluegrey, stiff, fissured. Within the London clay the moisture contents are an average of 24%. The plasticity index varies between 23% and 53%. The liquid limits from 40% to 84% indicating that the material is high to very highly plasticity (Fig. 30). Lamberth Group- Comprises a variable series of sands, silts, clays, pebble bed and loams (Fig. 31).[1]

Fig. 30 London Clay

Fig. 31 Lambeth Group

1. www.thamesdiscovery.org/riverpedia/geology-of-the-thames

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Chapter 4 Current Conditions

Battersea Bridge Currents, 2015, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson 36

Current Conditions

There are a multitude of factors to access when working next to a river. The very nature is of a shifting and changing place. This chapter will explore the current conditions around the River and how to work and engage with them. ‘We are interested in developing an understanding of the river as a physical entity - its tidal range, its embankment, its crossings and the way it has been marginalized as a mode of transport and infrastructure. We are interested in its wildlife and in the human activity that occurs on, within and beside it, in boats and other forms of riverside/ watery construction including bridges, wharves and warehouses. Also the river itself as a vessel.’1 This chapter will examine these factors and the legislative issues surrounding them.

Thames Clay Group Oxford Clay Group

Thames Basin Tributaries and Geology at 1:400,000

1. Pierre D’Avoine and Alec Scragg, ‘MArch Unit 4’, MArch/MA Unit Introduction, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, Pdf, 2015

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Fig. 1 Clay Resources, Alex Bowers, 2015

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Biodiversity Biodiversity means “biological diversity” it is defined as the range of all life, ecological interactions and environments in which they live. After the Convention on Biological Diversity signed in Brazil in 1992, the UK became the first country to produce a national biodiversity action plan starting in 1994. In 2007, the UK Government published ‘Conserving Biodiversity- the UK Approach’; this document sets a method to conserve biodiversity based on a partnership model [1] London Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) recognizes and classifies the priority habitats that are of specific importance for London. The London BAP has 11 Habitat Action Plans and one of them is designated to rivers and streams, which cover over 600 km of water flow through London. The Partnership’s River and Streams Working Group is delivering the targets in the Rivers and streams action plan, to restore London’s rivers to a more natural state in order to benefit wildlife and people. [2] Over the past 15 years, 22 km of tributaries have been improved or restored to benefit people and wildlife thanks to the London Rivers Action Plan (LRAP), this highlights opportunities and provides guidance to local authorities, developers, community groups and non governmental organisations.The human industries around the River Thames have altered the river ecology, important habitats have been removed, damaging the [1] https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/strategy_tcm9-262356.pdf [2] http://www.lbp.org.uk/londonhabspp.html [3] http://www.therrc.co.uk/lrap/lplan.pdf [4] https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_ plan_2004.pdf 119

ecology and therefore fragmenting their vital role as a wildlife corridor. The plan is to re-create the lost habitats by creating conditions that allow wildlife to re-colonise the river, use it to migrate to complete their life cycle or move to more suitable areas to escape the impacts of the changes. [3] An example is the Battersea Reach that re-introduces native plant species that would have once inhabited the area with the aim of creating a new home for these species. The Blue Ribbon Policy of the London Plan states that the regeneration actions should be designing new watersides developments to re-growth habitat value and take chances to re-naturalise the river. This network replaces the Strategic Planning Guidance for the River Thames. The blue Ribbon Network states that the policies should protect and enhance the biodiversity and landscape value. The development of the waterways known as encroachment, have a negative impact on biodiversity. There are exceptional cases where there are developments that are unsympathetic to biodiversity that can be allowed, such as piers, or wharves that enable river transport. In such cases the developments should be designed to minimise and wherever possible mitigate its impact on biodiversity. [4]

Figure 2, 3 and 4. Show the different aspects of Biodiversity around the River Thames 120

Biodiversity Fish- The Thames is an important freshwater and marine fishery and provides an important role giving a nursery for juvenile fish. 125 species had been recorded, until the end of 2010. Survey work carried out by Marine Ecological Surveys. Marine mammals- The main recent source of information on marine mammal presence in the Thames is the Thames Marine Mammals that was coordinated by the Zoological Society of London. This bought a report by a range of river users and members of the public. There have been 340 sighting of 691 mammals, made up as follows: (figure 6,7) Bottlenose dolphin 8% Harbour porpoise 26% Common seal 21% Grey seal 15% Unidentified seal species 25% Other 5%

Birds- The principal source of information on numbers, distribution and trends in wetland birds is the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS), which has been running since 1947. The counts are done annually; undertaken approximately 2 hours either side of high water, and represent the best available estimates of the numbers of birds using the site. There are 24 regularly counted units within the Port of Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Authorityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s area of jurisdiction. [5]

Figure 5. Photograph of the River Thames Reach in Wandsworth by Regina Ortega

Figure 6. Photograph of the River Thames Reach in Wandsworth by Regina Ortega

Figure 7. Photograph of the River Thames Reach in Wandsworth by Regina Ortega

[5] https://www.pla.co.uk/Environment/Main-Biodiversity-Resourcesin-the-Tidal-Thames-Species

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Soil The tidal of the Thames covers a distance of 104 km and extends from Teddington Locks to Shoeburyness/ Isle of Grain where it meets the North Sea. The Thames crosses London that is the UK’s most populous city. The River has been subject to many pollution discharges from industrial and domestic origins, located along the banks of the river. Even though the water quality has improved considerably, there is limited information regarding the environmental quality of the surface sediments, which is vulnerable to physical disturbance and erosion [1]. The British Geological Survey is looking at Sediment profiles that could contain a record of historic pollution connected to the urbanization and industrialization of the River Thames. These could be a risk for the human health and ecosystems. This study is to comprehend the processes that influence pollution and consequently improve the management of the river.

[1] http://pla.co.uk/assets/r2238afinalmdpbaselinedocument7oct2014.compressed1.pdf [2] https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/greater-london-authority-gla

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The following analyses are carried out at the bulk and molecular level: • total organic carbon (TOC) and δ13C values • total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) • polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) • polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) • polybrominated biphenyls flame retardants (PBDE) • total mercury (Hg) • 137 caesium (Cs) radionuclides • 207/206 lead (Pb) isotopes • selected trace metals arsenic (As) pollution[2] London’s Boroughs generate a document for property owner, developers, architects and surveyor’s guidance, in order to inform themselves about the requirements for a Planning Department when it comes to applying for re-developments of pieces of land that could possibly be contaminated. The Pollution is likely to occur from previous use of the site, or an adjacent site, that had an industrial activity on it at one time or another. The requirements for cleaning up land under the planning process are not the same as cleaning up land under Part IIA of the Environment Protection Act 1990, and this guidance does not cover the latter - although the information that we would request is very similar.

Figure 8. Photograph of the edge of River Thames by Emir 124

Soil Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Boroughs generate a document for property owner, developers, architects and surveyorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s guidance, in order to inform themselves about the requirements for a Planning Department when it comes to applying for re-developments of pieces of land that could possibly be contaminated. The Pollution is likely to occur from previous use of the site, or an adjacent site, that had an industrial activity on it at one time or another. The requirements for cleaning up land under the planning process are not the same as cleaning up land under Part IIA of the Environment Protection Act 1990, and this guidance does not cover the latter - although the information that we would request is very similar. The developers are recommended to seek advice of an Environmental Consultant and the Local Authority if it is suspected that contamination may exist. There will be an assessment for the potential contamination risk on the basis of the proposed use and local circumstances. This is done before the planning permission is given. If potential risks are identified, the land will then need to be remediated, before development begins, to mitigate risks to human health and the environment [3]. Figure 9. Photograph of the soil beside River Thames

[3] http://pla.co.uk/assets/r2238afinalmdpbaselinedocument7oct2014.compressed1.pdf Figure 10. Photograph of the edge of River Thames by Emir

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From the lightest to the darkest colours: 1) Freely draining slightly acid loamy soils. 2) Loamy soils with naturally high groundwater. 3) Slowly permeable seasonally wet slightly acid but base-rich loamy and clayey soils. 4) Naturally wet very acid sandy and loamy soils. 5) Loamy and clayey floodplain soils with naturally high groundwater. 6) Loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high groundwater.

Figure 11, 12, 13, 14. plans of the River Thames soil by Arsia Mesbah 127

From the lightest to the darkest colours: 1) Loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high groundwater Loamy soils with naturally high groundwater. 2) Loamy soils with naturally high groundwater. 3) Freely draining very acid sandy and laomy soils. 4) Slowly permeable seasonally wet slightly acid but base-rich loamy and clayey soils. 5) Freely draining slightly acid loamy soils. 6) Freely draining slightly acid but base-rich soils. 128

From the lightest to the darkest colours: 1) Loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high groundwater. 2) Freely draining slightly acid loamy soils. 3) Freely draining slightly acid but base-rich soils. 4) Loamy soils with naturally high groundwater. 5) Slowly permeable seasonally wet slightly acid but base-rich loamy and clayey soils. 6) Loamy and clayey floodplain soils with naturally high groundwater. 7) Slightly acid loamy and clayey soils with impeded drainage.

From the lightest to the darkest colours: 1) Loamy and clayey soils of coastal flats with naturally high groundwater. 2) Slightly acid loamy and clayey soils with impeded drainage. 3) Freely draining slightly acid loamy soils. 4) Slowly permeable seasonally wet slightly acid but base-rich loamy and clayey soils. 5) UC. 6) Slowly permeable seasonally wet acid loamy and clayey soils. 7) Loamy soils with naturally high groundwater. 129

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Flood Thames What is at Stake

Statistic shows that 15% of land within greater London is at risk of flooding if the flood barriers across the River Thames fail to be maintain and upgraded to the fluctuating rise in sea level. Over billion pounds worth of property, tourist attractions schools and hospitals are proven to be at risk according to the Environmental Agency. In 2015 the mayor announced that sustainable urban drainage must be in place by 2050. The environmental agency has recently launched a policy action plan for the key boroughs along the Thames to plan ahead for key targets by 2100. The urgency to plan, design and construct new flood defences is admittedly a tight schedule to meet and achieve [1].

[1] www.pla.co.uk/assets/economicreport.pdf

The port of London contribution to the UK economy of

£3.4 billion each year.

For the London-based central civil service (numbering 87,000 people) one working day after a major tidal flood, the cost in lost staff time alone is estimated at

£10 million1 23.3 Ha

-------------

GREATER LONDON FLOOD AREA

Heritage and culture which generates on a annual basis a revenue from tourism at around

£15 billion

London is the UK’s largest urban cluster of economic activity, contributing some in goods and services annually costing

136.2 Ha

£250 billion2

------------AREA OUT OF FLooD

Disruption to surface transport as well as bussiest train stations such as waterloo and clapham junction with trains passing daily totalling

on the 7th August 2002 flooding incurred a cost in passenger delays of

2000+ trains

£0.74 million4

People living inthe Thames tidal floodplain are vulnerable to flooding if the current defences were to fail.

Nature conservation in the Estuary providing key habitats to over

1.25 million People

100+ species

23.3 Ha

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GREATER LONDON FLOOD AREA

Figure 16. Managing flood risk through London and the Thames estuary

Figure 15. Environment Agency, Thames Estuary 131

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Purfleet Grays & Tilbury

Rainham marshes

Mucking marshes

Barking & Dagenham

Flood Thames What is at Stake

The first 25 years

Fobbing marshes

Royal Docks

from 2010 to 2034 “Maintaining confidence and planning together”

Canvey Island Hadleigh Marshes

Isle of dogs & Lea Valley

Continuing maintenance, operation and essential improvements. Creating new habitats, safeguarding the spaces for future flood management and working in partnership with others to reduce flood risk. TE2100 will have a real influence in the preparation of, and updating of local strategic and spatial plans.

London City Hammersmith

The middle 15 years

Twickenham Richmond

from 2035 to 2049 “Renewal and reshaping the riverside”

North Kent Marshes

Barnes & Kew

Dartford & Erith

Greenwich

To the end of the century

Thamesmead P3 Continue with existing or alternative actions to manage flood risk. We will continue tomaintain flood defences at their current level accepting that the likelihood and/or consequences of a flood will increase because of climate change.

from 2050 “Preparing for, and moving into the 22nd century”

P4 Take further action to keep up with climate and land use change so that flood risk does not increase

Key flood barriers

P5 Take further action to reduce the risk of flooding (now or in the future).

Action Zone 3

Action Zone 5

Action Zone 7

Isle of Dogs & Lea Valley Greenwich Royal Docks

Dartford & Erith Swanscombe & Northfleet Purfleet, Grays & Tilbury

Canvey Island Bowers Marshes Shell Haven & Fobbing Marshes Isle of Grain

From 2070 (based on government’s current climate change guidance) a major change will be needed. The decision on the “end of the century” option to be adopted must be made at the start of this period followed by planning and preparation for implementation By 2070, flood risk management arrangements must be in place to take us to the end of the century – and beyond.

Action Zone 8

Leigh Old Town & Southend-on-Sea

Precautionary approach: single intervention point at start, to manage risk over the whole life

Risk

Richmond Twickenham Barnes & Kew Hammersmith

These major projects provide an opportunity to reshape our riverside environment through working with spatial planners, designers, environmental groups and those who live and work in the Estuary area.

Swanscombe

Wandsworth to deptford

Action Zone 1

Many of the existing walls, embankments and smaller barriers will need raising and major refurbishment or replacement in this period.

Managed adaptive approach: several interventions over time to manage risk Flood risk is managed so that it does not exceed this level (set by the “policy”) Flood risk increases with time if not managed by active interventions

Action Plan Action Zone 2

Wandsworth to Deptford London City 133

Action Zone 4

Thamesmead Barking & Dagenham Rainham Marshes

Time Frame Action Zone 6

East Tilbury & Mucking Marshes North Kent Marshes Hadleigh Marshes

Figure 16. Diagrams of the Flood Risk

Today

2100

Time

Fig 1

Figure 17. Diagrams of the River Thames Flooding Risk 134

Field Trip

Paris and the River Seine The unit’s interest in Paris lies within the sentiment of the city being on water akin to London. We are interested in drawing a revealing comparison between how both cities of river Seine and river Thames behave towards them while developing an understanding of both the rivers as physical entities their geologies, embankments, crossings, mode of transport, infrastructure as well as their human activities and cultures. Also examining their influences on each other for instance Napoleon’s Bois de Boulogne based on his admiration and envy for London’s gardens. The Seine, at 780 km (485 miles) long, is France’s second longest river. The Seine rises in the region of Burgundy and then flows through Troyes and Melun to Paris. Beyond the capital, the river moves in large loops through Normandy and Rouen, entering the English Channel in an estuary between Le Havre and Honfleur. Its name has Celtic roots and means “sacred source” or “sacred river”. [1] http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Paris/Paris_ history.shtml Figure 18. Section of Saint Martin Canal Lock by Emir

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Field Trip

Paris and the River Seine Unit four visited the former Renault factory called Boulogne-Billancourt located in the Paris suburbs. The development is a hydraulic system with a public park in the middle. The pictures on the right side describe the thoughtful details designed to prevent flood in the area. Paris is also a city that has high flooding risk and they have to consider it for the projects beside the river Seine [2].

Figure 19. Details to prevent flood in Boulogne-Billancourt. Photopgraphs by Regina Ortega

Information gathered by Unit four in the Field Trip

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Figure 20. Site plan of Boulogne-Billancourt.

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Tidal

Thames Tides Depending on the time of year, the river tide rises and falls twice a day by up to 7 m (24 ft) and due to the need to overcome the outflow of fresh water from a significant part of England takes longer to subside (ebb) (6-9 hours) than it does to flow in (4-5 hours). London Bridge is used as the basis for published tide tables giving the times of high tide. High tide reaches Putney about 30 minutes later, similarly Teddington/Ham. Low-lying banks of London have been defended against natural vulnerability to flooding by storm surges. The threat has increased due to a slow but continous rise in high water level, caused by the extremely slow â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;tiltingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of Britain (up in the north and down in the south) due to post-glacial rebound and the gradual rise in sea levels due to climate change. The Thames Barrier was constucted across the Thames at Woolwich to deal with this threat [1]

[1] http://www.pla.co.uk/Safety/Tide-Tables

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Figure 21. River Thames Tides

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Tidal

Tideway Below Teddington Lock (about 55 miles or 89 kilometres upstream of the Thames Estuary), the river is subject to tidal activity from the North Sea. Before the lock was installed, the river was tidal as far as Staines, about 16 miles (26 km) upstream. London, capital of Roman Britain, was established on two hills, now known as Cornhill and Ludgate Hill. These provide a firm base for a trading centre at the lowest possible point on the Thames. The principal tributaries of the River Thames on the Tideway include the rivers Brent, Wandle, Effra, Westbourne, Fleet, Ravensbourne ( the final part of which is called Deptford Creek), Lea, Roding, Darent and Ingrebourne. At London, the water is slightly brackish with sea salt, being a mix of sea and fresh water. [1]

[1] http://www.pla.co.uk/Safety/Tide-Tables

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Figure 22. River Thames Tides

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Tidal

Tidal Range The height of a tide at any location is supposed to be the height of high water (or low water for a low tide) above the ‘chart datum’ for that location Chart datum is roughly the lowest water level that can theoretically occur, taking account of astronomical factors but gnoring weather and river flow effects. The problem is that local height predictions and/ or measurements are only available for a few locations on the Thames. I’ve therefore decided to stick to London Bridge heights which are readily available, and which people may already be familiar with as they are quoted in newspapaers and printed tide tables. The “London Bridge” data provided by the PLA in fact relates to the nearby Tower Pier, where they have a tide gauge. The use of London Bridge heights in the right side tables mean that they will not correspond to the heights shown on any local tide gauge poles such as the one in the photo on the left (near Chiswick Pier). But the heights in the tables do give a good inidication of the relative height of the tide. [1] [1] http://www.thames21.org.uk/project/your-tidalthames/ Figure 22. Diagram explaining the tides 143

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Tidal Factors affecting tide -For the Thames, both the tide times and their heights can be affected by these meteorological factors. -Wind directions and speed: and easterly wind will push more water upstream from the estuary, paising the height of the tide. this effect can be magnified if water has already been pushed down the North Sea by a earlier northerly or north easterly wind. -Atmosphereic pressure if a depression is over the Channel or the North Sea, the lowered Pressure contributes to a rise in the sea level. -Recent rainfall heavy or prolonged rain anywhere in the Thames valley will increase the downstream flow, and this can raise the tide level, particularly in the upper tidal streches above Wandsworth Tributaries such as the River Brent can also contribute to this. [1]

[1] http://www.thames21.org.uk/project/your-tidalthames/

Figure 23. Plan of the bed of the River Thames 145

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Hidden Rivers

London’s forgotten veins and arteries London used to have rivers on its surface, dominating the landscape in which the first settlements grow. The rivers played vital roles in maintaining growth and stable development of the city. Londoners use them as fresh water supply for their basic needs and for their animals to drink. The Thames has more than fifty tributaries between its source and sea. Depending on what qualifies as a river, twenty-one of them channels into the tidal Thames within Greater London. The larger tributaries acted as transportation routes to deliver goods between places, and trading spots. Agriculturally, they powered mills and factories to help the farmers in terms of grinding, washing, rolling, chopping, mashing, pummelling and strecthing. Between the twenty one tributaries linking directly to the Thames, two-thirds are now partially or wholly lost, buried beneath the surface of London. [1] [1] Paul Talling, London’s Lost Rivers (Random House Books, 2011)

Figure 24. View of the entrance of the Counter’s Creek at http://www.londoncanals.co.uk/kenc/ken01.html 147

Figure 25. London’s Hidden Rivers - Plan 1:100 0000, Wan Emir Astar’s drawing 148

Hidden Rivers

London’s forgotten veins and arteries They have been shifted, channelled, diverted away from its original routes, into tunnels which has a complex linkage of sewers. The origin of the problem started when Londoners dumped everything they did not need anymore into the rivers, from sewers to carcasses, and also relics of old gods. The rivers could only take so much that eventually the rivers which originally had its purpose as a provider turned into a source of diseases and pollutions of many kinds. The outright solution during that time - Joseph Balgazette’s sewage system- was to bury them beneath the grounds of London which is now still present as sewers, becoming a part of the components within the vast subterranean terrains of London.[1] Figure 26. Entrance to the Westbourne River, accessible from the Chelsea Embankment foreshore at http://www.londonslostrivers.com/ river-westbourne-walk.html

[1] Tom Bolton, London’s Lost Rivers, A Walker’s Guide (Strange Attractor Press, 2011)

Figure 27. 1:50 0000 Soundwaves of Westbourne River, Wan Emir Astar’s drawing 0

149

100M

Counters Creek 1:10,000

150

Hidden Rivers

London’s forgotten veins and arteries Despite them being buried underneath the streets and houses, there are moments along these hidden rivers where clues and watery relics give indications on the trails of the rivers’ original courses. For example, a large iron conduit going across the station holds a green pipe in which the Westbourne runs in. During low tide, the mouth of the Westbourne can be accessed by going down to the foreshore of the embankment. 20m into the tunnel, steel hatches covers the opening. It is interesting to note that how the current setting of London have been influenced by these rivers. Between the administration boundaries of Royal Borough of Kensignton and Chelsea (RBKC) and Hammersmith and Fulham, lies Counter’s Creek. These boundaries were carefully align to the shape of the river despite it being hidden underneath the ground. [1]

Figure 28. Mouth of the Westbourne River visible during low tide, Wan Emir Astar’s own image

Figure 29. Westbourne River above Sloane Square Station, Wan Emir Astar’s own image

Figure 30. Source of Westbourne River, Whitestone Pond, Wan Emir Astar’s own image

[1] Tom Bolton, London’s Lost Rivers, A Walker’s Guide (Strange Attractor Press, 2011

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152

Hidden Rivers

London’s forgotten veins and arteries The railways also sits on these boundaries which further implies the influence of the river despite it being visually disappeared. These rivers were the main lifelines of London, the veins and arteries of the city. Buried deep down due to the irresponsible actions of past Londoners, the rivers have been forgotten by many and most people would not have even know about them in the first place. Losing most of its rivers in less than 100 years, it is a testament to the wave of change that transformed it from a city of 650000 in 1750 to an industrial metropolis with a population peaking at 8.6 million in 1939. Nevertheless, it has been an integral parts of the city, readapting and revolutionizing its purposes through the centuries in order to keep the city alive. Through those evidences alone, the hidden rivers will always be acknowldeged as a very reliable support system of London, looking after the ever-growing city from beneath the grounds. [1] [1] Tom Bolton, London’s Lost Rivers, A Walker’s Guide (Strange Attractor Press, 2011)

153

Figure 31. Tube station

Figure 32. Former stream bed which Westbourne River, Wan Emir Astar’s own image

Figure 33. Source of Westbourne River, Whitestone Pond, Wan Emir Astar’s own image

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Sewers Bazalgette’s interceptor sewerage system For centuries, human waste had been removed from the cesspits as ‘night soil’ and taken away for use as fertilizer on fields around London. With the relentless growth of London, this was no longer feasible. The population of London doubled between 1801 and 1841 and during the early 19th century the River Thames was an open sewer, with disastrous consequences for public health in London including cholera epidemics. Although the contamination of the water supply was correctly diagnosed by Dr John Snow in 1849 as the method of communication, it was believed that miasma, or smell, was responsible right up to the outbreak of 1866. In 1855, the creation of the Metropolitan Board of Works was established to try to improve London’s sanitation and street systems. There was a very dry summer in 1858 which resulted in an intolerable smell throughout the city and it has been referred to in history as the Great Stink.

The engineer Joseph Bazalgette put forward design for a network of 85 miles of new sewers flowing from west to east to intercept the many smaller sewers that ran into the Thames to take the city’s muck to the east of London by force of gravity where it would discharge into the Thames well clear of the city extents. From there, Bazalgette said, the tides would wash the filth out to sea. Gravity allows the sewage to flow eastwards, but in some places, pumping stations were built to raise the water and provide sufficient flow. The scheme involved major pumping stations at Deptford (1864) and at Crossness (1865) on the Erith marshes, both on the south side of the Thames, and at Abbey Mills (in the River Lea valley, 1868) and on the Chelsea Embankment (close to Grosvenor Bridge; 1875), north of the river. [1]

[1] http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/sir-joseph-bazalgette-and-londons-sewers

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Figure 34. Counter’s Creek, Plan 1:50 000, Rebecca Robinson’s drawing

156

water and provide sufficient flow. e involved major pumping stations (1864) and at Crossness (1865) on ceptor sewerage system arshes, both on the south side of the Sewers nd at Abbey Mills (in the River Lea Bazalgette’s interceptor sewerage system 8) and on the Chelsea Embankment Bazalgette’s foresight may be seen in the osvenor Bridge; 1875), north of the an waste had been removed diameter of the sewers. When planning the

A drawing from the Illustrated London News that shows the relationship between the Embankment, the Bazalgette Sewers and the District and Circle rail line (a)

network he took the densest population, gave s ‘night soil’ taken away every person the and most generous allowance of sewage production and came up with a on fields around diameter may of pipe needed andLondon. then doubled the With s foresight be seen in the diameter to be used. His foresight allowed for theof sewers. When planning the th this was no the London, unforeseen increase in population density; with original, smaller pipe diameter the thethe densest population, gave etook population London doubled sewer would have of overflowed in the 1960s, n therather most allowance ofit thangenerous coping until the present day as has.[1] 1841 andcame during thea diameter early 19th duction and up with ded and then doubled the diameter to hames was an open sewer, s foresight allowed for the unforeseen nsequences for public health in population density; with the original, eholera diameterepidemics. the sewer would have

of gravity where it would discharge into the Thames well clear of the city extents. From there, Bazalgette said, the tides would wash the filth out to sea.

Gravity allows the sewage to flow eastwards, but in some places, pumping stations were built to raise the water and provide sufficient flow. The scheme involved major pumping stations in the 1960s, rather than coping until at Deptford (1864) and at Crossness (1865) on Inside Bazalgette’s sewers (b) day as it has. the Erith marshes, both on the south side of the mination of the water supply Thames, and at Abbey Mills (in the River Lea nosed by Dr John Snow in 1849 valley, 1868) and on the Chelsea Embankment ommunication, it was believed (close to Grosvenor Bridge; 1875), north of the mell, was responsible right up river. 1866. In 1855, the creation of Figure 36. London’s Sewege

[1] http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/sir-joseph-bazalgette-and-londons-sewers

157

Figure 37. London’s Sewege A drawing from the Illustrated London News that shows the relationship between the Embankment, the Bazalgette Sewers and the District and Circle rail line (a) 158

Sewers Thames Tideway Tunnel Much of London is still served by Sir Joseph Bazalgette’s Victorian combined drainage system. This means that both domestic waste water and rain water from roads and roofs flow into the same pipes. A significant amount of rain water used to be absorbed into the ground, but more roads and the trend for paving over front gardens has led to the majority of this now running directly into the sewage system. After only 2mm of rain, the volume of run-off can overwhelm the antiquated pipes and the system overloads. To prevent dirty water from backing-up on to roads and into houses, an order is given to release the overflow directly into the Thames. This has been happening up to sixty times a year dumping 32 million tons of sewage including human waste and sanitary products directly into the river. A 16 mile interceptor tunnel will have an internal diameter of 7.2 m. It will run through the center of London, mostly under the River Thames, at [1] http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/sir-joseph-bazalgette-and-londons-sewers

a depth of 30 m in the west through to 70 m in the east. The pipe will have a much bigger capacity than the existing system and take the sewage overflow from Hammersmith to Beckton for treatment. The tunnel should be completed by 2020. Once constructed the system is expected to reduce the number of overflow events to a maximum of four per Combined Sewage Overflow (CSO) per year at time of commissioning.To build the Thames Tideway Tunnel, four tunnel boring machines (TBMs) will be needed to excavate the main tunnel plus at least two others for smaller connection tunnels. The shafts will be concrete cylinders with an internal diameter ranging from 6 m to 24 m and 20 m - 60 m deep. Ventilation structures at CSO sites to allow air in and out of the shaft will also need to be built. Construction at these sites is expected to take between 2.5 and 3.5 years and once complete each site will be landscaped.[1]

Figure 38. Counter’s Creek, Plan 1:50 000, Rebecca Robinson’s drawing 159

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Landuse London’s land use is ever changing due to economic growth and commercial investment. As a city with a great emphasis on business, employment is becoming predominantly office based, therefore land use is changing from industrial to buildings for office space and residential development. London’s industrial economy has dramatically fallen since the before 1980’s, the city has little requirements for land for use as docks, warehouses, factories etc. The expanding population of people is changing the use to commerical and residential as a priority, with space in high demand to supply the influx of people to the city for work and to live. The total stock of land use by Borough has not been updated since 1977, when there would have been significantly different results to the modern London we live in now. In 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie developed the Greater London Plan, which followed on from his County of London Plan in 1943.

After World War II planners saw an opportunity to recreate London and amend some of the failings of the city structure. Failings caused by haphazard development and planning due to the rapid industrialisation during the 19th century. The plan was based around five key issues: • Recreation • Population Growth • Transport • Housing • Employment and industry The map above shows the final schematic plan set out by Abercrombie to create a new London. The plan was not successful due to lack of funds in post-war Britain; however addresses many issues that London still faces today. The plan shows an interesting insight into the potential of London as a planned city; clearly defined districts for industry, shopping, residential, central business districts, etc, creating an inclusive city with open access for all, including opening the River Thames to the citizens of London, not just industry. [1]

[1] https://data.gov.uk/dataset/land_use_statistics_generalised_land_use_database Figure 39. Set of Photographs by Alba Campos 161

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Landuse

Figure 40. Plan of Landuse by Alba Campos 163

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The River Thames and the Waste Industry The current waste industry in London Throughout the 19th century and into the first half of the 20th century. The Thames became an important industrial waterway. Not only was London Britainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest port, it was also a major manufacturing centre. Among the more important Thames-side industries were gas production and electricity generation. The rise and fall of these two industries reflect the changing fortunes of commerece and indusrty on the river. [1]

Figure 41. Set of Images of Waste Industry by Chris Penford

[1] Port of London Autority

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The River Thames and the Waste Industry Current Industry The number of heavy lorries driving through the capital could increase dramatically if councils switch the transport of domestic refuse from the Thames to the roads, the Port of London Authority has warned. One million tonnes of rubbish is carried annually on the river to landfill sites in Essex. Local authorities bordering the river operate five waterside transfer stations where the waste is loaded from lorries on the barges. Today, there are two functioning waste transfer stations in the borough of Wandsworth. These two stations serve four other central boroughs in London: Westminster, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Wandsworth. All of the refuse is then sorted compacted and floated down the river to Essex where it either goes to landfill or the incinerators. [1]

[1] Port of London Autority Figure 42. Plan of Waste industry around the River Thames 167

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The River Thames and the Waste Industry Western Riverside Waste Authority- WRWA Western Riverside Transfer StationSituated on Smugglers Way near Wandsworth Bridge, it was built in 1985 to handle up to 5,600 tonnes of solid domestic and civic amenity waste per week. The station containerises the waste and operates efficiently and to the highest environmental standards. Cringle Dock Transfer StationThe Authority’s second transfer station, Cringle Dock is situated next to Battersea Power Station and is capable of containersing over 5,000 tonnes of refuse every week. WeighbridgesAt both stations vehicles are weighed in as they arrive and the details are taken of where they and the waste came from. This information is recorded on a computerised weighbridge and the vehicles then pass into the tipping hall, where they are directed to a tipping bay by a centrally positioned control room.

The safely barrier is raised, allowing the vehicles to reverse safely and discharge their loads into a hopper. They they return via the ‘out’ weighbridge to complete the cycle. Hoppers and CompactorsOnce the hoppers are full and the barrier is lowered, an hydraulically powered ram pushes the waste on to the next stage of its cycle. At Western Riverside, waste is fed directly into one of ten compactors which compress the waste into individual containers. At Cringle Dock, the waste is pushed by the ram into one of two huge storage bunkers, prior to final processing. It is them loaded by grabbing cranes into the hoppers which supply the station’s two compactors. [1]

[1] Port of London Autority

169

Figure 43. Plan of Waste industry around the River Thames by Chris Penford

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[1] WRWA Waste Transfer Stations Figure 44. Image of Western Riverside Waste Authority Recycling Facility by Chris Penford 171

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Chapter 5 People and Politics

Battersea Bridge, 2015, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson 40

People and Politics

People and politics are intertwined into what building in and on the Thames means. Social and demographic concerns will be explored in this chapter. London has a changing demographic and much of the area in the focus of Unit 4; between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge, has been privatised along the Thames River bank. ‘This part of the riverside houses many of the country’s great political, religious, legal and cultural institutions. The Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) is located on the north side of Westminster Bridge together with Scotland Yard. Lambeth Palace, the London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury is on the south side adjacent to Lambeth Bridge. The MI5 building just upstream adjacent to Vauxhall Bridge with Tate Britain opposite on the north bank. There is talk of a new embassy quarter in Battersea, following the relocation of the American Embassy to Nine Elms. We understand the Grosvenor Estate are currently exploring the potential to relocate embassies from Belgravia to free up their property for more lucrative residential use.’ 1

The Thames is changing from industrial use to residential, social and cultural uses. This chapter will explore the impact of these changes. rus

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Poverty

the map of average pay in the london map of average pay in london The map of averagehelps pay inexplain Londonthe helps explain the map map of poverty helps explain – it the map of poverty – it of poverty – it is largely lowlow paypay that puts households is largely that puts households is largely low pay that puts households into poverty. Mostinto children living in poverty have a in poverty. Most childreninto living poverty. Most children living in parent living with them whohave is alsoa earning. iswith a have a parent living with poverty parent There living poverty campaign in London to spread a “living wage”there so that them who is also earning. them who is a is also earning. there is a fewer Londoners are only just getting to by.spread It has campaign in london campaign abeen “living in london to spread a “living successful, but notwage” successful enough yet.1 so that fewer londoners wage” are only so that fewer londoners are only just getting by. it has been successful, just getting by. it has been successful, but not successful enough yet. but not successful enough yet.

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3: The proportion of children in poverty based on ward-level estimatesbased for 2009 onprojected a gridded population map2009 using the projected share of dependent Average household income Average after tax household (before housing income costs) after based tax (before on ward-level housing costs) estimates based for on 2008 ward-level estimates for 2008 the proportion of childrenFigliving the proportion in poverty based ofliving children on ward-level living in poverty estimates forprojected on 2009 ward-level estimates on cartogram, a for onchildren a receiving child tax-credit and those in out-of-work families as a simple proxy (Data source: Greater London Authority 2011) projected on a gridded population projected cartogram on a gridded (Data source: population Office cartogram for National (DataStatistics source: Office 2011) for National Statistics 2011) gridded population cartogram, gridded map using population the share cartogram, of dependent map using children the share receiving of dependent child tax-credit children receiving child tax-credit and those in out-of-work families and those as a simple in out-of-work proxy (Data families source: as aGreater simple proxy London (Data Authority source: 2011) Greater London Authority 2011)

Fig 2: Average household income after tax (before housing costs) based on ward-level estimates for 2008 projected on a gridded population cartogram (Data source: Office for National Statistics 2011)

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Health & Wellbeing

eating a healthy diet Being physically active Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight Moderating alcohol intake When a person feels well, they are Wellbeing is a positive physical, social and mental state, Preventing harmful levels of sun more likely to value their health and and more than just an absence of illness. exposure make When positive decisions a person feels well,about they arethe more likely to value Practicing way they live. Good mental wellbeing their health and make positive decisions about the way safer sex they live. mental wellbeing can leadAttending to reduced cancer screening can lead to Good reduced risk-taking risk-taking (such asalcohol excessive alcohol Beingintake safe on the roads behaviour (suchbehaviour as excessive or smoking), and may improve educational attainment Managing stress intake or smoking), and may improve and work productivity. educational attainment and work productivity. It is important to positively influence the health of

Wellbeing is a positive physical, social and mental state, and more than just Health & Wellbeing an absence of illness.

everyone who lives and works in the City, enabling them

to live healthily, preventinginfluence ill health developing, and It is important to positively promoting strong and empowered groups of individuals the health of everyone who lives and who are motivated to drive positive change within their works communities in the City,andenabling them to businesses. live healthily, preventing ill health Workers and residents can take their own steps to improve and health,promoting and big improvements developing, strong in health can result from the following: and empowered groups of individuals • Not smoking or breathing others’ smoke who are motivated to drive positive • Eating a healthy diet change• within communities and Being their physically active businesses. • Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight •

Moderating alcohol intake

• and Preventing harmful levels sun exposure Workers residents can takeof their • Practicing safer sex own steps to improve health, and big • Attending cancer screening improvements health can result from • Beinginsafe on the roads the following: • Managing stress

Not smoking or breathing others’ 1 smoke 1 http://datashine.org.uk Fig 4: Map showing the Health and Wellbeing in London 179

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Population

Population London’s population has hit 8.6m people, according to the Greater London Authority - and the last time it was that big was 76 years ago. The metropolis is already Europe’s largest city and the 6th richest place on Earth. Here are some key facts about the capital. 1. London’s packed classrooms London, unlike anywhere else in the country, is a graduate economy. According to the Office for National Statistics, 60% of the working-age population in inner London has a degree. in terms of the diversity of the population, more than 80% of children in inner London primary schools are from ethnic minorities and more than half do not speak English as a first language. 2. Slowest growth The City of London is in line for the slowest growth. Between 2015 and 2039 its population is forecast to grow by 4,000 people. 3. All squeezed in...The total area of London is 1,572 sq km (607 sq m) with a population density of 5,491 people per sq km. 4. Hatched and dispatched According to GLA figures there were 131,011 births in 2013 - that’s 359 babies born each day. And during 2013, some 48,078 Londoners died equivalent to 132 people passing away each day.

London’s population has hit 8.6m people, according to the Greater london Authority - and the last time it was that big was 76 years ago. The metropolis is already Europe’s largest city and the 6th richest place on Earth. Here are some key facts about the capital.

5,491 people per sq km. 4. Hatched and dispatched According to GLA figures there were 131,011 births in 2013 - that’s 359 babies born each day. And during 2013, some 48,078 Londoners died - equivalent to 132 people passing away each day.

1. London’s packed classrooms london, unlike anywhere else in the country, is a graduate economy. According to the Office for National Statistics, 60% of the working-age population in inner london has a degree. in terms of the diversity of the population, more than 80% of children in inner london primary schools are from ethnic minorities and more than half do not speak English as a first language. 2. slowest growth the City of london is in line for the slowest growth. Between 2015 and and 2039 its population is forecast to grow by 4,000 people. 3. All squeezed in... The total area of London is 1,572 sq km (607 sq m) with a population density of

1 https://jamesjgleeson.wordpress.com

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Fig 5: Map population density according to Census Data 2011

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Fig 6: London protest at Npower over energy profits and fuel poverty (2013

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Fig 7: London protest at Npower over energy profits and fuel poverty (2013

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House Prices London house prices have soared in recent years as a result of a severe supply shortage for the demand as more and more people move to the city. The population is nearing 10 million as people continue to move to the capital to live and work, despite the high living costs. Foreign investors attribute to the high house values, buying properties within the city to secure their money in a ‘safe haven’ away from the eurocrisis. Living on the river comes at an even higher premium, people are willing to pay up to a 70% premium for rented properties with a river view.

What price is a river view? City (£/psf)

River

Max.* (%)

Max.

London Thames 70 2,000 Paris Seine 50 1,570 Shanghai Huangpo 20 1,860 Hong Kong Harbour 15 2,300 Sydney Harbour 20 1,600 Moscow Moskva 10-13 1,330 New York Hudson 0 1,250 Source: Savills * Premium over nearby properties The Southbank has the highest premium prices; houses sell for up to £2,000 per sq ft compared with £1,200 per sq ft for those without the river views in the same area.

Fig 8: House prices growth in 2014 185

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House Prices The map shows the average house prices in Greater London (Fig 9). There is some correlation to the information above, with properties within the boroughs bordering the Thames having higher standards, mainly north of the river.

1million + 700 - 1million

As you move out of the city towards the estuary, prices are considerably lower. However, a premium still applies for properties with a riverside view.

600 - 700 500 - 600 350 - 500

Over the last few years, new developments have been erected along the length of the urban Thames at an unprecedented rate. Many of these developments have average property values in the ÂŁmillions, such as; Battersea Power Station, Chelsea Waterfront, Nine Elms, Fulham Reach, Battersea Rise; making it impossible for most Londoners to live in proximity to the river. It is reported London house prices are growing at a pace of 2.75% every quarter year at the moment, with prices growing 11% in 2015 alone.

250 - 350 Under 250

Fig 9: Diagram showing average house prices in Greater London

1 Map based on 2014 information map by London.gov.uk 187

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Boris Development The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson has recently approved plans for 13 new London bridges and tunnels along the River Thames will “unlock areas for development”. The capital will feature new crossings between Fulham in the west and Dartford in the east. TfL has been launching public consultations on two of the crossings at Gallions Reach and Belvedere, both to the east. If these plans are approved, then the new crossings could be implemented and delivered by 2050. These plans are planning ahead for the city’s population has seen a significant increase from 8.6 million to 10 million by 2030. The new links between the north and south of the river will look at unlocking new areas of development along the Thames as well as improving day to travelling across the Thames.

Fig 10: Proposed crossings and new developments along the Thames

The new development is expected to drive the economic growth and encourage more people to walk, cycle and use public transport. 1

1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-34982994 189

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Thames Development •

Diamond Jubilee bridge - pedestrian and cycle bridge connecting Fulham to Battersea

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Charlton - potential passenger ferry crossing linking the Royal Docks and Charlton Riverside

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Crossrail 2 - rail tunnel between Clapham Junction and Victoria

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Nine Elms to Pimlico - pedestrian and cycle bridge linking Vauxhall, Nine Elms and Battersea to Pimlico

Crossraill - rail line linking Woolwich with Custom House and onward to Canary Wharf, central London and Heathrow Airport

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Gallions Reach - a multi-modal crossing linking

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Garden Bridge - pedestrian crossing linking South Bank to Temple station

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Thamesmead with Beckton along a safeguarded alignment

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Rotherhithe to Canary Wharf - a pedestrian and cycle bridge

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Barking Riverside to Thamesmead - a London Overground tunnel extension from Barking Riverside to Thamesmead

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North Greenwich to the Isle of Dogs - a passenger ferry linking North Greenwich and the Isle of Dogs (Blackwall)

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Belvedere - a multi-modal crossing connecting Belvedere with Rainham

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Silvertown tunnel - a twin-bore tunnel connecting Silvertown on the north side to the Blackwall Tunnel Approach on the south side

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Lower Thames Crossing - new road crossing linking Essex and Kent - being progressed by Highways England for the Government

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Fig 11: Proposed ‘Garden Bridge’ Heatherwick Studio

1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-34982994

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Food Since the earliest settlements beside the river, the Thames has been a constant connection between the people and food; as a home for a diverse biological ecosystem, to providing fertile land to be harvested and as a passage of transport connecting to distant lands and cultures.

Chelsea boardering the Thames 1836. At the time a popular market garden supplying vegetable crops to city markets.

In the recent decades as land prices soar and the ability to transport food has eased, agriculture and the food production industry has receded from the city centres. However with the Food industry contributing so highly to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GDP, modern trends returning to the preference of locally sourced food as in the 17th century, the ever continuing interest in ethically sourced foods and the Thames at itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cleanest for a long time; could we see food growth returning to the capital. 1

View towards the Thames and London Garden, one of many contemporary examples of small scale agriculture in the city. 1 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol4/pt2/plate-3 http://capitalgrowth.org/big_idea/ Fig 12: Diagram showing the development of agriculture along the Thames

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Food History

Southend-on -sea Covent Garden

London was first established as a Roman settlement approx. AD 50 where they bridges the Thames but a major reason for this can be traced to their pursuit in Oysters with which the Thames was rich The Thames provided fresh fish and water to the fertile grounds of the growing settlement. Up until the 20th century the gravels and land running up to the river were used to cultivate many crops, some like Chelsea and Battersea as Market Gardens. The produce was preferred to imports from East Anglia and sold at markets such as Borough Market.

Brentford Greenwich

Tilbury

Battersea

Hampton

Erith

Kingston

The Victorian era which is often regarded as a defining moment for the capital and the Thames made popular a couple of dishes regarded as traditional London food and still available today. Jellied Eel’s commonly from Eel Pie Island near Brentford and London Particular, a soup taking its name as a comparison to the yellow tinged smog in the capital at the time.

1 http://www.sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/goodfoodforlondon2014/ http://qz.com/483977/once-dead-londons-thames-river-is-now-teeming-with-seals- porpoises-and-even-a-whale-or-two/ http://www.maldonpieandmash.com/ http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/dec/21/tom-kerridgelondon-recipes- mince-pies-london-particular-gin-junket

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Thames Oysters

Borough Market c1860

Modern London Particular

Londoners with Jellied Eel c1927

Fig 13: The trend of ‘food’ in London 196

Food Supply and Demand

U.K population density per km2 262

With a population density in excess of ten times the U.Kâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the food footprint for London is roughly the entire productive landscape of Britain, with very little produce grown within the city.

London population density per km2 2,691

The U.K is 54% self sufficient, with a global reaching import infrastructure, much of this arrives at the Port of London by boat on the Thames before continuing its journey to other areas of the country. Map demonstrating population density for London and U.K 2014

Ever increasingly the trend with food is towards local production and sourcing of food along with ethical values. However the Thames has been a two-way door for London and the world and today London celebrates diversity and multiculturalism with nearly all foods of the world available in its many restaurants and popular street markets. 1

Food vending markets within Greater London

Inner City Farms

Map showing location of Inner City Farms and Food vending markets within Greater London U.K 54% Europe 29% Africa 4%

1 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/461296/foodpocketbook-2015report-17sep15.pdf World Health Organisation; Urban Agriculture in London 2001 Port of London Authority www.pla.co.uk/port-trade/part-of-a-daily-

Asia 4% North America 4% South America 4% Australasia 4%

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life Fig 14: Map showing location of inner city farms and food vending markets within Greater London 197

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Food Future Hundreds of new initiatives regarding food production and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;food securityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are popping up around the Thames in all forms. Established initiatives such as Capital Growth, which encourages first scale personal growth have huge numbers in support and there is an estimated 30,000 allotments across the city as well as Borough wide ranking for production growth. A lack of space within the city has pushed creatives to think outside and very much inside the box seeking space above and below. Hydroponic glasshouses built from containers allow plants to be grown mostly anywhere with limited resources. A disused WW2 bunker serves in South Clapham as an subterranean farm where conditions can be maintained away from air born pesticides. Increasing numbers of pop up gardens are bringing greenery and local produce to grey spaces in the city along with a sense of pride in communities. 1

Capital Growth, Local Growing by Borough

1 http://www.sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/goodfoodforlondon2014/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-25948880 http://www.incredible-edible-southwark.org.uk/projects/show/meliorstreet- community-garden http://growup.org.uk/

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Fig 15: Map showing capital growth, Local growing by Borough

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Access to the River Edge condition

During the last decade there have been several reports from authorities and several organisations as well as published articles on the press focusing on the crucial subject of accessibility to the river Thames. Specifically, in this chapter accessibility is explored through: _ a diagram showcasing waterfront edge condition and infrastructure typologies _ a map (1:100.000) showcasing waterfront accessibility and permeability Moreover, through this chapter it is observed that along parts of the river in the west of Greater London (Arcadian Thames) there are numerous access points (stairs, draw docks) most of them in a good condition situated in a wider network of open/green areas such as parks, gardens or sport facilities. Contrary to that part, as heading forward to central London, it is clear that access to the river becomes more problematic due to both the lack of maintenance of the various access points and of semi-privatised areas and over-development. Finally, in the eastern part of the Thames, the number of the access points reduces while the number of wharfs in the same area is quite noticeable because of the industrial zones existing there. Fig 16: A diagram showcasing waterfront edge condition and infrastructure typologies

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Fig 17: A map (1:100.000) showcasing waterfront accessibility and permeability

FACTS AND FIGURES

Health

Healthy places improve air, water and soil quality, incorporating measures that help us adapt to, and where possible, mitigate climate change

Sustainable design towards healthier spaces When planning our cities our conceptions must address and enhance health.

Urban parks are on average 1°C cooler than built-up areas during the day

Create and maintain spaces that are multifunctional with the aim of achieving the determinants of health is not only good for human beings but also a growing economical vector that will attract investment in to cities.

Healthy places make people feel comfortable and at ease, increasing social interaction and reducing antisocial behaviour, isolation and stress Healthy places optimise opportunities for working, learning and development

The avant-garde urban needs to be plastic and adapt to present and future changes, to be resilient and promote a sustainable living.

Healthy places are restorative, uplifting and healing for both physical and mental health conditions

“The park illuminates a series of issues: the degree to which the independent agency of nature can be incorporated into urban design; the pedagogic limits to complex aesthetic and scientific discourses in the public arena; and the metaphorical parameters of ecological science in the politics of urban nature.”- Gandy, Matthew in “Entropy by design: Gilles Clement, Parc Henri Matisse and the Limits to Avant-garde Urbanism

Healthy places help overcome health inequalities and can promote healthy lifestyles

A study of playgrounds found that 99 per cent of the participating schools said that the Supergrounds programme had a lasting impact on teaching practice and attitudes to learning

Fig 18: The settlement Health Map(Barton and Grant 2006) Developed from a concept by Dahlgren and Whitehead 1991

Almost 90 per cent of the people taking part in a study by Mind said that doing physical exercise outdoors in a natural environment was either important or very important in determining how they felt PUBLIC HEALTH AND LANDSCAPE - CREATING HEALTHY PLACES - LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE POSITION STATEMENT

“$12m – saving in healthcare costs as a result of 10% more cycling in Copenhagen. This leads to increased productivity of $31m and an extra 61,000 years of life.” TONY JUNIPER , “WHAT HAS NATURE EVER DONE FOR US?” (2013)

“Increasing people’s access to green spaces could cut billions of pounds from the NHS healthcare bill. Sue Holden, the chief executive of The Woodland Trust said it had been calculated that the NHS could save £2.1bn a year if everyone had access to green spaces — the link between ‘healthy woods and healthy lives’ was a ‘connection that really has to be made much more and much more often.”

Designing and improving connectivity between open spaces as a panoply of social, economic and ecological advantages that are the key to the sustainable development of our metropolis.

MARK KINVER , BBC NEW S (2013), BBC.CO.UK /NEW S/SCIENCE-ENVIRONMENT

“A study in New York states that asthma rates among children age four and five fell by a quarter for every extra 343 trees per square kilometre. The presence of street trees was linked with a 29% reduction in early childhood asthma.” GSLOVASI ,JWQUINN , KMNE CKERMAN, MSPERZ ANOWSKI , ANDA. RUNDLE , CHILDREN LIVINGIN ARE AS WITH MORE STREET TREES HAVE LOWER ASTHMA PREVALENCE (2008) 205

Fig 19: Dimensions of neighbourhood liveability for site survey- towards a liveable Londo- Campaign to Protect Rural England, 2014

Fig 20:

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LONDON GREEN SPACES

Fig 21: London Green Spaces, derived from Alan Baxter London Natural Signatures: Scale: N/A

Fig 22: Healthy Communities, derived from GiGL data 2011 Crown Copyright Scale: N/A Fig 23: Relationship between green spaces, healthy spaces and levels of health; Scale: 1/ 300 000

LONDON HEALTHY COMMUNITIES 207

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IT IS ALL ABOUT CONNECTIVITY

Fig 26 - Multilayered and integrated green infrastructure - Armour, Tom; et al. “Cities Alive: Rethinking green infrastructure”; Arup; 2014;Scale:na

Fig 24: Making Connections, derived from GiGL data 2011 Crown Copyright; Scale 1/300 000

Fig 25 - % of Homes with poor acess to nature, derived from LondonMapper,2012; Scale:na

MAKING CONECTIONS 209

Fig 27 - Street Section - Cuningham Group Architecture, Inc.;Scale:na

INACCESSIBILITY TO NATURE 210

Industry to Culture

Art

Over the years the Thames has become a subject for cultural events of all kinds. From art, sports, literature and cinema. The role of the city has changed dramatically. It is no longer used for industrial purposes and necessity it once did. The city is now a diffusion of different cultures.

The river Thames was a vital focal point for artists to endorse art. From Canaletto, Claude Monet to Hamilton, many artists dedicated their work to the portray a representation of the Thames. They captured the different styles and periods that interpreted various topographical views of the movement as a primary source of wealth and captured the beauty and life along the Thames. Presently, John Kaufman’s ‘The Diver’ a 15 foot (4.6 meters) tall sculpture constructed from galvanised steel stands in the river in East London and depicts a deepsea diver that has just emerged from the waters of the river.

Fig 29: Newly-built Westminster Bridge was made by Canaletto in 1746

1 http://www.saferemovalslondon.co.uk/the-diver-regeneration-oneof-londons-most-famous-sculptures/

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Fig 28 - John Kaufman’s ‘The Diver’

1 http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.150/ Printing-the-Thames-in-the-19th-century.html http://www.urban75.org/walks/rainham-purfleet-walk-london-loopsection-24.html http://www.saferemovalslondon.co.uk/the-diver-regeneration-one-oflondons-most-famous-sculptures/ 212

Literature

Sport

Charles Dickens was on the many English writers who wrote several parts of his books taking the river Thames as a theme. One of the most notable pieces of his work includes ‘Our Mutual Friend’. Dickens’ last piece of completed work which described the river in the grimmer light

Culture is not just about art and literature. It’s not just a painting or a manuscript. Sport also plays a significant cultural role when it comes to the Thames. A kind of culture that, like the others, has to go through changes and mutations over the year years. There are many sports where the River Thames is the real star for many years: rowing, sailing, running and punting.1

Fig 31: A Cambridge eight in action on the Thames

1 http://www.charlesdickensonline.com/Favorites/f139.htm

Fig 30: Front Cover of ‘Our Mutual Friend’

1 http://www.boatingonthethames.co.uk/Rowing

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Chapter 6 Tectonics of the Thames

Tidal Shore of the Thames, 2015, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson 44

Tectonics of the Thames

Building on or around a river presents many challenges and the density and multiple uses of London further these challenges. This chapter will explore specific tectonic issues related to the Thames. Working with water brings around very specific challenges. As with every topic in this manual not every eventually can be covered but this chapter will explore a narrative about building with, in and next to water. This chapter will also explore the regulations surrounding these different factors.

Fig. 1 Section through Chelsea Embankment, Wan Emir Astar, 2015

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Bridging the Thames A Technical Study London’s River Thames has a rich historical backdrop, the river has played a huge influential role the development of the city. London owes most of its existence to its historical bridges, the erection of these bridges have helped define the city in many ways. There are a total of 33 bridges that cross over the Thames. Each bridge has its own functional crossing and overall plays a vital part of London’s Transport infrastructure.1

1. Putney Bridge 2. Wandsworth Bridge 3. Battersea Railway Bridge 4. Battersea Bridge 5. Albert Bridge

As the River Thames stretches from its source in Cotswold Hill right through to the open sea near Southend in Essex and passes though many different landscapes. The river begins to touch the boundaries of Greater London unfolding the stories of London’s bridges through a set of historical events over time.2 The bridges of London hold a vast collection of typologies and styles all across the river, from Victorian, contemporary, ornate and intricate. Each bridge holds its own individual value and story. Bridges were perceived as moving towards great prosperity and development at the time they were beginning to be designed.

Mariam Ahmadzade Chris Penford Regina Ortega Rebecca Dillion-Robinson Sheena Patel

6. Chelsea Bridge

Emir Astar

7. Vauxhall Bridge

Lee Jae Jin

7 6 4

This chapter will explore seven of the many bridges that cross the river Thames in South West London. The aim of this structural analysis is to understand the social, political and logistical impact each bridges materiality and construction had on the North and South banks of the Thames. 1. London City Council. Bridges. [Online]. [Accessed 07/11/15]. Available from: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/transportand-streets/roads-highways-and-pavements/Pages/Bridges.aspx 2. Roberts, Chris. Cross River Traffic. London: Granta, 2005.

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1 2

Fig. 1

1:50 000_Bridge Location Plan

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Putney Bridge Mariam Ahmadzade Putney Bridge is an arched bridge which is one of the oldest forms of bridges. As shown on the drawings on the right hand side, the arches channels the weight from above to the foundations below. The bridge don’t need additional supports or cables as it is arched and they will stand on their own for a long time. An arch bridge as a structure which is completely unstable until the two spans are joined in the middle. For years, engineers used a technique called centering, in which a wooden form supported both spans until they locked together at the midpoint. Before an arch can be built a wooden frame must be built. This allows the stones to be put in position. The frame is removed after the stones are in position. This is the method which have been used for Putney bridge.1 Putney Bridge has a semicircular design with abutments on each end. The arches are known as a ‘compression structure’. Stone arches, as shown, are built over the explained temporary wooden centering. ‘Once the last piece of stone, called the keystone has been set in place, the arch is pretty much finished. But if the centering is removed before the keystone is set, the uppermost stones would want to fall, and this would push the sides of the arch outward. To prevent this from happening, more material must be built up against the sides of the arch before the centering is removed. This prevents movement between the stones, and also compresses them together. The more the wedge-shaped stones are compressed, the stronger the arch.’ 2

Fig. 3

Bridge Elevation_1:1000

Putney Bridge and Putney high street - Scale 1:1500 Putney Bridge and Putney high street - Scale 1:1500

Putney Bridge from North West

Fig. 2

Start of boat race from Putney Bridge

Putey Bridge from North West

Fig. 4 of Putney Bridge - Scale 1:200 Edge

Bridge Elevation Detail_1:200

1. Terry Norman & Andrew Mabbutt, The Stone Arch Bridge, Llandeilo Through the Ages 2. ibid. 221

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Edge of Putney Bridge - Scale 1:200

Longitudinal Section - Scale 1:200 Longitudinal Section - Scale 1:200

The current bridge is a masonry bridge with ‘four piers that have plain buttresses above cutwaters, with refuges at road level. They were built inside cofferdams, the timber piles of which were driven by steam-powered pile drivers invented by James Nasmyth, who first used the technique on Newcastle’s High Level Bridge in 1849. Putney Bridge is close to the site of an aqueduct owned by the Chelsea Waterworks Company. It was built in 1856 and carried water mains in an iron trough supported on eight piers each of four cylindrical iron piles. To continue the water supply when the aqueduct was demolished, the mains were incorporated into the new bridge’s superstructure beneath the footway.’ 1 Caisson foundation has been used of the bridge, which three of them are placed under each pier structure to support the dead and live load above. The section on the right hand side is showing the detail drawing of Caissons. The sketches are also representing my understanding and exploring how the foundation works under the heavy structure.

005:1 elacS - noitceS ssorC Longitudinal Section - Scale 1:500 A ta noitceS

A A

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Section at C.D of Caisson - Scale 1:200

Section at A.B of Caisson - Scale 1:200 Section Fig. 6 at A.B of Caisson - Scale 1:200 D D

Section at C.D of Caisson - Scale 1:200

Fig. 5

Caisson Section_1:200

A A

Longitudinal Section - Scale 1:200

Plan Of Lower Caissons - Scale 1:200 Plan Of Lower Caissons - Scale 1:200 Fig. 7

C C

1. Denis Smith, Civil Engineering Heritage: London & The Thames Valley 2001, Thomas Telford Ltd for Institution of Civil Engineers, London 2. “Caissons and Grade Beams”, California foundation work, Retrieved from: http://californiafoundationworks.com/caissons-andgrade-beams/

Cross Section - Scale 1:500

Section at A

‘Caissons are deep foundation supports that are constructed by placing fresh concrete and reinforcing steel into a drilled shaft. These reinforced concrete piles are cast in holes of predetermined diameters and depths drilled through soil and rock to the desired bearing stratum. Caissons, which are capable of supporting high, concentrated loads, are typically used to set piers for bridges, underpasses, structural supports, as well as in slide prevention applications. Caissons are viewed as a reliable, versatile, and economical foundation support solution.’ 2

005:1 elacS - noitceS lanidutignoL

B B

- Scale 1:200 Plan Of Upper Caissons nalP Plan Of Upper Caissons - Scale 1:200 Cross Section Of Pier- Scale 1:100

Fig. 8 hcrA fo lartneC ta noitceS 11 ssorC 11

Cross Section at Central of Arch

Deck Cross Section_1:100 001:1 elacS -reiP fO noitceS ssorC Plan 224

Wandsworth Bridge Chris Penford Today, Wandsworth Bridge is one of the of the busiest bridges in London, with over 50,000 vehicles crossing it daily due to its links to the A3 from the South into the North of London.1 This route, avoids densely populated high streets throughout the borough of Wandsworth therefore making it a preferred route. Adjacent to the Western Riverside Waste Authority (WRWA) is the River Wandle, a major tributary to the Thames. Being a narrow fast flowing river, the Wandle was ideal to power industrial buildings by using water turbines.2 The main example of an industrial site that utilised the Wandle was Wandsworth and District Gas Company, taken over by the WRWA in 1986.3 The former gas company was nationalised in 1949 and was relocated.4 However, when it was operational it relied on colliers to deliver coal on large flatiron barges near the mouth of the Thames downstream in Essex and Kent before completion in 1940. Due to this need for continuous access and the location of the gas works, Wandsworth Bridge could not have been built in the conventional way of erecting a framework across the river. Therefore, location of Wandsworth gas works could have impeded the construction of the bridge. The first ‘phase’ was to span onto the foundations towards the center of the river from both sides equally, leaving the center section out for the colliers to pass by.

Fig. 10

Showing Raised Center Section_1:1 250

Fulham Riverside

Wandsworth Bridge

Battersea Reach

190m

Fig. 9Put

Lowering Center Section_Concept Fig. 11

1. Cookson, B., 2006, Crossing The River: The History of London’s Thames River Bridges From Richmond to the Tower, Version 1.0 [Amazon Kindle Cloud Reader]. London: Transworld Publishes, Location 1377 of 4567. 2. Talling, P., 2011. London’s Lost Rivers. [Online]. [Accessed 05/11/15]. Available from: http://www.londonslostrivers.com/river-wandle.html 225

3. Western Riverside Waste Authority, 1988. About Us. [Online]. [Accessed 07/11/15]. Available from: http://www.wrwa.gov.uk/waste-authority/about-us.aspx 4. The National Archives, 1876-1981. Wandsworth and District Gas Company. [Online]. [Accessed 07/11/15]. Available from: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/3d635472-970c-45ba-8b6928f4984e9651#0

High Tide

Low Tide

Completed Wandsworth Bridge Elevation_1:1 250

226

Pierson Frank designed the bridge and lowered the center section to sit on each of the seven arches that support the bridge, illustrated by the exploded axonometric. This drawing allows you to understand the build up of the bridges direct design statement, all of which can be seen from underneath by boat. This sincerity of structure is a concept that the thesis should offer in order to pay homage to Wandsworth’s industrial history. On refection, Pierson Frank chose steel for Wandsworth Bridge due its numerous benefits, the main being its durability. This factor is incredibly important in bridge construction in order to guarantee safety and sustainability. Using painted steel not only ensures a high quality structure, but also keeps labour and any other maintenance costs relatively low which, during World War II, would have been critical to its authorisation as the countries resources turned to the military effort. However, steel does not only offer a functional benefit. The structural strength of the steel allowed Pierson Frank to expose the internal space and demonstrate the transparency of the structure. The bridges honesty in assembly is exhibited using underside views, it is possible to see the corrugated metal that the road surface is laid onto. The Royal Fine Art Commission reinforced this theory in 1935 claiming that the proposals simplicity is its greatest asset, ‘In the design of the bridge a sever simplicity of treatment has been carried out, expressed in a technique essentially related to the material (steel) proposed for its construction.’ 1

4 5 6 7

Fig. 12 8

Exploded Axonometric Annotations 1 - Steel handrail 2 - Public path / road 3 - Corrugated steel paneling 4 - Steel surface beams with steel bracing 5 - Steel platform beam for fixing central section 6 - Stonework corner pylons 7 - Shaped central section steel beams with steel bracing 8 - Steel base beam connected to foundations 9 - Cantilevered steel base beam connected to foundations 10 - Concrete foundations cladded in granite 11 - Painted steel cladding panels

Worms Eye View Fig. 13

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Exploded Axonometric

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Battersea Railway Bridge Regina Ortega The Bridge opened for the first time on 2ndBridge March 1863 Battersea Railway Abstract as part of redeveloping the West London Extension Railway (WLER). 1 The purpose of the bridge was to connect the main northbound railway lines with the South of England that is divided by the River Thames. Currently it connects with the overground service to two boroughs in South West London; Hammersmith and Fulham and Wandsworth.

Fig. 15

Bridge Elevation_1:1000

Battersea Railway Bridge is one of the oldest bridges in London. As an element of national importance for English Heritage, it has been listed as a Grade II structure since 2008. The structure of the bridge consists of four masonry piers on the riverside with backfield mass concrete connected with five Wrought Iron arch spans as depicted in Figure 1. On both riverbanks the structure in connected to the hinterland with three arch brick viaducts for its overall support. On the deck of the bridge there are two railway lines that connect the overground network between Imperial Wharf and Clapham Junction.

In 2008 the structure was recognised as a Grade II* listed building. It was chosen as a listed structure because ithas been of special historic interest in the development of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s railway and an architectural contribution to London and England. It is the earliest Thames rail crossing recorded, also it is the first north-south railway line recorded in London. 2

The bridge has a balance of aesthetics and ethics, as its structure is intended to be exposed. The material used on the bridge is first class quality as it lasted for over 152 years. There is a sense of equilibrium in the composition of the stonework and the wrought iron. The exposed wrought iron placed in diagonal bracing shows the engineering that some new buildings are trying to achieve in a contemporary way. By looking at the stonework you can read the tideway. Furthermore it shows how the material aesthetics deteriorate with water but structurally it is successful. 1 Figure 1. Fragment elevation of the third Pier Scale 1.100 Tunnel and Bridge Assesment, Thames Water Central Zone, Sep 2013

Figure 1.

2 Elevation_Fragment of the third Pier_1:200

Fig. 14 1. Addison-Wesley. Bridges en Route. p.45 2. Phillips, G, Thames Crossings, 1981, p. 190-1 Axonometric_Section of Battersea Rilway Bridge showing how the stone connects to the wrought iron structure Fig. 16 229

Axonometric _Detail of how the stone connects to the wrought iron structure Fig. 17 230

ry related to the st-iron making it ve ca of e ad m is ge e brid e ground, even n on all spans of th s connecting to th tio er ta pi e en th m na to d or se is Th ’s idea that ‘detailas oppo ans of the bridge, capsulates Gregotti sp en e th be ge id of br re e tu th uc ay str this w wor k happens to re is concealed. In eans by which the tu m uc al str nic is ch th te gh t an ou th ignific regarded as an ins ing should never be 16 and the realized.’ nteel areas it links ‘ge e th es nc re fe re s d fine and perhap 17 is quite organic an g ilin hood’. ta ur de bo ld igh go ne is e Th th in ed liv ce ns who on many notable citize

Battersea Bridge Rebecca Dillon-Robinson Battersea bridge is informed by its place and the history of crossing on this part of the Thames. The need for strength at this area of the river is key. The bridge sits on a sharp meander in the Thames on Battersea reach which causes currents which are difficult to navigate.1 This would have been an influencing factor on the chosen spans of the bridge, as the river was made less wide by the embanking of the Thames. The widest span of the bridge is 49 metres. The embanking of the Thames increased the flow in the river and pressure on bridge piers. The urban expansion at this time also caused an expansion to population numbers and numbers predicted to cross the bridge.

Bridge Elevation_1:1000

Fig. 20

tor y, p. 41 Obsession With His 16. V. Gregotti, The p. 66 , ffic Tra er Riv ss 17. C. Roberts, Cro

Bazalgette’s designed addresses this need for solidity with four granite piers on concrete foundations to support the bridge.2

Fig. 18

This ornamentation on all spans of the bridge is made of cast-iron making it very related to the structure of the spans of the bridge, as opposed to the piers connecting to the ground, even though this structure is concealed. In this way the bridge encapsulates Gregotti’s idea that ‘detailing should never be regarded as an insignificant technical means by which the work happens to be realized.’ 16

Fig. 19

This gold detailing is quite organic and fine and perhaps references the ‘genteel areas it links and the g lived in the neighbourhood’. 17 many notable citizens who once l of Gold Embossin

p: Detai Images Left from To dge g on Battersea Bri ssin bo Em ld Go

1. B. Cookson, Crossing the River, Chapter 6 2. Ibid 16. V. Gregotti, The Obsession With History, p. 41 17. C. Roberts, Cross River Traffic, p. 66 14

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Fig. 21

Bridge Plan_1:1000

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This need for solidity is continued in the spanning structures. The solid looking granite piers are visible but the iron structure in concealed between green painted iron panels with gold adornments. The geology and changing nature of the river bed contribute to a need for solidity. The foundations and piers of the bridge reacting to this in their solidity; as Frampton writes ‘the presencing of a work is inseperable from the manner of its foundation in the ground and the ascendency of its structure through the interplay of span, seam and joint.’ 1 The spans are made up of five segmented castiron arches crossed braced by multiple wrought-iron members.2 The Bridge is one of the narrowest of the Thames’ Bridges with a roadway of 12.192 metre supported on the main structure of the bridge. The two 2.43 metre wide footways are supported on arms cantilevered from this.3

As you move across the bridge the lamp stand are revealed from behind the stone. The granite is recognised as cladding material holding something within it. Below the bridge the façade is peeled away and the cast iron structure can be seen both from the beach at low tide and whilst you are on the water. Fig. 22

‘That which gives things their constancy and pith but is also at the same time the source of their particular mode of sensuous pressure – coloured, resonant,hard, massive – is the matter of things … What is constant in a thing, its consisitency, lies in the fact that matter stands together with a form.’ 21

Lighting Detailing_1:100

There is a real allowance for engaging with the materiality of the bridge as you walk across it, the stone and cast iron sit along side each other and are large with solidity like the whole. The sense of touch here is important, as you can engage with the materials of the structure that continue below you in the place that they are above.

1. K. Frampton, Studies in Tectonic Culture, p. 26 2. C. Roberts, Cross River Traffic, p. 66 3. B. Cookson, Crossing the River, Chapter 6 Fig. 23

Bridge Embankment Detail

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21. M. Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, p. 26

Albert Bridge Sheena Patel In 1960 it was Prince Albert who formerly introduced the idea of building Albert Bridge as a toll bridge to increase revenue and profits, thus forming the Albert bridge company. Albert Bridge was originally a toll bridge, as it was built at a time where toll booths were still in action. 1 Bridge operators who worked on Battersea bridge feared that they would loose revenue and opposed to the idea of Albert Bridge. This obstacle caused many objections and led to the project being delayed. In 1864 permission was granted to begin work on Albert Bridge.2

Bridge Elevation_1:2000

Fig. 25

It quickly became one of London’s landmarks and one of the capitals “most attractive bridge” for its colour and hybridised engineering. The bridge was opened without a huge ceremony as its construction had crossed the initial budget of £50,00 by huge margin of a total of £200,000.3

Deck Section and girder details Scale 1:50

Deck Section and Girder Details_1:50

Fig. 26 Transverse section of bridge

The Albert Bridge consists of four iron towers reaching a height of twenty one metres, these are then supported on cast iron cylinders filled with concrete to support the overall structure. These Pillars were the largest to be cast at that time. Metal bands were extend out from the towers to keep the bridge stiff.4

Scale 1:200

Details of joint on outer column Scale 1:50 Albert Bridge Study

Deck Section and girder details Scale 1:50

Deck Section and

Deck Section and g

Transverse section of bridge Scale 1:200

1. Cookson, Brian. Crossing The River. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2006 2. http://www.hyderconsulting.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publications%20-%20 Books%20and%20Brochures/Transport%20brochure%20Augustv3.pdf 3. Cookson, Brian. Crossing The River. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2006 4. Roberts, Chris. Cross River Traffic. London: Granta, 2005

Transverse section of bridge Scale 1:200

Details of joint on outer column Scale 1:50

Fig. 24 235

Transverse Section of Bridge_1:200

Transverse section of bridge Scale 1:200

Fig. 27

Details of joint on outer column Scale 1:50

Outer Column Detail_1:200 236

Chelsea Bridge Emir Astar The first Chelsea Bridge — initially known as the Victoria Bridge — was designed by Thomas Page who incorporated wrought iron deck into the construction, and four 30m cast iron tower supporting chains which acts as a support base for the iron deck.

Bridge Elevation_1:2500

Fig. 29

The change of name occurred due to the concerns over the reliabilities of suspension bridges as the royal household did not want its name to be associated with it as the possibility of a potential collapse would bring shame to the name of the Queen. Strengthening was done by ways of implementing additional chains to both sides of the bridge. On top of that, a weight limit was imposed as a preventive measure. The Chelsea Bridge is a 210m self-anchored suspension bridge and was the first in Britain to use such structural technology. Technically, the main cables would only need to be anchored to the bridge deck. This excludes the need of anchoring the main cables onto massive blocks or ground anchorages for foundation purposes. In terms of the context, it seems to have been the appropriate choice of structural solution: minimising the impact onto both sides of the banks in order to create big foundations — which would have make the river narrower — and to built on top of elevated piers which are required in order to make bigger clearances for boats to pass through underneath the deck. Furthermore, the abutments are built over soft, and unstable London clay, hence the self-anchored type of structure relieves the stress from the suspension cables.

Fig. 28

Bridge Cross Section_1:200

Fig. 30

Bridge Elevation Detail_1:500

Fig. 31 Suspension Detail_1:50

All drawings produced by Emir Astar 237

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Vauxhall Bridge Lee Jae Jin Vauxhall Bridge Elevation_1:500

Fig. 33

London’s first iron bridge, Regent Bridge, was replaced by the current Vauxhall Bridge. After making a new bridge, London’s traffic problem, especially from the population of south London increase, had been steadily solved. On the other hand, there was a serious alteration in the tidal flow of the river and the water level lowered after the romoval of the Old London Bridge in 1831.1 Vauxhall Bridge was originally planned to be a blue sandstone bridge with seven arches, but John Rennie suggested a lighter design of eleven cast-iron arches because of its financial advantages. However, this was not approved either leading to Sir Samuel Bentham’s nine-arched iron bridge was suggested after that although the proposal had been criticised in terms of the quality of work and fears of conservation bodies that might affect the flow of the River Thames. Finally, James Walker who proposed granite-faced, cast-iron sturcture was approved.2

Vauxhall Brige, a steel and granite deck arch bridge, was declared a Grade II* listed structure in 2008.4 Both north and south banksides are very significant in history of Vauxhall area and Vauxhall Bridge. Especially, Albert Embankment on south bank side, has been around since 1869 to protect the area from flooding, as Vauxhall was a flood plain of both the River Thames and the Effra once. In the late nineteenth, after completion of Albert Embankment, a number of council housing project were also built on the embankment side.5 More than anything else, the interesting part of Vauxhall Bridge is about sculpture. The ornaments of Vauxhall Bridge consider and form the bridge more significant. This is one of Pomeroy’s four colossal statues on the upstream side of Vauxhall Bridge.6

Vauxhall Bridge Structure 1:100

Vauxh

Partial detail of River Thames Edge and Vauxhall Bridge 1:50

This in turn encouraged extensive ribbon development along the main thoroughfare passing through Kennington and Vauxhall. Due to problems caused by an increase in Isometric drawing River Edge of Vauxhall Bridge traffic, the foundations of the bridge had to be replaced Not to scaled and repaired in 1887. Consequently, the entire bridge was rebuilt by 1906.3

1. Historic England, [Online]. [Accessed 08/12/15]. Available from: historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1393011 2. Graces Guide, [Online]. [Accessed 05/12/2015]. Available from: www.gracesguide.co.uk/Regent’s_Bridge 3. Chris Roberts, Cross River Traffic: A History of London’s Bridges, Granta Books; New edition edition, 2006 4. Vauxhall Bridge, [Online]. [Accessed 08/12/15]. Available from: london.wikia.com/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge 239

Fig. 35

Vauxhall Bridge Structure_1:100

Fig. 36

Vauxhall Bridge abutment elevation_1:20

Vauxhall Bridge abutment elevation 1:20

Fig. 32

Isometric_River Edge of Vauxhall Bridge

5. Chris Roberts, Cross River Traffic: A History of London’s Bridges, Granta Books; New edition edition, 2006 6. Secret Cities, [Online]. [Accessed 07/11/15]. Available from: secret-cities.com/2011/08/18/england’s-smallest-cathedral/ Accessed to 03/12/2015

Fig. 34

Partial Detail_River Thames Edge and Vauxhall Bridge_1:100

All drawings produced by Lee Jae Jin 240

Material Study London Brick Typologies London Stock Brick London stock brick is the type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of Flettons and other machine-made bricks in the early 20th century. Its distinctive yellow colour and soft appearance come from the yellow local clay from which the bricks were made. London Stocks are still made in comparatively small quantities in traditional brickworks, mainly in Kent and Sussex, for heritage work, and machine-made versions are available for use where a cheaper approximation to the traditional product is acceptable. Red stock bricks are also fairly common, but only the yellow or brown coloured bricks are usually known as London stocks brick. London stock brick is the type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of Flettons and other machine-made bricks in the early 20th century. Its distinctive yellow colour and soft appearance come from the yellow local clay from which the bricks were made.

1.1 London LondonStock Thames Clay Group Fig. 37 Stock Brick,London Brick, London Thames Clay Group

London Stocks are still made in comparatively small quantities in traditional brickworks, mainly in Kent and Sussex, for heritage work, and machine-made versions are available for use where a cheaper approximation to the traditional product is acceptable. Red stock bricks are also fairly common, but only the yellow or brown coloured bricks are usually known as London stocks. Fig. 38

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Fletton Brick “Fletton” is the generic name given to bricks made from lower Oxford clay which have a low fuel cost due to the carbonaceous content of the clay. The London Brick Company are the leading manufacturer in Fletton Bricks. The capital-intensive Fletton brick industry suffered from substantial variations in demand. After the First World War, amalgamations were proposed. In 1923, London Brick merged with Malcolm Stewart’s B.J. Forder, who, along with London Brick, was one of the four main groupings in the Fletton brick industry. The new company, for a while called L.B.C. & Forders, went on to acquire other brick firms in the late 1920s, giving it a dominant position in the Fletton brick industry. By 1931, the company was making a billion bricks a year. In 1935, output exceeded 1.5 billion bricks, or 60 per cent of the Fletton brick industry output, and peak pre-war output reached 1.75 billion bricks. “Fletton” is the generic name given to bricks made from lower Oxford clay which have a low fuel cost due to the carbonaceous content of the clay. The London Brick Company are the leading manufacturer in Fletton Bricks.

1.1 Battersea Power Station, Fletton Brick, Oxford Clay Group Fig. 39

Battersea Power Station, Fletton Brick, Oxford Clay Group

The capital-intensive Fletton brick industry suffered from substantial variations in demand. After the First World War, amalgamations were proposed. In 1923, London Brick merged with Malcolm Stewart’s B.J. Forder, who, along with London Brick, was one of the four main groupings in the Fletton brick industry. The new company, for a while called L.B.C. & Forders, went on to acquire other brick firms in the late 1920s, giving it a dominant position in the Fletton brick industry. By 1931, the company was making a billion bricks a year. In 1935, output exceeded 1.5 billion bricks, or 60 per cent of the Fletton brick industry output, and peak pre-war output reached 1.75 billion bricks. Fig. 40

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Battersea Power Station was a coal fired power station

Material Study Dredging the Thames The Thames River and estuary has provided a national gateway port since the Roman Period. Encroachment through reclamation and construction of wharfage ensured access was maintained, although by the early C19th some dredging works had commenced principally to lower shoals on the main channels and to provide a source of ballast. From 1857, when the Thames Conservators were reconstituted, dredging activity in the Thames increased to maintain and improve the main navigation, ensuring passage of new classes of commercial shipping, which were both wider and deeper draughted. Significant dredging works were undertaken between 1895 and 1900. Further works were undertaken during a second capital dredging campaign concluded by 1928, during which some 37 million cubic yards were excavated. It can be difficult to secure BREEAM credits for bespoke details and materials such as London bricks, particularly if they are not covered by the Green Guide to Materials. The scale of developments often makes the calculation methods very complex and time consuming and most currently assessed schemes have avoided these BREEAM credits as a result. However, establishing a system at the outset to track and achieve these credits should be encouraged when designing a proposal.1

1.1 Plough Dredging Plough Schematic

Fig. 41

Briefing Document

1.1 Trailer Suction Hopper Dredging Schematic

Plough Dredging Plough Schematic

Fig. 42

Briefing Document

1.1 Backhoe Excavator Dredging Schematic

Trailer Suction Hopper Dredging Schematic

Fig. 43

Plough Dredging Plough Schematic

Briefing Document

1. BREEAM, [Online]. [Accessed 09/02/16]. Available from: http:// www.bre.co.uk/greenguide/page.jsp?id=3612

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Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Canals London during the industrial revolution in the 19th Century before the time of the railways was full of canals bringing goods from all over the country. The evidence of some of these routes can still be seen and used today (fig. 1).

Grand Union Canal

River Lea Navigation

Canals do not have to same properties as natural waterways so when building in near or around them different factors have to be taken in to consideration than those on a natural water course. Many rivers in London have been canalised such as Counters Creek (fig. 2) and so similar technical considerations need to be taken into concern when dealing with these waterways.

Grand Union Canal Paddington Branch

Brent Reservoir Regents Canal

River Brent

River Thames

The Canal and River Trust (https://canalrivertrust. org.uk) maintain 2,000 miles of Canals and Rivers in the UK, which is most of the canals but some are still privately owned. They that care of the Grand Union Canal in London. Parts of the Thames could also be said to be canalised, this is under the care of the Port of London Authority, which has already been discussed in Chapter 2 (http://www.pla.co.uk). The Inland Waterways Association (https://www.waterways.org.uk) is also a key player in the maintenance, use and reopening of canals. There is mixed history of ownership, age and condition

Fig. 44. Counters Creek, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2015

Fig. 45. Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Waterways, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2016

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of canals and comes from the way that canals were built, which was mainly as speculative projects by private investors who hoped to make their money back after the canal was in use. Due to their history as commercial waterways they have been left in different conditions with out the funds from use to maintain them. However in London there has been a massive renewable and reuse of London’s canals,1 with many more people choosing to life on houseboats for both financial and lifestyle reasons (fig. 2). Canals also offer threads of greenery or ‘ecological corridors’ through London for waterbirds and creatures (fig. 3). In this way our view of canals has changed from places of industrial transport to places of leisure. When building alongside them these factors now need to be taken into consideration. Access for all to enjoy these spaces is now important and maintaining ecology is also essential. Securing potentially hazardous machinery is also a key factor. Canals are man made waterways and so the level of water in them should remain at the same level with the management of the locks. Canals however do require maintenance and management, a key factor when considering their use. Fig. 46. Grand Union Canal at Old Oak Common, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2015

1.’Living on the River’, Architecture for All, Royal Naval College, Lecture, 2014, Accessed https://www.ornc.org/News/did-you-missour-architecture-for-all-series

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Fig. 47. Grand Union Canal at Kensal Green, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2015

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Existing Infrastructure The Thames as an Industrial Machine Western Riverside Waste Authority (WRWA) was established in 1986 as an autonomous statutory local government body to undertake the waste disposal functions prescribed by the Local Government Act 1985 and the Waste Regulation and Disposal (Authorities) Order 1985. The Authority assumed responsibility for waste disposal on behalf of four London Boroughs; Hammersmith and Fulham, Lambeth, Wandsworth and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is managed by a Committee made up of two elected Councillors from each of these four borough councils. Waste Disposal The Western Riverside Waste Authority (WRWA), in Wandsworth, manages 500,000 tonnes of waste per year from four London riverside boroughs; Wandsworth, Lambeth, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea and extra capacity to handle overspill from the City of Westminster. The collected waste is cumulated from a population of some 850,000 residents with the four served boroughs.1 Historically, the WRWA floated the household waste down the river through the center of London to landfills in Essex, such as Mucking, that are now national parks. However, since the landfills can only hold so much waste, a new incineration plant was built in Belvedere, Kent, where all household waste from the WRWA is now used as fuel to generate energy for more than 100,000 1. Western Riversdie Waste Authority, [Online]. [Accessed 07/11/15]. Available from: http://www.wrwa.gov.uk/waste-authority.aspx

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Fig. 48

Western Riverside Waste Authority Long Section_1:500

Fig. 49

Western Riverside Waste Authority West Elevation_1:500

homes and the ash used for road building. This facility demonstrates that any waste from the consumption or production from the built environment can be utilised as a successful resource whilst using the river as a vital industrial machine. Meanwhile, WRWA compact and compress recyclables into large bales that are resold and reused in the relevant industries. Waste Management in Construction (Part H) The separation and organisation of disposable waste during construction and demolition is an essential component towards any projects sustainability and fully embraced by most major construction companies. Limiting site waste and identifying reusable materials is now becoming commonplace in London as purchasing crushed aggregates that are already on site is not cost effective. The separation and correct disposal of Tenantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waste is a BREEAM (environmental assessment) requirement and a key consideration when designing a proposal, allowing sufficient space and methods for users to easily sort their waste. This concept should be considered at the early stages of design and referred to throughout the design process.

Fig. 50

River Thames_1:200 000

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Building Regulations The London Plan “Strategic planning in London is the shared responsibility of the Mayor of London, 32 London boroughs and the Corporation of the City of London. Under the legislation establishing the Greater London Authority (GLA), the Mayor has to produce a spatial development strategy (SDS) – which has become known as ‘the London Plan’ – and to keep it under review. Boroughs’ local development documents have to be ‘in general conformity’ with the London Plan, which is also legally part of the development plan that has to be taken into account when planning decisions are taken in any part of London unless there are planning reasons why it should not.” 1

with strategic infrastructure.” 2 Therefore, London authorities are now asked to consider large infrastructure and residential planning together aiming to enhance the local community. Implementing the ‘Community Infrastructure Levy’ aims to raise resources to help deliver vital infrastructure needed to support growth through the planning system.

The Mayor of London has suggested the aim to drastically alter the current planning system to allow communities more choice and power in deciding what is built in their neighbourhood. Chapter 1.46 of the mayors London Plan, outlines that: “The Localism Act 2011 also includes provisions to move responsibility for the planning of large infrastructure projects from the Infrastructure Planning Commission to the Planning Inspectorate, introduces neighbourhood planning and gives all planning authorities a duty to co-operate in relation to planning of sustainable development. This duty requires planning authorities to work together constructively on planning for strategic matters affecting at least two planning areas, particularly sustainable development or use of land in connection 1. London Plan Strategy PDF, [Online]. [Accessed 08/02/16]. Available from: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ gla_migrate_files_destination/London%20Plan%20March%20 2015%20%28FALP%29%20-%20Frontispiece%20and%20Ch1%20 Context%20and%20Strategy.pdf (Page 14)

Number of Residents per Hectare 120 - 285 90 - 120 70 - 90 40 - 70 19 - 40

2. London Plan Strategy PDF, [Online]. [Accessed 07/11/15]. Available from: https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/ london-plan/current-london-plan/chapter-one-context-and-strategy/ changing-1

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Number of Residents pe

Fig. 51

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Building Regulations Standards and Guides to Urban Design Sustainable Urban Design is more than the use of renewable energy or local materials; creating a sustainable environment can be achieved largely by implementing several key concepts throughout the design process, as described below. For example, a sustainable environment contributes to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of wellbeing, which can be seen as social sustainability. Site Specifics Considering the topography of the site might reduce the need for excavation of the ground, and thus the transport movements of removing the soil from the site. A flexible design can adapt and expand to the existing situation. Further considerations can be prevailing wind directions and water management. Multiple Ground Use and Mixed Use Developments Stacking functions is a sustainable use of the site, for example parking with retail on top and residential or leisure on top of that. Redeveloping town centres and brownfield sites is more sustainable than outof-town developments, although this depends on the scale of the development; a new development with retail and residential and offices can become a new community in itself, if it generates community-focused amenities. High-density mixed-use developments are a sustainable form of design if they maintain unbuilt

land. Explore the possibilities of a communal local green area, and shared heating/cooling facilities, possible from renewable sources. Incorporate recycling facilities, check with municipal policies. Consider reusing existing buildings and explore the needs of the local community. Public Realm A development that does not require additional mechanical heating, cooling and ventilation is more sustainable, and contributes to a greater sense of well being contributing to social sustainability. People have the greatest sense of wellbeing if they have even relatively little control over their environment. In buildings, this can be the opening of windows, in the built environment this is the choice to walk on the sunny side of the street, in the shade, to shelter from the rain or wind, to be away from excessive noise. Buildings and urban environment that are designed to a certain degree of diversity (0.6 is ideal) give the greatest sense of well being. In building terms, this relates to the massing of buildings and streetscape.1 Landscape Design

and fauna can be beneficial to the environment on a larger scale, and promote biodiversity. Look if there is a natural way for collecting rainwater (rainwater harvesting), to use for watering more intensive planted areas. Investigate if surface water can be redirected into a bog marsh area or reed bed for filtering. A development located next to water can use the water for cooling. Proposals should also aim to preserve fully grown trees. Passive Design_Part L Passive design is the most powerful tool we designers have, it refers to buildings that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need mechanical heating, cooling or ventilation, and so for a great part is in our control. Strategic use of glazed areas, louvers and opening parts can reduce the need for mechanical heating and cooling, and thus the cost of a building. Wall thicknesses can be used to control temperature and the layout of a building (atrium, courtyard) can promote natural ventilation. It is of vital importance in the design of a sustainable development as renewable energy might not always be available, or fall victim of a cost-cutting exercise. Explore the opportunities to transfer excess heat to elsewhere in the development.

Indigenous low maintenance landscapes are more sustainable; mowing, watering; planting all requires added energy (and costs). Links with existing flora

1. Study by prof. Prof. K. Steemers, Designing Urban Microclimates, Cambridge University, 2002.

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Building Regulations Comfort Conditions Natural Ventilation_Part F One of the most effective ways of reducing energy consumption in a redevelopment of an area is to design un-conditioned internal spaces or provide â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;streetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that are open or partially covered instead of being fully enclosed and needing ventilation. Designing open spaces can have many positive effects and lead to simpler fire systems (Part B), more natural light and air, finding favour with Local Planning Authorities. Open spaces can also lead to reduced service charges and create an opportunity to preserve traditional street patterns. However, creating open spaces will increase the number of external walls, and therefore more insulation and material detailing, which can drastically add to the cost of a proposal. Daylighting The amount of roof light glazing in a fully or partially covered space is a balance between the benefits of natural light, which will reduce the amount of artificial lighting required, against the effects of solar gain that might cause overheating in the summer months requiring increased energy consumption through cooling. Energy efficient lighting can still have good colour rendering and produces less heat, thus reducing the cooling load. Low energy or LED lighting can result in

significant electricity savings. LED lamps also have the benefits of low maintenance, long lamp life and reduced energy consumption, but these need to be set against higher installation. Renewables

- Ground Source Heat Pumps - Hydroelectric Water Turbines - Rain Water Collection - Solar Photovoltaic Systems - Solar Water Heating - Wind Turbines

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources - such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat - which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% of global energy consumption and 15% of global electricity generation.

Incorporating forms of renewable technology is more viable in large mixed-use schemes, especially centralised CHP plants, as different building uses are complimentary in terms of energy requirements at different times of the day. Wind power for retail is likely to be very limited and unpredictable in town centre developments.

Climate change, security of supply and the depleting reserves of useable fossil fuels require the need to harness energy from renewable sources and the move towards a low carbon economy depends heavily upon the successful deployment of renewable technology in buildings.

Apart from department stores and large shopping units, more energy is consumed in cooling retail units than heating them due to the heat generated by display lighting and shoppers. Reducing insulation levels in certain locations can actually reduce energy consumption by allowing the natural dissipation of heat through the building fabric rather than relying upon mechanical cooling. Therefore, considering the internal usage of a space can impact the detailing of the building envelope.1

Sustainable Guidance sheets are available for the following Renewable Building Technologies:

Conservation of Fuel and Power_Part L2A

- Biomass Boilers - Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

1. Planning Portal, Part L Document, [Online]. [Accessed 08/02/16]. Available from: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_ PDF_AD_L2A_2013.pdf

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Building Regulations Environment_Air, Noise and Light Pollution_Part E Air Quality Poor air quality in London is at a pivotal moment, with approximately 9,500 people dying each year due to long term exposure to the grey mist of the London skyline and therefore requiring an immediate response.1 The EU set particular limits for air quality and London, as well as other UK cities are violating these. In reaction, The Mayor’ s ‘ Air Quality Strategy’ aims to improve air quality in the capital to improve the health and well being for the people. The strategy aims to minimse the impact of demolition and construction of new buildings by controlling the dust and emissions created and aim to be ‘ air quality neutral’ , particularly in highlighted zones known as ‘ Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs). Noise Pollution Construction inevitably increases the noise level around the building site. Therefore, the management of noise in construction is about allowing the right noise levels at the right time, for example, when people are at work in Central London, noise levels can increase near their homes, as it will disturb less people. However, when the working day finishes, the noise level should be reduced. The management of noise should not only be considered in the construction stages. Noise pollution should be considered early in the planning process in terms of what materials to use 1. Independant Online, [Online]. [Accessed 08/02/16]. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/nearly-9500-people-die-early-in-a-single-year-in-london-as-a-result-of-air-pollutionstudy-finds-10390729.html 259

and the shapes of facades to deter echoes and enhance the acoustic environment. This, alongside a positive landscaping strategy can all improve the noise levels of a proposal and minimise the impact on local residents. Light Pollution BREEAM compliant lighting designs must be considered early and drawings produced to avoid light pollution. This particularly applies to external/ feature lighting: “To ensure that external lighting is concentrated in the appropriate areas and that upward lighting is minimised, reducing unnecessary light pollution, energy consumption and nuisanceto neighboring properties.” 2 This necessitates securing BREEAM credits across all categories, including energy consumption where an EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) rating of ‘ A’ would be required. The introduction of photovoltaic within glazed feature roofs will not only provides a degree of solar shading but could provide a significant proportion of the Landlord’ s electrical demand. Environmental Design Guide Making buildings both environmentally sustainable and economically viable has always been a challenge for designers. However, client and public perception of the value of effective sustainable design has changed

dramatically. Technological innovations and wider understanding of efficient systems have meant that this challenge has become considerably easier. A fundamental approach at Chapman Taylor has always been about creating the right urban framework and mix of uses that are the foundation of truly environmentally and socially sustainable environments. As creative and sustainability-conscious designers, we have an underlying objective to maximise the potential of any scheme, while striving to minimise its environmental impact. The principles of creating sustainable urban design can apply to any environment. The following key factors should be considered when developing schemes in urban environments:

Fig. 52

A general view through smog of the Canary Wharf financial district in London on April 2, 2014 Dan Kitwood/Getty Images

- scale and mix - location - orientation - ecology Renewable sources of energy can be added to many types of scheme. The following key factors should be considered when including renewable energy sources in a design scheme,

2. BREEAM, [Online]. [Accessed 08/02/16]. Available from: http:// www.breeam.com/BREEAM2011SchemeDocument/Content/12_pollution/pol04.html

260

Lower LowerWood WoodBracing Bracing Lower Wood Bracing Steel SteelReinforcement ReinforcementPlates Plates Lower Wood Lower Bracing Wood Bracing Plates Lower Wood Bracing Steel Reinforcement

Hammer Post

Structure_Part A The significance of architects and structural engineers collaboration has been commonplace for decades. Given the different abilities of engineers and architects, it is not surprising that successful collaborations are a challenge. Differences and tensions between the two professions begin before the two work together professionally. When moving into higher education, students are forced to choose between the arts or the sciences, this is where the two generate preconceptions about the other with architects often favouring form over realism and engineers preferring the opposite. Despite these differences, all architects must consider structure when designing, for example, leaving appropriate floor and wall depths for the necessary structure, and maintain understanding of foundations and load paths. Allowing for this from the outset can improve the working relationship between the architects and engineers as it can prevent frustrating alterations to the architects form. Being a modern city with modern buildings, architects and engineers together use the most advanced methods of construction. Therefore, there is no oneway to design the structure of a proposal. However, designing in or on the river can bring its own unique challenges. Managing and building water must be specially considered when determining the structure of any proposal, i.e. the depths of foundations may be deeper than usual, and retaining walls will need to be detailed differently. All proposals should refer to Part A of the building regualtions when appropriate.

Sustainable Design and Construction

Crown Post Crown Post

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Making buildings both environmentally sustainable and economically viable has always been a challenge for designers. However, client and public perception of the value of effective sustainable design has changed dramatically. Technological innovations and wider understanding of efficient systems have meant that this challenge has become considerably easier.

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Victorian Stone Masonary

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A fundamental approach architects take has always been about creating the right urban framework and mix of uses that are the foundation of truly environmentally and socially sustainable environments. As creative and sustainability-conscious designers, we have an underlying objective to maximise the potential of any scheme, while striving to minimise its environmental impact.

Heraldic Corbel Raised Floor (York Stone Flags)

Heraldic HeraldicCorbel Corbel Heraldic Corbel Raised RaisedFloor Floor Heraldic Corbel Heraldic Heraldic CorbelCorbel Great Great Great Great Arch Arch Arch Arch Rib Rib Rib Rib (York (YorkStone Stone Flags) Flags) Raised Floor Great Great Arch Arch RibRib Concrete Strip (York Stone Flags) Great Great Great Arch Arch Rib Great Arch Arch Great Rib Great RibRib Arch Arch RibRib Raised Floor Raised Floor Raised Floor Foundations (York(York StoneStone (York Flags) Stone Flags)Flags) Hammer Post Post Flying Buttress Hammer Great Great Arch Arch RibRib

The features combining sustainable design and construction reflect many policiers in the new London Plan. Mainly, the focu is on minimising the environmental impact of buildings, inclusing the life cycle analysis of a proposal and its future adaptation. Specific design features such as green structural roofs and rain watyer collection all improve a buildigns sustainable performance and these opportunities should be considered when deigning.

ArcArc RibRib Great Great Arch Arch RibRib Section Section

Collar Collar Purlin Purlin Section Section

Brick Sleeper Walls

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2 2 m m

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0 261

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Building Regulations

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Envelope Study Westminister Hall Fig. 53

Structural Strategy of Westminster Hall Structural Strategy Westminister Hall Envelope Envelope Study Study Westminister Westminister Hall Hall Envelope Study Westminister Hall Envelope Envelope Envelope Study Study Study Westminister Westminister Westminister HallHallHall 262

KeyKey Plan, Plan, Scale Scale 1: 1: 500 500 Scale Scale ForFor Section Section1:50 1:50

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Conclusion A Multitude of Concerns

Chelsea Embankment, 2015, Wan Emir Astar 52

A Multitude of Influences This Manual has offered a flavour of the multiple layers of history and vested interest that come into play when working on the edge of the Thames. It serves as a statement of intention for our own stance towards design and as a guide when developing our individual thesis projects. From now onwards each of us will pinpoint and focus on specific areas of importance and interest in our own projects. As this manual has demonstrated, we can only dip our toes into all of the legislation, history and social layers surrounding the Thames. We hope that this complexity and an understanding developed through this manual will help us all develop much richer and more grounded projects reacting to the multitude of influences found on and by the Thames.

different styles and areas

Fig. 1. Photo of Unit 4 Model

265

266

Appendix

High Tide, 2015, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson 56

Unit 4 Unit 4 Pierre dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Avoine Colette Sheddick

Unit 4 has an interest in Building in Landscape. Before Thames Edge Unit 4 researched the Derwent Valley World Heritage Site for three years. The study in particular last year was on the impact of infrastructure on community and landscape. Transport networks and sites of extraction have scarred the English landscape over millennia. The pragmatics of constructing such infrastructure reveal different building types and land use, sometimes in surreal juxtaposition. The focus was on the High Ground of the Buffer Zone, defined by a line which runs along the upper edges of the valley, which bounds the DVWHS, and its hinterland. There are moments when the boundary line appears arbitrary and the reasons for its exact location unclear. Students explored this ambiguity and made proposals for the landscape which straddles this edge.

We also visited Hadspen to study the Malaguera archive. The major design project encompassed the design of buildings, infrastructure and an attitude to ordering the landscape, with an emphasis on visionary environmental scenarios and carefully calibrated architectural judgement.

High Ground

Unit 4 has researched the Derwent Valley World Heritage Site over the last three years. This year we investigated the impact of infrastructure on community and landscape. Transport networks and sites of extraction have scarred the English landscape over millennia. The pragmatics of constructing such infrastructure reveal different building types and land use, sometimes in surreal juxtaposition. 9G JCXG HQEWUUGF QP VJG *+)* )4170& QT $WHHGT <QPG FGĆ&#x201A;PGF D[ C NKPG YJKEJ TWPU CNQPI VJG upper edges of the valley, which bounds the DVWHS, and its hinterland. There are moments when the boundary line appears arbitrary and the reasons for its exact location unclear. We have explored this ambiguity and made proposals for the landscape which straddles this edge. We carried out preliminary exercises including ethnographic studies (interview and artefact), made carved and cast models of scarred ground and conceptual drawings of landscape. Unit 4 travelled to Evora to experience and survey Alvaro Sizaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Malaguera quarter, in particular the relationship between housing and infrastructure designed by Siza to provide an urban ordering to the new development. We also visited Hadspen to study the Malaguera archive. The major design project encompassed the design of buildings, infrastructure and an attitude to ordering the landscape, with an emphasis on visionary environmental scenarios and carefully calibrated architectural judgement.

Students in Unit 4 are studying MArch Architecture and MA Architecture. Students are in their first and second years of study. Some students studied in Unit 4 last year and other students come from Unit 6, Unit 2 at Kingston. Students come both from Kingston and other Universities. All of this combines to bring together a group of students with different backgrounds and interests.1

With thanks to: Adrian Farmer, Janet Honey, George Jones, Barry Joyce, Pippa Mansel, and Mark Suggit in Belper Alice Foxley for the landscape modelling workshop and critics Pat Brown, Lorna Davies, Pereen dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Avoine, Alice Foxley, Doug Hodgson, Andrew Houlton, Tom Lewith, Daniel Rosbottom, and Fred Scott

We carried out preliminary exercises including ethnographic studies (interview and artefact), made carved and cast models of scarred ground and conceptual drawings of landscape. Unit 4 travelled to Evora to experience and survey Alvaro Sizaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Malaguera quarter, in particular the relationship between housing and infrastructure designed by Siza to provide an urban ordering to the new development. Facing page: Rafael Cunha, Masterplan Above: Lewis Marriott, Agricultural Sprawl Masterplan

Alexander Bowers, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, Nael Kazma, Jay King, Sheena Patel, Chris Penford, Carl Young, Rafael Abreu Araujo Cunha, Mark Allner, Thomas Boyd, Laurence Holmes, Lewis Marriott, Paul Myers, Ricardo Pereira, Viruth Purichanont.

1. Whole Page Taken From â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Architecture and Landscape Design Exhibition 2015â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston Univesity, p.22

269

Fig. 1. Masterplan, Rafael Cunha, 2015

270

Landscape Studio Postgraduate Diploma Landscape Architecture and MA Landscape & Urbanism Pat Brown

The Landscape Studio teaches students on three courses; Landscape and Urbanism MA, Landscape PgDip and Landscape MLA. They have studied a vast range of urban and rural environments. Last year they focused on Le Havre. Le Havre (now Franceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest container port), was founded in the 16th century on drained saltmarsh and mudflats, of the English Channel and estuary of the Seine, in the geological context of the Paris/London Basin. The chalk bedrock is expressed as a 110 m cliff separating the upper town from the lower city and port. In 1944 much of this lower city was destroyed by World War II allied bombing, and rebuilt between 1945 and 1964 by Atelier Auguste Perret, over material of the destroyed city. In 2005, the rebuilt city was awarded UNESCO World Heritage status, as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;an outstanding post-war example of urban planning and architecture based on the unity of methodology and the use of prefabrication, the systematic utilization of a modular grid, and the innovative exploitation of the potential of concreteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

programmes.

city_port; forest_beach

Our work is informed and inspired by dialogue with colleagues, in particular those of the Agence AURH priorities of increased connectivity across the city and region; maximising the value of Le Havreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural and knowledge capital, and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;landscape urbanismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; potentials. Projects seek to extend the reach and capacities of the remnant ancient forest of Montgeon, the a fresh engagement with the sea; renewable energies, food networks, provenance of local soil and water; for the immediate future, and for long term resilience. Propositions include a new outlook and arrival experience and re-imagining of programmes for La Citadelle, the Quai de Southampton, the Seine valley, and thread of routes, for fresh journeys and horizons.1

Le Havre (now Franceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest container port), was founded in the 16th century on drained UCNVOCTUJ CPF OWFĆ&#x192;CVU QH VJG 'PINKUJ %JCPPGN CPF GUVWCT[ QH VJG 5GKPG KP VJG IGQNQIKECN EQPVGZV of the Paris _ London Basin. The chalk bedrock is expressed as a 110m cliff separating the upper town from the lower city and port. In 1944 much of this lower city was destroyed by World War II allied bombing, and rebuilt between 1945 and 1964 by Atelier Auguste Perret, over material of the destroyed city. In 2005, the rebuilt city was awarded UNESCO World Heritage status, as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;an outstanding post-war example of urban planning and architecture based on the unity of methodology and the use of prefabrication, the systematic utilization of a modular grid, and the innovative exploitation of the potential of concreteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The Landscape and Urbanism studio is exploring ecological, social and cultural potentials of Le *CXTG VJTQWIJ VKOG QH EQPVKPWKVKGU CPF Ć&#x192;QY QH NCPF CPF YCVGT VJG HCDTKE QH VGTTCKP NKOKPCN GFIGU and threshold conditions between neighbourhoods and programmes. Our work is informed and inspired by dialogue with colleagues, in particular those of the Agence Foo7TDCPKUOG 4GIKQP FW *CXTG GV FG No'UVWCKTG FG NC 5GKPG CPF VJG 2QTV QH NG *CXTG CPF TGĆ&#x192;GEVU AURH priorities of increased connectivity across the city and region; maximising the value of Le Havreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural and knowledge capital, and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;landscape urbanismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; potentials. Projects seek to extend the reach and capacities of the remnant ancient forest of Montgeon, the TGECNKDTCVKQP QH FTCKPCIG VQ KPENWFG C PGY RQTQUKV[ VQ JGNR RTQVGEV VJG NQYGT VQYP HTQO Ć&#x192;QQFKPI a fresh engagement with the sea; renewable energies, food networks, provenance of local soil and water; for the immediate future, and for long term resilience. Propositions include a new outlook and arrival experience and reimagining of programmes for La Citadelle, the Quai de Southampton, the Seine valley, and thread of routes, for fresh journeys and horizons. With special thanks to: Boris Menguy, Thierry Lochard (AURH), Olivier Forget (Port of Le Havre ) and to Simon Green ARUP, Vladimir Guculak, Nina Kolbeck, Helena Rivera

The Landscape and Urbanism studio is exploring ecological, social and cultural potentials of Le Havre and threshold conditions between neighbourhoods and

Facing page: Fabio Porcu & Dimitri Vroonen, Le Havre Waterfront Model Above: Masoum Fayaz, Concept Sketches

MA Landscape & Urbanism: Ceyda Ceylan, Flora Saghar Eshagzadeh, Masomeh Fayaz, Rawan Jaber, Fabio Porcu, Ales Seitl, Dimitri Vroonen, Ivor Chongyi Wu, Chuhan Xu, Postgraduate Diploma Landscape Architecture: Alba Campos VĂĄzquez 34

1. Whole Page Taken From â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Architecture and Landscape Design Exhibition 2015â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston Univesity, p.34

271

Fig. 2. Le Havre Waterfront Model, Fabio Porcu & Dimitri Vroonen, 2015

272

Bibliography Introduction

BRE: http://www.bre.co.uk/sustainability

D’Avoine, Pierre and Scragg, Alec, ‘MArch Unit 4’, MArch/MA Unit Introduction, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, Pdf, 2015

Planning Portal: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/code_for_ sustainable_ homes_ techguide.pdf

Horn, Roni, ‘Water’, Accessed http://water.pulitzerarts.org/artiststatements/horn/ 11/02/15 Chapter 1 CDM Regulations (2015). The (Construction Design and Management) Regulations http://www.cdm-2015-regulations.co.uk/ Designing Building Wiki (04/02/2016). Procurement route. Contracts (Practice Project Report, School of Architecture Kingston University, 2014-2015,PDF) http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Procurement_route Jncc.defra.gov.uk:Protected Sies Designations www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1527 [accessed 20/11/2015]

Chapter 2 British Geological Survey, Overview of the Thames Basin. http:// www.bgs.ac.uk/research/groundwater/waterResources/ thames/overview.html. Web Friends of Regent’s Canal, Blue Ribbon Network. http://friendsofregentscanal.org/features/property-devt/policies/blueribbon/ BRN.html. Web Greenwich Maritime Institute, River Thames and Thames Basin. http://www.gre.ac.uk/ach/research/centres/maritime-0/ research/case-studies/runningriverthames/timeline/maps/riverthames-and-thames-basin. Web

City of Westminster Conservation Area Audit, Department of Planning and Transportation, Development Division, March 1993

Port of London Authority, PLA Brief Guide July 2015. https://www.pla. co.uk/assets/plabriefguidejuly2015.pdf. Web

Dorothy George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (London, 2nd edn, 1966)

Port of London Authority, PLA Summary. https://www.pla.co.uk/assets/PLASummary.pdf. Web

www.1902encyclopedia.com/L/LON/london-38.html

Port of London Authority, Planning Policy. http://www.pla.co.uk/ About-Us/Planning-Policy. Web Port of London Authority, The role of the PLA in the Olympics. https:// pla.co.uk/Events/The-role-of-the-PLA-in-theOlympics. Web Taylor, Vanessa, Whose River? London and the Thames Estuary, 1960–2014 (The London Journal, November 2015), Vol. 40 No. 3 Thames Landscape Strategy, Strategic Guidance and Development Control. http://thames-landscape-strategy.org.uk/ who-we-are/volunteers/. Web

Royal Institute of British Architects (20/02/1911). RIBA Consultation. IntroducingSmartPFI.pdf, 2005, p.1 https://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyandInternationalRelations/Policy/SmartPF I/IntroducingSmartPFI.pdf

London Elects, What the Mayor of London and The London Assembly do. https://www.londonelects.org.uk/im-voter/whatmayorlondon-and-london-assembly-do. Web

WWF-UK, Summary of the first ever Thames Basin Vulnerability Report. http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/thames_vulnerability.pdf. Web

Mayor of London, Our Role. https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/ our-role. Web

Chapter 3

http://www.ribaplanofwork.com/About/Default.aspx

Mayor of London, About the London Assembly. https://www.london. gov.uk/about-us/london-assembly/about-londonassembly. Web

Conservation area in the City of London, Department of Planning and Transportation, ISBN 0 85203 040 1

BREEAM: http://www.breeam.org/page.jsp?id=372

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Wandsworth Council: http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/info/200105/ sustainability/988/environmental_ambition_statement

Payne, Stephen, London Borough. http://www.theinfolist.com/php/ SummaryGet.php?FindGo=london_borough. Web

austenonly.com/2011/04/08/early-19th-century-guide-books-tolondon/ www.localhistories.org/london.html https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/ planning/heritage-and-design/conservation-areas/ Documents/Conservation%20Areas%20in%20the%20City%20of%20London%203. pdf http://www.whitecatjoinery.co.uk/2012/12/what-is-a-listed-building/ https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1242617 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/local/conservation-areas/ www.thamesdiscovery.org/riverpedia/geology-of-the-thames www.bgs.ac.uk/research/engineeringGeology/urbanGeo Geoff Marshall, ‘Preface’, London’s Industrial Heritage, The History Press, 2013 Aubrey Wilson, London’s Industrial Heritage, David and Charles Ltd, 1967 https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/land-contamination-

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technical-guidance

www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/461296/foodpocketbook-2015report-17sep15.pdf

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Pierre D’Avoine and Alec Scragg, ‘MArch Unit 4’, MArch/MA Unit Introduction, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, Pdf, 2015

Cemex: https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/strategy_tcm9-262356.pdf

BBC News. BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-34982994

http://qz.com/483977/once-dead-londons-thames-river-is-now-teeming-with-seals- porpoises-and-even-a-whale-or-two/

River Bridges From Richmond to the Tower, Transworld Publishers, 2006

BBC News. BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-25948880

Sustain the alliance for better food and farming, http://www.sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/goodfoodforlondon2014/

Denis Smith, Civil Engineering Heritage: London & The Thames Valley, Thomas Telford Ltd, 2001.

http://www.boatingonthethames.co.uk/Rowing

Quartz, Sustain the alliance for better food and farming, http://www. sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/goodfoodforlondon2014/

Frampton, K., Studies in Tectonic Culture, MIT Press, 2001.

DataGovernmentUK:https://data.gov.uk/dataset/land_use_statistics_generalised_land_use_database Discover France:http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Paris/Paris_ history.shtml History- Sir Joseph Bazalgette and London’s Sewers: http://www. history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/sir-joseph-bazalgetteand-londons-sewers Mayor of London : https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ the_london_plan_2004.pdf Paul Talling, London’s Lost Rivers (Random House Books, 2011) Port of London Authority, http://www.pla.co.uk

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don.” http://www.londonmapper.org.uk/analysis/inequality-inlondon/#!prettyPhoto/9/

British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/ vol4/pt2/plate-3%20http%3A//capitalgrowth.org/big_idea http://www.charlesdickensonline.com/Favorites/f139.html “DataShine: Census.”, http://datashine.org.uk Grow Up Urban Farmers, http://growup.org.uk/

Maldon Pie and Mash, http://www.maldonpieandmash.com/ Mayor of London, https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/housingand-land

http://www.saferemovalslondon.co.uk/the-diver-regeneration-one-oflondons-most-famous-sculptures/ http://www.saferemovalslondon.co.uk/the-diver-regeneration-one-oflondons-most-famous-sculptures/ http://www.saferemovalslondon.co.uk/the-diver-regeneration-one-oflondons-most-famous-sculptures/

London Biodiversity Partnership: http://www.lbp.org.uk/londonhabspp.html

The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/ dec/21/tom-kerridge-london-recipes- mince-pies-london-particulargin-junket

Tom Bolton, London’s Lost Rivers, A Walker’s Guide (Strange Attractor Press, 2011)

Incredible Edible Southark, http://www.incredible-edible-southwark. org.uk/projects/show/melior-street- community-garden

Thames 21:http://www.thames21.org.uk/project/your-tidal-thames/

https://jamesjgleeson.wordpress.com

http://www.urban75.org/walks/rainham-purfleet-walk-london-loopsection-24.html

The London Rivers Action plan: http://www.therrc.co.uk/lrap/lplan.pdf

London Mapper- A Social Atlas of London, “Inequalities in Lon-

World Health Organisation; Urban Agriculture in London 2001https://

Port of London Authority www.pla.co.uk/port-trade/part-of-a-daily-life Port Cities London, http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ ConNarrative.150/Printing-the-Thames-in-the-19th-century.html

Chapter 6 Cookson, B., Crossing The River: The History of London’s Thames

Perlman, R., Interconnections: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols, Addison-Wesley Publishing, 2000. Phillips, G., Thames Crossings, David & Charles, 1981 Roberts, C., Cross River Traffic: A History of London’s Bridges, Granta Books; New edition edition, 2006 Steemers, K., Designing Urban Microclimates, Cambridge University Press, 2002. BREEAM, Available from: http://www.breeam.com/ Caissons and Grade Beams, Available from: http://californiafoundationworks.com/caissons-and-grade-beams/ Graces Guide, Available from: www.gracesguide.co.uk/ Historic England, Available from: historicengland.org.uk/listing/thelist/ list-entry/1393011

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Independant Online, Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/ London City Council. Bridges, Available from: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ London Plan Strategy PDF, Available from: https://www.london.gov. uk/ Planning Portal, Available from: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/ Secret Cities, Available from: secret-cities.com/ Talling, P., 2011. London’s Lost Rivers. Available from: http://www. londonslostrivers.com/river-wandle.html Terry Norman & Andrew Mabbutt, The Stone Arch Bridge, Llandeilo Through the Ages, Available from: http://www.llandeilo.org/aboutus. php Western Riverside Waste Authority, Available from: http://www.wrwa. gov.uk/ ’Living on the River’, Architecture for All, Royal Naval College, Lecture, 2014, Accessed https://www.ornc.org/News/did-you-missour-architecture-for-all-series Appendix ‘Architecture and Landscape Design Exhibition 2015’, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, 2015

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List of Illustrations All Images by the Authors unless otherwise stated Introduction Fig. 1. Photograph from Some Thames - Group J, Roni Horn, 2007 http://water.pulitzerarts.org/artist-statements/horn/ Fig. 2. Photograph from Some Thames - Group E, Roni Horn, 2007 http://water.pulitzerarts.org/artist-statements/horn/

Fig 6. Dukes Hollow (Gunnersbury Triangle) LNR. Photograph by Gill German (08/11/2015) Fig 7. Map of Ramsar sites, NNR and LNR along River Thames. Drawing by Gill German (28/11/2015)

Fig 4. Landscape Studio Model with Thesis Sites Shown

Fig 8. Averley Marsh SSSI Geograph.org <http:s0.geograph.org.ukphotos27/64/276462_ f6564f47.jpg> [accessed 21/11/2015]

Chapter 1

Fig 9. Map of SSSIs, SACs and SPAs along River Thames. Drawing by Gill German (26/11/2015)

Fig. 3 Satellite Image of the Thames, Chris Penford, 2015

Fig. 1 Contours of the Thames Valley, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2015 Fig 2. RIBA Membersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; online survey 2012 http://www.ribaplanofwork.com/About/Introduction.aspx Fig 3. RIBA plan of work https://www.architecture.com/files/ribaprofessionalservices/practice/ ribaplanofwork2013template. pdf Fig 4. The exemplar model https://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyandInternationalRelations/Policy/SmartPF I/IntroducingSmartPFI.pdf Fig 5. Rainham Marshes Ramsar site Wordpress.com https://exploringartinthecity.files.wordpress.

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com/2013/04/dsc_0001.jpg [accessed 21/10/2015]

Fig 10: Kew Gardens Weekendnotes.co.uk http://www.weekendnotes.co.uk/im/008/04/ kew-gardens-1.JPG [accessed 21/11/2015] Fig 11: RSPB Rainham RSPB.org <https://ministryofbirds.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ grays-and-rainham-27-feb-15012.jpg [accessed 21/11/2015] Fig 12: Parks, Gardens and RSPB sites along the River Thames. Drawing by Gill German (28/11/2015) Fig 13: Map of Statutory Marine Designations on the River Thames. Drawing by Gill German (28/11/2015)

Fig 14: Map of the Metropolitan Green Belt. Drawing by Gill German (28/11/2015) Fig 15: Guide to selecting the appropriate JCT main contract https://www.jctltd.co.uk/docs/Guide%20to%20selecting%20the%20 apprpriate%20JCT%20main% 20contract%20Sept11.pdf Fig 16: Guide to selecting the appropriate JCT Sub-subcontract https://www.jctltd.co.uk/docs/Guide%20to%20selecting%20the%20 apprpriate%20JCT%20subcontract% 20Sept11.pdf Fig 17: Project duration http://www.trimbleextensions.com/images/10_2011/design_build_traditional.jpg Fig 18. Health and Safety http://gwarchitectural.com/domestic/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/ CDM-2015-1024x638.jpg Fig 19: Health and Safety at work http://www.constructionsafe.co.uk/images/CDM.png Fig 20. Code for sustainable homes logo http://www.russelltimbertech.co.uk/sustainability/code-for-sustainable-homes Fig 21. BREEAM logo www.Breeam.com Fig 22. BREEAM logo www.engineersjournal.ie Fig 23. Chart showing the minimum Standards that need to be achieved in the Code for

Sustainable homes www.eliteenergy.org.uk Figure 24. Picture of the river Thames and Battersea Power Station http://www.e-architect.co.uk Figure 25. http://www.russelltimbertech.co.uk/sustainability/code-forsustainable-homes Figure 26. Breeam.com Figure 27. www.engineersjournal.ie Figure 28. www.eliteenergy.org.uk Figure 29. e-architect.co.uk Chapter 2 Fig. 1 A slice of Public Buildings, Mariam Ahmadzade, 2015 Fig 2: Geology - Thames Basin, by Rebecca Dillon-Robinson Fig 3: Waterways and Flood Map - Thames Basin, by Rebecca Dillon-Robinson Fig 4: Green Spaces - Thames Basin, by Rebecca Dillon-Robinson Fig 5: Current 2016 Assembly members, diagram by Jack Wilfred made with User:Slashmeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Parliamentary Diagram Tool Fig 6: Home of the GLA, City Hall, London, UK at http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/davehillblog/2015/sep/07/whatmayors-saymatters-less-than-what-they-do

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Fig 7: Table of Service Responsibilities at https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Greater_London_Authority Fig 8: Example of London Proposed Affordable housing at http:// www.eib.org/infocentre/stories/all/2014-april-01/affordable-housingin-londons-former-olympic-village.htm Fig 9: Current 2016 Assembly Members at https://www.london.gov. uk/sites/default/files/styles/gla_2_1_medium/public/ 952_576_mqt-4644.jpg?itok=2UaZZWBW Fig 10: Obelisk marking the starting point of the PLA’s jurisdiction at http://www.thamespathway.com/chapter10/teddington-lock.aspx Fig 11: PLA Patrol Boats on the Thames at http://franksandfranks. com/port-of-london-authority/ Fig 12: River Thames to North Sea, highlighting London boroughs, by Mariam Abdul-Malik Fig 13: Volunteers cleaning the river banks at http://canoelondon. com/your-tidal-thames/ Fig 14: Grab sampling of riverbed at https://pla.co.uk/Media-Centre/ PLA-Galleries?category=171&page=2 Fig 15: Goods and materials arriving in London via Thames at http:// www.portstrategy.com/news101/world/europe/greensuperhighway Fig 16: Olympic 2012 events took place on the Thames at http:// hereandnow.wbur.org/2012/07/27/london-olympics-nbc Fig 17: Tourist routes operated by Thames Clippers at https://www. pla.co.uk/Thames-Clippers-Goes-Live-with-Mobile-Ticketing

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Fig 18: The PLA oversees the annual New Year’s Eve firework celebrations at http://anglicity.blogspot.co.uk Fig 19: Map of London showing leasehold and freehold interests acquired by offshore companies between 2005 and 2014 at https://suemarcar.cartodb.com/viz/9fc804fa-4b6b-11e5-a73d-0e0c41326911/ embed_map Fig 20: City of London (red) within the context of other boundaries at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ City_of_London_in_Greater_London.svg/2000px-City_of_London_ in_Greater_London.svg.png Fig 21: Map of London boroughs at http://maproom.net/wp-content/ uploads/02-London-boroughs.png Fig 22: Construction along Thames River at https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/ River_Thames_Construction_2.jpg Fig 23: Map of Blue Ribbon Network at http://friendsofregentscanal. org/features/property-devt/policies/blue-ribbon/images/map01.jpg Fig 24: Fig 23: Arcadian Thames, views and vistas at http://thameslandscape-strategy.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ Chapter 3

london/source-3/

local/conservation-areas/

Fig. 5 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/historybookreviews/9133345/London-in-the-Eighteenth-Century-by-Jerry-Whitereview.html

Fig. 18, 19 Department of Planning and Transportation Conservation area in the City of London

Fig. 6 http://handelhendrix.org/learn/learning-resources/the-eighteenth-century/ Fig. 7 http://charlesdickenspage.com/images/fleet_street_then_and_ now.jpg Fig. 8 mapco.net Fig. 9 http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/10/world-war-ii-afterthe-war/100180/ Fig. 10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1910_Smith%27s_ Tape_Indicator_Map_of_London_(_Pocket_Map_)_-_Geographicus_-_London-smith-1910.jpg Fig. 11 Westminster City Council, January 2013 Fig. 12 http://www.whitecatjoinery.co.uk/2012/12/what-is-a-listedbuilding/ Fig. 13 Listed buildings in City of Westminster designed by Jae Jin Lee

Fig. 20, 21 City of Westminster Conservation Area Audit Fig. 22 The list of Conservation site in City of Westminster designed by Jae Jin Lee Fig. 23 London Ship Yard, Photographer and Date Unknown http://www.gre.ac.uk/__data/assets/image/0009/859815/10104980. jpg Fig. 24 Tate & Sons Sugar Factory, Photographer and Date Unknown http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_6aQVsGpSJ4A/TPKuD2Miw_I/ AAAAAAAAB5A/Jg4jVW3xZxY/s1600/tatelyle1.jpg Fig. 25 London Cement Kilns, Photographer and Date Unknown http://www.cementkilns.co.uk/images/epw032828.jpg Fig. 26 The Thames in use, Photographer and Date Unknown https://thamesfacingeast.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/dscn1628.jpg Fig. 27 The Ford Factory, Photographer and Date Unknown http://footage.framepool.com/shotimg/qf/497166635-dagenham-fordplant-ford-company-car-industry.jpg

Fig. 2 City of London Ogilby and Morgan’s Map of 1677

Fig. 14 https://asvisual.wordpress.com/2014/04/07/concrete-buildings-at-the-1960s-exhibition-tower-bridge-gallery/

Fig. 28 Battersea Power Station, Photographer and Date Unknown http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/30/article2031595-0DA0D5BC00000578-371_468x334.jpg

Fig. 3 http://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/10319/

Fig. 15 Millbank Tower Listed Building, City of Westminster

Fig. 29 www.bgs.ac.uk/research/engineeringGeology/urbanGeo

Fig. 4 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/fire-of-

Fig. 16, 17 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/

Fig. 30, 31 www.thamesdiscovery.org/riverpedia/geology-of-the-

Fig. 1 Historical Development of MIllbank, Lee Jae Jin, 2015

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thames Chapter 4 Fig. 1 Clay Resources, Alex Bowers, 2015 Figure 2,3,4. Diagrams by Alba Campos Figure 5,6,7 . Photograph of the River Thames Reach in Wandsworth by Regina Ortega Figure 8,9,10 . Photograph of the edge of River Thames by Emir Wan Astar Figure 11,12,13,14. Plans of the River Thames soil by Arsia Mesbah Figure 15,16. Environment Agency, Thames Estuary 2100, TE2100 Plan, Managing flood Risl through London and the Thames Estuary, Nov 2012 Figure 17. Port of London Authority: www.pla.co.uk/assets/economicreport.pdf

Figure 25. London’s Hidden Rivers - Plan 1:100 0000, Wan Emir Astar’s drawing

Figure 36,37. London Sewage : http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/ history-of-london/sir-joseph-bazalgette-and-londons-sewers

Figure 26. View of the entrance of the Counter’s Creek at http://www. londoncanals.co.uk/kenc/ken01.html

Figure 38. Plan by Hanna Shaw

Figure 27. Latimer Road arches at https://twitter.com/teabolton/status/625032637636321280 Figure 28. Counter’s Creek, Plan 1:50 000, Rebecca Robinson’s drawing Figure 29. Westbourne River above Sloane Square Station, Wan Emir Astar’s own image Figure 30. Mouth of the Westbourne River visible during low tide, Wan Emir Astar’s own image

Figure 39. Set of images by Alba Campos Figure 40. Plan of Landuse by Alba Campos

Fig 7: London protest at Npower over energy profits and fuel poverty (2013), https://indyrikki.wordpress.com/2013/11/26/london-protest-atnpower-over-energy-profits-and-fuel-poverty/ Fig 8: House prices growth in 2014, Map based on 2014 information map by London.gov.uk Fig 9: Diagram showing average house prices in Greater London, Map based on 2014 information map by London.gov.uk

Figure 42. Plan of Waste industry around the River Thames by Chris Penford

Fig 10: Proposed crossings and new developments along the Thames, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-34982994

Figure 43. Plan of Waste industry around the River Thames by Chris Penford

Fig 11- Proposed ‘Garden Bridge’ Heatherwick Studio, http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-34982994

Chapter 5

Figure 18. Section of Saint Martin Canal Lock by Emir Wan Astar Figure 19. Details to prevent flood in Boulogne-Billancourt. Photopgraphs by Regina Ortega

Figure 32. 1:50 0000 Soundwaves of Westbourne River, Wan Emir Astar’s drawing

Fig 2: Net household income http://www.londonmapper.org.uk/analysis/inequality-in-london/#!prettyPhoto/9/

Figure 20. Site plan of Boulogne-Billancourt by Regina Ortega

Figure 33. Source of Westbourne River, Whitestone Pond, Wan Emir Astar’s own image

Fig 3: Children in poverty http://www.londonmapper.org.uk/files/ maps/feature01_m3_childpoverty.pdf

Figure 34. Counter’s Creek, Plan 1:50 000, Rebecca Robinson’s drawing

Fig 4 : http://datashine.org.uk

Figure 23. Plan of the Bed of the River Thames: www.pla.co.uk/as-

Fig 6: London protest at Npower over energy profits and fuel poverty (2013), https://indyrikki.wordpress.com/2013/11/26/london-protest-atnpower-over-energy-profits-and-fuel-poverty/

Figure 41. Set of Images of Waste Industry by Chris Penford

Figure 31. Entrance to the Westbourne River, accessible from the Chelsea Embankment foreshore at http://www.londonslostrivers.com/ river-westbourne-walk.html

Figure 21,22. Port of London Authority: http://www.pla.co.uk/Safety/ Tide-Tables

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Figure 24. Set of Images by Emir Wan Astar

Figure 35. Entrance to the Westbourne River, accessible from the Chelsea Embankment foreshore at http://www.londonslostrivers.com/ river-westbourne-walk.html

sets/economicreport.pdf

Fig. 1. Embassies, Sheena Patel, 2015

Fig 5: https://jamesjgleeson.wordpress.com

Fig 12 -Diagram showing the development of agriculture along the Thames, http://www.sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/goodfoodforlondon2014/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-25948880 http://www.incredible-edible-southwark.org.uk/projects/show/meliorstreet- community-garden http://growup.org.uk/ Figure 13: The trend of ‘food’ in London, http://www.sustainweb.org/ londonfoodlink/goodfoodforlondon2014/ http://qz.com/483977/once-dead-londons-thames-river-is-now-teeming-with-seals- porpoises-and-even-a-whale-or-two/ http://www.maldonpieandmash.com/ http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/dec/21/tom-kerridge-

284

london-recipes- mince-pies-london-particular-gin-junket Fig 14: Map showing location of inner city farms and food vending markets within Greater London, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/461296/foodpocketbook2015report-17sep15.pdf World Health Organisation; Urban Agriculture in London 2001 Port of London Authority www.pla.co.uk/port-trade/part-of-a-daily-life Fig 15: Map showing capital growth, Local growing by Borough, http://www.sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/goodfoodforlondon2014/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-25948880 http://www.incredible-edible-southwark.org.uk/projects/show/meliorstreet- community-garden http://growup.org.uk/ Fig16: A diagram showcasing waterfront edge condition and infrastructure typologies, Drawing by Dimitrious, MA Landscape Fig 17: A map (1:100.000) showcasing waterfront accessibility and permeability Fig 18: The settlement Health Map(Barton and Grant 2006) Developed from a concept by Dahlgren and Whitehead 1991 Fig 19- Dimensions of neighbourhood liveability for site survey- towards a liveable Londo- Campaign to Protect Rural England, 2014 Fig 20: Quotations

285

Fig 23: Relationship between green spaces, healthy spaces and levels of health; Scale: 1/ 300 000

Fig. 0 Section through Chelsea Embankment, Wan Emir Astar, 2015 Figure 1 Bridge Location Plan - Drawn by Chris Penford

Fig 24: Making Connections, derived from GiGL data 2011 Crown Copyright; Scale 1/300 000

Figure 2 Photograph Putey Bridge from North West - Taken by Mariam Ahmadzade

Fig 25: % of Homes with poor acess to nature, derived from LondonMapper,2012; Scale:na

Figure 3 Putney Bridge Elevation - Drawn by Mariam Ahmadzade

Fig 26: Multilayered and integrated green infrastructure - Armour, Tom; et al. “Cities Alive: Rethinking green infrastructure”; Arup; 2014;Scale:na Fig 27: Street Section - Cuningham Group Architecture, Inc.;Scale:na Fig 28: John Kaufman’s ‘The Diver’, http://www.saferemovalslondon. co.uk/the-diver-regeneration-one-of-londons-most-famous-sculptures/ Fig 29:Newly built Westminster Bridge Painting by Canaletto in 1746, http://www.johnhearfield.com/Cowkeeping/Cowkpr_Intro.htm Fig 30: Front Cover of ‘Our Mutual Friend’, http://www.charlesdickensonline.com/Favorites/f139.htm Fig 31: A Cambridge eight in action on the Thames , http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2009/dec/03/physics-takes-the-wobbleout-of-rowing

Figure 4 Putney Bridge Elevation Detail - Drawn by Mariam Ahmadzade Figure 5 Caisson Section - Drawn by Mariam Ahmadzade Figure 6 Caisson Section - Drawn by Mariam Ahmadzade Figure 7 Caisson Plan - Drawn by Mariam Ahmadzade Figure 8 Caisson Section - Drawn by Mariam Ahmadzade Figure 9 Wandsworth Bridge Concept - Drawn by Chris Penford

Figure 16 Battersea Railway Bridge Axonometric - Drawn by Regina Ortega Figure 17 Battersea Railway Bridge Axonometric - Drawn by Regina Ortega Figure 18 Photograph of Battersea Bridge - Taken by Rebecca Dillon Robinson Figure 19 Photograph of Battersea Bridge - Taken by Rebecca Dillon Robinson Figure 20 Battersea Bridge Elevation - Drawn by Rebecca Dillon Robinson Figure 21 Battersea Bridge Plan - Drawn by Rebecca Dillon Robinson Figure 22 Battersea Bridge Lighting Detail - Drawn by Rebecca Dillon Robinson

Figure 10 Wandsworth Bridge Elevation - Drawn by Chris Penford

Figure 23 Battersea Bridge Axonometric - Drawn by Rebecca Dillon Robinson

Figure 11 Wandsworth Bridge Elevation - Drawn by Chris Penford

Figure 24 Albert Bridge Section - Drawn by Sheena Patel

Figure 12 Wandsworth Bridge Worms Eye - Drawn by Chris Penford

Figure 25 Albert Bridge Elevation - Drawn by Sheena Patel

Figure 13 Wandsworth Bridge Axonometric - Drawn by Chris Penford

Figure 26 Albert Bridge Section - Drawn by Sheena Patel Figure 27 Albert Bridge Colomn Detail - Drawn by Sheena Patel

Fig 21:London Green Spaces, derived from Alan Baxter London Natural Signatures: Scale: N/A

Fig 32: Sliding Doors, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120148/fullcredits/

Figure 14 Battersea Railway Bridge Pier Detail - Drawn by Regina Ortega

Fig 22: Healthy Communities, derived from GiGL data 2011 Crown Copyright Scale: N/A

Chapter 6

Figure 15 Battersea Railway Bridge Pier Elevation - Drawn by Regina Ortega

Figure 28 Chelsea Bridge Section - Drawn by Emir Astar Figure 29 Chelsea Bridge Elevation - Drawn by Emir Astar

286

Figure 30 Chelsea Bridge Embankment Detail - Drawn by Emir Astar Figure 31 Chelsea Bridge Suspension Detail - Drawn by Emir Astar Figure 32 Vauxhall Bridge Embankment - Drawn by Lee Jae Jin

Figure 47 Grand Union Canal at Kensal Green, Rebecca DillonRobinson, 2015

Figure 33 Vauxhall Bridge Elevation - Drawn by Lee Jae Jin

Figure 48 WRWA Long Section - Drawn by Chris Penford

Figure 34 Vauxhall Bridge Embankment Detail - Drawn by Lee Jae Jin

Figure 49 WRWA Elevation - Drawn by Chris Penford

Figure 35 Vauxhall Bridge Embankment Detail - Drawn by Lee Jae Jin Figure 36 Vauxhall Bridge Embankment Detail - Drawn by Lee Jae Jin Figure 37 Image of London Stock Brick - Taken by Alex Bowers

Figure 50 Thames Mapping - Drawn by Chris Penford Figure 51 London Residential Density Map - Drawn by Chris Penford Figure 52 Photograph of Canary Wharf and Air Pollution - Taken by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images on 02/04/2014 Figure 53 Westminster Hall Axonometric - Drawn by Fatima Salman

Figure 38 Drawing of UK Clay - Drawn by Alex Bowers

Conclusion

Figure 39 Image of Fletton Brick - Taken by Alex Bowers

Fig.1 Photo of Unit 4 Model

Figure 40 Battersea Power Station Elevation - Drawn by Alex Bowers Figure 41 Dredging Technology - Drawn by Alex Bowers Figure 42 Dredging Technology - Drawn by Alex Bowers Figure 43 Dredging Technology - Drawn by Alex Bowers Figure 44 Counters Creek, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2015 Figure 45 London’s Waterways, Rebecca Dillon-Robinson, 2016

287

Figure 46 Grand Union Canal at Old Oak Common, Rebecca DillonRobinson, 2015

Appendix Fig.1 Masterplan, Rafael Cunha, 2015 ‘Architecture and Landscape Design Exhibition 2015’, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, p.21 Fig. 2. Le Havre Waterfront Model, Fabio Porcu & Dimitri Vroonen, 2015 ‘Architecture and Landscape Design Exhibition 2015’, School of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, p.33

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Authors of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Thames Edge Transitionsâ&#x20AC;? Editors and Researchers Rebecca Dillon-Robinson Sheena Patel Wan Emir Astar Chris Penford Regina Ortega Mariam Ahmadzade Lee Jae Jin

Alexander Bowers Fatima Sulman Sulaiman A. Abedi Tayo Arkle

Researchers Renjing Lzie Alba Campos Vazquez Gill German Dimitris Grozopoulos Alice Hankin Hui Wang Weiding Dou Tzu Ping Chang Calila Ribero da Ponte James Shore Steven Nguyen Arsia Mesbah Hannah Shaw Parisa Ghorani Carola Migliore School of Architecture and Landscape Kingston University London