Before You Decide Brochure - Hope Resource Center

BEFORE YOU DECIDE

PAGES 4 & 5

General Questions and Answers

Understanding Your Pregnancy

PAGES 6 & 7

Fetal Development

PAGES 8 - 11

Emergency Contraception

• Morning-After Pill

• ella®

PAGES 12 - 15

First Trimester Abortion Methods and Risks

• Medical Abortion

• Suction Abortion

PAGE 16 & 17

Second Trimester Abortion Methods

• Dilation and Evacuation

• Medical Abortion

Later Term Abortion Methods

PAGES 18 - 23

Immediate and Long-Term Risks

PAGES 24 & 25

Explore Your Options

PAGE 26

Definitions

PAGE 27 - 31

References

know the facts

Facing an unplanned pregnancy is hard. Fear, confusion, and anger are just some of the feelings that you may be experiencing. You have the right to be fully informed about this important decision. You decide: You deserve to know the facts.

This brochure will help you understand more about your pregnancy, the new life developing inside you, and abortion.

You have options.

general questions

SHOULD I TAKE THE MORNING-AFTER PILL?

The morning-after pill is not a quick fi x—–it’s a little more complicated… Do you know the answers to these questions?

• Am I already pregnant from a previous sexual experience?

• Has this drug been adequately tested for long-term side effects?

• Can this pill end a life?

Understanding the way the morning-after pill works and its side effects is a step that helps you make a healthy decision for your body. See page 8 for more information.

SHOULD I BE CONCERNED ABOUT HAVING AN ABORTION?

Abortion is not a simple medical procedure. For some women, it is a lifechanging event with significant physical, emotional, and spiritual consequences. Some women who struggle with past abortions say that they wish they had been told all of the facts about abortion beforehand.

understanding your pregnancy

During pregnancy, your body goes through many changes. Some common symptoms of early pregnancy include a missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, frequent urination, tiredness, and mood swings.1

Most pregnancy tests are very reliable. However, to diagnose and confirm that you are pregnant, a visit to a physician or other appropriate healthcare provider will be necessary.

An ultrasound exam can confirm the status of your pregnancy. This information is important whether you are considering abortion or continuing with your pregnancy. Many pregnancy centers provide ultrasounds at no charge.

To find a center near you, go to:

B4YouDecide.org

& answers

WHAT CAN I DO ABOUT PEOPLE PRESSURING ME?

You have rights; no one can force or pressure you to have an abortion. This is your decision to make and you will be the one most affected by the consequences. If your partner, husband or parents are pressuring you to make a quick decision, explain your needs and try to involve them in counseling to explore your positive options. You have the right to continue with this pregnancy.

CAN I HAVE A BABY AND STILL LIVE MY LIFE?

You may see this unplanned pregnancy as a major roadblock in your life. It may encourage you to know that many women in the same situation have found the resources and courage they need to make positive choices and live without regrets.

fetal development

day1

When fertilization occurs, the baby’s features, including sex, hair and eye color, are determined. 2

6 weeks LMP – last menstrual period

The baby’s heart begins pumping just 22 days after fertilization3. The embyro’s heart motion can be seen during an ultrasound done at 6 weeks LMP.

2D ultrasound image of embryo at 6 weeks from the LMP (4 weeks after fertilization)

9-10 weeks LMP

2D ultrasound picture of baby at 9 weeks from the LMP (7 weeks after fertilization)

The tiny embryo grows rapidly, and by 9½ weeks from the LMP, has distinct fingers and can hiccup. 4

Illustration of baby at 9 weeks from the LMP (7 weeks after fertilization)5

YOLK SAC BABY(DIAMOND ON THE RING)

12-13 weeks LMP

18 weeks LMP

Unborn babies begin forming unique fingerprints by the time they reach 12 weeks from the LMP.6

11 weeks from the LMP (9 weeks after fertilization)

Gender differences in behavior have been observed by this point in development. Females move their jaws more often than males.7

22 weeks LMP

The inner ear is fully developed and the baby can respond to a growing range of sounds.8

Photo of baby in the uterus at 22 weeks from the LMP (20 weeks after fertilization)

Photo of baby’s feet in the uterus

2D ultrasound image of baby at 13 weeks from the LMP (11 weeks after fertilization)

Pregnancy, and life itself, begins at the time of fertilization and not when the embryo implants in the uterus (as some in the medical community have stated).9 During fertilization, the egg and sperm unite to form a genetically unique living individual whose gender, hair and eye color, and to some extent, personality and intelligence is established.10

Only eight out of one hundred women will become pregnant after a single act of intercourse in mid-cycle (when ovulation occurs).11

How likely is it that you could get pregnant right now?

Learn the facts before exposing your body to artificial hormones.

contraception

This new individual continues to develop during the next week while it travels to the uterus and implants. Although clearly alive, some disagree about when this human life becomes a person. Do we need to be a certain size to be considered a person? All forms of emergency contraception have the potential to prevent the new life from implanting. This is not a contraceptive effect, but abortive, resulting in the embryo’s death.12

female reproductive system

CERVIX

FALLOPIAN TUBE

1. Plan B One-Step®13

Plan B One-Step (also known as the “morning-after pill”) is intended to prevent pregnancy after known or suspected contraceptive failure, unprotected intercourse, or forced sex. It is one pill that contains large amounts of levonorgestrel, a progestin hormone found in some birth control pills. It is recommended to be taken within 72 hours of sex. It may work by preventing the egg and sperm from meeting. It won’t disrupt an implanted pregnancy, but may prevent a newly formed life from implanting in the uterus and continuing to develop, which is a form of early abortion.

Side effects may include changes in periods, nausea, lower abdominal pain, tiredness, headache, and dizziness.14 If your period is more than a week late, you may be pregnant. Plan B One-Step should not be taken during pregnancy. Nor should it be used as a routine form of birth control because it isn’t as effective.15

Women who experience severe abdominal pain after taking the drug may have an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, and should get immediate medical help. 16

Studies on Plan B’s effectiveness come down to an educated guess and confirm that earlier estimates were overstated and conclude that “it is more effective than nothing.”17

A systematic review of 14 studies about emergency contraception (EC) (a total of over 13,000 women) concluded that increased access increases its use, but was not shown to reduce unintended pregnancy rates.18

There are no long-term studies on the safety of current forms of EC if used frequently over long periods of time. 19

emergency contraception

2. ella® 20

Ella (ulipristal) is an emergency contraceptive for use within 5 days of unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. It is to be used only once during a menstrual cycle. If used as directed, ella is reported to reduce the chance of pregnancy, but is not effective in every case.21 Ella may reduce the chance of pregnancy by preventing or postponing ovulation. It also may work by preventing an embryo from implanting in the uterus, which is a form of early abortion.22 Ella is a chemical cousin to the abortion pill Mifeprex. Both share the progesterone-blocking effect of disrupting the embryo’s attachment to the womb, causing its death.23 Ella’s impact on existing human pregnancies was not tested, however, ella did cause abortions in pregnant animals, including monkeys, and carries the same potential in humans.24

The most common side effects of ella include headache, nausea, stomach (abdominal) pain, menstrual cramps, tiredness, and dizziness.25 Women who experience abdominal pain after using ella should be evaluated right away for an ectopic pregnancy. Ella may not be as effective if taken with certain drugs, or may change the effectiveness of certain drugs.26 Much is unknown about the drug, including its effect on women who are under 18, on pregnant women, and on women who are breast-feeding.27 The effect on pregnancies that continue after using ella® is also unknown.28

abortion procedures

1 st trimester medical abortion methods

MIFEPREX ®/MIFEPRISTONE (“THE ABORTION PILL”) 29

This drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in women up to 70 days (10 weeks) after their last menstrual period (LMP).30 However, it is used “off-label” beyond 10 weeks.31 The FDA approved procedure requires a single office visit, other visits are up to the abortion provider’s discretion. On the first office visit, the woman is given mifepristone to swallow, which causes the death of the baby. Twenty-four to forty-eight hours later misoprostol tablets are taken which cause cramping that expels the baby. It is possible that she may see identifiable parts expelled if she is beyond 8 weeks LMP. By 10 weeks LMP, the developing baby is over one inch in length with clearly recognizable arms, legs, hands, and feet.32 Follow-up occurs one to two weeks after taking the first pill to determine if the procedure is complete and to check for complications. The abortion provider decides if the follow-up is a phone call, a blood test, an in-office exam, and/or an ultrasound.

Risks:

• FDA black box warning: “Warning: Serious and sometimes fatal infections and bleeding.”33

• Bleeding: Vaginal bleeding lasts for an average of 9–16 days; 1 in 100 women bleed enough to require surgery (D&C) to stop the bleeding. 34

• Infection: According to the FDA, several U.S. women who used the abortion pill died due to an overwhelming total body infection (sepsis).35 This complication should be considered in any woman who feels sick (with weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, with or without fever) after using Mifeprex.36

• Undiagnosed ectopic (tubal) pregnancy: This abortion pill will not work in the case of an ectopic pregnancy where the embryo lodges outside the uterus (usually in the fallopian tube). If not diagnosed early, there is a risk of the tube bursting, internal hemorrhage, and maternal death in some cases. 37

• Failed abortion: The abortion pill doesn’t always cause an abortion. 38

• Failure rate increases with advancing gestational age.

• A surgical abortion is usually done to complete a failed medical abortion.39

• Risk of fetal malformations: Research links the use of misoprostol during the first trimester with certain types of birth defects when the pregnancy continues after the regimen is used.40

• Information is lacking about the longterm mental health effects of medical abortion, particularly, how women feel about giving themselves an abortion, and seeing baby parts expelled.

Women who change their minds after taking just the first pill(s) (mifepristone) of a medical abortion and want to try to continue their pregnancies may call “The Abortion Pill Reversal” at 877-558-0333 and/or visit their website at: abortionpillreversal.com or seek the help of an obstetrician.

1 st trimester

medical abortion methods (continued)

1 st trimester

surgical abortion methods

METHOTREXATE 41

This drug is FDA-approved for treating certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis, but is used off-label to treat ectopic pregnancies and to induce abortion. It works by stopping the growth of rapidly dividing cells. It is used up through 49 days of pregnancy and given orally or by injection. Three to seven days after methotrexate is administered, misoprostol is taken, which causes cramping and bleeding that expels the baby.

Side effects of methotrexate include diarrhea, mouth ulcers, nausea, abdominal distress, fatigue, chills, fever, and dizziness. Bleeding typically last 2–3 weeks. Both methotrexate and misoprostol are associated with reports of birth defects in pregnancies that continue.

MISOPROSTOL ONLY

This form of medical abortion only uses the second drug given in “the abortion pill” method. It is typically inserted vaginally, requires repeated doses and has a significantly higher failure rate than “the abortion pill” method. It is associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and with potential birth defects in pregnancies that continue.42

FIRST TRIMESTER SUCTION / ASPIRATION ABORTION ABOUT 4-13 WEEKS AFTER THE LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD (LMP) 43

This surgical abortion is done throughout the first trimester. The patient typically receives pain medication and antibiotics. For very early pregnancies (4-7 weeks LMP), after local anesthetic is given, a long, thin tube is inserted into the uterus and the baby is suctioned out.

Later in the first trimester, the cervix needs to be opened wider because the fetus is larger. The cervix may be softened the day before using medication placed in the vagina and/or slowly stretched open using thin bundles made of seaweed inserted into the cervix. The day of the procedure, the cervix may need further stretching using metal dilating rods. This can be painful, so in addition to local anesthesia, sedation or general anesthesia may be used, if available. General anesthesia increases both the cost and the risk of the procedure. Next, the doctor inserts a stiff plastic tube into the uterus and applies suction by either an electric or manual vacuum device. The suction pulls the baby’s body apart and out of the uterus. The doctor may also use a sharp loop-shaped tool, called a curette, to scrape any remaining fetal parts out of the uterus.

2 nd trimester abortion methods

DILATION & EVACUATION (D&E): ABOUT 13 WEEKS AFTER LMP AND UP 44

The majority of second trimester abortions are performed using this method. The cervix must be opened wider than in a first trimester abortion because the baby is larger. Laminaria and/or vaginal medications are placed in the cervix for several days before the procedure to soften and dilate the cervix.45 Up to about 16 weeks gestation, the procedure is similar to the first trimester one (with the following addition). After the cervix is stretched open and the uterine contents are suctioned out, any remaining fetal parts are removed with a forceps (grasping tool). A curette (a loop-shaped tool) may also be used to scrape out any remaining tissue.

After 16 weeks, much of the procedure is done using forceps to grasp, tear, and pull the baby’s body apart and out through the cervical opening, as suction alone will not work due to the baby’s size. The doctor keeps track of what fetal parts have been removed so that none are left inside. Lastly, a curette, and/or the suction machine are used to remove any remaining tissue or blood clots, which if left behind could cause infection and bleeding.

MEDICAL METHODS FOR SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER INDUCED ABORTION 46

This procedure induces abortion using drugs to cause labor and eventual delivery of the baby and placenta. Like labor at term, this procedure typically involves 10-24 hours in a hospital’s labor and delivery unit. Digoxin or potassium chloride is injected into the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, or fetal heart prior to labor to avoid the delivery of a live fetus.47 The cervix is softened using laminaria and/or medications. Next, pitocin, misoprostol, and sometimes mifepristone are used to induce labor. In most cases, these drugs result in the delivery of the dead fetus and placenta. The patient may receive oral or intravenous pain medications. Occasionally, scraping of the uterus is needed to remove the placenta.

Potential complications include hemorrhage and the need for a blood transfusion, retained placenta, and possible uterine rupture.

The risk of complications from abortion increases with advancing pregnancy. Late term abortions carry the greatest risk.

later term abortion methods

D&E AFTER VIABILITY (FROM ABOUT 24 WEEKS AND UP) 48

This procedure typically takes 2-3 days and is associated with increased risk to the life and health of the mother. Because a live birth is possible, injections are given to cause fetal death. This is done in order to comply with the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 which requires that the baby be dead before complete removal from the mother’s body. Medications (digoxin and potassium chloride) are either injected into the amniotic fluid, the umbilical cord, or directly into the baby’s heart, causing his/her death. The remainder of the procedure is the same as the second trimester D&E. Fetal parts are reassembled after removal from the uterus to make sure nothing is left behind to cause infection or bleeding. An alternate procedure, called “Intact D&E” is also used. The goal is to remove the baby in one piece, thus reducing the risk of leaving parts behind or causing damage to the woman’s body. This procedure requires the cervix to be opened wider; however, it is still often necessary to crush the fetus’ skull for removal as it is difficult to dilate the cervix wide enough to bring the head out intact.

Abortion carries the risk of

complications such as bleeding, infection and damage to organs. Serious immediate physical complications occur infrequently in early abortions, but increase with later abortions.49

HEAVY BLEEDING

Some bleeding after abortion is normal. However, there is a risk of severe bleeding known as hemorrhaging. This may result from cervical tears, uterine punctures, retained tissue, or when the uterus fails to contract after it is emptied. When this happens, a D&C may be required to stop the bleeding, and sometimes a blood transfusion may be necessary. 50

INCOMPLETE OR FAILED ABORTION 51

Sometimes, a surgical abortion fails to suction out the embryo and the pregnancy continues. This is more common in very early pregnancies (4-6 weeks LMP). In other cases, the abortion removes some, but not all of the pregnancy tissue. This can lead to infection and bleeding.

INFECTION 52

Infection can develop from the insertion of medical instruments into the uterus or from fetal parts that are mistakenly left inside (known as an incomplete abortion). This may cause bleeding and/or a pelvic infection requiring antibiotics, and may result in the need for a surgical procedure to fully empty the uterus. Infection may cause scarring of the pelvic organs.

DAMAGE TO THE ORGANS 53

The cervix and/or uterus may be cut, torn, or punctured by abortion instruments. This may cause excessive bleeding requiring surgical repair and result in scarring of the uterine lining. If the uterus is punctured, the bowel and bladder may be injured. The risk of these types of complications increases with the length of the pregnancy.

significant

CURRENT INFORMATION REPORTS THE FOLLOWING RISKS:

risks of surgical and late term abortion

EMBOLI 55

Clots may form in the bloodstream. If they break off and travel, they are known as “emboli.” These emboli can lodge in the lungs, causing illness and even death. Another form of emboli, known as “amniotic fluid embolism,” is a rare cause of death in later term abortions. In a process not well understood, amniotic fluid gets into the mother’s bloodstream and causes a severe allergic-type reaction.

ANESTHESIA 56

Local anesthetics, sedatives, and pain medications may cause allergic reactions of varying degrees of severity. Convulsions, heart complications, and—in extreme cases—death, are known risks of general anesthesia.

RH SENSITIZATION 57

Every pregnant woman should receive blood type testing to learn if her blood type is “Rh positive” or “Rh negative.” All pregnant women who are Rh negative should receive Rhogam® to prevent the formation of antibodies that may harm current or future pregnancies.

DEATH

In extreme cases, complications from abortion (excessive bleeding, infection, organ damage, blood clots, and adverse reactions to anesthesia) may lead to death. 58 The risk of death immediately following an induced abortion performed at or below eight weeks is extremely low (less than 1 in 100,000) but increases with length of pregnancy. The abortion-related mortality rate increases to 6.7 deaths per 100,000 abortions performed at or over 18 weeks. 59

Getting complete information on the risks associated with abortion is limited due to incomplete reporting and the lack of record-keeping linking abortions to complications.54

long-termrisks

of abortion

Finding out the real risks associated with abortion is difficult due to incomplete reporting of complications. There is evidence that induced abortion can be associated with significant loss of both emotional and physical health long term.60 Get the facts before going through a procedure or taking medicine that could have long-term effects on your health.

CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING AS YOUR MAKE YOUR DECISION:

ABORTION & PRETERM BIRTH

Women who undergo one or more induced abortions carry a significantly increased risk of delivering prematurely in the future.61 Premature delivery is associated with higher rates of children with cerebral palsy, as well as all other newborn complications (respiratory, bowel, brain, and eye problems).62

ABORTION & BREAST CANCER RISK

Medical experts continue to debate the association between abortion and breast cancer. Research has shown the following:

• Carrying a pregnancy to full term gives a measure of protection against breast cancer, especially a woman’s first pregnancy before the age of 30.63 Terminating a pregnancy results in loss of that protection.64

• The hormones of pregnancy cause breast tissue to grow rapidly in the first three months, but it is not until after 32 weeks LMP that breasts mature enough to produce milk and become more cancer resistant. That’s why a premature birth before 32 weeks LMP significantly increases a woman’s risk of breast cancer, as with late term abortions.65

• The majority of worldwide studies report a positive association (increased risk) between induced abortion and later development of breast cancer.66

• First trimester miscarriages, unlike induced abortions, do not increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. 67

ABORTION & PLACENTA PREVIA 68

Placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers or partially covers the cervix. This can result in unpredictable massive bleeding that threatens the life of baby and mother, especially during labor. In addition to the risk of bleeding, it is associated with the risk of preterm birth and death early in infancy. The risk of placenta previa is higher in women who, among other factors: had a prior induced abortion (especially the D&C type), are over 34, had a prior C-section, and/or had a prior placenta previa.

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT/EMOTIONAL IMPACT

After abortion, some women say they initially felt relief and looked forward to their lives returning to normal. But other women report negative emotions after abortion that linger, unresolved. For some, problems related to their abortion emerge months or even years later. There is evidence that abortion is associated with a decrease in long-term emotional and physical health.69

In line with the best available research, women should be informed that abortion significantly increases risk for:

• Clinical depression and anxiety70

• Drug and alcohol abuse71

• Symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).72

• Suicidal thoughts and behavior 73

The bottom line is that abortion is more likely to be associated with negative psychological outcomes when compared to miscarriage or carrying an unintended pregnancy to term.74

If you or someone you know is struggling with unwanted feelings after an abortion, pregnancy centers offer confidential, compassionate support designed to help women and men work through these feelings. You are not alone.

RELATIONSHIP IMPACT

Pregnancy often affects a woman’s most important relationships. Many couples choose abortion to preserve their relationship. Yet research reveals that couples who choose induced abortion are at increased risk for problems in their relationship.75

Women experiencing lack of support and pressure to abort from their partners were more likely to choose abortion.76 Women who face intimate partner violence are significantly more likely to experience abortion.77

SPIRITUAL CONSEQUENCES

People have different understandings of God. Whatever your present beliefs may be, having an abortion may effect more than just your body and your mind —there is a spiritual side to abortion that deserves to be considered. What might God think about your situation? What thoughts do you have about your own spiritual development and your unborn baby’s future as a spiritual being?

your explore options

You have the legal right to choose the outcome of your pregnancy.

Real empowerment comes when you find the strength & resources necessary to make your best choice.

Choosing to continue your pregnancy and to parent may feel overwhelming at first. The good news is that there are a lot of resources available to help single women or couples successfully raise their child.

The caring people at your local pregnancy center are ready to connect you with needed resources such as:

• prenatal care

• childbirth prep

• parenting classes

• infant & maternity supplies

parenting adoption

• emotional and spiritual support

Many women and men find the help they need to make this choice a positive one.

Developing an adoption plan empowers you to create a positive future for yourself and your child. Adoption probably isn’t your first thought as you make this pregnancy decision. However, you may be surprised to learn that you can select the parents who would raise your child and that you may have some level of ongoing relationship with your child, if you wish.

Unlike abortion, adoption brings the lifelong satisfaction of knowing that you gave your child the chance for a life of his or her own.

Teenage mothers who choose adoption are more likely to finish school, get a job, eventually marry, and no more likely to have depression than mothers who choose to be single parents.78

Each year thousands of women in America make this choice. This decision is often made by women who first thought abortion was their only way out.

definitions 79

ABORTIFACIENT A substance, drug, or device given with the intent of causing the destruction of the embryo or fetus.

INDUCED ABORTION *

Intentionally ending a pregnancy and causing the destruction of the embryo or fetus.

CERVIX The narrow, lower end of the uterus.

CONCEPTION (OR FERTILIZATION)

Joining of a man’s sperm and a woman’s egg to create the first form of human life.

D&C Dilation & curettage. A surgical procedure that involves stretching open the cervix & using an instrument called a curette to scrape and remove portions of the uterine lining and contents.

EMBRYO Human life in the earliest weeks of development, during which time the organs are formed.

FETUS A developing unborn baby with an observable human structure; the stage following embryo. Latin for “offspring.”

FULL TERM PREGNANCY

GESTATION

The point at which the pregnancy has completed at least 37 weeks from the mother’s last menstrual period.

In human pregnancy, it is the length of time from fertilization until birth.

IMPLANTATION When the embryo attaches to the inner uterine lining.

LAMINARIA Dried seaweed or kelp formed into narrow bundles that absorb fluid and expand in size when placed inside the cervical canal, causing the cervix to dilate; used in abortion.

LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD (LMP)

The date when a woman starts her last menstrual period before conception. This is the point in time from which the pregnancy and the age of the unborn baby are typically measured.

OFF-LABEL USE The legal use of a medication or a medical device for a purpose for which it has not been specifi cally approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 80

PLACENTA A pancake-like structure that provides nourishment to the baby through the mother’s bloodstream.

TRIMESTER An interval of about three months used to measure three successive stages of pregnancy: first trimester, second trimester and third trimester.

UTERUS Female organ where the unborn baby develops during pregnancy.

*For the purproses of this publication, everywhere “abortion” appears, it stands for “induced abortion.”

1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010, September 27). Stages of pregnancy | womenshealth.gov. Retrieved from http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-are-pregnant/ stages-of-pregnancy.html

2 Mayo Clinic (2014, June 10). Fetal development: The first trimester. Retrieved October 5, 2016 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/prenatal-care/ art-20045302?footprints=mine

3 Gittenger-de-Groot, A. (2000). Textbook of fetal cardiology: Normal and abnormal cardiac development. (p. 15–27). London: Greenwich Medical Media Limited.

4 deVries, J. (1982). The emergence of fetal behaviour. I. Qualitative aspects. Early Hum Dev., 7(4), 301–22.

5 Licensed from The Endowment for Human Development. http://www.ehd.org/

6 Moore, K. Dermatoglyphics: Science in transition. 1991; (pp. 95–112). New York: Wiley-Liss.

7 Hepper, P. Sex differences in fetal mouth movements. Lancet. 1997;350(9094), 1820–21. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9428256

8 Glover, V., Fisk, N. Fetal pain: Implications for research and practice. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106(9):881–86.

9.1 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “ACOG Statement on “Personhood” Measures.” Last modified 2012. Retrieved from http://www.acog.org/About_ACOG/News_Room/News_ Releases/2012/Personhood_Measures

9.2 Planned Parenthood. (2016). How to Get Pregnant - How Pregnancy Happens. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/how-pregnancy-happens

10 Mayo Clinic. (2014, July 10). Fetal development: The first trimester. Retrieved September 30, 2016 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/prenatal-care/ART-20045302

11 Katz, V., et al. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2007.

12 Larimore, W. L. (2000). The abortifacient effect of the birth control pill and the principle of the ‘double effect. Ethics & Medicine, 16(1), 23–30.

13 Physician’s Desk Reference. (2016). Plan B One-Step® (levonorgestrel) - Drug Summary. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from http://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/plan-b-one-step?druglabelid=573&id=1542

14 Teva Women’s Health, Inc. (2015, December). Plan B Onestep® Side Effects. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from http://www.planbonestep.com/FAQ.aspx

15 Teva Women’s Health, Inc. (2015, December). When is it not appropriate to take Plan B Onestep®? Retrieved September 30, 2016, from http://www.planbonestep.com/FAQ.aspx

16 Teva Women’s Health, Inc. (2015, December). Plan B Onestep® Side Effects. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from http://www.planbonestep.com/FAQ.aspx

17 Raymond, E. G., Trussell, J., & Polis, C. B. (2007). Population effect of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills, A systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 109(1), 181–88.

18 Trussell, J., Raymond, E., Cleland, K. (2016, July). Emergency contraception: A last chance to prevent unintended pregnancy. Retrieved on September 30, 2016 from http://ec.princeton.edu/questions/ ec-review.pdf

19 Ibid.

20 Watson Pharma, Inc. (2014, January). ella® full prescribing information. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http://pi.actavis.com/data_stream.asp?product_group=1699&p=pi&language=E

21 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012, April). FDA approved patient labeling: How effective is ella®? Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2012/022474s002lbl.pdf

22 Larimore, W.L. (2000). Growing debate about the abortifacient effect of the birth control pill and the principle of the double effect. Ethics and Medicine. January 2000;16(1):23–30. Updated October 1, 2004.

23 Harrison, D.J., Mitroka, J.G. Defining reality: The potential role of pharmacists in assessing the impact of progesterone receptor modulators and misoprostol in reproductive health. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. Dec 21, 2010; 45(1):115–9.

24 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012, April). ella® full prescribing information: Use in specific populations. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2012/022474s002lbl.pdf

25 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012, April). ella® full prescribing information: Adverse reactions. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2012/022474s002lbl.pdf

26 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012, April). ella® full prescribing information: Drug interactions. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022474s002lbl.pdf

27 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012, April). ella® full prescribing information: Use in specific populations. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022474s002lbl.pdf

29.1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (2016, March). Mifeprex ® medication guide. Retrieved from http:// http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM088643.pdf

29.2 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers. (2016, March 30). Mifeprex® (mifepristone) information. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm111323.htm

30 Ibid.

31.1 Chen, Q. (2011). Mifepristone in combination with prostaglandins for termination of 10–16 weeks’ gestation: a systematic review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 159, 247–254.85.

31.2 Boonstra, H. (2013, March 19). Medication abortion restrictions burden women and providers’ and threaten U.S. trend toward very early abortion. Guttmacher Policy Review, 16(1), Retrieved from http:// www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/16/1/gpr160118.html

32 O’Rahilly R, Gardner E. 1975. The timing and sequence of events in the development of the limbs in the human embryo. Anat Embryol. 148(1):1-23.

33 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016, March 30). Full prescribing information Mifeprex® (mifepristone); Black box warning. Retrieved from website http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_ docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf

34 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016, March 30). Full prescribing information Mifeprex® (mifepristone); Warnings & precautions: Uterine bleeding. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/ drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf

35 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016, March 30). Full prescribing information Mifeprex® (mifepristone); Warnings & precautions: Infections and sepsis. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda. gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf

36 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (2016, March). Mifeprex® medication guide. Retrieved from http:// http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM088643.pdf

37 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016, March 30). Full prescribing information Mifeprex® (mifepristone); Warnings & precautions: Ectopic pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda. gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf

38.1 Spitz, I., Bardin, W., Benton, L., Robbins, A. (1998). Early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338(18), 1241–47.

38.2 Stubblefield, P., Carr-Ellis, S., Borgatta, L. (2004). Methods for induced abortion. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 104(1), 174-185. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000130842.21897.53.

38.3 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016, March 30). Full prescribing information Mifeprex® (mifepristone); Clinical studies. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf

39 Ibid.

40 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016, March 30). Full prescribing information Mifeprex® (mifepristone); Special populations: pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/ drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf

41.1 Physician’s Desk Reference. (2014). Methotrexate drug summary. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http:// www.pdr.net/drug-summary/methotrexate-injection-methotrexate-for-injection?druglabelid=764

41.2 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M. (2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 9 medical abortion in early pregnancy. (1st ed., pp. 122–23). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

42.1 Physician’s Desk Reference. (2014). Cytotec ® (misoprostol) drug summary. Retrieved October 3,2016 from http://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/cytotec?druglabelid=1044

42.2 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M. (2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 9 medical abortion in early pregnancy. (1st ed., pp. 122–23). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

43.1 Katz, V., et al. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2007.

43.2 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M. (2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 10 first-trimester aspiration abortion. (1st ed., pp. 135–51). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

43.3 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Induced Abortion. ACOG Patient Education Pamphlet; November 2008.

43.4 Rock, J., Thompson, J. TeLinde’s Operative Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.

43.5 Stenchever, M.A., Droegemueller, W., Herbst, A.L., Mischell, D. Comprehensive Gynecology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001.

44 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M. (2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 11 dilation and evacuation. (1st ed., pp. 157–74). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

45 Fox, M. (2007). Cervical preparation for second trimester surgical abortion prior to 20 weeks. Contraception, 76(6), 486–95.

46 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M. (2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 12 medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester (1st ed., pp. 178–88). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

47 Pasquini, L., et al. Intracardiac injection of potassium chloride as method for feticide: Experience from a single U.K. tertiary centre. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115(4):528–31.

48.1 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M. (2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 11 dilation and evacuation. (1st ed., pp. 157–74). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

48.2 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M.(2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care (1st ed., pp. 111–92). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

49.1 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M.(2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 15: Surgical complications: Prevention and management (1st ed., pp. 224-251). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

49.2 Guttmacher Institute. (2017, January). Induced Abortion in the United States | Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved June 21, 2017, from https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states.

50.1 Katz, V., et al. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2007.

50.2 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Induced Abortion. Patient Education Pamphlet; November 2008.

51.1 Lohr, P. A. (2011, May 3). Abortion Review: Clinical Update: Very early surgical abortion. Retrieved October 5, 2016, from http://www.reproductivereview.org/index.php/site/article/958/

51.2 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M.(2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 15: Surgical complications: Prevention and management (1st ed., pp. 224-251). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

52.1 Katz, V., et al. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2007.

52.2 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Antibiotic prophylaxis for gynecologic procedures. Practice Bulletin No. 104; May 2009.

52.3 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M. (2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 15: Surgical complications: Prevention and management (1st ed., pp. 224-251). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

52.4 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Dilatation & Curettage. Patient Education Pamphlet; December 2005.

52.5 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Patient Education Pamphlet; April 2010.

53.1 Katz, V., et al. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2007.

53.2 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Induced Abortion. Patient Education Pamphlet; November 2008.

53.3 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Dilatation & Curettage. Patient Education Pamphlet ; December 2005.

53.4 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M.(2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care: Chapter 15: Surgical complications: Prevention and management (1st ed., pp. 224-251). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

54.1 Guttmacher Institute. (2016, October). Abortion reporting requirements. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_ARR.pdf

54.2 Saul, R. (1998). Abortion Reporting in the United States: An Examination of the Federal- State Partnership. Family Planning Perspectives, 30(5), 244. doi:10.2307/2991612

54.3 Calhoun, B. (2013). The maternal mortality myth in the context of legalized abortion. The Linacre Quarterly, 80(3), 264-276. doi:10.1179/2050854913y.0000000004

55 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, E. S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D. A., Stubblefield, P. G., & Creinin, M. D. (2009). Surgical complications: Prevention and management. Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: Comprehensive abortion care (pp. 244-45). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

56 Katz, V., et al. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2007.

57 American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Practice Bulletin No. 75; August 2006.

58.1 Katz, V., et al. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2007.

58.2 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D., Stubblefield, P., Creinin, M.(2009). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy comprehensive abortion care. (1st ed., pp. 111–92). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

59 Guttmacher Institute. (2017, January). Induced Abortion in the United States | Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved June 21, 2017, from https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states.

60 Thorp, J.M., Hartmann, K.E., Shadigian, E. Long-term physical and psychological health consequences of induced abortion: Review of the evidence. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58(1):67–79.

61.1 Swingle, H. M., Colaizy, T. T., Zimmerman, M. B., Morriss, F. H. (2009). Abortion and the risk of subsequent preterm birth: A systematic review with meta-analyses. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 54(2), 95–108.

61.2 Shah, P. S., Zao, J. (2009). Induced termination of pregnancy and low birthweight and preterm birth: A systematic review and meta-analyses. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 116(11), 1425–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02278.x.

61.3 Moreau, C., Kaminski, M., Ancel, P.Y., Bouyer, J., et al. Previous induced abortions and the risk of very preterm delivery: Results of the EPIPAGE study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;112(4):430–37.

61.4 Ancel, P.Y., Lelong, N., Papiernik, E., Saurel-Cubizolles, M.J., Kaminski, M. History of induced abortion as a risk factor for preterm birth in European countries: Results of EUROPOP survey. Hum Reprod 2004;19(3):734–40.

61.5 Behrman, R., Stith, B. Preterm birth: Causes, consequences, and prevention. Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences; 2006.

62.1 Ibid.

62.2 Rooney, B., Calhoun, B. Induced abortion and risk of later premature births. J Am Phys Surg. 2003;8(2):46–49.

63.1 Troisi, R., et al. (2013). A linked-registry study of gestational factors and subsequent breast cancer risk in the mother. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev, 22(5), 835–47.

63.2 National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (2012). Breast cancer risk in American women. Retrieved October 5, 2016 from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/probabilitybreast-cancer

63.3 Trichopoulos, D. (1983). Age at any birth and breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer, 31, 701–04.

63.4 Vatten, L., et al. (2002). Pregnancy related protection against breast cancer depends on length of gestation. Brit J of Cancer. 87, 289–90.

64 Ibid.

65.1 Hsieh, C., et al. Delivery of premature newborns and maternal breast cancer risk. Lancet. 1999.

65.2 Russo, J., et al. Developmental, molecular and cellular basis of human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2000;27:17–37.

66.1 Bhadoria, A.S., Kapil, U., Sareen, N., Singh, P. (2013). Reproductive factors and breast cancer: A case-control study in tertiary care hospital of north India. Indian Journal of Cancer, 50, 316–21. doi: 10.4103/0019-509X.123606

66.2 Huang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, W., Song, F., Dai, H., Wang, J., … Chen, K. (2013). A meta-analysis of the association between induced abortion and breast cancer risk among Chinese females. Cancer Causes & Control, 25(2), 227-236. doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0325-7

66.3 Brind, J. Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A critical review of recent studies based on prospective data. J Am Phys Surg. Winter 2005;10(4).

66.4 Carroll, P. The breast cancer epidemic: Modeling and forecasts based on abortion and other risk factors. J Am Phys Surg. 2007;12(3).

67 Kitchen, A. J., Trivedi, P., Ng, N. D., & Mokbel, K. (2005). Is there a link between breast cancer and abortion: a review of the literature. Int J Fertil Womens Med, 50(6), 267-71.

68.1 Lowit, A., Bhattacharya, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2010). Obstetric performance following an induced abortion. Best Practice & Research in Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 24(5), 667-82. doi:10.1016/j. bpobgyn.2010.02.015

68.2 Hung, T., Hsieh, C., Hsu, J., Chiu, T., Lo, L., & Hsieh, T. (2007). Risk factors for placenta previa in an Asian population. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 97(1), 26-30. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.12.006.

68.3 Johnson, L. G., Mueller, B. A., & Daling, J. R. (2003). The relationship of placenta previa and history of induced abortion. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 81(2), 191-8. doi:10.1016/S00207292(03)00004-3.

68.4 Faiz, A. S., & Ananth, C. V. (2003). Etiology and risk factors for placenta previa: an overview and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 13(3), 175-90. doi:10.1080/713605832.

68.5 Ananth, C., Smulian, J., & Vintzileos, A. (1997). The association of placenta previa with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol,177(5), 1071-8.

68.6 Taylor, V. M., & Kramer, M. D. (1993). Placental previa in relation to induced and spontaneous abortion: a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol, 82(1), 88-91.

68.7 Ananth, C. V., Smulian, J. C., & Vintzileos, A. M. (2003). The effect of placenta previa on neonatal mortality: A population-based study in the United States, 1989 through 1997. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188(5), 1299-304. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.76.

68.8 Sheiner, E., Shoham-Vardi, I., Hallak, M., Hershkowitz, R., Katz, M., & Mazor, M. (2001). Placenta previa: obstetric risk factors and pregnancy outcome. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 10(6), 414-9. doi:10.1080/714052784.

69.1 Coleman, P.K. (2011). Abortion and mental health: Quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 180–86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230.

69.2 Thorp, J.M., Hartmann, K.E., Shadigian, E. Long-term physical and psychological health consequences of induced abortion: Review of the evidence. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58(1):67–79.

70.1 Cougle, J.R., et al. Depression associated with abortion and childbirth: A long-term analysis of the NLSY cohort. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9(4):105–12.

70.2 Fergusson, D.M., et al. Abortion in young women and subsequent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(1):16–24.

70.3 Pedersen, W. Abortion and depression: A population-based longitudinal study of young women. Scand J Public Health. 2008;36(4):424–28.

70.4 Rees, D.I., Sabia, J.J. The relationship between abortion and depression: New evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13(10):430–36.

71.1 Fergusson, D.M., et al. Abortion in young women and subsequent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(1):16–24.

71.2 Coleman, P.K., Reardon, D., Rue, V. Prior history of induced abortion in relation to substance use during subsequent pregnancies carried to term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:1673–78.

71.3 Coleman, P.K., et al. Substance use among pregnant women in the contest of previous reproductive loss and desire for current pregnancy. Br J Health Psychol. 2005;10:255–68.

71.4 Coleman, P.K. Resolution of unwanted pregnancy during adolescence through abortion versus childbirth: Individual and family predictors and psychological consequences. J Youth Adolesc. 2006;35:903–11.

71.5 Pedersen, W. Childbirth, abortion and subsequent substance use in young women: A population-based longitudinal study. Addiction. 2007 December;102(12):1971–78.

71.6 Reardon, D.C., Coleman, P.K., Cougle, J. Substance use associated with prior history of abortion and unintended birth: A national cross sectional cohort study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2004;26:369–83.

72.1 Curley, M., Johnston, C. (2013). The characteristics and severity of psychological distress after abortion among university students. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, doi: 10.1007/s11414-013-9328-0.

72.2 Coleman, P.K., Coyle, C., Rue, V. (2010). Late-term elective abortion and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Pregnancy, Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/130519. Accessed February 1, 2014.

72.3 Thorp, J.M., Hartmann, K.E., Shadigian, E. Long-term physical and psychological health consequences of induced abortion: Review of the evidence. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58(1):67–79.

72.4 Rue, V.M., et al. Induced abortion and traumatic stress: A preliminary comparison of American and Russian women. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10:5–16.

73.1 Fergusson, D.M., et al. Abortion in young women and subsequent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(1):16–24.

73.2 Reardon, D.C., Shuping, M.W., et al. Deaths associated with abortion compared to childbirth: A review of old and new data and the medical and legal implications. J Contemp Health Law Policy. 2004;20(2):279–327.

73.3 Gissler, M., et al. Injury deaths, suicides and homicides associated with pregnancy; Eur J Public Health 2005;15(5):459–63.

73.4 Shadigian, E.M., et al. Pregnancy-associated death: A qualitative systematic review of homicide and suicide. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005;60(3):183.

74.1 Coleman, P.K. Resolution of unwanted pregnancy during adolescence through abortion versus childbirth: Individual and family predictors and psychological consequences. J Youth Adolesc. 2006;35:903–11.

74.2 Reardon, D.C., Coleman, P.K., Cougle, J. Substance use associated with prior history of abortion and unintended birth: A national cross sectional cohort study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2004;26:369–83.

74.3 Broen, A.N., Moum, T., Bodtker, A.S., Ekeberg, O. Psychological impact on women of miscarriage versus induced abortion: A two-year follow-up study. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(2):265–71.

74.4 Broen, A.N., Moum, T., Bodtker, A.S., Ekeberg, O. The course of mental health after miscarriage and induced abortion: A longitudinal, five-year follow-up study. BMC Med. 2005;3:18.

75 Coleman, P.K., Rue, V.M., Coyle, C.T. Induced abortion and intimate relationship quality in the Chicago Health and Social Life Survey. Public Health. April 2009;123(4):331–38.

76 Coleman, P.K., et al. Predictors and correlates of abortion in the Fragile Families and Well-Being Study: Paternal behavior, substance use, and partner violence. Int J Ment Health Addict. July 2009;7(3):405–22.

77 Oberg, M. (2014). Prevalence of intimate partner violence among women seeking termination of pregnancy compared to women seeking contraceptive counseling. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 93(1), 45–51.

78 National Council for Adoption. (1999). Adoption the best option. In Adoption factbook III (3rd ed., p. 4). Waite Park, MN: Author.

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