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17.3 Thill B. Fetal Pain in the First Trimester. The Linacre Quarterly. 2022;89(1):73-100. doi:10.1177/00243639211059245
17.4 Lowery CL, Hardman MP, Manning N, Hall RW, Anand KJ, Clancy B. Neurodevelopmental changes of fetal pain. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Oct;31(5):275-82. Doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.07.004. Erratum in: Semin Perinatol. 2009 Dec;33(6):410. Clancy, Barbara [added]. PMID: 17905181.
17.5 Perry M, Tan Z, Chen J, Weidig T, Xu W, Cong XS. Neonatal Pain: Perceptions and Current Practice. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2018 Dec;30(4):549-561. doi: 10.1016/j. cnc.2018.07.013. PMID: 30447813; PMCID:PMC6570422.
17.6 Fisk NM, Gitau R, Teixeira JM, Giannakoulopoulos X, Cameron AD, Glover VA. Effect of direct fetal opioid analgesia on fetal hormonal and hemodynamic stress response to intrauterine needling. Anesthesiology. 2001 Oct;95(4):828-35. doi: 10.1097/00000542-20011000000008. PMID: 11605920.
17.7 K O’Donnell & V. Glover (2008) “New Insights into Prenatal Stress: Immediate and Long-term Effects on the Fetus and Their Timing,” in Neonatal Pain, ed. Giuseppe Buonocore & Carlo V. Bellieni Milan. Springer, 60.
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19 Endowment for Human Development (2006). Documentation Center for The Biology of Prenatal Development DVD: Chapter 43. Retrieved from http://www.ehd.org/ resources_bpd_documentation_english.php#_ftnref33
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22 Ectopic pregnancy. (2022, March 12). Retrieved from https://www. mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372088
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25 See #10.
26 Davenport, M. L., Delgado, G., Harrison, M. P., & Khauv, V. (2017). Embryo survival after mifepristone: A systematic review of the literature. Issues in Law & Medicine, 32(1).
27 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (2016). MifeprexTM medication guide. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/media/72923/ download
28 The Endowment for Human Development (2006). Right- and Left-Handedness. Retrieved from http://www.ehd.org/movies. php?mov_id=44.
29 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (2016). MifeprexTM medication guide. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/media/72923/ download
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32 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (2016). MifeprexTM medication guide. Retrieved from https:// www.google.com/url?q=https:// www.fda.gov/media/72923/ download&sa=D&source=docs&us t=1724955572604597&usg=AOvVaw1k_21ggcZLnOvW83yQMMnI
33 Spitz, I., Bardin, W., Benton, L., Robbins, A. (1998). Early Pregnancy Termination with Mifepristone and Misoprostol in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338(18), 1241–47. Retrieved from http:// www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/
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34 Auffret M, Bernard-Phalippon N, Dekemp J, Carlier P, Gervoise Boyer M, Vial T, Gautier S. Misoprostol exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy: Is the malformation risk varying depending on the indication? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod, Biol. 2016 Dec;207:188-192. doi: 10.1016/j. ejogrb.2016.11.007. Epub 2016 Nov 11. PMID: 27865944, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/27865944/
35 Food & Drug Administration. (2023, January). Mifepristone medication guide. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://www. fda.gov/media/164654/download
36 Niinimäki M, Pouta A, Bloigu A, Gissler M, Hemminki E, Suhonen S, Heikinheimo O. Immediate complications after medical compared with surgical termination of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Oct;114(4):795-804. doi: 10.1097/ AOG.0b013e3181b5ccf9. PMID: 19888037.
37 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2018, December 31). Mifepristone U.S. Postmarketing Adverse Events Summary. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/ media/112118/download
38 Ibid.
39 Niinimäki M, Pouta A, Bloigu A, Gissler M, Hemminki E, Suhonen S, Heikinheimo O. Immediate Complications After Medical Compared with Surgical Termination of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Oct;114(4):795- 804. doi: 10.1097/ AOG.0b013e3181b5ccf9. PMID: 19888037, https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/19888037/.
40 American Pregnancy Association. (2022, February 14). Rh factor blood type and pregnancy. Retrieved from https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/ pregnancy-complications/rh-factor/
42 Mayo Clinic. (2023, November 7). Dilation and curettage (D&C). Retrieved from https://www. mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ dilation-and-curettage/about/pac20384910
43 Food & Drug Administration.
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44.2 Food & Drug Administration. (2023, March 23). Mifeprex (mifepristone) information: FDA Does Not Recommend Buying Mifepristone Online. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/ information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation
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45.2 Delgado, G., Condly, S. J., & Davenport, M. (2018). A case series detailing the successful reversal of the effects of mifepristone using progesterone. Issues in Law & Medicine, 33(1).
45.3 Davenport, M. L., Delgado, G., Harrison, M. P., & Khauv, V. (2017). Embryo survival after mifepristone: A systematic review of the literature. Issues in Law & Medicine, 32(1).
46.1 Paul, E. S. Lichtenberg, L. Borgatta, D. A. Grimes, P. G. Stubblefield, & M. D. Creinin (Eds.), 2009.
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AOG.0000116260.81570.60. PMID: 15051566.
47.2 Paul, E. S. Lichtenberg, L. Borgatta, D.A. Grimes, P. G. Stubblefield, & M. D. Creinin (Eds.), 2009. Surgical complications: Prevention and management in Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: Comprehensive abortion care . (p. 122-129). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
47.4 O’Rahilly R, Müller F. (2001). Human embryology and teratology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss. Epner JEG, Jonas HS, Seckinger DL. Late-term Abortion. JAMA. 1998;280(8):724–729. doi:10.1001/ jama.280.8.724
48.1 Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. (2019). In-Clinic Abortion Procedures: Planned Parenthood. Retrieved from http:// www.plannedparenthood.org/ health-info/abortion/in-clinic-abortion-procedures
48.2 Paul, E. S. Lichtenberg, L. Borgatta, D.A. Grimes, P. G. Stubblefield, & M. D. Creinin (Eds.), 2009. Dilation and Evacuation in Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: Comprehensive abortion care (pp. 157-74). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
48.3 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (2013). Practice Bulletin: Second-Trimester Abortion (135).
49 Pasquini, L., et al. Intracardiac injection of potassium chloride as method for feticide: Experience from a single U.K. tertiary centre. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115(4):528–31.
50 Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V., & Torchia, M. G. (2013). Skeletal System. In The developing human
(9th ed., pp. 343-61). Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
51.1. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (2013). Practice Bulletin: Second-Trimester Abortion (135).
51.2 Paul, E. S. Lichtenberg, L. Borgatta, D. A. Grimes, P. G. Stubblefield, & M. D. Creinin (Eds.), 2009. Dilation and Evacuation in Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: Comprehensive abortion care. (pp. 157-74). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
52 Pasquini, L., et al. Intracardiac injection of potassium chloride as method for feticide: Experience from a single U.K. tertiary centre. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115(4):528–31.
53 Pasquini, L., et al. Intracardiac injection of potassium chloride as method for feticide: Experience from a single U.K. tertiary centre. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115(4):528–31.
55.2 Thill B. Fetal Pain in the First Trimester. The Linacre Quarterly. 2022;89(1):73-100. doi:10.1177/00243639211059245
55.3 Lowery CL, Hardman MP, Manning N, Hall RW, Anand KJ, Clancy B. Neurodevelopmental changes of fetal pain. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Oct;31(5):275-82. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2007.07.004. Erratum in: Semin Perinatol. 2009 Dec;33(6):410. Clancy, Barbara [added]. PMID: 17905181.
55.4 Perry M, Tan Z, Chen J, Weidig T, Xu W, Cong XS. Neonatal Pain: Perceptions and Current Practice. Crit Care Nurs Clin NorthAm. 2018 Dec;30(4):549-561. doi: 10.1016/j.cnc.2018.07.013. PMID: 30447813; PMCID:PMC6570422.
55.5 Fisk NM, Gitau R, Teixeira JM, Giannakoulopoulos X, Cameron AD, Glover VA. Effect of direct fetal opioid analgesia on fetal hormonal and hemodynamic stress response to intrauterine needling. Anesthesiology. 2001 Oct;95(4):828-35. doi: 10.1097/00000542-20011000000008. PMID: 11605920.
55.6 K O’Donnell & V. Glover (2008) “New Insights into Prenatal
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55.1. Yang-Kauh, C. (2013). Complications of Gynecologic Procedures, Abortion, and Assisted Reproductive Technology. In Emergency Medicine (2nd ed., pp. 1079-96). Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
56.2 Bartlett LA, Berg CJ, Shulman HB, Zane SB, Green CA, Whitehead S, Atrash HK. Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;103(4):72937. Doi: 10.1097/01. AOG.0000116260.81570.60.PMID: 15051566.
56 Paul, M., Lichtenberg, E. S., Borgatta, L., Grimes, D. A., Stubblefield, P. G., & Creinin,M. D. (2009). Surgical complications: Prevention and management. In Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: Comprehensive abortion care (pp. 228-44). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
57.1. Ibid.
58.2 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). Practice Bulletin: Medical management of first trimester abortion (143).
58.1 American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2019). Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Retrieved June 14, 2023, from https:// www.acog.org/womens-health/ faqs/ pelvic-inflammatory-disease#
59.2 Stevenson MM, Radcliffe KW. Preventing pelvic infection after abortion. Int J STD AIDS. 1995 Sep-Oct;6(5):305-12. doi: 10.1177/095646249500600501. PMID: 8547409.
59.3 Bridwell RE, Long B, Montrief T, Gottlieb M. Post-abortion Complications: A Narrative Review for Emergency Clinicians. West J Emerg Med. 2022 Oct 23;23(6):919- 925. doi: 10.5811/
60.2 Smikle C, Yarrarapu SNS, Khetarpal S. Asherman Syndrome. [Updated 2022 Jun 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK448088/
60.3 Cleveland Clinic. (2022, January 8). Asherman’s syndrome: What is it, symptoms & treatment. Retrieved from https:// my.clevelandclinic.org/health/ diseas-es/16561-ashermans-syndrome
60 See 57.
61 American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2020). Pain management (pp. 95-97). Ramsey A. Penicillin Allergy and Perioperative Anaphylaxis. Front Allergy. 2022 Jun 9;3:903161. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2022.903161. PMID: 35769557; PMCID:PMC9234876.
62 American Pregnancy Association. (2022, February 14). Rh factor blood type and pregnancy. Retrieved from https://american-pregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/ rh-factor/
63 See 56.2 and 56.3. And 57
64.1. Coleman, P.K. (2011). Abortion and mental health: Quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 180–86. doi: 10.1192/bjp. bp.110.077230.
65.2 Fergusson, D. et al. (2006). Abortion in young women and subsequent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry., 47(1), 16–24.
65.3 Rees,D.I. & Sabia,J.J. (2007) The relationship between abortion and depression: New evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Medical Science Monitor, 13 (10), 430-436.
65.4 Pedersen W. (2008). Abortion and depression: A population-based longitudinal study of young women. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36 (4):424-8.
65.5 Cougle, J., Reardon, D.C., Coleman, P. K. (2005). Generalized anxiety associated with unintended
pregnancy: A cohort study of the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(10), 137-142.
65.6 Curley, M., Johnston, C. (2013). The characteristics and severity of psychological distress after abortion among university students. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, doi: 10.1007/ s11414- 013-9328-0.
65.1 Coleman, P.K., Reardon, D.C., Rue, V., Cougle, J. (2002). Prior history of induced abortion in relation to substance use during subsequent pregnancies carried to term. Am J Obstet Gynecol., 187, 1673–78.
66.2 Reardon, D.C., & Ney, P. (2000). Abortion and subsequent substance abuse. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 26, 61-75.
66.3 Reardon, D. C., Coleman, P. K., & Cougle, J. (2004) Substance use associated with prior history of abortion and unintended birth: A national cross-sectional cohort study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, 369-383.
66.1 Rue, V., Coleman, P., Rue, J., Reardon, D.C. (2004). Induced abortion and traumatic stress: A preliminary comparison of American and Russian women. Medical Science Monitor, 10(10), 5–16.
67.2 Rousset, C., et al. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress following medical and surgical abortion. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(5), 506–17.
67.3 Curley, M., Johnston, C. (2013). The characteristics and severity of psychological distress after abortion among university students. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, doi: 10.1007/ s11414- 013-9328-0.
67.4 Suliman S, Ericksen T, Labuschgne T, de Wit R, Stein D, Seedat S. (2007). Comparison of pain, cortisol levels, and psychological distress in women undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy under local anesthesia versus intravenous sedation. BMC Psychiatry, 7:24 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-7-24.
67.1 Mota, N. P., Burnett, M., & Sareen,J. (2010). Associations Between Abortion, Mental Disorders, and Suicidal Behavior in a Nationally Representative Sample. Can J Psychiatry, 55(4), 239-47.
68.2 Gissler, M., et al. (2005). Injury deaths, suicides and homicides associated with pregnancy, Finland 1987-2000. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 459-463.
68.3 Shadigian, E.M., et al. (2005). Pregnancy-associated death: A qualitative systematic review of homicide and suicide. Obstet Gynecol Surv.60(3),183.
68.4 Reardon, D.C., Shuping, M.W., et al. (2004). Deaths associated with abortion compared to childbirth: A review of old and new data and the medical and legal implications. J Contemp Health Law Policy, 20(2), 279–327.
68.5 Reardon, D.C., Ney, P.G., Scheuren, F.J., Cougle, J.R., Coleman, P.K., & Strahan, T. (2002). Deaths associated with pregnancy outcome: a record linkage study of low-income women. Southern Medical Journal.95(8), 834-841.
68.6 Gissler, M. et al. (1996). Suicides after pregnancy in Finland, 1987-94: Register linkage study. British Medical Journal, 313,1431-4.
68.1 Coleman, P.K., Rue, V., Coyle, C. (2009). Induced abortion and quality of intimate relationships: Analysis of male and female data from the Chicago health and social life survey. Public Health, 123, 331–38. doi: 10.1016/j. puhe.2009.01.005.
69.2 Coyle, C., Coleman, P.K., Rue, V. (2010). Inadequate preabortion counseling and decision conflict as predictors of subsequent relationship difficulties and psychological stress in men and women. Traumatology, 16(1), 16–30. doi: 10.1177/15344765609347550.
69.3 Fok WY, Siu SSN, Lau TK. (2006).Sexual dysfunction after a first trimester induced abortion in a Chinese population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol ,126:255-258.
69.4. Bianchi-Demicelli F, Perrin E, Ludicke F, Bianchi PG, Chatton D, Campana A.(2002) Termination of pregnancy and women’s sexuality. Gynecol Obstet Invest ,53:48-53.
69.5. Bradshaw Z., Slade P.(2003). The effects of induced abortion on emotional experiences and relationships: A critical review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev; 23:929-958.
69.1 See 69.3 and 69.5.
70.2 Pallitto, C. C., & Garcia-Morena, C. (2013). Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: results from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 120(1), 3-9
70.1. Shah, P., et al. (2009). Induced termination of pregnancy and low birthweight and preterm birth: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Brit J of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1425–42.
71.2 Swingle, T., et al. (2009). Abortion and the risk of subsequent preterm birth: A systematic review with meta-analyses. J of Reproductive Medicine, 95–108.
71.3 Saccone G, Perriera L, Berghella V. Prior uterine evacuation of pregnancy as independent risk factor for preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;214:572-91.
71.4. Moreau, C., Kaminski, M., Ancel, P.Y., Bouyer, J., et al (2005). Previous induced abortions and the risk of very preterm delivery: Results of the EPIPAGE study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol,5,112(4):430–37.
71.5. Ancel, P.Y., Lelong, N., Papiernik, E., Saurel-Cubizolles, M.J., Kaminski, M (2004). History of induced abortion as a risk factor for preterm birth in European countries: Results of EUROPOP survey. Hum Reprod.,19(3):734–40.
71 Bhadoria A S, Kapil U, Sareen N, SinghP. (2013). Reproductive factors and breastcancer: A case-control study in tertiary carehospital of North India. Indian J Cancer, 50,316-21. Retrieved from: http:// www.indianjcancer.com/text. asp?2013/50/4/316/12360686. Ibid.
87.1 Brind, J., Condly, S., Lanfranchi, A., &Rooney, B. (2018). Induced abortion as anindependent risk factor for breast cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis ofstudies on South Asian women. Issues inLaw and Medicine, 33(1), 1-25. Retrieved from: https://www.bcpinstitute.org/ uploads/1/1/5/1/115111905/brind_ final_corrected_proof__021118.pdf
87.2. Huang, Y., Zhang, X., Song, F., Dai, H.,Wang, J., Gao, Y. (2014). A meta-analysis ofthe association between induced abortion and breast cancer risk among Chinese females. Cancer Causes & Control, 25(2),227–36. Retrieved from:
72.1. National Cancer Institute. (2018, Mar). Breast cancer prevention. Retrieved from https:// www.cancer. gov/types/breast/ patient/breast-prevention-pdq#section/_12.
72.2 Trichopoulos, D. (1983). Age at any birth and breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer, 31, 701–04.
72.3 Troisi, R., et al. (2013). A linked-registry study of gestational factors and subsequent breast cancer risk in the mother. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev, 22(5), 835–47.
72.4 Vatten, L., et al. (2002). Pregnancy related protection against breast cancer depends on length of gestation. Brit J of Cancer, 87, 289–90.
73 For more information, please visit Abortion Resources for Men.
73.1 C Coyle. Men and Abortion: A Review of Empirical Reports Concerning the Impact of Abortion on Men. The Internet Journal of Mental Health. 2006 Volume 3 Number 2.
73.2 Coleman, P.K., Rue, V.M., Coyle, C.T. ( 2009). Induced abortion and quality of intimate relationships: Analysis of male and female data from the Chicago health and social life survey. Public Health, 123(4):331–38. doi: 10.1016/j. puhe.2009.01.005.
73.3 Coleman, P.K., Maxey, C., Spence, M., Nixon, C. (2009).Predictors and correlates of abortion in the Fragile Families and Well-Being Study: Paternal behavior, substance use, and partner violence. Int J Ment Health Addict.,7(3):405–22.
73.4 See 69.5
74.1 See 69.2 and 73.2.
74.2 Coleman, P.K., Rue, V., Spence, M. (2007). Intrapersonal processes and post-abortion relationship challenges: A review and consolidation of relevant literature. The Internet Journal of Mental Health 2007, 4(2).
74.3 Coyle, C. (2007). Men and abortion: A review of empirical reports. Internet J of Mental Health, 3(2). Rue, V. (1996). His abortion experience: The effects of abortion on men. Ethics and Medics, 21(4), 3–4.
CITATIONS
75 National Fatherhood Initiative® 2024. Father Facts: Ninth Edition. Germantown, MD: National Fatherhood Initiative®.
76.2 Calhoun, B. (2013). The maternal mortality myth in the context of legalized abortion. The Linacre Quarterly, 80(3), 264-276. doi:10.11 79/2050854913y.0000000004
76.1. World Health Organization. (2023, February 23). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: Estimates by who, unicef, unfpa, World Bank group and UNDESA/ Population division. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/ item/9789240068759
77 Chapter 19 Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage. (2012). In S. G. Gabbe (Ed.), Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (6th ed.). Saunders.
78 Chapter 35 Hypertension. (2012). In S. G. Gabbe (Ed.), Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (6th ed.). Saunders.
79 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2011). Thromboembolism in Pregnancy (123). Practice bulletin.
80 The American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists (2013). Committee Opinion: Prevention of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Newborns (485).
81 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2013). NCHS Data Brief: Changes in Cesarean Delivery Rates by Gestational Age: United States, 1996–2011 (124).
82.1. Vinayagam, D., & Chandraharan, E. (2012). The Adverse Impact of Maternal Obesity on Intrapartum and Perinatal Outcomes. ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology. Retrieved from http://dx.doi. org/10.5402/2012/939762.
83.2 Machado, L. S. (2012). Cesarean section in morbidly obese parturients: practical implications and complications. North American Journal of Medical Science, 4(1). doi:10.4103/1947-2714.92895.
83 National Cancer Institute (2016, November 9). Reproductive History and Breast Cancer Risk. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/reproductive-history
84.1. National Institutes of Health (2019, March 27). Ovarian Cancer
Prevention (PDQ®) – National Cancer Institute. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/ page3#Keypoint14
85.2 National Cancer Institute. Uterine Cancer-Patient Version. (n.d.). Retrieved on November 18, 2019 from https://www.cancer.gov/ types/uterine
85 Reardon, D. C., Cougle, J., Ney, P. J., Sheuren, F., Coleman, P. K., & Strahan, T. W. (2002). Deaths associated with delivery and abortion among California Medicaid patients: A record linkage study. Southern Medical Journal, 95, 834-841.
86.2 Gissler, M., et al. (2005). Injury deaths, suicides and homicides associated with pregnancy, Finland 1987-2000. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 459-463.
86.3 Coleman, P.K.(2006). Resolution of unwanted pregnancy during adolescence through abortion versus childbirth: Individual and family predictors and psychological consequences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 903-911.
86.4 Broen, A.N., Moum, T., Bodtker, A.S., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2004). Psychological impact on women of miscarriage versus induced abortion: A 2-year follow-up study.
86.5 Psychosom. Med. 66, 265-271. Broen, A.N., Moum, T., Bødtker, A.S., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2005). The course of mental health after miscarriage and induced abortion: a longitudinal, five-year follow-up study. BMC Medicine, 3,18. Doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-3-18. Retrieved from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/17417015/3/18
86.1. Gissler, M. et al. (1996). Suicides after pregnancy in Finland, 1987-94: Register linkage study. British Medical Journal, 313, 1431-4.
87 Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2021, February 22). Why breastfeeding is important | womenshealth.gov. Retrieved from http://www.womenshealth.gov/ breastfeeding/why-breastfeeding-is-important/index.html
88 Responses to the following questions in this section were derived from Lifeway Research and Care Net’s Men’s Survey (2021), https://care-net.org/mens-survey/
89 Rob Schmerling, “The Health Advantages of Marriage - Harvard Health.” Harvard Health Publishing, November 30, 2016. Accessed November 19, 2023. https:// www.health.harvard.edu/blog/ the-health-advantages-of-marriage-2016113010667
90 Brad Wilcox, “Do Two Parents Matter More Than Ever.” Institute for Family Studies (September 2023), https://ifstudies.org/blog/ do-two-parents-matter-more-thanever, accessed 8/24/24
91 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Department of Family Life. “How Does Society Benefit from Strong Marriages?” Accessed May 20, 2024. https:// www.usccb.org/topics/marriage-and-family-life-ministries/ marriage-and-family
92 FamilyStructureStudies.com, accessed May 20, 2024. https://www. familystructurestudies.com/
93 American College of Pediatricians, “Marriage Is a ‘Benefit to Society,’” Accessed May 20, 2024. https://acpeds.org/blog/marriage-is-a-benefit-to-society.
94 Rosemary L. Hopcroft, “More Money, More Marriage: How Breadwinning Matters for Both Men and Women Today.” Institute for Family Studies, May 12, 2014. Accessed May 20, 2024. https://ifstudies.org/ blog/more-money-more-marriagehow-breadwinning-matters-forboth-men-and-women-today
95 There is a wealth of research on this from the Institute for Family Studies: https://ifstudies.org/
96 Child Welfare Information Gateway. Retrieved from https:// www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/ putativeall.pdf
97 Brodzinsky, D. M. (1993). Long Term Outcomes in Adoption. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f2e/0847b27347a1aec28cade747a171871d76ef.pdf
98 National Adoption Center (n.d.). Types of Adoptions. Retrieved from http://www.adopt.org/types-adoptions
99 Medical Dictionary. (n.d.) from https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
