Vegetables & Fruit September/October 2018

SINCE 1988

SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2018

Build your cucurbit defence with strong genetics R37,00

(BTW ingesluit) ander lande uitgesluit (Including VAT) other countries excluded

No 185

10 Nr 185

ISSN 1015-85 37

13

23 Cover

NEWS 3 3 5 5 9 9

The first successful cherry trees were planted in South Africa in 1905 on the farm Platkop in the Clocolan district. Do not miss the annual cherry festival held in Ficksburg from 15 to 17 November.

Nuwe assistent-witwynmaker vir Nederburg Mariska Jaars new agri diva Cooling project to reduce harvest loss Detection of the Oriental fruit fly Table grape farm opens purpose built housing Ekonomies volhoubare grondhervorming CUCURBITS

10 13 15

REDAKSIE Willie Louw (Groepredakteur)

Powdery mildew on cucurbits Build your cucurbit defence with strong genetics Getting the most from seaweed biostimulants

Carien Daffue (Joernalis) 018 293 0622 mediacom@intekom.co.za Posbus 20250, Noordbrug, 2522

STONE FRUIT 17 Wenke vir doeltreffende beheer van bruinvrot in steenvrugte 22 Chris Krone lei pruimedante-wêreld 23 Trade development and consumer education campaign

A challenge greatly mastered Food safety: nitrogen, an ideal clean gas

PMA Fresh Connections 2018 GENERAL

36 40 42 43 45

Knowing red spider mites in orchards Market value for macadamias up a whopping 72% The empowering impact of macadamia trading SAMGA mango day Innovative and versatile technology INSECT COLUMN

46

The tomato leaf miner (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

UITLEG Roelien vd Westhuizen westhuizenroo@gmail.com 072 930 6721

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PMA FRESH CONNECTIONS 30

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TRANSPORT & LOGISTICS 27 29

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3

NUUS

Nuwe assistent-witwynmaker vir Nederburg Vra jy die Kaapse Vlakte-boorling, Jamie Fredericks, wat haar grootste uitdaging in die lewe was, antwoord hierdie pas aangestelde 25 jarige assisent-witwynmaker by Nederburg sonder aarseling: “Om alleen internasionaal te reis en staat te maak op mense wat ek nog nie ontmoet het nie!”

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IE BUITELANDSE REIS WAARNA sy verwys, was ’n geleentheid om ná haar studies in Kalifornië te gaan werk.

Haar wynreis het egter reeds voor dit begin.

Jamie is in 1992 gebore en het in Retreat grootgeword voor sy aan die Norman Henshilwood Hoërskool in Constantia gematrikuleer het. Pas na haar BSc-gradeplegtigheid is sy in 2015 as ’n laboratorium-analis met internskap by Die Bergkelder van Distell aangestel.

Sy onthou die groot indruk wat haar eerste oes by dié Stellenbosche kelder gelaat het. “Ek het onder toesig van wynmakers Kristin Basson en Pieter Badenhorst gewerk.

Hul passie en dryfkrag het my laat besef hoe belangrik die wynmaker se rol is. Al die harde werk en moeite wat in wynmaakingaan, maak dat jy die eindproduk net soveel meer

geniet.” Jamie verklap haar voorliefde vir Chenin Blanc, “vir sy veelsydigheid. Die wyn word gebruik om vonkel-, droë-, semi-soet- en soetwyn te maak, asook brandewyn, en dit kan akkerhout-integrasie goed hanteer. Dit is ook minder vatbaar vir oksidasie,” sê sy.”

Jamie begeer haar eie wyn-etiket. “Dit sal ’n huldeblyk aan my oorlede ouma wees, want sy het ’n ongelooflike groot in my lewe gespeel.”

Van haar ouma en ma af kom haar benadering tot die lewe.

“Dit is belangrik dat jy jouself liefhet en net jouself bly. Werk hard, baie hard. Selfs al is jy nie die slimste of het nie die meeste talent nie, harde werk oorskadu alles. Moenie dat jou verlede jou kniehalter om jou potenisaal te bereik nie,” sê sy.

Mariska Jaars new agri diva A general agricultural worker from LHB Boerdery, near Worcester, won the coveted Agri’s Got Talent title recently. The 25-year old Mariska Jaars opened the gala evening at Allée Bleue, Simondium, with her version of Mariah Carey’s hit ‘Hero’ and with her performance set a high bar for the other contestants to follow.

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HIS WAS THE FIFTH year that the competition was held and the first time that a woman walked away with the honours. Chantel Hess from Boomerang Farm, Grabouw, and Tersia Rhodes from Diemersfontein, were in second and third place respectively.

Earlier, Jaars said that the competition and training gave her the opportunity to find herself again. “I have suffered from low self-esteem and during this training I have discovered things about myself that I did not know existed.” She described the contest as “challenging, but a great opportunity for agricultural workers”.

“It opens up a whole new world for agri workers. The support from the other contestants has been empowering. We are a family now.”

Agri’s Got Talent is the brainchild of Hortgro’s executive director Anton Rabe and is jointly sponsored by Hortgro, the VinPro Foundation and the Western Cape Department of Agriculture. The South African Table Grape Industry sponsors the aftercare project.

According to Thea van Zyl, organiser of this year’s project,

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Agri’s Got Talent is more than just a singing contest.

“It gives agricultural workers the chance to broaden their horizons and build new networks. The project is an opportunity to develop skills at many levels that participants can apply back in their own communities. Emphasis is also placed on the development of human relations, something that is much needed in South Africa. “

Mariska Jaars, winner of Agri’s Got Talent 2018.

5

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DiPel® is ‘n geregistreerde handelsmerk van Valent BioSciences Corporation, Libertyville, Illinois, VSA.

NUUS

Cooling project to reduce harvest loss Clean cold experts at Dearman have launched a new project aiming to reduce wasted harvest in South Africa. The project is backed by grant funds from the Department for International Development.

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OOD WASTE IN SOUTH Africa is estimated to be worth R 92 billion annually, half of which occurs in the fruit and vegetable sector. Low farmer income makes access to cooling technology difficult.

Dearman’s 24-month project seeks to develop a mobile pre-cooling system, using the company’s groundbreaking liquid nitrogen engine. Pre-cooling rapidly reduces the temperature of produce immediately after harvest, to ensure minimal post-harvest food loss.

Working with local partners Transfrig, the cold chain operator, and Harvest Fresh, a family-owned food producer based in the Gauteng province, the company will develop a mobile, off-grid, zero-emission system that allows small farmers to

access affordable pre-cooling. The fruit and vegetables’ pre-cooling market is estimated to be worth R 1,4 billion across Africa. The project seeks to deliver a successful technology demonstration, including a six-month field trial, and set out a viable route for wider commercial deployment of the pre-cooling system.

The company estimates that deploying just 250 Dearman pre-coolers in South Africa would be enough to process the 350 000 tonnes of fruit and vegetable wasted during post-harvest handling and storage.

Additional impacts would include saving 328 million cubic metres of water and 29 000 hectares of land also currently wasted, as well as boosting farmer incomes by 12%.

Commenting, Dr Daniel Fennell, Dearman’s head of new applications said: “We’re very excited to be launching our new project in South Africa. Small farmers in the country want an affordable pre-cooling system, but one that does the job cleanly. The zero-emission system we are developing can offer a real alternative to polluting, expensive diesel systems and help to reduce post-harvest food loss.”

Detection of the Oriental fruit fIy The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) recently made an announcement on the detection of the Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) in the Orange River area within the ZF Mgcawu District Municipality in the Northern Cape.

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EVERAL DETECTIONS OF specimens of this pest were reported to DAFF between the last week of February and April 2018, respectively. These detections were reported at regular intervals between Groblershoop and Upington, including Grootdrink, Karos, Keimoes, Augrabies, as well as Kakamas, areas alongside or close to the Orange River.

With citrus and grapes being the main fruit produced in the affected area, these detections pose a serious threat to production of these fruit crops as they are also preferred hosts of the Oriental fruit fly.

The Department together with other affected role players implemented phytosanitary measures to contain the spread of the pest in the affected area. The affected communities and role-players are requested to co-operate with officials of the Department and industry bodies who will be on the ground placing fruit fly traps and/ or male annihilation (MAT) blocks/protein bait stations to control the pest. This pest requires implementation of effective orchard/field sanitation and regulation/management of the movement of host material from quarantine (infested) areas to non-quarantine (non-infested) areas.

In terms of the phytosanitary measures, infested areas are quarantined in terms of the Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)

No. 36 of 1983), Control Measures R.110 of 27 January 1984 as amended. The affected parties are served with official orders to restrict movement of host materials from affected areas to non-affected areas; delimiting surveys as well as actions to eradicate the pest.

Members of the public are advised to not remove the fruit-fly trapping buckets placed along roadsides in production areas and other public areas. The trapping buckets is essential to the national exotic fruit fly surveillance programme. People in all provinces producing the host crops of this pest are advised to stay alert and practice the stipulated control measures.

7

NUUS

Table grape farm opens purpose built housing A group of 30 farm workers at the South African table grape farm Nieuwe Sion in Simondium, Paarl, became the proud owners of a purpose built R 30 million agri-worker housing development recently.

T

HE OWNERS OF THE farm, Dr David Potter and his wife Elaine, resolved to create an environment that would leave their workers better off than when they started working on the farm. They joined the Sustainability Initiative of South Africa (SIZA) and then took their vision further in May 2015, by launching a R30 million housing development aimed at giving their workers access to the property market.

“The Potter’s vision of empowering their workers moves beyond the payment of living wages and the creation of a safe and worker friendly production environment. Their ultimate goal is to help workers and their families, especially their children, become less dependent on the farm for their financial wellbeing, by giving them access to the mainstream economy,” Fielies du Toit, the farm’s manager explained.

Dr Potter said they are proud to be able to “gift” this development to the farm workers who “must use it as a space to support and uplift each other. The complex was designed to meet the wishes of all, which is to keep the community of workers together.”

Paul Morris, one of the worker representatives with 30 years of service on the farm, thanked the Potters for “opening their hearts and lifting us as farm workers this high”. “We really

Dr David and Elaine Potter with Paul Morris, the worker representative.

appreciate the gifting of our new houses. It is a huge opportunity for us. We will look after it,” said Morris to loud applause and singing from his equally thankful colleagues.

Willem Bestbier, CEO of SATI, congratulated the Potters, workers and management of the farm and said the high-quality development is testament to what can be done when industry and government work together to the benefit of people.

Nieuwe Sion is a 70 ha table grape, nectarine and soft citrus farm in Simondium in the Western Cape. The new complex has been named Lumier to signify a new dawn in the lives of the workers.

Ekonomies volhoubare grondhervorming Die sagtevrugtebedryfsorganisasie, Hortgro, het onlangs in ‘n verklaring gesê dat dit betekenisvolle, volhoubare en ekonomies lewensvatbare grondhervorming in die landbousektor erken en ondersteun as ‘n manier om voorheen benadeelde landbouers in te sluit.

D

IT IS NOODSAAKLIK DAT voorheen benadeelde individue die geleentheid kry om aan ons bedryf deel te neem, om sodoende ekonomiese groei en stabiliteit vir toekomstige geslagte te bewerkstellig,” het Hortgro se voorsitter, Nicholas Dicey, gesê.

“Grond is ’n uiters emosionele saak vir baie Suid-Afrikaners maar die produktiewe gebruik daarvan moet ook erken word, sê hy. “Alle landbougrond-gebruikers moet poog om die waarde wat grond aan hulle, die agri-arbeidsmag en die land as geheel bied, te verhoog. Ons moet die regte mense deur die regte prosesse op landbougrond kry en aan hulle die regte ondersteuningsdienste voorsien. Grondhervorming moet dus só geïmplementeer word dat dit tot lewensvatbare en volhoubare besighede lei.”

Dicey het verder vir opbouende gesprekke op alle vlakke tussen die staat en die private landbousektor gevra, ten einde betekenisvolle en blywende oplossings vir grondhervorming te vind wat ooreenstem met die doelwitte van die Nasionale Ontwikkelingsplan.

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

“Die irrasionele openbare debat wat tans in die media afspeel, help nie. Daar is opportuniste aan beide kante van die spektrum wat met die toekoms van ons land speel. Hierdie blatante populisme moet met ‘n sinvolle proses en volhoubare oplossings vervang word. Hortgro ondersteun ‘n regsproses wat ons Grondwet waardig is en alle belanghebbendes moet vreesloos etiese leierskap in hierdie verband toon.”

Dicey het verder gesê dat ‘n konstruktiewe en eerlike dialoog tussen die regering en kommersiële landbou die huidige grondhervormings- en transformasie-aktiwiteite wat binne die sagtevrugtebedryf plaasvind, kan verbeter. “Daar is nie ‘n towerformule vir grondhervorming nie, maar daar is talle voorbeelde van suksesvolle projekte, beide op individuele en kollektiewe basis. Ons moet op hierdie suksesse fokus, dit internaliseer en elders herhaal. Ons het baie potensiaal. Sukses sal tot verdere sukses voer. “ Vir meer inligting kontak: Anton Rabe anton@hortgro.co.za of Nicholas Dicey ndicey@laplaisante.co.za

9

CUCURBITS

Powdery mildew on cucurbits André de Villiers SAKATA

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that can infect all cucurbit crops. The disease is found worldwide and can cause severe reductions in yield if not sprayed for preventatively.

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HERE ARE TWO PATHOGENS that infect cucurbits, Podosphaera xanthii (ex Sphaerotheca fuligenea) and Golovinomyces cichoracearum (ex Erysiphe cichoracearum).

The pathogens are obligate pathogens and survive on volunteer or weed host plants. Infection can occur between 10 and 32ºC, but the optimum temperature for development is between 20 and 27ºC. For infection to occur, high humidity (50 - 90%) is needed, whereas for the spread of the disease, low humidity is required. Spores are windblown and can form germ tubes in as little as two hours after contact with the plant leaves. Spores can be formed within four days after infection, meaning the disease can spread rapidly when conditions are favourable.

Symptoms of powdery mildew can be seen as white powdery spots on the leaves and stems of the plant. Infection can occur on the upper and/or lower surfaces of the leaves.

Powdery mildew leaf

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Sakata Quality Seed

Cosmos

Pluto

Quantum

Veenas Tel: 011 548 2800 www.sakata.co.za e-mail: info.saf@sakata.eu

PAMPOENGEWASSE Veenas Veenas is a small to medium size (0,6 – 1,0 kg) F1 hybrid butternut with outstanding fruit quality and uniformity. Plants are widely adapted and yield potential is excellent. Fruit set is also excellent and covers a long bearing season. The flesh is very firm, yellow orange in colour and has a very good flavour. The rind is very smooth and tan in colour when mature.

The mature fruit have an excellent shelf life. Veenas is well adapted for warm season harvests where small to medium sized fruit are required. It has intermediate resistance to powdery mildew (Px) (ex Sf).

Veenas is a small to medium size F1 hybrid butternut

The infected leaves will eventually turn yellow and can become brown and papery. The fruit are normally not directly attacked by the fungi, however, the loss of foliage can severely affect yields, as well as causing the fruit to be exposed to the sun, resulting in sunburn and reduced fruit quality.

Powdery mildew can be controlled by implementing a preventative fungicide spraying programme. Weed control and good sanitation practices can also contribute in controlling the disease. By planting cucurbit varieties that have resistance to Powdery mildew is the best option for disease control.

Sakata’s butternut range is well known for their resistance to powdery mildew, enabling the grower to save on spraying cost by not having to spray for the disease as often as on susceptible varieties. Sakata butternuts also obtain much higher yields due to the vigorous plants that stay healthier for much longer than susceptible varieties.

Cosmos Cosmos F1 hybrid butternut produces fruit of medium size (0,8 – 1,2 kg). The bush type plants are vigorous and tend to be less susceptible to diseases. Yield potential is excellent for a bush type plant. It is well adapted for planting in spring. As fruit set is concentrated, fruit may be ready for harvest when supply to the market is limited. The advantage of the bush plant is that mechanical weed control is possible well into the season. Cosmos has intermediate resistance to powdery mildew (Px) (ex Sf).

For more information on Sakata’s cucurbit product range please visit www.sakata.co.za.

DISCLAIMER: This information is based on Sakata’s observations and/or information from other sources. As crop performance depends on the interaction between the genetic potential of the seed, its physiological characteristics and the environment, including management, Sakata gives no warranty express or implied, for the performance of crops relative to the information given, nor do Sakata accept any liability for any loss, direct or consequential, that may arise from whatsoever cause. Please read the Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Conditions of Sale before ordering seed.

Pluto Pluto is a medium size (1,0 – 1,5 kg) F1 hybrid butternut with excellent fruit quality. The plants are adaptable and vigorous and tend therefore to be less susceptible to diseases. Pluto has an outstanding yield potential and is well adapted for cooler season harvests where small to medium fruit are required. The firm, deep orange flesh has an excellent flavour and high sugar content. Mature fruit have an excellent shelf life. Fruit are used as traditional butternut; however the superior flesh quality makes Pluto suitable for processing and export. It has intermediate resistance to powdery mildew (Px) (ex Sf).

Quantum Quantum F1 hybrid butternut is the slightly smaller (0,8 – 1,2 kg) sister line of Pluto with the same excellent fruit quality.

Yield potential is excellent and the fruit are not inclined to crack. Fruit set is outstanding and covers a long bearing season. Plants are adaptable and vigorous and tend therefore to be less susceptible to diseases. Quantum is well adapted for warm season harvests where medium sized fruit are required.

The fruit are suitable for the traditional butternut market, but because of the varieties’ superior flesh quality, it can also be suitable for processing and export. It has intermediate resistance to powdery mildew (Px) (ex Sf).

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Powdery mildew stem

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Innoverend Genetika Kwaliteit

Die alles-in-een-saadverskaffer

Liberty*

SV 9054 YG*

• Sterk plant met stekelose blaarstele wat oesproses vergemaklik • Hoë toleransie teen ZYMV • Oopplant struktuur

• Goeie vrugkwaliteit • Donkergroen kleur • Intermediêre toleransie teen PRSV, SLCV, WMV, ZYMV

Canesi • Uitstekende vrugkwaliteit • Goeie blaarbedekking • Gemiddelde vrugmassa tussen 1,2 tot 2,5kg

Butler* • Baie goeie opbrengspotensiaal • Geskik vir die vars- en prosesseringsmark • Medium tot groot vruggrootte

Messenger* • Geskik vir die varsmark • Hoë toleransie teen roes • Goeie “tip fill” • Baie goeie staanvermoë • Koplengte tussen 19 tot 22 cm • Ideaal vir somer, herfs en laat winteraanplantings

*Kultivar is tans onder proef en is of sal daarna oorweeg word om vir registrasie ingedien te word.

Posbus 159, Oudtshoorn, 6620, Suid-Afrika • Tel: 044 203 9800 • Tel: 018 293 1233 •Tel: 010 140 0839 • Tel: 012 252 6849 • www.saadbemarking.co.za

PAMPOENGEWASSE

Build your cucurbit defence with strong genetics

Quine CV1325 FR 01

Baby marrows (zucchini) and patty pans (scallop) are some of the most important squash crops in South Africa, produced both for local and export markets. Squash refers collectively to patty pans (scallop), baby marrows (zucchini), butternut and gems all of which are members of the cucurbit family.

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PHIDS, VIRUSES AND POWDERY mildew are probably the biggest challenge that deters a marketable and profitable harvest from being obtained. It is estimated that 32 viruses are considered of economic importance in cucurbits in South Africa. The link between aphids and viruses is important as all potyviruses (largest plant virus group) are entirely transmitted by aphids. Once infected, virus diseases are difficult to control and there are no cost-effective chemical treatments available.

A comprehensive insect and disease control programme is essential for squash production. This can be both costly and time consuming and the benefits of planting varieties that have comprehensive resistance packages is key.

Squash crops are susceptible to a number of diseases and viruses especially when the crop is under stress. One of the most common fungal pathogens of squash is powdery mildew. Syngenta has a comprehensive squash breeding programme with powdery mildew resistant varieties.

Syngenta is a global leader in agribusiness and committed to sustainable agriculture through innovative research and technology. The company has a wealth of expertise and genetic material to develop the right seeds. This ensures reliability,

Afrodite CV0499 FR 13

Sunburst NL 01

disease resistance and high yields. The extensive squash portfolio, including blockbusters such as Afrodite, Athos, Quine, Starship and Sunburst, are well suited to serve the South African market. Local expertise is supplemented by the expert area-specific knowledge of Syngenta’s distributor, InteliSeed. The seed specialists within both companies ensure each grower will have the right variety planted in the right ecological zone for optimal marketable yields.

Table 1: A short descriptor of some key virus diseases targeting squash.

Virus

Vector

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

Aphids

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)

Aphids

Squash mosaic virus (SqMV)

Beetles

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV)

Aphids

Symptoms Severe epinasty, downward bending of the petiole and leaf surface along with leaf reduction, in early season infection.

Severe leaf mosaic, yellowing and eventually “shoestring” symptoms in the leaves. The fruit are stunted, twisted and deformed by raised protuberances, which reduces yield and makes them unmarketable in some cultures.

Pronounced chlorotic mottle, green vein banding and distortion of leaves. Fruit of infected plants become mottled and misshaped.

Systemic mosaic and occasional leaf malformation.

TO PAGE 14

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

13

Jimbo and Staffie the indeterminate hybrid varieties suited to the fresh market Features/benefits: • Exceptional fruit quality • Very high first grade pack out • Uniform harvest from start to end

CUCURBITS

Build your cucurbit defence with strong genetics FROM PAGE 13 Table 2: A short descriptor of the fungal pathogens affecting squash.

Disease

Powdery mildew (Px/Gc)

Distributed by Symptoms

Wind

White, powdery fungal growth on leaves, stems and petioles. Starts on older leaves and results in senescence. Yield can be affected by resultant stress.

Table 3: A snapshot of Syngenta and InteliSeed’s portfolio.

Variety

Jimbo • TYLCV and TSWV resistance • Open Field production, Country wide

Attributes

45-55 days maturity, medium dark green fruit with uniform Afrodite Baby marrow cylindrical shape, Fruit length (zucchini) 10-20 cm, diameter 3,5-4 cm.

45-55 days maturity, dark green shiny coloured fruit Athos Baby marrow with cylindrical straight (zucchini) shape, Fruit length 11-21 cm, diameter 2-3, 5 cm.

35-45 days maturity, medium Quine Baby marrow to dark green coloured fruit, (zucchini) Fruit length 10-20 cm, diameter 3-7 cm.

48 days maturity, bright dark green coloured fruit that is Starship Patty pan disc shaped with scalloped (scallop) edges, Fruit width 2-6 cm, diameter 3-7 cm.

50 days maturity, bright yellow fruit with dark green Sunburst Patty pan blossom end that are disc (scallop) shaped with scalloped edges, Fruit width 2-6 cm, diameter 3-7 cm.

Resistance

CMV, WMV, ZYMV

CMV, WMV, ZYMV/ Gc/Px

CMV, WMV, ZYMV/ Gc/Px

Disclaimer Syngenta Vegetables Seeds has exercised reasonable care and skill in compiling this content. Specificity of pests or pathogens may vary over time and space and depends on environmental factors. In order to maximize the efficiency of a resistance, it is highly recommended to mix different ways of control such as growing conditions, plant protection products and genetic resistance as part of an integrated crop management. All data in this site are intended for general guidance only and the user should apply it in accordance with his own knowledge and experience of local conditions. In case of doubt we recommend that a small scale trial production be carried out to determine how local conditions may affect the variety. Syngenta Vegetables Seeds cannot accept any liability in connection with this content.

Staffie • TYLCV resistance • Open Field and Nethouse production, Northern regions of South Africa

Syngenta South Africa (Pty) Limited Private Bag X60, Halfway House, 1685. Tel. (011) 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za. © Syngenta Ag, 2000. Copyright of this document is reserved.

All unauthorized copying is prohibited.

InteliSeed Office Contact Details Tel: +27 11 660 7481 | Fax: +27 11 660 7559 | www.intelichem.co.za We have exercised the utmost care in compiling this information in this report. The data should, however, be handled by the user in his/ her own knowledge and experience of local circumstances. The terms used here refer to the known and described physios of certain pathotypes. However, other unknown and/or non-described disease physios may exist. We cannot, therefore, accept any liability for varieties listed in this report turning out to be non-resistant or non-tolerant to such pathotypes, whatever the reason. In case of doubt we recommend carrying out a small-scale trial production in order to test local growing conditions. *variety not registered but compliant to guidelines for import and unlisted varieties.

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SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2018 | VEGETABLES & FRUIT

CUCURBITS

Optimising seaweed biostimulants Dr Heino Papenfus KELPAK

Humanity has been utilising seaweed for centuries. Seaweed has been used as early as 1690 in the production of soda ash (washing soda) and later in the production of iodine and potash.

I

N AGRICULTURE, DRIED MILLED seaweed was mixed into soil to provide crops with some nutrients and plant hormones and although it was effective, the kelp amendment increased the sodium and chlorine levels in the soil. It was only later discovered that the beneficial effect of seaweed can be retained and utilised more efficiently when the cellular content is extracted and applied to plants as a foliar spray or soil drench.

The first seaweed extract (seaweed biostimulant) was produced by R.F. Milton in 1952. The method patented by Milton, produced a seaweed extract by heating the seaweed at temperatures over 100 °C under high pressure. Together with the use of alkaline chemicals, the cell walls are broken down to extract the cellular content.

Variations of this alkaline hydrolyzed method are still used by most companies producing seaweed extracts today. Since the method developed by Milton might destroy the delicate plant hormones in seaweed, Kelp Products (Pty) Ltd deve- loped a unique cell burst method to prepare seaweed extracts, thereby excluding the use of heat and chemicals. This method relies solely on exposing seaweed material to high pressure differentials which bursts the cell walls of the cells and also the organelles within the cells, releasing valuable intracellular liquid containing all the plant hormones. The seaweed extract known as KelpakÂŽ is consequently organically certified and safe to use in organic farming.

The use of seaweed extracts has increased in popularity among farmers globally. For a relatively small input cost, a great improvement in yield and overall plant health can be achieved. The effect that seaweed biostimulant have on

plants is not due to their nutritive value but rather a combination of plant hormones that work in concert to stimulate active growth. This is especially true if the dilution rate at which biostimulants are applied at is considered. Some seaweed biostimulant products often compensate for inferior extraction procedures and low seaweed inclusion rates by supplementing with nutrients and will consequently not have organic attestation. The global market of seaweed biostimulants is growing ra- pidly. Farmers around the world have realised what the benefits of seaweed biostimulants are when they are used correctly. The plant hormones contained in a seaweed biostimulant product has the potential to improve growth and yield of most crops if it is applied at the correct dose and at the appropriate moment.

Generally speaking, potential yield is already realised at the seedling stage for most vegetables and row crops and it is therefore pertinent that the first biostimulant applications are made at this stage. For example, applying Kelpak at transplant reduces transplant stress and stimulates root growth.

Applying it a second time as a foliar spray has shown to improve overall growth and yield.

The same holds true for most nut and fruit trees where the yield is determined at fertilisation of the flowers, presenting another opportunity for applying a suitable biostimulant that will aid in the pollination and fertilisation of the flowers. Applying Kelpak during flowering and fruit has a direct effect on seed number, fruit set and retention and fruit sizing, ultimately improving yield. Applying biostimulants at the correct dose and at the most opportune moment can make the difference between a good yield and a great yield.

Al veertig jaar in diens van die boer Vanaf 1978 is Kelpak wetenskaplik bewys om wortelgroei en plantgesondheid te verbeter met uitstekende opbrengsverbeterings asook eindproduk kwaliteite tot gevolg

15

STONE FRUIT

Bloeisels versier die boorde

Wenke vir doeltreffende beheer van bruinvrot in steenvrugte Ida Wilson KONSULTANT

Steenvrugte sluit perskes, nektariens en pruime in en is van die land se belangrikste uitvoerprodukte.

Een van die grootste oorsake van verliese ná oes en met kwaliteit is bruinvrot. Plaaslik kom dit wyd voor en veroorsaak in sommige jare noemenswaardige ekonomiese verliese in die bedryf.

D

IE MEESTE SUID-AFRIKAANSE steenvrugkultivars is vatbaar vir bruinvrot, hoewel spesifieke vatbaarheid tussen kultivars wissel. Oor die algemeen is pruime minder vatbaar as perskes en nektariens. Gedurende 2018 se verpakkingseisoen is ernstige na-oesuitbrake van bruinvrot waargeneem en tans word dit gesien as een van die hoofoorsake van bederf.

Bruinvrot word veroorsaak deur swamme wat aan die genus Monilinia behoort. Die swam is in 1796 vir die eerste keer as die oorsaak van steenvrugbederf uitgeken. Daar is twee verwante spesies wat bruinvrot in steenvrugte kan veroorsaak, naamlik Monilinia fruticola en Monilinia laxa. In Suid-Afrika kom slegs Monilinia laxa voor.

Die swam veroorsaak ‘n tipiese sagte bruin verrotting, vanwaar die naam ontstaan het. Eers is slegs ‘n klein kolletjie op die ryp vrug met bruin verrotting sigbaar. Soos die swam groei, vergroot die area waar die vrug bederf toon en mettertyd vorm ‘n watte-agtige groeisel van die swam op die vrugoppervlak. Die swam vorm dan massas spore, wat soos “saadjies vir plante” is en die oorsprong is van nuwe swamme binne in die wit watte-agtige groeisel.

Wanneer verrotte vrugte naby gesonde vrugte verpak word, steek vrot vrugte die gesonde vrugte aan. Besmetting van gesonde vrugte vind plaas deur natuurlike openinge, soos die huidmondjies en deur klein krakies en wonde op die vrugoppervlak. As omgewingstoestande baie gunstig is vir die ontwikkeling van bruinvrot, kan ryp vrugte binne twee dae

Watte-agtige groei van die bruinvrotswam op ‘n perske met bruin spore sigbaar in die middel van die swamgroei.

heeltemal verrot.

Die swam besmet ‘n verskeidenheid van die steenvrugboom se weefsel, veral bloeisels, en besmet ook ryp vrugte na-oes gedurende verpakking en verkoeling. Die eerste punt van ingryping teen die siekte begin daarom gedurende lente wanneer bome bot. Ten spyte daarvan dat dit as ‘n na-oessiekte NA BLADSY 19

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

17

Sercadis

®

’n Xemium®-oplossing

uppe marketing A18520/AFR

Die nuwe generasie swamdoder is hier ...

Beste in sy klas Met die innoverende aktiewe bestanddeel Xemium®, is BASF se nuutste swamdoder Sercadis® in kombinasie met Delan®, beslis eersteklas wat ’n weerstandbestuursoplossing vir jou kernvrugte betref. Met uitstekende beheer van skurfsiekte en poeieragtige skimmel, lewer Sercadis® hoë gehalte vrugte met gerieflike en aanpasbare swamdodertoediening vir jou gemoedsrus.

BASF Suid Afrika (Edms) Bpk • 852 Sestiende Straat, Midrand, 1685 • Posbus 2801, Halfway House, 1685 • Tel: +27 11 203 2400 • Faks: +27 11 203 2461 • Webblad: www.agro.basf.co.za Mobielewebblad: m.agro.basf.co.za • Sercadis® Reg. Nr. L9800, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947. Aktiewe bestanddeel: Xemium® 300 g/ℓ. Versigtig. Xemium® = Fluxapyroxad (pyrazole-carboxamide).

Delan® Reg. Nr. L5440, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947. Aktiewe bestanddeel: Dithianon 500 g/ℓ. Skadelik • Gebruik slegs soos aangedui op etiket • Sercadis®, Xemium® en Delan® is geregistreerde handelsmerke van BASF.

STONE FRUIT

Wenke vir doeltreffende beheer van bruinvrot in steenvrugte VANAF BLADSY 17 bekend is, moet beskerming van vrugte reeds aan die begin van die seisoen plaasvind. Om bruinvrot suksesvol te bestuur vereis ‘n omvattende benadering.

Bestuur is afhanklik ‘n kombinasie van boordsanitasie, wat die beskikbare hoeveelheid spoor-inokulum in die boord sal verminder, en die oordeelkundige aanwending van swamdoders op bloeisels en op vrugte tydens verpakking.

VOOR-OESBESMETTING Die swam oorleef van een groeiseisoen tot die volgende in die boorde as lewende swamliggame in voorheen besmette plantdele, soos stamme, vrugstingels, takkies en verrimpelde, uitgedroogde siek vrugte (bekend as mummies) wat aan bome bly hang of op die grond lê. In die lente, wanneer temperature styg, begin die swam spore maak of sporuleer.

Sporulasie kan gunstig plaasvind in temperature tussen 13 en 25˚C en word bevorder deur nat weerstoestande. Die swamspore se verspreiding na gesonde plantweefsel vind plaas deur wind en reën. Insekte, soos heuningbye of kewers, kan ook die swam-inokulum (spore wat weer oorsprong gee aan nuwe individuele swamme) ronddra.

Weens die vereiste van ‘n gunstige klimaat vir voor-oesbesmetting van bome en vrugte, kom die siekte wisselvallig voor na gelang van jare met ‘n gunstige klimaat. Dit is dus moeilik om te voorspel of bruinvrot in gegewe jare ‘n groot probleem gaan word.

Takkies en bloeisels Wanneer bruinvrot die takkies besmet, verooraak dit verwelking en afsterwing. Verdere besmetting in die boom kan lei tot wonde en groeisels op die takkies. Die wonde en groeisels dien as sentrums vir die swam se oorlewing gedurende wintermaande en as bronne van bloeisel-infeksie in die lente.

Bloeisels is die vatbaarste steenvrugweefsel en dit is baie gevoelig vir besmetting. Die mate van bloeiselbesmetting is direk verwant aan die tydperk wat die blomblaartjies nat bly en die temperatuur. In bloeisels kan simptome binne enkele dae tot twee weke na besmetting begin vertoon. Die besmette bloeisels lyk soos bloeisels wat nie bestuif is nie, want dit verwelk en droog uit. Anders as die onbestuiwe bloeisels wat uit die boom val, verkleur die siek bloeisels bruin en bly aan takkies kleef. Dié simptome is as bloeiselversenging bekend. Dit is belangrik om gedurende die lente op te let vir siek bloeiselweefsel, want dit vorm ‘n belangrike bron van swaminfeksie (of sekondêre inokulum) wat vrugte later in die seisoen besmet.

Vrugverrotting in die boord Harde, klein, groen vrugte na pitverharding is bestand teen infeksie en word nie besmet nie, maar soos groter vrugte begin ryp word kan besmetting weer begin plaasvind. Onder hoë siektedruk kan besmette rypwordende vrugte in die boom verrot en afval of daar bly hang. Rypwording van vrugte en die mate van bederf is positief gekorreleer. Hoe ryper die

Pragtige steenvrugte

vrugte gevolglik word, hoe meer geneig sal hul wees om te begin verrot. Enige faktore wat skade aan rypwordende vrugte in die boord kan meebring, soos insekvoedingskade, kan die besmetting deur swamme bevoordeel.

BESTUUR Swamdoders Die tydige aanwending van swamdoder op bloeisels is ‘n doeltreffende strategie vir die bestryding van bruinvrot. Omdat veral bloeisels baie vatbaar is vir bruinvrot se swambesmetting en boonop ook vir besmetting deur ander swamme, is swamdoderbeskerming uiters belangrik. Aanbevelings vir die presiese tyd van toediening sal verskil na gelang van die produk se etiketvoorskrifte. Toediening kan van so vroeg as blomknoppie-verskyning wees, met herhaalde toedienings elke 2-3 weke nadat nuwe groei plaasgevind het wat weer beskerm moet word. Indien ernstige bruinvrot-uitbrake in die vorige seisoen voorgekom het, word ‘n baie vroeë eerste bespuiting aanbeveel, wanneer die eerste blomknoppies begin verskyn.

Dis uiters belangrik om die swamdoder-vervaardiger se gebruiksaanwysings noukeurig te volg. Die volume en metodes waarmee swamdoders aangewend word kan ‘n uitwerking hê op die produk se doeltreffendheid. Goeie bedekking van die teikenarea en tydsberekening van toediening is belangrik vir optimale beheer. Goeie praktyk vereis byvoorbeeld dat produkte weens verdamping nie gedurende die warmste tyd van die dag gespuit word nie.

Boordsanitasie Swamdoders kan gespuit word om die bloeisels te beskerm maar dit is nie die enigste of belangrikste strategie om swambesmetting te voorkom nie. Doeltreffende boordsanitasie lewer baie groot bydraes om bruinvrot en ander na-oesverrottingsiektes te beheer. Die beskikbaarheid van inokulum is ‘n belangrike dryfveer van moontlike besmetting. Besmette plantmateriaal moet gevolglik uit boorde verwyder word.

Verrottende vrugte in en onder die boom en siek takkies NA BLADSY 21

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

19

STONE FRUIT

Wenke vir doeltreffende beheer van bruinvrot in steenvrugte VAN BLADSY 19 kan dra, moet doeltreffende sanitasie ook tydens oes, verpakking en opberging gehandhaaf word. Verrottende vrugte moenie naby gesonde vrugte gelaat word nie. Algemene sanitasie moet in die pakhuis en koelkamers toegepas word en oppervlaktes moet gereeld skoongemaak word om die akkumulasie van bruinvrot en ander swamme se spore te verminder.

Swamdoders kan ook na-oes, gedurende die pakproses, op vrugte toegedien word. Die akkurate toediening daarvan is egter uiters belangrik, nie net vir doeltreffende swambeheer nie, maar ook om te sorg dat die swamdoder se hoeveelheid residu voldoen aan uitvoerlande se vereistes van maksimum toelaatbare hoeveelhede.

Gesonde steenvrugte

moet verwyder word. Alle besmette plantmateriaal dien as ‘n bron van infeksie vir gesonde materiaal.

Besmette plantmateriaal bly reg deur die seisoen ‘n potensiële bron van inokulum. Daarom is sanitasie nie net belangrik voor en gedurende bloeityd nie, maar deur die hele seisoen.

SAMEVATTING Bruinvrot kan noemenswaardige verliese in steenvrugte veroorsaak. Doeltreffende beheer berus op boordsanitasie, die bespuiting van bloeisels met swamdoder en in die versigtige hantering van vrugte met oes en verpakking. Na-oesswamdoder wat in die pakhuis toegedien word verleen verdere beskerming teen bederf, maar die produkte moet ook akkuraat toegedien word om die verwagte voordeel daarvan te verseker.

21

Ander bestuursfaktore Toestande wat vogtigheid in die boom bevorder sal infeksie aanhelp. In bome wat gevolglik goed deurlug is, bly die blare en bloeisels vir ‘n korter tydperk nat. Goeie snoeipraktyke vir deurlugting lewer daarom ook ‘n bydrae tot siektebestuur.

Dit blyk dat oormatige stikstoftoediening die steenvrugbome se vatbaarheid vir bruinvrot aanhelp. Volg aanbevole dosisse vir stikstoftoediening en moenie oortollige hoeveelhede toedien nie.

NA-OESBEHEER Die eerste strategie vir die beheer van bruinvrot nadat vrugte geoes is, is die tydige beskermende aanwending van swamdoder voor-oes en goeie boordsanitasie.

Soos reeds genoem, is die tempo waarteen die vrug se swamverrotting kan plaasvind direk gekoppel aan vrugrypheid. Hoe ryper die vrug, hoe vinniger kan die verrotting plaasvind. Daarom moet vrugte ook nie té ryp geoes word nie. Die risiko van vrugbederf in vrugte wat by ‘n gevorderde rypheid gepluk word, sal aansienlik groter wees as vrugte wat by die aanbevole rypheid geoes word.

Omdat wonde en krakies toegang aan die swam verleen, moet vrugte tydens pluk baie versigtig hanteer word. Versigtige hantering van vrugte tydens verpakking is ook ‘n vereiste om beserings aan die vrugte te vermy en die vrugte teen besmetting te beskerm.

Aangesien wind die swamspore deur die boord en pakhuis

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

INSIST ON ONLY THE

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Get paid within 5 working days Get your communication within 5 working days Do you get this from an unregistered agent?

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STEENVRUGTE

Chris Krone lei pruimedante-wêreld Pruimedante

HORTGRO

‘n Bekende in landboukringe, Chris Krone, is tydens die 17de Kongres van die Internasionale Pruimedante-vereniging in Villeneuve Sur Lot, Frankryk, as die nuwe president van die vereni- ging verkies.

Chris Krone

K

RONE, AFKOMSTIG VAN TULBACH, gaan leiding neem tot en met die volgende kongres wat aan die einde van 2019 in Suid-Afrika plaasvind.

Benewens die algemene werk van die Vereniging wat

bestaan uit al die groot pruimedant-produserende lande, voer Krone ook ’n navorsingsprojek aan oor die vernuwingseffek wat pruimedante op beendigtheid het.

Die navorsing het ten doel om te bewys dat pruimedante heupfrakture by ouer mense kan voorkom of verminder. Laboratorium-eksperimente op rotte en muise het reeds bewys dat ’n dieet met pruimedante beendigtheid bevorder.

Kliniese proewe word tans op ‘n geselekteerde groep mense gedoen om die bevindinge te staaf. Die inligting sal voorts in publikasies en promosies gebruik kan word. Die bevordering van beendigtheid is ’n bykomende gesondheidsvoordeel van pruimedante, wat ook ‘n gesonde spysverteringstelsel en hart bevorder.

Krone het in sy aanvaardingstoespraak gesê pruimedante behoort ’n integrale deel van enige gesonde dieet uit te maak.

22

BLOM EN VRUGSET

VRUGVUL EN NA-OES

VRUGTE

VROEË VEGETATIEF EN “FLUSH”

Kynoch – verbeterde doeltreffendheid deur innovasie.

• Met aanvang van nuwe groeiseisoen, gebruik KynoPop® vir ‘n vinnige wegspring en volg op met Brio™ as mengsel spesiaal vir effektiwiteit geformuleer.

• Met eertse “flush” van nuwe groeiseisoen gebruik Calcibor™, GreenGold® en Brio™ en sorg sodoende dat regte elemente voor blom reeds beskikbaar is vir gebruik.

• Met eerste “flush” is Fruit OEMFF® Starter ‘n blaarvoeding vir ‘n groeikragtige begin.

uppe marketing A15887

Met Kynoch se innoverende en pasmaak-produkte kan jy bemesting volgens jou plante se behoeftes en groeistadiums toedien. So verseker Kynoch dat jou vrugte kry wat hul nodig het, wanneer hul dit die nodigste het.

Boonop het jy gemoedsrus, omdat jy weet, met Kynoch op jou plaas van meet af aan, haal jy net die beste uit jou vrugte en kan dit lei tot verbeterde doeltreffendheid in kwaliteit en opbrengspotensiaal.

• Tydens blom kan ‘n kombinasie van GreenGold®, Achilles™, Seniphos, Calcibor™ en/of Unika Kalsium™ gebruik word om blom-inisiasie en -set te bevorder.

• Tydens vrugset, kan ‘n kombinasie, van Fruit OEMFF® Grow, Bortrac, Stopit en Caltrac gebruik word om opbrengs en aanleg tot kwaliteit te verbeter.

• Gedurende vrugvul, dien Fruit OEMFF® Flower & Fruit toe om die plant se werkverigting te verbeter. Gebruik ook Foli-Grande™ of Foli-Plus™ vir beter opbrengs en kwaliteit.

• Tydens na-oes dien Fruit OEMFF® Grow toe om koolhidrate te onderhou.

011 317 2000 info@kynoch.co.za www.kynoch.co.za Farmisco (Edms) Bpk. h/a Kynoch Fertilizer Reg. Nr. 2009/0092541/07

Achilles™ Reg. Nr. K8967, Bortrac 150 Reg. Nr. B3626, Caltrac BZ Reg. Nr. B3715, Foli-Grande™ Reg. Nr. K8045, Foli-Plus™ Reg. Nr. In proses, GreenGold® Reg. Nr. K8034, KynoPop®Reg. Nr. K9101, Calcibor™ Reg. Nr. K9739, Brio™ Reg. Nr. K8046, Seniphos™ Reg. Nr. K7682, Stopit Reg. Nr. B3625, Unika Kalsium™ Reg. Nr. K6641, Fruit OEMFF® Flower & Fruit Reg. Nr. K9091, Fruit OEMFF® Grow Reg. Nr. K9090, Fruit OEMFF® Starter Reg. Nr. K9088. (Alle produkte is geregistreer onder Wet 36 van 1947)

STONE FRUIT

Trade development and consumer education campaign HORTGRO

Over the past ten years, Hortgro’s pome and stone fruit growers have strategically invested in key export markets through continuous longterm market development campaigns.

T

HESE EFFORTS AIM TO put South African deciduous fruit firmly in the saddle as a world player in the international fruit industry arena. It also entails the ongoing evaluation of activities and focus areas. In this regard, the pome fruit industry requested a reprioritisation of funds towards trade-related and market access activities that have already been implemented.

According to Jacques du Preez, Hortgro Trade & Markets Manager, the ongoing efforts to build positive and mutually-beneficial relationships with overseas retailers and traders are worth every cent that is being invested.

“It has positioned South Africa as a strong contender for the ‘preferred supplier’ title worldwide,” he said. “There is a growing positivity about South African fruit and we are seen as a supplier of excellent quality, safe fruit that is also sustainably and ethically produced.”

Du Preez spoke during a recent information day held by Hortgro’s market development campaign team in Stellenbosch.

Changes in world events effect trade, relationships, economics and social opinion. “Good examples are the effect that Trump, Brexit, and the current EU crisis have on us, directly and indirectly.”

Du Preez said that although there were many unstable factors to take into account, there were also definite opportunities for the fruit industry, such as regaining a footprint in France with the right kind of high-quality fruit.

“It is important that we self-regulate where necessary and protect our own interest. Quality and consistency of the product are how we should brand South African fruit. We should make sure that we maintain our reputation for excellence as a responsible supplier of safe and high-quality fruit with a great taste experience.”

Some of the challenges include continuous pressure on the use of chemicals, ethical labour practices, the use of plastics, climate change, protectionism and unstable world politics.

John Valentine from Red Communication said that UK buy-

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

ing trends are influenced by local and international politics as well as social activists. “The ‘buy local’ mindset has had a big impact on UK consumers and this trend has been especially true for top fruit.”

Michael Roos, from Roos PR, said that in a social media survey German consumers’ number one information need about products was whether the fruit was produced sustainably. “For German consumers, ‘how farm workers were being treated on farms’ was more important than price and taste.” According to Roos, another interesting trend was that the German organic market for the first time broke through the 10 billion threshold.

Local Local market experts Les Nel and Ruth Behr gave an overview of the local and informal market challenges and successes.

Nel said that poor questionable quality fruit affected domestic trade and that eating quality is of paramount importance in order for local consumption to increase and the market to grow to its potential.

According to Behr the informal market campaign for stone fruit fared well, considering that this was a difficult market segment to reach. “To make an impact with informal traders building relationships is important, as well as educating traders about products, handling and food safety. Marketing materials were used to attract customers and team members supported traders via WhatsApp groups and regular visits,” said Behr.

Find more information about the international and local marketing campaigns: http://beautifulcountrybeautifulfruit. com/ http://www.juicydelicious.co.za/

23

Verhoogde dravermoĂŤ Verminderde grondkompaksie Indrukwekkende traksie Uitstekende flotasie Uitmuntende rygemak BKT BANDE WORD MET TROTS VERSPREI DEUR

Kaapstad: 021 510 6746 Johannesburg: 011 396 1356 Durban: 031 564 0060 Bloemfontein: 051 432 4000 Port Elizabeth: 041 451 0978/46/0500 www.tubestone.co.za

VERVOER & LOGISTIEK

A challenge greatly mastered The tractors tour throughout South Africa charged with emotions has come to an end.

Put to the test along an adverse track under extreme conditions, the BKT tires have proven extraordinary versatility resistance, and safety.

D

URING A 50-DAY journey, the top-of-the-range tires Agrimax Force and Agrimax RT 657 made by BKT, were fitted on the Series X7 P6-Drive and X8 VT-Drive McCormick farming tractors, the main players in this caravan, to face and master an itinerary of over 7 900 km.

The expedition was divided into 50 stages, each of them completely different in terms of landscape and difficulties due to diverse climates and multiform land structure. The tires in play proved their ability to master any track under extreme conditions, keeping all promises in terms of resistance, versatility and drivers’ safety along with adaptability in the fields as well as on and off the road, flexibility plus traction, and reliability.

“This expedition through South Africa has been a great occasion for our tires to prove toughness, tenacity and resistance while facing the 50 stages of the itinerary,” Ms Lucia Salmaso, Managing Director of BKT Europe, states. “Both patterns have been able to show and highlight their performance features both on and off the road, adapting to this adventure’s tough rules and conditions. The credit for this certainly goes to our R&D Center’s proficiency, always committed to finding innovative solutions as a response to any requirement in any context.”

Along the itinerary, the caravan also stopped by some dealers of Tubestone, BKT’s distributor for South Africa. Opinions gathered on BKT tire performance during the trip have confirmed a great interest on behalf of South-African farmers as well as full satisfaction in terms of quality, performance and resistance.

“This journey was a true discovery of unspoilt nature and the most differing breathtaking landscapes according deep respect for a culture and a country full of enduring traditions,” Lucia Salmaso, Managing Director of BKT Europe, concludes with a touch of satisfaction. “Noteworthy was the visit to Nampo, the leading South-African trade show for the agricultural sector in Bothaville. Having experienced the biggest gathering of the South African farming community, we got to share some social moments with our clients. They shared their approach to agriculture, and offered some practical and interesting suggestions and hints for our role and operations..”

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

The long road.

BKT tyres meets a beautiful lion pride.

A male lion cub inspects the tyres for wear and tear.

27

VERVOER & LOGISTIEK

Food safety: nitrogen, an ideal clean gas Hendrik Pretorius AFROX

By volume, dry air contains over 78% nitrogen and nearly 21% oxygen. In any cryogenic air separation unit (ASU), the largest liquefied gas being produced is nitrogen.

N

ITROGEN HAS NO TASTE, colour or odour and it is non-toxic. We breathe it in and out all the time, without any negative effects. It is also mostly inert, making it ideal for use to exclude moisture and oxygen from the likes of pillow packaging for products such as potato crisps.

As a normal constituent of air, nitrogen also has no global warming potential and there are neither pollution nor emission problems associated with venting “used” nitrogen into the atmosphere. In the context of food chilling and freezing, therefore, nitrogen is an ideal clean gas.

Being non-corrosive also means that nitrogen can be used in pressurised systems manufactured from a wide range of cost-effective common materials; the only proviso being that the material can withstand the process pressures and temperature involved.

Flash freezing Liquid nitrogen is at a temperature of -196 °C. In contact with an item of food, it therefore freezes the food very rapidly.

Compared to freezing food using mechanical chillers, cryogenic freezing using nitrogen is up to four times faster. This results in smaller ice crystallisation, because the water inside and outside the cells of the food all freeze at the same rapid rate, keeping the cells intact and retaining the natural freshness, flavour and texture of the product.

This process is called flash freezing and it better preserves the nutrients, taste and texture of the frozen food, so that when defrosted for cooking it is nearly indistinguishable from its fresh equivalent.

This technology represents a hi-tech departure from the traditional approaches of mechanically freezing food products on a conveyor belt or immersing them directly into a pool of liquid nitrogen.

Instead, with the flash-freezing process, food on a conveyor is completely surrounded by a stream of high-velocity, extremely cold nitrogen vapour. Food frozen in this way is called individually quick-frozen (IQF) and, through Linde and its state-of-the-art Cryoline® CW multi-purpose cryogenic freezing technology, Afrox can offer a variety of IQF poultry, meat and seafood solutions to African markets.

Cleaner cold chain In Europe, cold food transportation, which includes the mechanical power and refrigeration necessary to keep the car

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Afrox Frostcruise truck.

go chilled or frozen, is estimated to be responsible for nearly 2,0% of total emissions. Road transport refrigeration equipment, which usually runs off a diesel-powered truck engine, is required to operate reliably in a wide range of operating conditions and temperatures, and it is generally much less energy efficient than the systems in supermarkets or cold storage warehouses.

As an alternative to relatively slow mechanical refrigeration, total loss systems using liquid nitrogen are now available.

Where staff might take some time to load or offload, it is important to have a system that can quickly establish and keep the cold chain temperatures required. The use of nitrogen avoids having to keep the truck engine running while loading and offloading produce. In doing so, instead of diesel exhaust fumes being released into the atmosphere around the area, nitrogen gas is emitted, which is harmless to the environment and to the people loading the vehicle.

Linde’s Frostcruise® indirect cryogenic refrigeration system is purpose-designed for the food trucking industry of today, overcoming the environmental challenges associated with diesel consumption and eliminating potentially harmful refrigerants used in mechanical systems.

Advantages include rapid cooling with very stable temperature control; reduced carbon footprint through diesel savings, the elimination of hazardous refrigerants (e.g. R404A); lownoise design for easy deliveries at night time or to residential areas; longer service life compared with mechanical solutions; and cost efficiencies due to ease of service and maintenance.

Using nitrogen-based systems such as Frostcruise for food transportation enables the food industry to better monitor and control chilled and frozen food safety and quality. It raises the creditability of food and supermarket brands, while protecting the environment.

As well as its abundant supply of nitrogen and its extensive distribution network, Afrox’s value proposition in the food arena comprises equipment supply and rental for all of the leading cryogenic freezing technology being developed by its parent company, The Linde Group.

More importantly, however, Afrox offers the expertise necessary to implement customised solutions tailored to the needs of the African food industry.

29

PMA FRESH CONNECTIONS

PMA Fresh Connections South Africa The recent Produce Marketing Association (PMA) Fresh Connections summit was attended from far and wide by industry giants from South Africa, China and the USA. Producers and retail companies had the chance to exchange ideas and network.

T

HE HIGHLY ANTICIPATED EVENT was attended by 565 delegates from over 16 countries that attended presentations from 14 local and 12 international speakers. There were 32 top exhibitors, where networking was at the order of the day. The theme this year was “Connect local, Grow global” – it was aimed at creating a platform for stakeholders in the fresh produce supply chain to gain first-hand insights into global trends and business opportunities and to form new connections, share ideas and enjoy the opportunities to network.

One of the highlights was the PMA Woman’s Fresh Perspectives session and luncheon with Adv. Thuli Mandonsela, the event was attended by 94 women and men from right across the world. Adv Mandonsela spoke about her amazing journey as public protector and the challenges she had to face on ‘n day to day basis. She spoke about what she learned about leadership and how she gained this knowledge from personal experience while building and managing her team. In her normal soft-spoken way she made it clear that South Africans have much more positives to be happy about than the negativity that is displayed in the media and on social media.

Brian Choppin, co-founder and CEO of Food Lover’s Market said in his welcome message that the future of the industry is based on the collective effort to grow it. This can only be done if people are aware of new technology and trends, have access to information and contacts, and are part of a business-to-business platform. He said that if people want to be a part of this future they need to be a part of PMA. An economic possibility One of the most important issues that was discussed was South Africa’s economic future and the role of the fresh produce industry. Tommy van Zyl CEO of ZZ2 and PMA vise-chairman sat down with Thabi Nkosi, the executive director: research, business development and investments at AFGRI group holdings and Lindie Stoebel, general manager of PMA South Africa to talk about this pressing matter.

Van Zyl said that South Africa can grow the economy very rapidly if they start focussing on superfoods. Fokus must be put on the crops that have an almost unlimited market globally.

Lauren M Scott, Lindie Stroebel, Tommie van Zyl, Adv. Thuli Madonsela, Brian Coppin, Jin Ju Wilder, Princess Mogale and Margi Prueitt.

Themba Dlamini from Sdemane Farming and Thabile Tsabedse from Namboard.

The Produce Marketing Association (PMA) represents companies from every segment of the global fresh produce and floral supply chain. PMA helps members grow by providing connections that expand business opportunities and increase sales and consumption. www.pma.com | e-mail: lstroebel@pma.com

30

SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2018 | VEGETABLES & FRUIT

PMA FRESH CONNECTIONS

Lindiwe Selepe and Anza Madi from Joburg Market.

“What is not known to enough people, is that South Africa is a global low cost producer. I’d like to emphasise the strengths we have, given our strategic position in the globe.

South Africa is very well-positioned towards new growing markets in the East, like South East Asia, India, not forgetting Africa. The food we produce makes us internationally very competitive, specifically vegetable and horticultural crops, which include the superfoods and vegetables.”

“The food we produce makes us internationally very competitive, specifically vegetable and horticultural crops, which include the superfoods and vegetables.”

He spoke about the blueberry industry. Currently South Africa produce around 1 000 ha but there is a common agreement, that at least 7 000 ha of blueberries has to be produced to meet existing demand and that a significant contribution to the country’s GDP. Thabi Nkosi said during her presentation that the national development plan targeted the economy to increase threefold from 2012 to 2030. This also means that the economy has been vastly underperforming. “To reach that ambitious target, average growth of 5.4% is needed, but six years into the plan we’ve barely touched 1% GDP growth.”, said Nkosi.

Because the fresh produce industry is labour intensive they have the opportunity to make a difference. Vast amounts of jobs can be created.

Shane Viviers, Goldpack.

Growth of new markets in China Consumers trends in China show that consumers are mostly interested in the fruit’s story. Story creation is the first thing to catch a consumer’s eye, so the message has to be clear.

The message should be on what makes the product stand out. Origin, taste, appearance and variety, this is according to George Liu of Frutacloud, a company that sources, markets and distributes fresh produce in China. Chinese consumers have traditional tastes but are always on the lookout for something new to try.

“I think South Africa has a lot of potential because South Africa’s image is still a blank canvas and you can create anything you want, like a really good country image that places

Alicia Calhoun, Richard Owen, Sarahi Dominguez, Margi Prueitt all from PMA.

Jaco Oosthuizen, CEO RSA Market Agents, Welmar Ras, RSA and Khumo Shongwa.

TO PAGE 32

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

31

PMA FRESH CONNECTIONS FROM PAGE 31 a premium on your product,” he said.

Liu emphasized one key element for the success of any brand in China is channel coverage. Unlike the market in the West, China’s consumer channels are still very fragmented with no particular dominant channel, especially in the fresh fruit industry. Offline channels still account for more than 90% of the fresh fruit market share, although online channels are favoured by the younger generation.

Markets He said that tier 1 wholesale markets still handles the biggest market share and trade is done on a big scale. They can sell a 100 containers full of cherries in less than 2 hours. Produce are sold on a commission basis in pallets, container or cartons at these markets where buyers from second tier markets, supermarkets and e-commerce outlets source their product. At second tier markets produce is sold in cartons and for fixed prices.

The quality at these markets are the highest that you will get. The reason is that the produce have to travel a long way from the tier 1 market to the tier 2 market and only then it will go to the customer. Cold chain is not the best and it can take over a week to reach its final destination.

Liu worked with Amazon in Seattle and then with Google in Mountain View, California. It was the inspiration from these two companies in using big data to improve payment systems and efficiency that formed the idea behind ‘FrutaCloud’, an app with backing from Kingo. Frutacloud is a B2B (business-to-business) platform for the fruit business and our vision is to become the Alibaba so to speak of fruit procurement.

When asked what his ideal strategy for how a new product can cover all channels in the Chinese market would be, he said to start online and penetrate offline. In Liu’s opinion, online channels are perfect places to introduce new products but only if the campaign is correctly executed.

He highlighted five elements: story creation, size selection, packaging, channel selection and effective marketing.

Story creation is the first thing to catch a consumer’s eye, so the message has to be clear.

Speaking of size selection, he considered two critical issues when determining the optimal size. One is to find the size for optimal taste. Secondly, some products are sold by piece, and therefore small size has an edge for having a lower cost per piece.

In terms of packaging, often a neglected factor in the industry, he explained in detail both the advantages and the disadvantages of two major packaging approaches in China: original packaging and repackaging for the domestic market.

Once an appealing story, an appropriate size, and the optimal packaging are ready, channel selection is the next priority because each online channel has its own target audience.

In this step, Mr. Liu advised that the primary goal here is to create an impact on the market, while volume is only the secondary goal.

With all these four key elements executed correctly, effective marketing decides everything.

32

David Marguleas, Jin Ju Wilder, PMA Board Chair and Lauren M Scott, PMA chief marketing officer.

Lindie Stroebel, General manager for PMA South Africa and Adv. Thuli Madonsela.

Tommy van Zyl, from ZZ2 and director and vice-chairman of the USA based Produce Market Association (PMA).

SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2018 | VEGETABLES & FRUIT

PMA FRESH CONNECTIONS

PMA Board Chair Jin Ju Wilder, director of marketing, LA&SF Specialty, Brian Coppin, Chair of the PMA Southern Africa Country Council, co-founder and CEO of Food Lover’s Market, and Lauren Scott, PMA chief marketing officer.

Anouk Sijmonsma, Regional Vice-Precedent for Asia, Africa, Europe and Australia/New Zealand, Gorge Liu, CEO of Frutacloud and Andy Zang, Vice-President and General Manager, Win-Chain Supply Chain Management.

AC Koch, Louis le Roux and Jacques Coetzee manning the NNZ exibition.

The Potatoes SA excibition attracted a lot of visitors with quality prepared dishes, all featuring potatoes.

Fresh produce trade in Africa boasts greater opportunities than ever before Lindie Stroebel PMA

“African agriculture has greater opportunities than ever before. I do not recall a time when agriculture had such a centre position in terms of wanting to drive this continent to the next level economically, socially and otherwise. More so for fresh produce. Fresh produce will continue to lead the markets.”

– Mr Coillard Hamusimbi of the Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI) in Zambia.

A

BOLD AND WELCOMING statement from Mr Coillard Hamusimbi of the Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI) in Zambia, who was a guest speaker the 2018 Produce Marketing Association’s (PMA’s), Fresh Connections: Southern Africa Conference and Trade Show.

Despite available land and an abundance of water resources, the great paradox is that Africa cannot feed itself. The continent relies heavily on food imports, most of the countries in Africa is a nett importer of food, as well as food aid. Against this background there are pressure on currencies and rapid

urbanisation is a critical challenge for most countries.

What is shaping and driving growth for the fresh produce rade in Africa?

In a nutshell, Africa’s under-utilised resources, rapidly-increasing urbanisation and modern demand-driven consumer food-buying patterns provide vast opportunities to sell fresh produce to the young, informed and modernising consumer.

In addition, the potential supply response poses a significant platform to unlock the potential for inter-continental and trade in Africa? Speakers at the Fresh Connections Southern TO PAGE 34

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

33

PMA FRESH CONNECTIONS FROM PAGE 33

Tito Sepoloane, Chataza Seerane and Seatla Nkozi from the International Development Corporation (IDC).

Dion Chang, Flux Trends, Immaculate Zinde, marketing manager for Potatoes SA and Andre Jooste, PMA South Africa.

Africa conference highlighted some major factors shaping and driving growth in Africa. Before taking a more in-depth look at these driver and shapers of growth, it is important tounderstand the current baseline of agriculture and trends in fresh produce consumption in Africa.

The development of fresh fruit and vegetable markets in Africa is regarded as a key economic driver to stimulate growth and feed an ever-increasing modernised population.

Agriculture is a key driver Agriculture remains a key driver of economic growth and poverty reduction in Africa. The continent’s growth rate is above average and from an economic employment perspective agriculture is the biggest employer. This industry employs some 70% of the workforce and most countries generate, on average, 30% of Africa’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is quite significant.

Under-utilised resources – land and water Rich in oil and natural resources, Africa is the world’s fastest-growing region for foreign direct investment. On the agriculture front, Africa is endowed with a large land resource and, as a continent, Africa has the largest surface area of uncultivated land and agricultural land, in general, is cheap. The challenge today lies in unlocking the potential of agriculture in Africa, especially on a commercial level.

At the conference, Mr Cheyo Mwenechanya of FNB Zambia, said it is estimated that around 80% of land in Africa is communal land. Small-scale family farming still dominates the landscape with an estimated 33 million farms that are less than 2 ha in size. There is still a lack of registered title deedsfor land, although governments all over Africa are increasingly considering options in this regard.

Although Africa is the second driest continent in the world, it has abundant water resources including large rivers like the Congo, Nile, Zambezi, Niger and Lake Victoria. It is estimated that around 75% of sub-Saharan Africa falls within 53 international river basin catchments that traverse multiple borders. Despite this, irrigation in Africa is underdeveloped. Only 6% of Africa is under irrigation compared to Asia’s 40%.

Population growth and urbanisation Africa’s population growth is expected to increase to about

34

Kevin Black from Haygrove SA.

Altie Griffiths from Agricolleges International.

SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2018 | VEGETABLES & FRUIT

PMA FRESH CONNECTIONS 1600 billion people by 2030 and and around 2 350 billion people in 2050. What is interesting though, is the fact that 70% of sub-Saharan Africa’s population is below the age of 30.

According to the latest population growth rates, East Africa (38%) is at the top of the list, followed by West (23%), Central (18%), North (12%) and Southern Africa (9%).

Urbanisation growth rates are the highest in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Egypt.

Mwenechanya explained the momentous impact of urbanisation on cities in Africa. “In most African cities land is running out. Across Zambia land surrounding cities is converted into residential land which means there is no fresher produce to feed the city. The lack of availability of fresh produce gave new impetus to the development of severalretail grocery stores and supermarkets. Fresh produce will drive market development and investment in African cities.”

Food spending With more than 60% of Africa’s 1 291 billion people still living in rural areas, there is a market to exploit. Fresh fruit and vegetable consumption are fast rising, especially in urban centres due to rapid urbanisation and an increase in healthier or contemporary eating habits. Current statistics indicate that Africa is spending R 519 billion on food imports. Furthermore, expenditure on food accounts for two-thirds of most Africans’ budgets.

Martin du Plooy, Gerhard van der Berg, Ernest Higgs from CHEP and Andre Coetzee from GWK.

Mr. A Loozekoot and Eugene van der Berg both from the Embasy of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands busy networking with a delegate.

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Although consumer purchasing power is still relatively low, there is a young population looking for jobs and opportunities and things to buy to actualise themselves. According to Mwenechanya, Africa’s young generation and the demand for modern or alternative eating habits will increasingly drive consumer markets.

Mwenechanya said Africa should not be ignored as a dynamic player in the food, and in particular, the fresh produce market sector. “The middle class is a rapidly growing sector in Africa and, along with the growth and reach of the smartphone industry and internet-like services they are catching up to the rest of the world very quickly. The number of people owning cellphones are growing rapidly. Thirteen million Zambians are owning cellphones in a population of sixteen million in Zambia. Of the thirteen million, approximately 4 million people already own smartphones.”

Changing consumer tastes and behaviour Changing consumer tastes and behaviour are driving growth in the fresh produce industry. “The middle class eat food with their eyes and with emotion (feelings). Because of this they are changing their tastes and preference for food items. Access to information changes how they look at things, including food. A good lifestyle is becoming more important and they are changing food buying patterns to make provision for a healthier and/or trendy approach. They catch up very quickly,” Mwenechanya explained.

In Zambia, traditional “nshima” (better known in South Africa as pap/porridge or cooked maize meal) is being replaced or supplemented by the younger generation for modern food alternatives such as fresh fruit. Interest in fresh produce is growing across the region and there is a huge campaign for locally grown food.

Post-harvest losses Primary and secondary agriculture boast vast opportunities in Africa. It is estimated that over 50% of food produce in Africa is lost because of post-harvest losses. With massive post-harvest losses, the agricultural supply-chain in Africa is in dire need of new investment for the development of modern storage, processing and packaging facilities.

In this sense, fresh produce trade in Africa boasts greater opportunities than ever before, but challenges such as workforce productivity and efficiency, high operational costs, access and affordability of credit legislation and property rights, lack of infrastructure and data systems or management information systems are also impacting on growth prospects.

35

GENERAL

Knowing red spider mites in orchards Tia Ferreira INSECT CONTROL LEAD, SYNGENTA Christian Giesel CAMPAIGN LEAD CEREALS AND DECIDUOUS FRUIT, SYNGENTA

The common red spider mite is the most important mite pest of apples and pears in certain production areas. Particularly severe infestations where noted in certain areas of the Western Cape in the 2017/18 season due to the heat and drought conditions experienced. So why do red spider mite problems vary from year to year?

R

EASONS FOR HIGH POPULATIONS (favourable environmental conditions) include hot and dry conditions, the destruction of natural enemies by spraying pyrethroids and hard chemistry that removes predators, stimulating red spider mite females to lay more eggs, highly infested crops and weeds nearby, as well as insufficient water supply to the crop. Mites are often less numerous after rain, which can wash populations from leaves. Humid conditions favour dew and create favourable predator conditions which also impact on red spider populations.

The red spider mite is a small yellow/olive mite which have dark (red/crimson) patches on either side of the body and is less than 1 mm long. They are not insects or spiders, however they are related to ticks, spiders and scorpions and they have 8 legs. On inspection they can normally be found on the underside of leaves and tend to have patchy distributions in orchards.

Damage is caused by the mites sucking sap from the cells on the underside of the plant leaves. The mites have piercing-sucking mouthparts and they feed on the chlorophyll, thereby reducing photosynthesis and destroying the leaf epidermis with a consequent loss of moisture. This damage is similar to that of severe drought conditions and could cause substantial weakening and possible virus transmission in orchards.

White speckles are quite noticeable in the early stages and will occur on the upper leaf surface. As the mite population increases, the leaves take on a bleached appearance and start dying. Various symptoms include stippling on the leaves, chlorotic spots, or leaves can change colour to bronze, rusty, purple or yellow-brown. Even though the mites are found in high numbers on the underside of the leaves, one might still need a magnifying glass to see them. As the population increases the mites will aggregate at certain sites such as the growing points of the plant.

Severe attacks from red spider mite will cause the leaves to drop, causing a setback in tree crops. When there is a high infestation, the plants will be covered with a fine webbing. This

36

Damage on apple leaf showing characteristic grey mottling caused by red spider mite feeding.

webbing does a few things. It protects the mites from natural enemies and also protects the mites from insecticide sprays, especially contact insecticides. It anchors the mites and their eggs to the plant and act as walkways between the leaves and other plants for the mites.

The webbing is also therefor a method of dispersal. Females will disperse from plants on threads of webbing and they will drift or be blown onto other plants. This is also called ballooning. Wind is an important method of dispersal, but humans, animals and machinery also play a role.

Temperature is critical to the life cycle of the red spider mite.

Normally population reproduce over 14 days at 21 °C but at 30 °C this lifecycle can be brought down to less than a week.

There are five developmental stages.

Overlapping generations do occur. The adult females lay eggs after 1 to 2 days and they will lay between 70 and 150 eggs in their lifetime of 3 to 4 weeks. Females do not need to mate, as the unfertilised eggs will produce male mites and the fertilised eggs will produce female mites. Distinguishing characteristics between males and females are that males have more pointed abdomens and are smaller than the female mites.

SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2018 | VEGETABLES & FRUIT

ALGEMEEN The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves which is also where the adults occur. During high infestations they can also occur on the sides of leaves, on stems, as well as on the fruit.

When the humidity is high, the egg laying rate of the mites are less. As the summer comes to an end, the mites will turn deep red and migrate from the plants to hibernate in cryptic habitats. Red spider mite can overwinter without feeding and re-emerge in the spring and summer to re-infest the apple and pear trees.

Control measures include scouting and then spraying according to thresholds. Regular scouting is essential to identify the problem early. If more than five adult mites occur per leaf, a chemical spray should be considered. A well-timed application should limit the number of applications. Most products such as systemic products will not kill the eggs. Regular inspections are required and a repeat application may be necessary at a 10-14 day interval.

If the population is very high, an ovicide should be considered in combination with a contact or translaminar acaricide. Ensure good coverage of the lower leaf surfaces, as the mites hide on lower surfaces and spin webs which can protect them from the contact sprays. High spraying pressure is important to ensure smaller droplets for deeper penetration or use systemic/translaminar products that penetrate leaves also from above.

TO PAGE 39

37

Tel: +27 31 311 5100 Fax: +27 31 465 4222 www.durban.gov.za/durbanfreshproducemarket

FRESHNESS FOR THE ZULU KINGDOM

ALGEMEEN

Knowing red spider mites in orchards FROM PAGE 37

Few insecticides are effective and some may aggravate theproblem. Natural enemies such as predatory mites (Phytoseiulus spp.) are easily killed by pesticides, and when mite populations are high, these predators are ineffective. Mites develop resistance to pesticides quickly and have developed resistance towards most acaricides, making control difficult.

Resistance develops quickly as mites produce large numbers of offspring. Lifecycles are very quick and there are successive generations within a short amount of time.

It is essential to alternate between different groups of pesticides with different modes of action. Certain factors can lead to plants being more attractive to red spider mites, such as plants that receive excessive nitrogen fertilisers, trees that are grown in dusty places such as adjacent to dusty farm roads, and also trees that are stressed by low moisture and high ambient temperatures. Mite numbers can be reduced if these factors are eliminated. Scouting of trees right next to dirt roads is essential, because it is from here that infestations spread to the rest of the orchard.

Clusters of mite infestations can be spot-treated before a general application over the rest of the orchard is applied.

Weeds are important alternative hosts for mites, especially solanaceous weeds and Oxalis spp. being favoured weed hosts. Therefore weed control in orchards is important to reduce pest reservoirs.

Humans, animals and implements are unfortunately important sources of infestation. Mites are brushed off onto moveable objects in infested orchards and may drop off at any time, infesting new areas. Movement in infested orchards should be limited and infested orchards should never be visited before moving to a clean orchard.

Females overwinter in secluded places such as cracks in the ground, under tree bark, crevices or in crop debris. When spring arrives and new growth appears, overwintering females move onto them and start new infestations. During moderate winters, the mites will continue to feed when plants are available.

The mode of action of Agrimec Gold® is translaminar and has stomach and contact action. Translaminar means that it penetrates the leaf tissue and forms a reservoir of active ingredient within the leaf. The nerve cells are targeted with Abamectin. Death of the red spidermites is not immediate but feeding is immediately inhibited, followed by paralysis until subsequent death.

For fruit growers that want to export their pome fruit, Voliam Targo® represent a one can formulation that can address numerous problems. Voliam Targo is IPM compatible ensuring the beneficial insects in the pome orchard can contribute to

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

controlling the mites.

The combination of a miticide along with a lepidoptera active ingredient in Voliam Targo ensures that both codling moth pest and mites can be targeted in orchards, which can occur at the same time of the production cycle in the ochard.

Unlike pyrethroids, Voliam Targo will not induce the females to reproduce more. When mites are only moderately abundant and a broad-range pyrethroid is applied, a dramatic increase in mites can result. Pyrethroids kill all the natural enemies, and stimulate mite populations, as more female mites are produced.

For further information please contact Tia Ferreira on Tia. Ferreira@syngenta.com.

Disclaimer: Read the label for full details before use Agrimec® Gold contains abamectin (Reg. No. L9235, Act No. 36 of 1947). HARMFUL. Voliam Targo® contains chlorantraniliprole and abamectin (Reg. No. L8545, Act No. 36 of 1947). HARMFUL. AgriMec® and Voliam Targo® are registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. Syngenta South Africa (Pty) Limited, Private Bag X60, Halfway House, 1685.

Tel. (011) 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za © Syngenta Ag, 2000. Copyright of this document is reserved. All unauthorized copying is prohibited.

Close up showing eggs, larvae and mature adults of red spider mites.

39

GENERAL

Market value for macadamias up a whopping 72% Annelle Whyte GREEN & GOLD MACADAMIAS

Nuts, and their health benefits, are widely understood. The 60% rise in global tree nut consumption is testament that people are eating more of them in increasingly different ways as the food sector continues to innovate.

U

NIQUE FOR THEIR TASTE and health benefits, growth in demand for macadamias specifically has been outstanding. 112% more have been exported around the world over the last ten years.

“With a better handle on the distinct qualities of macadamias, together with a collective consciousness from consumers and customers, we have experienced burgeoning appetite in all markets around the globe. This is exciting for our business,” shares Brian Loader, CEO, Green & Gold Macadamias.

Green & Gold is Green Farms Nut Company’s marketing division.

Originating from northeastern Australia and first commercialised in Hawaii, they represent only 1% of the tree nut collective. This has tended to position the nut as a delicacy.

With huge expansion in available supply this looks set to change. Almonds represent 30%, walnuts 21%, cashews 19%, pistachios 14%, hazels 12%, pecans 3%, macadamias 1% and brazils and pines less than 1% of the tree nut basket.

Growing from a relatively small base, the challenge has been to garner enough industry muscle to bring to the fore what makes macadamias so special.

40

Micro Sprinkler Features Our micro-sprinklers are developed from first-hand experience with every type of high and low density cultivation. They are designed for economic operation under the most demanding conditions. Obvious colour coding easily identifies them at a distance. Quick-clip bayonet connectors make them easy to remove and replace.

An advanced flow path design is a strong point against clogging.

They need less maintenance, resulting in lower cost.

Micro-irrigation Micro-sprinklers can be used for frost control, crop cooling, and minimising the damage caused by sandblasting, as well as their regular use in crop irrigation.

- Space the sprinklers for maximum uniformity of water distribution.

- Restrict operating pressures to the manufacturer’s recommended range. High pressures will create misting and low pressures will give poor distribution.

CAPE TOWN - Head Office P.O. Box 696, Brackenfell, 7561 Tel: +27 21 917 7177 Fax: +27 21 917 7200 Email: sales@agriplas.co.za

GAUTENG - Regional Office P.O. Box 11052, Randhart, 1457 Tel: +27 11 908 2204 Fax: +27 11 908 5312

Inquire at your nearest irrigation dealer regarding Agriplas products

www.agriplas.co.za

MPUMALANGA - Regional Office Suite 63,Postnet X 11326, Nelspruit, 1200 Tel: +27 13 755 3510 Fax: +27 13 755 3505

ALGEMEEN

World tree production.

The global macadamia crop is set to double over the next four years from 211 000 mt tonnes in-shell in 2018 to 400 000 in 2022.

Recent research demonstrates that macadamias are, amongst others: • Highest levels of monounsaturated fat (the good fat) of all nuts; • high in omega 7; • high in Palmitoleic Acid, well known to the cosmetic industry, it is an anti-ageing agent; • beneficial to weight control and endothelial function; and • help with insulin regulation, cholesterol and cardiovascular health.

“As trends like veganism, eating organic and preserving the environment continue to gain momentum, we anticipate further expansion of the macadamia industry. This is especially prevalent in the ingredients sector. Green & Gold is well positioned not only to sell product of the highest standard, but also customise to specifications and give input into and share insights with our customers,” continues Loader.

This is strongly supported when viewed alongside the multi-billion dollar market value of all tree nuts. For example, the 2017 / 18 supply value (estimated as the tree nut production per its unitary price, customs paid upon arrival) in Europe alone was $ 42 million. This is 36% up when compared over the last ten years.

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Outstanding within this is the market value for macadamias specifically, which is up 72%. Expect to see more macadamias in milk, butter, nut mix drinks, vegan cheese and as an ingredient in a host of other new products.

Macadamia oil is sold mostly into the cosmetic industry for its value to the beauty industry and anti-ageing properties, however increasingly it’s being used in cooking (together with avocado oil, it has the highest smoke point of all oils) and other food applications.

Largest consumers of macadamia kernel are Australia and North America, which together make roughly 50%. Followed

by Europe, notably the Netherlands, Germany, the UK, Switzerland and Spain. In Asia, and especially China, the nut is eaten in the shell and this market consumes the vast majority of in-shell product.

“We are gearing our business to continue to support this market and have a strong base of loyal customers. Our longevity in the industry affords deep market knowledge. Our network of processors, in a number of major growing regions, enables agility and supply security to respond to market demands,” concluded Loader.

The global crop is set to double over the next four years from 211 000 mt tonnes in-shell in 2018 to 400 000 in 2022.

South Africa is the world leader in macadamia production with 54 000 mt tonnes in-shell produced this year. Followed

by Australia at 44 500 and Kenya at 32 500.

World Macadamia exports.

NA BLADSY 42

41

GENERAL

The empowering impact of macadamia trading From humble beginnings to an export powerhouse, the South African macadamia industry is the largest producer of macadamia nuts worldwide. Despite the setback of the recent drought, reports from the 2018 World Nut and Dried Fruit Conference signal a strong growth trajectory for this flourishing local industry, which has an estimated yield of 53 500 tons and sales value well over R 3,2 billion in 2018.

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CIATION OF SO

TILIZER A FER S

Fertasa-lede is verbind tot: • ’n Gedragskode.

• Standaarde deur ’n onafhanklike nakomingsbestuursliggaam geouditeer.

• Gehalte produkte.

• Toepaslike wetenskaplik-gebaseerde aanbevelings.

• Voortgesette onderrig en verbetering.

• Die nakoming van wetlike vereistes.

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ERN AF UTH RI SO

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International Nut and Dried Fruit Council (NIC) is an example of our industry body hard at work to increase the supply and demand of macadamias and secure a bright future for the industry at large.”

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CCORDING TO VALLEY MACADAMIA chairman, Alan Sutton, the South African macadamia industry is mainly fuelled by China’s growing appetite for macadamias. The growing global demand and limited supply has caused local farming to increase exponentially. With more than 7.5 million macadamia trees and 2 000 hectares added every year, production is expected to double in the near future.

To capitalise on this lucrative market, local growers continue to diversify their crops with some now solely focused on macadamias. The booming South African macadamia industry will undoubtedly have a significant impact on agricultural and economic development.

Employment across the macadamia industry is currently estimated at 12 500 workers, including seasonal workers for harvesting and processing. In 2017, an estimated 7 750 permanent job opportunities were created on macadamia farms and in cracking facilities. An additional 8 150 jobs were created during peak season. The growing rate of new plantings will also create hundreds of sustainable jobs that can uplift rural communities and boost the local economy.

Where macadamia farms are owned by local communities, households can benefit from annual dividends or earn a steady income from renting out fields. Additional income can also be generated when rural communities own and manage the full value chain including nurseries and factories.

In addition, 20% of the grower levy imposed by the Southern African Macadamia Growers Association (SAMAC) is used to provide training, workshops and equipment to improve quality, competitiveness and access to global markets.

The stabilising political environment and growing global demand for food production could lead to greater investment opportunities. In turn, investments could secure the acquisition of world-class technology essential for processors to improve quality and productivity. Emerging markets are experiencing greater economic prosperity which can secure a larger local macadamia market. Given the forecasted doubling of local production, processors need to find new markets to increase exports.

The impact of macadamia trading on the South African economy is undeniable and the opportunities are attracting many prospective growers. “This industry takes grit, determination and hard work, but you’ll never regret it,” says Sutton.

“We’re seeing a global market growth of 33% per year and an insatiable market demand makes for attractive returns.

The generic marketing currently undertaken by the

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ALGEMEEN

SAMGA mango day A very successful and informative mango day was recently held by the South African Mango Growers’ Association (SAMGA) in Tzaneen. Presenters from all over the country as well as two international guest speakers shared their knowledge and insights on a broad spectrum of topics regarding mango production and marketing.

A

CCORDING TO A SHORT presentation given by Pieter Buys, SAMGA chairman, an independent audit noted an increase of 4 000 tonnes during the 2017/18 season. This was likely due to increased plantings by subsistence growers for atchar production. The increased supply had resulted in lower prices. It was stressed that the focus of the industry would be on developing new cultivars and accessing new markets, particularly China and the USA. Joep Jongmans, a senior purchaser from Special Fruit in Belgium, spoke to attendees about the European mango market.

As is the trend in Europe now, consumers show a preference for food that is healthy, safe and grown ethically. It should be available online, packaged in sustainable packaging and constituting mainly ready-to-eat meals. The lowest period of demand is in the months of July and August, coinciding with the European summer.

Derek Donkin, Subtrop CEO, also spoke on access to new markets for the mango industry in South Africa. Jan-Hendrik Venter from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) highlighted the importance of protecting the fruit industry from the introduction of new pests and diseases. Human movement across borders is a major threat and can facilitate the spread of pests.

Dr Bhaskar Savani from Savani Farms in India spoke to attendees on Indian mango exports and the success of exports into the USA, using irradiation for mitigation treatment. He elaborated on the different cultivars produced in India and noted that the Indian market would rather purchase Indian cultivars than the traditional Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt cultivars. He suggested that Indian cultivars be grown in South Africa for export to India in its off-season, and to other countries.

The day was concluded by the SAMGA Annual General Meeting.

Dr Bhaskar Savani (Savani Farms, India), Pieter Buys (SAMGA chairman), Joep Jongmans (Special Fruit, Belgium) and Derek Donkin (CEO Subtrop). Picture: Jasper Raats

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Pieter Buys, SAMGA chairman, and Joep Jongmans (Special Fruit, Belgium) who spoke about market trends in Europe. Picture by Jasper Raats.

Theuns Botha, Johann du Preez and Jaco Fivaz received the Golden Mango Award for their exceptional contributions to the local mango industry. Pictured are Johanet and Theuns Botha, Johann du Preez and Jaco and Belinda Fivaz. The award was also presented in absentia to Danielle le Lagadec (Australia), Dave Elphick, Mike Amm and Louwtjie van Vuuren. Picture: Jasper Raats

The golden Mango award was presented to Jaco Fivaz by Johann du Preez in recognition of his exceptional contribution to the South African mango industry through his leadership and foresight in ensuring the successful continuation of industry cultivar evaluation trials, and his pioneering of commercial high density mango orchards. Picture by Jasper Raats.

43

WETCIT WITH

OROWET TECHNOLOGY ®

BASED ON COLD PRESSED ORANGE OIL AND SURFACTANTS INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE • • • •

PREMIUM SURFACTANT • • • • •

Improved spreading & coverage Improved canopy penetration Reduced leaf wetness after dew or light rain More even droplet sizes (less fines) Improved compatibility

Orange Oil has a broad spectrum contact action Low impact on beneficial insect populations No withholding period No adjuvants required

READ THE LABEL FOR CROP SPECIFIC ADVICE

500 ml

250 ml

200 ml 150 ml MITES

100 ml Added to herbicides: 100 - 200 ml/100 L Minimum 200 ml/ha

50 ml

THRIPS

APHIDS

POWDERY MILDEW

WHITEFLY

WEEDS

MEALYBUGS

MADE IN

www.oroagri.co.za Tel: 021 850 0667 info_sa@oroagri.com

WITH SOUTH AFRICAN ORANGE OIL

STILL THE WETCIT YOU KNOW, NOW WITH NEW REGISTRATION!

GROW SUSTAINABLY

Registration (ACT 36/1947) L10448 WETCIT DUO contains 50 g/L Orange oil and 68 g/L Non-ionic surfactant.

Copyright © JULY 2018 • All rights reserved. WETCIT, ORO AGRI and OROWET are registered trademarks of Oro Agri SA (Pty) Ltd.

ALGEMEEN

Innovative and versatile technology Orowet® Technology is a unique blend of cold pressed orange oil, a completely renewable raw material, in patented mixtures with various surfactants and is used as a base to manufacture a range of different product types. The technology has various applications depending on the formulation, the applied concentration and the registration as required for crop protection products in various countries.

V

ARIOUS OROWET-FORMULATIONS are currently manufactured in South Africa. These products are easily biodegradable and therefore have a low impact on the environment and beneficial insect populations. Many growers have become used to the excellent wetting properties of Wetcit®, a registered surfactant. Many vegetable, wine grape and citrus growers especially are using the bio-pesticide PrevAm® for control of insects, mites and certain fungi without the burden of chemical residues at harvest. The soil conditioner, Transformer®, has assisted many growers during the past two seasons to make the most of irrigation water by improving water use efficiency in orchards and vegetables.

A recently approved new registration has made the technology even more user-friendly for growers. Wetcit Duo effectively combines the surfactant and pesticidal properties of Orowet Technology into one product. At low concentrations (25-200 ml/100 L) it can be applied as a surfactant, while at higher rates (from 200 ml and higher) Wetcit Duo can be used as an effective bio-pesticide with contact action against various insects, mites and fungi with crop-specific registrations.

When used as a surfactant, growers can expect excellent wetting and spreading properties, effectively improving spray coverage and droplet penetration into dense crop foliage.

Growers will also note that leaf wetness from dew or fog are significantly reduced, as plant foliage treated with Wetcit Duo dries off faster in high humidity conditions. By adapting the rate of use, growers can safely achieve different objectives depending on the problems that they are facing. Lower rates will assist with normal wetting and spreading of droplets, while higher rates will enhance efficacy of pesticides to

White fly

GROENTE & VRUGTE | SEPTEMBER • OKTOBER 2018

Wetcit Duo Label

improve control of certain pests and diseases. At 200 ml/100 L the product will also enhance uptake of systemic herbicides.

The versatility, safety and efficacy of Wetcit Duo on many different crops and growth stages are the main reasons why many farmers choose to have only this one surfactant in their store.

As a bio-pesticide, Wetcit Duo is registered on crops like citrus, wine grapes and tomatoes to name a few. The active ingredient, cold pressed orange oil, has a direct contact action on soft-bodied pests and exposed mycelia and spores of certain fungi, making it ideal for use in an integrated pest control programme. Wetcit Duo is registered on various crops to control pests such as white flies, aphids, mites, mealybugs and powdery mildew, among others.

Wetcit Duo can be used as a stand-alone pesticide alternated with residual chemicals, or close to harvest on registered crops, since the product has no pre-harvest withholding period. Because of the non-residual properties of the product it is often successfully applied in integrated biological control programmes and can effectively reduce the farmer’s dependence on residual chemicals.

Growers today face many challenges to produce a high quality crop that has to comply with ever-changing market requirements. With Wetcit Duo, growers will find it easier to comply with market requirements, and at the same time minimise their impact on the environment and beneficial insect populations.

For more information contact Tel: +27 21 850 0667, E-mail: info_sa@oroagri.com Web: www.oroagri.co.za.

OROWET, WETCIT, PREV-AM, TRANSFORMER are registered trademarks of Oro Agri SA (Pty) Ltd.

45

INSECT COLUMN

The tomato leaf miner (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato leaf miner is native to South America, where it has been a major pest on tomatoes since the 1950s. In late 2006, this pest was detected in the eastern regions of Spain and has since spread with an alarming speed (an average of 800 km per year) across Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Africa. In August of 2016, it finally reached the southern tip of Africa, when the first male moths were detected in Mpumalanga. Eight months later, in May of 2017, it was reported that T. absoluta were already affecting tomato production in all provinces except the Northern Cape and the Free State.

Andri Visser NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY, POTCHEFSTROOM

e-mail: visseran3@gmail.com

Spotted stem borer classification:

Class: Insecta (Insects) Order: Lepidoptera (Moths and ButterfIies) Family: Gelechiidae Genus: Tuta Species: Tuta absoluta

T

.ABSOLUTA HAS A WIDE host range and can oviposit and develop on several host plants belonging to the Amaranthaceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae families. However, the Solanaceous species, especially tomato Figure 1: Tuta absoluta moth. (Photo: Marja van der Straten Organization/NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood. https://www. and potato, are considered the main host plants of this pest. cabi.org/isc/datasheet/49260 ).

The larvae of this pest species feed in the mesophyll of the leaves, producing thin leaf mines between the two epidermis layers. The neonate larvae have a light green colour, which darkens as the larvae develop to reach a maximum length of about 6 mm. A thin black line is present on the prothoracic shield. After 4 instar stages, the mature larvae drop to the soil and produce a silky cocoon in which they pupate. The moths that emerge are relatively small (approximately 6 mm in length) with mottled grey colour wings and clear dark bands on the antennae. Both the male and female moths are sexually active from the day of emergence and are polygamous.

The moths are mostly nocturnal and communicate primarily by means of female sex pheromones. A gravid female can lay Figure 2: Leaf mines caused by Tuta absoluta larvae feeding on up to 260 eggs, which are laid individually on young leaves, the leaf mesophyll. (Photo: Costas Metaxakis/Agence France-Presstems and sepals. Interestingly, the females of some strains se, Getty Images. https://iapps2010.me/2016/08/31/tuta-absoluta-in-the-news/ ). of T. absoluta have been shown to exhibit parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction), which is attributed to infection with completed in 24 to 38 days (depending on the temperature), Wolbachia-bacteria. The entire lifecycle of T. absoluta is and the larval stage will not enter diapause as long as food is available. This means that this pest can produce 10 – 12 generations per year.

T. absoluta poses a serious economic risk to South African farmers that cultivate tomatoes, potatoes and other host crop species. The larvae can cause 100% crop loss if no management strategies are implemented, or if the control methods fail. The larvae are difficult to detect during the early infestation period, resulting in severe damage on young plants.

This pest affects tomatoes produced for both the fresh and processed markets, as direct feeding on fruits will affect their visual appeal and damage fruits will have to be identified and Figure 3: Tuta absoluta larvae feeding in tomato fruit. (Photo: Marremoved manually, increasing the post-harvest costs for the ja van der Straten Organization/NVWA Plant Protection Service, producer.

Bugwood https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/49260 ).

46

SEPTEMBER • OCTOBER 2018 | VEGETABLES & FRUIT

Treevix

®

Powered by Kixor®

Strike out the toughest broadleaf weeds.

Treevix® is a new and innovative weed management solution for the control of difficult to control broadleaf weeds, including certain ALS-, triazine- and glyphosate resistant biotypes in citrus orchards.

Treevix®:

• Dramatically improves weed control in citrus orchards due to powerful foliar activity and excellent systemic action • Works considerably faster than existing solutions • Efficient weed control decreases weed seed production resulting in reduced weed pressure during upcoming seasons • Ideal to use in a broadleaf weed resistance management programme for citrus orchards

BASF South Africa (Pty) Ltd • 852 Sixteenth Road, Midrand, 1685 • PO Box 2801, Halfway House, 1685 • Tel: +27 11 203 2400 • Fax: +27 11 203 2461 • Website: www.agro.basf.co.za Mobile site: m.agro.basf.co.za • Treevix® Reg. No. L10406, Act No. 36 of 1947. Active ingredient: Kixor® 700 g/kg. Kixor® - saflufenacil.

Treevix® and Kixor® are registered trademarks of BASF.

uppe marketing A18606/SAGV/ENG

* Use Treevix® with Roundup® or Roundup® Turbo as per label recommendation.