Vegetables & Fruit January/February 2025

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Sweet Corn

Onion Tomato Squash Pumpkin

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Green Bean

Edition 223 ISSN 1015-85 37 www.vegetablesandfruitmagazine.co.za

South Africa ranked 39th in global potato production yet held its ground as the 10th largest producer on the African continent.

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4 First release of the leaf-feeding beetle as a biological control agent

4 Thailand opens its doors for South African apples

5 Final citrus export figures slightly down after very unusual year

6 Citrus Growers' Association welcomes new CEO

7 Biodiversity at its best: Vergelegen takes home global award

15 ARC again recognised as a top employer

TOMATOES

08

Nitraat-bemesting se belangrike rol in plantvoeding

10 Blossom-end rot of tomato - impact, causes and prevention

12 Laatroes: ‘n blywende gevaar vir aartappelproduksie 14 South Africa's potato industry: cultivating growth in a global market POTATOES 16 Klimaatstoestande se uitwerking op plantvoeding begin in die grond

18 The essential business of bees

21 The future of fresh produce packaging

22 A rosy outlook for upcoming pome season

24 Researcher advances fruit fly management through innovative study

25 Optimism about cherry season not dampened by frost damage

26 The importance of refrigeration in protecting fresh produce

28 The fresh produce market inquiry: A call for transformation and competition

First release of the leaf-feeding beetle as a biological control agent

The Agricultural Research Council – Plant Health and Protection (ARC-PHP), in collaboration with other organisations, recently released the leaf-feeding lady beetle Mada polluta (M. polluta) in Umkhomazi, KwaZulu-Natal. This beetle acts as a biological control agent against the invasive yellow bells (Tecoma stans), which have become a major ecological threat in South Africa.

Tecoma stans is native to Central America but has become an invasive plant in South Africa, spreading across all provinces and neighbouring countries. It forms dense stands, replacing native vegetation and harming the structure and function of local ecosystems.

Like other invasive alien plants, yellow bells threaten local biodiversity, ecosystems, environmental quality, food security, and livelihoods in affected areas. In South Africa, significant resources are dedicated each year to controlling invasive alien plants, with over R8 billion spent between 1998 and 2020. Many countries, including South Africa, are committed to global biodiversity goals to

prevent or reduce the spread of high-priority invasive species. The impacts of these species are further worsened by climate change, which aids the establishment and spread of both new and existing alien species, creating opportunities for naturalised plants to become invasive.

Mada polluta was approved for release in 2013, and efforts are now focused on mass rearing and releasing the beetle to help control yellow bells invasions. The release of M. polluta in Umkhomazi, aims to limit the growth and spread of yellow bells in the region. Releases will occur at selected sites across KZN that provide suitable habitats for the beetle. Following the release, monitoring will be carried out to assess the beetle's establishment and its effectiveness in reducing the growth, density, and spread of yellow bells, ultimately contributing to the restoration of native biodiversity.

Other organisations involved in the release are expected to join ARC and DFFE in raising awareness about biological control, the most sustainable and environmentally friendly method for managing invasive plant species.

Thailand opens its doors for South African apples

HORTGRO

South African apple growers and exporters are overjoyed that Thailand has again opened its doors for South African apple exports. Since market access was lost many years ago, it has been a long wait and much behind-the-scenes work, but exporters are eager to refresh relationships with Thai importers.

South Africa had excellent trading relationships with Thailand before the market closed. In 2024, two Thai inspectors visited packhouses, cooling facilities, and orchards in South Africa’s three major apple production areas.

The SA apple export season is nearing its end, and the industry is already looking ahead to the next harvest. South African apple exports have generally increased by 40% in the previous 10 years. The bulk of this growth has been directed away from traditional markets (UK and Europe) to the Far East and Asia, including Southeast Asia. A healthy 35% of all SA apple exports are destined for these markets. Strong growth has also been seen in Africa and the Middle East.

The South African industry also plans to launch a market development campaign re-introducing the unique characteristics of South African apples to the Thai trade and consumers. Over the last five to ten years, South African apple growers have invested heavily in state-of-the-art facilities, production practices, technology and new cultivars. They are confident

South African apples will suit Thai consumers’ preferences and taste profiles.

Hortgro thanked the Department of Agriculture, the SA Embassy staff in Thailand and the Thai Ambassador to SA for their continued support and hard work in achieving this goal. While final administrative matters are concluded before the first container leaves shore, South African apple growers are ready. For more information, contact Jacques du Preez, jacques@hortgro.co.za .

Final citrus export figures slightly down after very unusual year

In the previous export season, Southern African citrus growers packed 164,5 million 15 kg cartons for delivery to global markets. While this is 600 000 cartons less than last year, the slight decline is still a strong performance for the sector, given the truly uniquely demanding circumstances growers faced.

Several unforeseen factors forced the Citrus Growers’ Association of Southern Africa (CGA) to adjust its export estimates regularly during the year. The initial estimate for total exports was 181,7 million 15 kg cartons. The final figure falls 9% short of this.

One of the most prominent factors affecting export volumes was the high price offered for oranges destined for local processing. Precious Kunota, Business Intelligence & Data Manager at the CGA, explains: ”Sources in the juice industry reported a significant increase of between 60% to 80% in volumes of oranges processed at their facilities, compared to the 2023 season. It’s estimated that about 6 million 15 kg cartons of oranges - that is 7% - destined for exports were diverted to juice plants.”

Another factor was the abnormally hot and dry conditions during the mid to late summer, which led to smaller fruit sizes. This meant that approximately 4% more fruit were required to fill the same carton than in the previous year.

No less than three severe weather events also had an impact on exports. Freezing temperatures in Limpopo, floods in the Western Cape (Citrusdal), and strong winds that caused fruit to drop in the Eastern Cape reduced fruit packed for global markets.

It is important to note that even though export numbers have declined slightly since 2023, the amount of citrus produced in South Africa continues to increase. It is estimated that 10,1 million cartons were diverted to local juicing and lost to weather events. Considering this, the CGA is confident that if all role-players come together, the long-term growth target of exporting 260 million cartons and creating 100 000 jobs by 2032 is achievable.

The final packed figures for 2024:

• 14,3 million cartons (15 kg equivalent) of Grapefruit were packed for export. This is 300 000 less than in the 2023 season and is a 14% shortfall from the initial estimates made in April 2024.

• 41,6 million cartons of Mandarins were packed, representing

a notable 3,6 million increase since the previous season. It is, however, 3% less than the initial estimate.

• Lemons showed a decrease compared to both the previous season and the estimate: 34,7 million cartons of Lemons were packed in 2024, being 9% down from the forecast and 1,1 million cartons down from 2023.

• Navel Oranges packed for export have shown an increase of 400 000 cartons compared to 2023. In 2024, 25,1 million cartons of Navels were packed, a 2% decrease from the original estimate.

• A total of 48,7 million cartons of Valencia Oranges were packed, 4,7 million less than in the 2023 season and a significant 16% shortfall from the initial estimates.

Port efficiency remained a serious concern for the citrus industry during the past season. The lower-than-expected citrus export volumes dramatically reduced peak volumes at ports, easing pressure on the container terminals. However, all indications are that this is a temporary reprieve from pressure on underperforming ports and will not last. Volumes will increase over the next few seasons, and if ports are not improved and are incapable of handling it, citrus exports and the broader economy will suffer greatly.

“The CGA is of the strong opinion that more public-private partnerships are needed urgently. Although the partnership between Transnet and International Container Terminal Services Inc. (ICTSI) on Durban Pier 2 has been delayed because of legal matters, there must be a renewed urgency to improve container terminals and unlock the economic potential of our ports,” said Mitchell Brooke, the CGA's Logistics Development Manager.

It should also be noted that the European Union’s unscientific and unnecessarily restrictive trade measures on citrus black spot and false coddling moth continued to dampen exports. These measures still represent an opportunity cost for local growers R3,7 billion. South Africa’s historic cases against these measures at the World Trade Organisation are making progress.

Citrus Growers’ Association welcomes new CEO

The Citrus Growers' Association of Southern Africa (CGA) announced the appointment of Dr Boitshoko Ntshabele as its new Chief Executive Officer. The CGA represents over 1 560 citrus growers from South Africa, Eswatini, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia.

Dr Ntshabele has extensive experience spanning the areas of academia, the private sector and the public sector, including at the former Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD). Originally trained as a veterinarian, Dr Ntshabele has also held leadership positions at Onderstepoort Biological Products. He was the Minister Counsellor of Agriculture in the South African Embassy in Belgium, Luxemburg, and the Mission to the European Union from 2015 to 2019.

According to a statement by the CGA, Dr Ntshabele’s successful track record in management, policy development, international engagement and negotiation positions him as a knowledgeable advocate for the interests of local citrus growers. The South African citrus industry is largely export-orientated and brings in over R30 billion a year in foreign revenue.

“I am looking forward to helping shape the future of the local citrus industry. This is a crucial time for the sector. We must ensure that the projected growth in citrus production is translated into increased economic opportunities. A key to achieving that is expanding market access for our growers,” says Dr Ntshabele.

“Continued focus on sustainability is a priority as well. I have always believed true sustainability is of little meaning if it does not embrace inclusive growth. In this area, it is important for the citrus industry to continue building on its exceptional work. If all obstacles are removed, Southern African citrus can create even more significant economic opportunities for all,” Dr Ntshabele continued.

Gerrit van der Merwe, the Chairperson of the CGA, said they are enthusiastic to start this new chapter in the CGA’s history with Dr Ntshabele. “He has our full confidence and support.”

Justin Chadwick, the outgoing CEO, welcomed the appointment. “I have known Dr Ntshabele for many years, and I am thrilled that he has accepted the post of CEO of the CGA. His ability to calmly assess and reason and his diplomacy will be a huge asset to the CGA as the industry strives to continue on its growth path during more and more uncertain times. I wish Dr Ntshabele well as he takes the organisation forward.”

After many years as CEO, Chadwick will be retiring. “I have been incredibly fortunate to have been afforded the opportunity to be CEO for the past 25 years, and I have no doubt that Dr Ntshabele will take the CGA from strength to strength,” Chadwick says.

Dr Boitshoko Ntshabele

Biodiversity at its best: Vergelegen takes home global award

Vergelegen Wine Estate in Somerset West, celebrated for its exceptional sustainability initiatives, has triumphed over four international wine estates to take home the Amorim Biodiversity Award.

This accolade was announced in London recently by the Drinks Business, a leading European publication specialising in wine, spirits and beer. Now in its 15th year, the publication’s Green Awards, in 12 categories, honour enterprises that show outstanding commitment to reducing their environmental impact.

The Amorim Biodiversity Award acknowledges businesses that enhance biodiversity within their properties and beyond, delivering measurable, impactful results. Vergelegen’s shortlisted competition included Emiliana Organic Vineyards (Chile), Te Kano Estate (New Zealand), Familia Torres (Spain), and Sogrape (Portugal).

An alien vegetation clearing programme, initiated in 1995, is at the heart of Vergelegen’s biodiversity. This privately funded initiative, the largest of its kind in South Africa, culminated in a 1 900 hectare nature reserve managed in partnership with CapeNature. The reserve enjoys the same protection status as the Kruger National Park.

As natural vegetation has returned, bird species have increased from 50 in 2000 to 146, including four pairs of breeding blue cranes. At least 279 plant species have been recorded, including 22 on the Red Data List.

The estate is committed to planting 1 000 trees annually in its 54-hectare arboretum and gardens and in other areas where fallen trees need to be replaced. In June 2024, Vergelegen was a co-leader in an initiative to replace trees lost to storm damage and the shothole borer beetle in Lourensford Road, Somerset West.

Vergelegen also shares its expertise through an informal centre of learning excellence and collaborates with researchers from both local and international universities.

“It is an honour to receive this recognition on behalf of the Vergelegen team,” said Vergelegen managing director Wayne Coetzer. “This is a testament to the vision and teamwork that have guided Vergelegen’s environmental programmes over decades and validates our commitment to protecting indigenous species and enhancing ecological diversity.

“This recognition inspires us to continue safeguarding and enhancing our natural heritage for future generations to enjoy.”

Vergelegen gardens team member Marchalle Bok. Vergelegen is committed to planting 1 000 trees annually.

Vergelegen wine tasting centre staff Dwayne Lottering, an environmental tour guide, and Gladys Jafta.

Vergelegen Wine Estate brand ambassador Jessica Scarratt accepts the Amorim Biodi versity Award in London. Photo: Nicky Smith

Nitraat-bemesting se belangrike rol in plantvoeding

Vir besluitneming op ‘n plaas moet baie faktore in ag geneem word en die produsent staar nou uitdagings in die gesig soos nooit vantevore nie. Buiten heersende onstabiliteit en allerlei faktore moet winsgewendheid en praktiese uitvoerbaarheid voorkeur geniet.

Winsgewendheid en uitvoerbaarheid sluit die hele produksiestelsel in, van plant tot besproeiing, plaagbeheer, onkruidbeheer asook bemesting. Bemesting en veral stikstofbemesting word in diepte bepreek, beplan en dan soms ook eerste verander wanneer veranderinge moet plaasvind. Die vraag is: waarom is stikstof belangrik, en wat is die uiteinde van die stikstof-peil en -bron wat die produsent kies?

Wanneer ‘n plant se potensiaal bepaal word, moet die beperkendste faktor in die seisoen in ag geneem word. Dit kan sonlig (te veel of te min), water, peste en siektes wees. Met bemesting, en spesifiek stikstof - die element wat soms die grootste uitwerking op die seisoen kan hê - is dit is nie slegs die hoeveelheid stikstof nie, maar ook die bron van toediening, wat in ag geneem moet word.

Stikstof word hoofsaaklik deur die wortels in die plant opgeneem, en wel in die vorm van ammonium (NH4+) of nitraat (NO3-). Die twee vorms verskil in doeltreffendheid, lading en ook reaksie in die plant en grond. Ammonium is positief gelaai en word deur die wortels opgeneem en slegs gemetaboliseer na organiese verbindings in die wortels. Dit word gedoen deur ‘n metaboliese proses deur koolhidrate van die blare deur die floeëm te verkry. Die proses sal altyd koolhidrate benodig en ding met ander prosesse wat energie benodig mee, soos wortelgroei, vrugvergroting en sel-oorlewing. Die proses is glad nie energiedoeltreffend nie en sal altyd lei tot ‘n laer droëmateriaalgroei wat opbrengs en kwaliteit beïnvloed. Aan die ander kant word nitraat (NO3-) eers gereduseer na nitriet (NO2-) en dan na ammonium (NH4+) en die proses vind hoofsaaklik in die blare plaas. Die kritiese stap, van reduksie na nitriet, word aangedryf deur ses elektrone wat opgewek word deur lig in die chloroplast. Die ammonium wat gevorm word uit die proses van nitriet is dadelik opneembaar na organiese

verbindings. Die proses is dus energiedoeltreffend, omdat geen koolhidrate in die proses verbruik word nie.

Volgens navorsing het nitraat- (NO3-) bemesting ‘n sinergistiese opname met ander negatief-gelaaide katione. Kalium (K+), kalsium (Ca2+), en magnesium (Mg2+) is voorbeelde van noodsaaklike katione in ‘n bemestingsprogram. Gevolglik is die teendeel ook waar, dat ammonium (NH4+), wat ook ‘n katioon is, met die noodsaaklike katione meeding. Dit kan ‘n negatiewe uitwerking hê, soos blom-endverrotting, bitterpit, interne verbruining, verlies aan kwaliteit en rakleeftyd.

Steiner – die vader van plantvoedingsbeginsels – hou voor dat in ‘n “ideale voedings-oplossing” voedingstowwe in verhouding aan ‘n plant verskaf moet word om dit deur die groeisiklus van groei tot blom, en vrugset tot oes, te neem, maar dat ammonium glad nie gepromoveer word nie maar slegs gesien as ‘n reguleerder van die pH en nie as ‘n plantvoedingstof in hortologiese gewasse nie.

Nitraat-bemesting is belangrik want dit is die doeltreffendste manier van stikstoftoediening en dit word dadelik deur die plant opgeneem. Nitraat bevorder die opname van ander noodsaaklike katione aan die plant. Die verhouding waarin nitraat tot ammonium toegedien word moet in ag geneem word. Produsente wat plante wat in die grond verbou en nie onder enige beskerming nie, moet ten minste kyk na ‘n verhouding van 75% nitraat tot 25% ammonium.

Vrywaring: Sover SQM se kennis strek, is die inligting in hierdie artikel akkuraat. Die toepassing van voorwaardes van gebruik en aanwending volgens die aanbevelings is buite SQM se beheer. Geen waarborg word gegee rakende die akkuraatheid van enige data of stellings in hierdie artikel nie. SQM ontken enige verantwoordelikheid of aanspreeklikheid met betrekking tot die toepassing van die aanbevelings en sal onder geen omstandighede aanspreeklik wees vir enige spesifieke, toevallige of gevolglike skade wat uit sodanige gebruik voortspruit nie.

Blossom-end rot of tomatoimpact, causes and prevention

Blossom-end rot (BER) is a common and frustrating condition affecting tomatoes and other fruit in the nightshade family. It manifests as a dark, sunken spot at the bottom (blossom-end) of the fruit. While it is not a disease caused by pathogens, it can significantly damage the crop if not managed properly. Understanding the underlying causes of BER, its impact, and effective prevention strategies is essential for any producer aiming to grow healthy, high-quality tomatoes.

SAKATA

BER primarily affects the fruit of the tomato plant. The condition starts as a small, water-soaked spot at the bottom (opposite the stem), eventually darkening over time and becoming leathery and sunken. In severe cases, the rot can spread further, making the fruit unsightly and inedible.

Key impacts:

• Reduced yield: Affected fruit cannot be harvested for consumption, reducing the overall yield of the plant.

• Economic loss: Significant financial losses can occur as affected fruit may need to be discarded.

• Aesthetic damage: While not harmful to the plant, the condition makes the fruit unappealing and affects marketability.

Interestingly, BER does not affect the plant’s overall growth, allowing it to produce new fruit. However, the condition may persist if the underlying causes are not addressed.

Why does blossom-end rot occur?

BER occurs when the cell membranes break down, causing the plant to lose turgor pressure and leading to the leakage of

cell contents. While BER is commonly associated with calcium (Ca2+) deficiency, this is not always the primary cause. Stress and poor management practices can also contribute to BER. Key factors include:

• Excessive heat

Excessive heat intensifies water and nutrient uptake imbalances, particularly calcium, which is critical for maintaining cell wall structure and membrane integrity. High temperatures increase water loss through transpiration, reducing the plant’s ability to transport water and nutrients (including calcium) to the fruit. This creates a calcium shortage, especially at the bottom of the fruit, where BER typically develops. Heat stress can also damage the plant’s vascular system, hindering calcium distribution and making BER more likely.

• High soil pH and salinity

Alkaline soil with high pH levels can also affect calcium absorption. Additionally, excessive salinity in the soil can prevent the roots from efficiently taking up calcium.

• Excessive fertiliser, especially nitrogen

Overuse of nitrogen can encourage rapid foliage growth, diverting energy away from fruit development and limiting the plant’s calcium update. When nitrogen levels are too high, it can disrupt the plant’s balance, causing BER to manifest.

• Genetic factor

Some tomato varieties are more prone to BER than others. The level of susceptibility depends on the specific breeding background and growing location. Determinate varieties, which produce large quantities of fruit over a short period that place significant pressure on the plant’s ability to take up nutrients, may be more vulnerable to BER. Saladette varieties also tend to be more vulnerable than round varieties.

Management

Although BER is a non-contagious issue, it can be effectively managed by addressing the above-mentioned factors. Management strategies include:

• Temperature control:

While excessive heat is difficult to manage in open fields, it can be controlled in nethouses and greenhouses, where temperature and airflow can be regulated more effectively.

• Soil management:

Managing soil pH, salinity, and fertiliser use is crucial for

Affected fruit cannot be harvested for consumption, reducing the overall yield of the plant.

successful tomato production. Producers should collaborate with reliable agricultural companies for tailored advice, solid analysis, and fertiliser recommendations that are suited to their specific needs.

• Genetic selection:

Trialing different varieties can help identify those less prone to BER. Selecting varieties compatible with specific management practices and market demands can ensure optimal results.

Blossom-end rot is a frustrating yet preventable issue that can significantly reduce tomato yields.

• Calcium supplement:

During high-stress periods, supplementing with calcium may help manage BER to some extent, but addressing the root causes is essential for long-term control.

Conclusion

Blossom-end rot is a frustrating yet preventable issue that can significantly reduce tomato yields. By understanding the underlying causes, producers can take proactive measures to minimise its occurrence. Addressing stress factors, improving management practices, selecting suitable varieties and choosing the right production sites are more effective solutions than relying solely on calcium supplementation. With a comprehensive approach, tomato producers can mitigate the impact of BER and ensure a healthy, marketable tomato crop.

Managing soil pH, salinity, and fertiliser use is crucial for successful tomato production.

Laatroes: ‘n blywende gevaar vir aartappelproduksie

Laatroes is ‘n bekende plantsiekte op aartappels en lei wêreldwyd steeds tot enorme verliese in opbrengste.

Gedurende die 1800s het die skade van laatroes op aartappels tot ‘n verwoestende hongersnood in Ierland asook ander dele van Europa gelei. Die verlies in opbrengste van hul stapelvoedsel het meegebring dat meer as ‘n miljoen mense hul lewens as gevolg van hongersnood verloor het en ongeveer dieselfde hoeveelheid uit Ierland geëmigreer het. Die mikroörganisme wat laatroes in aartappels veroorsaak is Phytophthora infestans, wat in Latyns as die “vernietiger van plante” beskryf kan word. Die mikrobe is reeds in die laat 1800s deur die Duitse swamkundige, Heinrich Anton de Bary, benoem.

Phytophthora infestans het sy oorsprong in Suid-Amerika en is via Meksiko na die VSA geneem, en vandaar na Europa versprei. Vandag word die patogeen wêreldwyd aangetref. Laatroes is reeds meer as 100 jaar in Suid-Afrika teenwoordig en is veral kommerwekkend in KwaZulu-Natal en gedurende die winterreën-maande in die Sandveld. Ander provinsies in Suid-Afrika waar aartappels verbou word kan egter ook matige tot swaar laatroes-infeksies ervaar indien reën gedurende die laat-somer of vroeë herfs voorkom.

Phytophthora infestans word as ‘n oomiseet geklassifiseer en verskil dus effens van swamme oor die algemeen. Laatroesontwikkeling word bevoordeel gedurende klimaatstoestande wat nat en koel is, dus tydperke met dagtemperature van 1524 °C en rondom 10 °C deur die nag. Ontkieming van sporangia (die omhulsel of struktuur waarin spore ontwikkel) benodig vog en hoë humiditeit. Verspreiding van die patogeen kan bevoordeel word deur reën of besmette besproeiingswater. Verspreiding van infeksies word deur droë, warm weer beperk, maar die organisme kan lewensvatbaar bly totdat nat, koeler toestande weer voorkom.

Die toepassing van ‘n geïntegreerde plaasbestuurstrategie word aanbeveel om laatroes in aartappels te bekamp. Dit sluit in die gesamentlike gebruik van:

• monitering en toepassing van plantsiektemodellering;

• praktykgerigte aspekte rondom die verbouing van aartappels wat die verspreiding en intensiteit van die siekte kan onderdruk;

• gebruik van gesertifiseerde saadmoere wat siektevry is;

• chemiese beheer as deel van ‘n spuitprogram. Verskeie sintetiese swammiddels is vir die beheer van laatroes op aartappels geregistreer. Maak seker om dit te gebruik volgens die aanwendingsvoorskrifte op die geregistreerde etiket.

• biologiese beheer as deel van die spuitprogram. Sekere biologiese swammiddels kan antagonistiese of onderdrukkende uitwerkings op laatroes hê en kan waarde by ‘n spuitprogram voeg.

• gebruik aartappel-variëteite wat meer teen laatroes bestand is.

Phytophthora infestans het die vermoë om met tyd weerstand teen chemiese beheermiddels te ontwikkel indien dit onverantwoordelik of ongeregistreerd aangewend word. Gevolglik is dit baie belangrik om chemiese middels met verskillende “metodes van werking” of te wel FRAC-groepe te gebruik om die ontwikkeling van weerstand te voorkom. Die gebruik van geregistreerde biologiese swamdoders kan ook tot ‘n weerstandstrategie bydra.

Philagro SA bied toegang tot Leimay® 200 SC, ‘n suspensiekonsentraatswamdoder uit Japan met penetrerende werking vir die voorkomende beheer van laatroes op aartappels. Leimay® 200 SC bevat die aktiewe bestanddeel, Amisulbrom, wat aan die FRAC 21-groepering behoort. Hierdie aktiewe bestanddeel is uniek tot die Suid-Afrikaanse mark en bied aansienlike voordele as deel van ‘n spuitprogram vir doeltreffendheid en die voorkoming van weerstandsontwikkling. Leimay® 200 SC word trans-laminêr opgeneem en is saam met ander sleutel-swammiddels as tenk-vennote geregistreer om laatroes-beheer te optimaliseer.

Vir meer inligting rakende laatroes-beheer op aartappels met die gebruik van Leimay® 200 SC, kontak die naaste Philagro-verteenwoordiger.

LEES DIE ETIKET VOOR GEBRUIK. | LEIMAY® 200 SC | Reg. Nr. L10884, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947 | Amisulbrom (Sulfoamied) (200 g/L) | WAARSKUWING | Baie giftig vir waterlewende organismes met langdurige gevolge. | Philagro SA (Edms) Bpk. | Reg. Nr. 1998/010658/07 | Postnet Suite #378, Privaatsak X025, Lynnwoodrif, 0040 | Tel: 012 348 8808 | LEIMAY® is ‘n geregistreerde handelsmerk van Nissan Chemical Industries LTD, Tokyo, Japan.

Leimay® 200 SC

RELIABLE PROTECTION

LEIMAY® 200 SC contains the active ingredient Amisulbrom, belonging to the FRAC Group: 21. This group of fungicides is new and unique to South Africa for the preventative control of late blight in potatoes as well as contributing towards disease resistance management as part of a spray program.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

• LEIMAY® 200 SC is active against multiple critical stages of the life cycle of Phytophthora infestans

• It is readily absorbed by the leaf cuticle, contributing to prolonged protection of leaves.

• With no cross-resistance towards other fungicides currently on the South African market, LEIMAY® 200 SC makes a significant contribution towards resistance management.

• LEIMAY® 200 SC is registered to be applied with key tank mixing partners to optimise efficacy and reduce risks associated with resistance development.

For more information on how to protect your potatoes with LEIMAY® 200 SC, contact your nearest Philagro-representative.

SOUTH AFRICA'S POTATO INDUSTRY: cultivating growth in a global market

As the world grapples with food security challenges, South Africa’s potato industry stands out as a beacon of potential, poised for growth through foreign market development.

Recognising the pressing need to reach beyond local consumption, the South African potato sector strategically focuses on international markets from 2020 to 2025. This strategic pivot, initiated by Potatoes SA, underscores the importance of enhancing export capabilities while maximising production efficiency, particularly in the key producing area of the Western Cape.

In 2022, South Africa ranked 39th in global potato production yet held its ground as the 10th largest producer on the African continent. Marking its noteworthy contributions, South Africa constituted a substantial 15% of Africa's potato exports. The sector's growth trajectory over the years is impressive; from 2000 to 2022, global potato production surged by 16,1%, amounting to a staggering 374,7 million tons. This expansion is even more pronounced in Africa, where production skyrocketed by a remarkable 106%, culminating in 27,1 million tons. Specifically, South Africa's production witnessed a robust increase of 49%, reaching 2,5 million tons in the same time frame.

Economic impact and production value

The economic implications of this growth are profound. The value of global gross potato production saw a monumental increase of 210%, with Africa's production value spiking by 273%. In South Africa, production value jumped to $599,9 million (R1,136 trillion), showcasing the crop's critical role in the nation's agricultural landscape. Alongside increased production, productivity saw a notable uplift, with global productivity enhancing by 30% to 21,1 tons per hectare. South Africa excelled in this regard, achieving the highest productivity in the region at 37,8 tons per hectare. This efficiency bodes well for export markets, which have also seen significant price hikes.

Export dynamics reflect a similar growth narrative. While global potato exports soared by 104% to 15,8 million tons, South Africa's exports exhibited an astonishing 835% growth, reaching 185 200 tons. However, a contrasting narrative emerges within the Western Cape. Here, potato exports fell sharply by 46%, dropping from R126 million in 2014 Q4 to R67 million in 2023 Q4. Notable declines were observed in exports to neighbouring Angola and Botswana, although an impressive surge in exports to the UAE, specifically a staggering 1 888% increase from 2013 to 2023, offers a glimmer of hope.

In terms of domestic sales, the formal markets reflect a slightly less optimistic trend. Potato sales in fresh produce markets decreased from 48% (935 000 tons) in 2010 to 44% (1,1 million tons) in 2022. The fluctuating consumption patterns indicate a consumption peak at 38,5 kg per capita in 2018,

but it dipped to its lowest at 33,5 kg in 2016, highlighting the variability in consumer behavior and market stability.

Analysing the market further, one concerning statistic emerges: nearly 9,8% of potatoes sold in fresh produce markets in the Western Cape were downgraded predominantly due to mechanical damage. This issue is even more pronounced in Limpopo, with a downgrade rate of 20%. The challenges faced by small-scale farmers in the sector are considerable. Many grapple with old seed varieties, price volatility, and limited access to higher-value markets. Notably, black producers contribute around 10% of agricultural output, with over 400 hectares of potatoes cultivated by black commercial producers through enterprise development initiatives.

Strategic recommendations for growth

Given the backdrop of these statistics and trends, several strategic recommendations surface essential for revitalising the potato industry in South Africa:

• Strategic expansion: The growing population and the increasing popularity of potatoes present significant opportunities for expanding production in the Western Cape. This expansion is essential for meeting the needs of many Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries that rely heavily on South African potatoes.

• Addressing market barriers: To enhance its export capabilities, South Africa should work to establish preferential trade agreements, particularly with Angola, to reduce tariffs and regain market share. Research aimed at identifying factors behind declines in specific markets is crucial for informing these strategies.

• Infrastructure and support: Improved transportation infrastructure and increased storage facilities are vital for expanding market access and reducing transportation costs. Investments in these areas can stabilise prices and prevent market saturation.

• Support for small-scale farmers: Providing consistent support for small-scale farmers through equitable access to quality seeds, market information, and extension services remains critical for sustainable growth.

• Regional integration: South Africa's position within the SADC and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is pivotal. Developing regional value chains will bolster the agricultural sector and enhance food security across the continent.

The future of South Africa's potato industry

The Western Cape remains a cornerstone of South Africa’s

potato industry, significantly contributing to both domestic consumption and export markets. Despite facing challenges, particularly in maintaining market shares in Angola and Botswana, opportunities for growth abound.

South Africa's standing as the most productive nation in Africa, in terms of yield, presents a competitive edge that could be leveraged against many European Union countries. With a growing global population and the increasing demand for potatoes in developing nations, there is a collective belief in the significant potential for expanding production. The nutritional value of potatoes aligns with the United Nations' sustainable development goals, particularly in combating poverty and hunger in Africa.

Recognised as a strategic value chain, the potato industry provides vast expansion opportunities. The International Trade Centre has identified South Africa as having substantial growth potential within this sector. Thus, it is imperative for South Af-

rica to embrace a strategic role within the SADC, particularly in shaping regional industrial policies and capitalising on opportunities presented by the AfCFTA. This strategic alignment could pave the way for rejuvenating markets like Angola and Botswana by reducing tariffs or lifting bans on potato imports.

As South Africa grapples with the dual challenges of domestic market fluctuations and international competition, the path forward lies in embracing innovation, fostering regional cooperation, and enhancing production capabilities. The dynamism of the potato industry offers a thoroughfare towards food security, economic growth, and sustainable agricultural practices in the Southern African landscape. The journey ahead will require collaboration among stakeholders, but the promise of a flourishing potato industry is within reach.

Source: Market Intelligence Report: SA Potato Industry 2024, Western Cape Government Department of Agriculture

ARC again recognised as a top employer

The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) is proud to announce that it has been awarded top employer certification for the third consecutive year. This recognition is a testament to ARC’s commitment to creating a world-class working environment that promotes excellence, innovation, and employee well-being.

The Top Employer Institute, a global authority on recognising excellence in employee conditions of service, awards the certification annually. The certificate is based on a rigorous evaluation process that assesses human resource policies, procedures, and employee experience.

ARC President and CEO, Dr Litha Magingxa pointed out that this latest achievement is a testament to the organisation’s commitment to creating a positive work environment, with a specific focus on the growth and development of its employees.

“We are thrilled to receive this prestigious recognition for the third consecutive year. This showcases the organisation’s dedication to creating a better world of work through excel-

lent HR policies and people practices,” Dr Magingxa stated.

Tshililo Mabirimisa, Acting Executive of corporate support, echoed the CEO’s sentiments and reiterated that this is a proud moment for the organisation.

“We are proud to be recognised as a Top Employer, and we will continue to strive for excellence in everything we do. Our employees are our greatest assets, and we are committed to creating an inspiring and rewarding work environment,” Mabirimisa concluded.

The Top Employers Institute evaluates and certifies organisations based on their participation in the HR best practices survey, covering six HR domains and 20 topics such as people strategy, work environment, talent acquisition, learning, diversity, equity and inclusion, and well-being. This recognition reflects ARC's ongoing efforts to improve its approach to people management and align itself with industry best practices.

The Top Employers Institute has globally certified and recognised 2,052 top employers across 121 countries/regions spanning five continents.

Klimaatstoestande se uitwerking op plantvoeding begin in die grond

Wetenskaplikes waarsku reeds ’n geruime tyd dat klimaatsverandering plaasvind en voorspel dat die hoeveelheid, intensiteit en frekwensie van uitermatige weerstoestande gaan toeneem. Die afgelope paar seisoene se klimaatstoestande, soos uitermatige wind, oorstromings en hittegolwe, bevestig hierdie uitsprake en is die rede waarom klimaatsverandering deel van gesprekspunte tydens media- en inligtingsdae is.

Enige gewas het ’n bepaalde genetiese potensiaal met vestiging. Die uitwerking van die omgewing op die gewas bepaal die fenotipe. Met fenotipe word verwys na die gewas se eienskappe wat geneties uitgedruk en in die veld waargeneem word. Fenotipe manifesteer in algemene vrae soos: “Is die opkoms van my graan eenvormig? Is my bome se groei voldoende?”

Genetiese uitdrukking word benadeel deur stremmingstoestande tydens ’n gewas se groeisiklus en veroorsaak dat die gewas nie sy volle potensiaal bereik nie. Stremmingstoestande kan bioties of abiotiese van aard wees. Biotiese stremmingstoestande verwys na lewende organismes, soos patogene, insekte en onkruide. Abiotiese faktore verwys weer na nielewende faktore soos hitte, koue en vloede.

Wat kan die produsent doen om die potensiële negatiewe uitwerking van biotiese en abiotiese stremmingstoestande op plantvoeding te bestuur?

Die waarde van koolstof en goeie deurlugting in die grond mag nooit onderskat word nie. Hoewel daar ’n lang lys van voordelige uitwerking van koolstof in grond is, is waterinfiltrasie, beter waterhouvermoë en ’n verhoging van die katioon-uitruilkapasiteit drie eienskappe wat uitstaan.

Die opbou van koolstof in die grond verhoog die grond se vermoë om meer water en voedingstowwe “vas te hou”. In tye van waterskaarste word grondvog langer bewaar en tydens periodes van hoë reënval of oorbesproeiing kan voedingstofverliese beperk word. Hierdie eienskappe verhoog die grond se buffervermoë en stel die produsent in staat om stremmingstoestande beter te bestuur.

Grondkoolstof is ook die hoofenergiebron vir grondmikrobes. Organiese materiaal is die primêre dryfkrag van aktiwiteit binne die grondvoedselweb. Navorsing toon dat diversiteit in grondmikrobes tot ’n veerkragtige ekosisteem lei. ’n Diversiteit van gewasse bo die grond gaan gepaard met ’n diversiteit van grondmikrobes. Praktyke soos minimumbewerking, wisselbou, kompostering, deklae en dekgewasse, asook die inkorporering van vee in bestuurstelsels, maak dit moontlik om mikrobiese

diversiteit te skep.

Grondkoolstof en gevolglik grondgesondheid, verhoog die kwaliteit van die wortelsone wat tot beter wortelgroei en gevolglike opname van voedingstowwe lei en sodoende die plant se verdraagsaamheid teen stremmingstoestande verbeter omdat die plant sterker en gesonder is. Dit is gevolglik raadsaam om moeite te doen met grondvoorbereiding tydens vestiging sodat ’n gewas met maksimum wortelontwikkeling kan wegspring.

Gesonde, sterk wortelstelsels is veral belangrik in tye van waterskaarste. Daarom moet die grond nie enige fisiese of chemiese beperkings hê wat doeltreffende wortelgroei en -diepte beperk nie.

Tydens droogtes akkumuleer soute in die wortelsone, wat wortelgroei belemmer. Korrekte besproeiingskedulering, deklae en oordeelkundige toediening van bemesting sal help om hierdie opbou van soute te vertraag. Indien water beperk is of besproeiing nie optimaal bestuur kan word nie, moet die bemestingsprogram aangepas word deur grondtoegediende kunsmis te verminder en blaarvoeding te gebruik.

Hoë reënval veroorsaak dat voedingstowwe uit die wortelsone loog en aangevul moet word. Die grondtipe sal bepaal hoe ernstig die loging is.

Bemestingsprogramme moet aangepas word om voorsiening te maak vir hierdie verliese. Hoë reënval kan veroorsaak dat grond min tot geen suurstof bevat. Onder hierdie toestande word wortelrespirasie en -groei beperk en kan voedingstofopname nie plaasvind nie. Indien versuiptoestande lank aanhou kan die wortels vrot. Sodra die grond droog genoeg is, kan wortelgroeistimulante toegedien word om nuwe wortelgroei te bevorder.

NexusAG Croplife se geakkrediteerde gewasadviseurs kan produsente help om risiko’s volhoubaar te bestuur met maatpasbestuursprogramme wat elke produsent se unieke omgewing en spesifieke omstandighede in ag neem.

Bronne: Wiesie Burger, Tegniese Bestuurder, NexusAG; en Bennie Diedericks, ReSalt.

FOKUS OP GRONDGESONDHEID

VIR DIE BESTUUR VAN

PLANTVOEDING OM DIE IMPAK VAN

KLIMAATSVERSKYNSELS TE BESTUUR

Produsente stoei dikwels met die gevolge van wisselende klimaatverskynsels wat strestoestande veroorsaak.

Biotiese strestoestande verwys na lewende organismes soos patogene, insekte en onkruide.

Abiotiese faktore verwys weer na nie-lewende faktore soos hi e, koue en vloede.

Dit

lei tot baie vrae. Die antwoord is egter eenvoudig:

FOKUS OP GRONDGESONDHEID!

BEGIN MET MEER KOOLSTOF IN DIE GROND:

Meer koolstof in die grond beteken:

• Gesonder grond.

• Meer grondmikrobes.

• Beter waterinfiltrasie.

• Beter waterhouvermoë.

• Verbeterde buffervermoë teen strestoestande.

• Beter wo elgroei.

• Verbeterde opname van plantvoedingstowwe.

FOKUS TWEEDENS OP GRONDMIKROBES:

Grondkoolstof is die hoofenergiebron vir grondmikrobes. Praktyke soos minimum bewerking, wisselbou, kompostering, deklae en dekgewasse, asook die inkorporering van vee in bestuurstelsels skep mikrobiese diversiteit.

VOLG OP MET GOEIE PRAKTYKE OM:

DROOGTETOESTANDE: NAT TOESTANDE:

• Soute versamel in die wo elsone wat wo elgroei belemmer.

• Korrekte besproeiingskedulering, deklae en oordeelkundige toediening van bemesting kan opbou van soute ve raag.

• Pas jou bemestingsprogram aan.

• Blaarvoedings kan plantstres verminder.

• Sodra die grond droog genoeg is, kan wo elgroeistimulante toegedien word om nuwe wo elgroei te bevorder.

NexusAG CropLife-geakkrediteerde gewasadviseurs kan jou help om die risiko’s op jou plaas volhoubaar te bestuur met maatpas bestuursprogramme wat elke produsent se unieke omgewing en spesifieke omstandighede in ag neem.

KONTAK U NAASTE NEXUSAG CROPLIFE-GEAKKREDITEERDE GEWASADVISEUR VIR MEER INLIGTING.

The essential business of bees

The apple trees are in blossom, whispering their pink-white promises to the bees. But the bees need no promises – they already know where they can satisfy their pollen and nectar needs as they emerge purposefully from hives throughout the orchards.

Heather Dugmore

The hives appear to be randomly placed, but it is an exact science. The beekeepers bring them in mainly from the Overberg to the Elgin and Grabouw regions of the Western Cape to pollinate the pear and apple blossoms from September to the end of October each year. Elgin and Grabouw provide over 80% of South Africa apples and pears, while the Langkloof Valley in the Eastern Cape provides 20%. About 50% of the annual apple and pear harvest is exported.

The beekeepers know exactly how many hives they need for the fruit trees, with each hive optimally housing 30 000 Cape honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis). “Cape honeybees – or just honeybees as we call them – have given my family everything we have,” says Danie Vorster, founder and head of the Overberg Honey Company, together with his wife, Nadia, whose father taught them about beekeeping.

About 120 million honeybees in managed hives

They started their company 14 years ago, and it has grown into a significant operation with approximately 120 million honeybees in managed hives that are used primarily for fruit pollination. However, the company also serves as a second honey production business. Danie Vorster shared this astonishing fact: In order to produce one jar of honey, the honeybees must visit 2 million flowers. One bee produces one drop of honey in its lifetime of 45 days.

Honeybees are prolific, indigenous pollinators that provide an essential agricultural ecological service. “In South Africa, over 50 agricultural crops that are essential for food and job security, and worth over R10,3 billion per annum to our

economy, are pollinated by honeybees,” explains Shelly Fuller, who is leading a Nedbank-funded World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Nedbank Green Trust project. The project is aimed at conserving the Cape honeybee in the Cape Floral Kingdom of the Western Cape through sustainable hive management and indigenous forage restoration.

The crops that honeybees pollinate include apples, pears, lucerne, sunflowers, macadamias, and stone fruits such as peaches, apricots, nectarines, and plums. “Caring for honeybees is critical for their survival and for ours, and this uniquely South African species is starting to get the recognition it deserves,” says Fuller.

Not enough natural forage for the honeybees

A significant issue is that there is no longer enough natural forage for the honeybees. “With the honeybee as a champion species for biodiversity in the Cape Floral Kingdom, this project is critical as it is focused on regenerative farming practices as a way of bringing biodiversity, including the honeybee, back to our farms and agricultural landscapes,” says Poovi Pillay, Executive Head of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) at Nedbank.

Fuller explains that with the current agricultural footprint, there are not enough honeybees in the natural environment to pollinate all the fruit trees in the blossom period. An industry of portable hives managed by beekeepers is essential for fruit producers. Pollination is an ecosystem service – or a service from nature – that the farms require to have a successful fruit set.

“We work with the fruit farmers and beekeepers in the fynbos and fruit-growing areas of Elgin, Grabouw, and the

TO PAGE 20

UNLEASH AN OCEAN OF

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The essential business of bees

FROM PAGE 18

Langkloof, focusing on apples and pears as they are reliant on managed bee hives,” says Fuller. “The longer-term goal is to establish regional indigenous replanting projects that provide food for the honeybees and other beneficial insects and wildlife.”

Danie Vorster explains that one of several issues they need to factor in concerning hive numbers is the weather, as honeybees work best when it is warm. “In cold weather, about 60% of the bees need to remain in the hive to keep it warm,” he explains. “Because the fruit pollination is done mainly in the cooler months, we need to ensure that we have enough hives in the orchards.”

The importance of honeybees for life, food and job security

Together with the South African Bee Industry Organisation (SABIO) and the Western Cape Bee Industry Association, the project team is assessing the value of honeybee pollination ecosystem services to agriculture and raising general awareness about how important honeybees are for life, food, and job security.

The project team is also working with a number of conservation organisations, including the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and Living Lands, to assess how much indigenous forage is needed to sustain Cape honeybee populations in the natural environment outside of the agricultural pollination season.

The Langkloof is important for this as it is both a fruit and biodiversity hotspot, with intensive agriculture in a valley that is surrounded by a protected environment in the fynbos-rich mountains.

“We are working with Living Lands here to assess this area as it provides the most natural system we can look at in terms of agriculture in nature. Hives are managed by the beekeepers in situ here and there is good forage to help sustain the bees outside of the apple and pear pollination season.”

Bees forage in a radius of 1 to 3 km radius. To increase their indigenous forage in Elgin and Grabouw, the project team is building on work being done to remove invasive alien vegetation with numerous fruit and wine farmers supporting the initiative.

Farmers are conservation champions

Over 60 fruit and wine farmers (most do both) in the greater Cape Winelands Region are conservation champions. This is a WWF initiative which the WWF Nedbank Green Trust helped to establish in 2004 as a partnership with wine farmers who commit to biodiversity-friendly and regenerative farming practices, conserving their natural fynbos areas and improving their water and energy efficiencies.

The conservation champions all use the distinctive sugarbird and protea logo on their wine bottles so that buyers and consumers can support these environmental leaders. Honeybee conservation is part of this, such as Boland Cellar’s Trees for Bees Programme. With Nedbank’s support they commit a portion of their wine sales to planting indigenous trees as forage for the honeybee.

A longstanding conservation champion and one of South

Africa’s most sustainability-focused farms is the Paul Cluver Family Wines Estate of 2 400 hectare. Paul Cluver senior has led the way for this over many years. Today, 1 000 hectares are committed to fynbos wilderness area, where a feast of the Cape Floral Kingdom’s over 9 000 species can be seen. More than 800 endemic trees have also been planted as part of their commitment to landscape rehabilitation. Ongoing activities such as alien invasive tree removal create additional income for people in Elgin who cut and sell the wood.

Experiencing climate change firsthand

“Twenty years ago, biodiversity was a foreign concept, and we were not focused on climate change,” says Paul Cluver senior. “This has all changed. We are now experiencing climate change firsthand, and biodiversity has become a well-known concept. The two are intertwined and it is essential that we focus on regenerative farming and landscape conservation.”

Many of the conservation champions are now planting cover crops such as grasses and legumes between the vines, or allowing the natural vegetation to grow here to add life to the soil and increase the honeybee forage. “It has been shown that this practise actually improves the pollination of the fruit trees,” says Fuller, adding that the farmers also make sure they avoid spraying chemicals during pollination.

Out-of-season eucalyptus forage

Out of season, in addition to fynbos, a key source of non-agricultural forage for the honeybee is the invasive alien eucalyptus or gum tree. These trees are vital for sustaining honeybees in the late summer months throughout South Africa. However, the trees use up to 12 times more water than indigenous species. They also pose a fire risk and have invaded catchment areas and rivers extensively.

Eucalyptus trees and other invasive alien species have been widely removed over the past decade to support water security efforts. This caused a massive outcry from the beekeeping industry, resulting in a revision of some of the regulations in 2014. The revision identified specific eucalyptus species that could be left intact while other species needed to be removed from sensitive areas, including river courses, dams, wetlands, and estuaries.

“A lot of work has already been done in clearing invasive alien plants from the river courses. Farmers and landowners now need assistance with the process of replanting indigenous species, which requires specialist knowledge,” Fuller explains.

Corridor of indigenous vegetation

One of the key species found in the river areas is palmiet, an indigenous buffer plant that cleans the water as well as stabilises and slows down the river flow. The absence of indigenous buffer plants leads to absolute devastation in the orchards and landscape, as we have seen in the recent floods.

The project team has established and is building up indigenous nurseries, which also creates additional jobs. With input from fynbos ecologists and horticulturists, they are fine-tuning which species are the easiest to kick-start indigenous biodiversity return and identifying species that are favourite forage for the eminently deserving honeybee.

The future of fresh produce packaging

The packaging landscape is transforming, particularly in the fresh produce sector, where sustainability, efficiency, and innovation are becoming paramount. In 2025, producers can expect to increasingly emphasise plant-based, tech-enhanced, and even edible packaging solutions. This evolution is fueled by growing consumer demands for eco-friendly practices and the adoption of advanced technology in the packaging industry.

Sustainable packaging

Sustainability is no longer a buzzword; it has become a fundamental requirement within the fresh produce industry. With increasing awareness of environmental issues, consumers are actively seeking products with minimal waste and responsible packaging. Packaging is crucial in preserving the freshness and quality of fruits and vegetables during transport. However, traditional plastic materials have contributed significantly to pollution and environmental degradation.

The packaging industry is pivoting towards renewable, biodegradable, and compostable materials to combat this issue. Alternatives like polylactic acid (PLA), mushroom-based packaging, and cellulose films are gaining traction, replacing traditional plastics that linger in landfills for centuries. These materials break down naturally, significantly lessening their environmental impact while ensuring produce maintains its quality during transport.

While materials such as PLA and cellulose films are promising, there are challenges to overcome. Many of these biodegradable solutions require industrial composting facilities for optimal breakdown, posing usability concerns in non-industrial settings. Moreover, producing these materials can be resource-intensive, with potential durability and shelf-life challenges compared to conventional plastic.

Despite these hurdles, producers should be optimistic. As the demand for sustainable practices grows, the industry will likely see widespread adoption of these eco-friendly alternatives. For fresh produce producers, committing to sustainable packaging is not just an ethical choice; it is a tremendous market opportunity to cater to eco-conscious consumers.

The shift towards minimalist packaging

Another groundbreaking trend in fresh produce packaging is the move toward minimalist designs. As environmental regulations tighten and consumers prioritise sustainability, reducing the amount of product packaging is becoming a strategic advantage.

Minimalist packaging focuses on utilising fewer materials, which decreases the environmental footprint while optimising shipping efficiency. By cutting back on plastic layers and designing lightweight yet durable packages, fresh produce can be protected effectively while reducing transportation costs and emissions. This approach speaks directly to consumers increasingly mindful of their environmental impact.

For producers, the benefits of adopting minimalist packaging extend beyond compliance and sustainability; it enhances brand image and strengthens market position. As businesses showcase their commitment to reducing waste, they will attract a growing base of environmentally conscious consumers.

While it is crucial to ensure that delicate produce remains protected during transit, innovations in sustainable packaging materials are making minimalist options more viable. The interplay between reduced material use and improved technology is helping industries align with evolving consumer expectations and corporate environmental goals.

The rise of edible packaging

As we step into 2025, the concept of edible packaging emerges as a promising and innovative solution for the fresh produce market. Made from natural plant-based materials such as seaweed, rice, or starch, edible films can be consumed alongside the produce, eliminating packaging waste. This revolutionary concept reduces environmental impact and enhances consumer experience by transforming the packaging into part of the meal.

Edible packaging can also play a role in prolonging the freshness of produce. A protective layer can help reduce spoilage and moisture content, offering an ingenious alternative to traditional plastic wraps. Integrating edible packaging into their supply chain could be a game-changer for fresh produce producers, aligning perfectly with a growing consumer base that prioritises sustainability and waste reduction.

Challenges exist, such as scaling production effectively, TO PAGE 23

“

A rosy outlook for upcoming pome season

With new blush pear varieties coming into play this season, Tru-Cape is gearing up for a pear season full of promise.

We are looking forward to a solid harvest with good volumes, which is encouraging. This year marks the first time some of our new blush pear selections are bearing fruit, and we are anticipating our first commercial yield of Cape Blush. Additionally, we are preparing for the largest Cheeky crop we have ever had,” shared Calla du Toit, head of procurement at Tru-Cape Fruit Marketing, the leading apple and pear marketer in South Africa.

According to Roelf Pienaar, managing director of Tru-Cape, blush pears generate a lot of excitement in the pome industry, mainly due to strong demand in the Far East and Middle East.

The interest in blushed pear varieties is rising, and there is numerous global opportunities to market these pears.

Several new blushed pear varieties have emerged from the exceptional red gene pool developed by Agricultural Research Council breeder Taaibos Human. One of these varieties is Cape Blush, the trademark for Rosy-Lwazi. After being identified as a promising variety sixteen years ago, the first Cape Blush pears were harvested in 2021 on Eselfontein, a Tru-Cape farm near Ceres. The 2024/25 season will mark the first commercial volumes of Cape Blush in South Africa.

"The crop has set nicely, and the colour looks promising,”Du Toit said.

Jeanne Fourie, a new variety specialist at Tru-Cape, mentioned that Cape Blush is harvested just before or shortly after New Year, making it one of the earliest pear varieties in South Africa. “We’re opening our season with this coveted variety, known for its lovely red blush, so we have high hopes for its market performance, particularly in the East.”

Additionally, several young Rosemarie Select pear orchards are coming into production. Rosemarie Select, an enhancement of the original Rosemarie, is another South African pear variety developed through the crossing of Forelle and Bon Rouge.

“Growers are familiar with Rosemarie, but the introduction of Rosemarie Select, with its improved colour, presents them with an opportunity to boost their pack-outs,” she says.

Pienaar noted that the pear harvest in Europe is slightly below average, creating favourable prospects for South African growers in the upcoming season.

“We have some concerns regarding the United Kingdom, where a normal-sized crop is expected. There is a significant movement to support local producers, which could pose challenges for us.”

Winter conditions were ideal

Although it is still early to assess the forthcoming apple harvest, the Western Cape experienced a late yet severe winter, which typically signals a promising season ahead. “The colder the winter, the better the production,” Du Toit said.

“At the start of the season, we were concerned about accumulating enough chill units, but we caught up by the end of winter. We also received excellent rainfall in the Ceres, Elgin, Grabouw, Vyeboom, and Villiersdorp area and in the Langkloof, and I am pleased to report that all dams are full. The trees are thriving, flowering occurs under favourable conditions, and fruit development looks promising. However, we anticipate the season will be slightly delayed, which will shorten our marketing window.”

The first Cape Blush pears from trial blocks were harvested between 2021 and 2023 on the farm Eselfontein near Ceres. The upcoming season will see the first commercial harvest of Cape Blush. Picture: Deon Malherbe

Logistics a double-edged sword

Pienaar is optimistic that the port of Cape Town will improve its performance, though he concedes that the logistics landscape may remain challenging this year.

“Given the geopolitical situation, our competitors are also facing difficulties in reaching their markets, which could work to our advantage.”

Another concern is the closure of the Taiwan market following the discovery of a codling moth in a shipment.

“This is a significant problem that needs resolution, as Taiwan is a key market for Fuji apples.”

On a positive note, Pienaar sees opportunities within the value chain and Tru-Cape’s successful cross-border operations.

“We’re thrilled about our state-of-the-art cold storage facility in Kenya and the capabilities of our City Deep facility to cater to cross-border clients out of Johannesburg. While Africa may lag in pricing, it remains a vital market at our doorstep.”

The future of fresh produce packaging FROM

PAGE 21

maintaining cost-value equilibrium, and developing durable yet edible materials suitable for transportation. As technology progresses, edible packaging holds the potential to redefine our understanding of produce packaging, creating a paradigm shift towards a more sustainable, wastefree future.

Smart packaging: a technological revolution

Technological advancements enable "smart packaging" to revolutionise how produce is tracked and consumed. With the integration of tools like RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, QR codes, and various freshness sensors, producers can now ensure produce remains fresh from farm to table.

Innovative packaging technologies facilitate real-time tracking throughout the supply chain, allowing producers to monitor conditions and mitigate issues before they escalate. The ability to trace the freshness of produce can further reduce spoilage and waste, ultimately leading to enhanced consumer satisfaction.

The transparency afforded by smart packaging is a significant selling point for consumers, many of whom want to know where their food comes from and how fresh it is. By adopting these innovative solutions, producers can improve their operational efficiency while also building trust with their customers.

In addition to monitoring freshness, smart packaging can also play a crucial role in reducing food fraud, a growing concern in the fresh produce sector. Producers can combat issues related to mislabeling or counterfeit products by providing detailed traceability fostering confidence and loyalty in their brand.

A call to action for fresh produce producers

As we navigate the evolving landscape of fresh produce packaging, producers need to adapt and innovate in response to emerging trends. Sustainability, minimalism, edible solutions, and smart technology are not merely passing fads; they represent the future of our industry. By embracing these changes, fresh produce producers can streamline operations, meet consumer demands, and significantly reduce their environmental footprint.

The shift towards sustainable practices will benefit the environment and elevate brand perception, attract a dedicated consumer base, and generate long-term profitability. However, success in this dynamic market requires collaboration among producers, packaging suppliers, and technology innovators. Building robust partnerships will allow for shared knowledge, resource pooling, and effective implementation of cutting-edge solutions.

Ultimately, the focus on responsible packaging is not just about adhering to regulations or fending off competition. It is about reshaping the entire fresh produce industry for the better.

Attractive Cape Blush pears on the trees during the first week of November 2024 in the Witzenberg Valley. Cape Blush will be one of the earliest pear varieties harvested in South Africa.

Picture: Calla Du Toit

Researcher advances

FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT through innovative study

Some South African fruit industries spend over R300 million annually to combat fruit flies. Researcher Tania Pogue explains how her study of pest traps could revolutionise how fruit exports can be protected.

In a significant advancement for agricultural pest management, University of Pretoria (UP) researcher Tania Pogue has uncovered key insights into fruit fly behaviour that could transform how farmers monitor and control these destructive pests. Pogue's research focuses on the eco-physiology of fruit flies, investigating how biological factors interact with environmental conditions to influence their response to commercial lures.

Her academic journey began with a Bachelor of Science in Entomology at UP, where she developed her passion for studying insects. During her honours degree, Pogue initiated her first research project on fruit flies, focusing on the mating behaviour of the Mediterranean and Marula fruit flies. In 2021, she embarked on an MSc in Entomology, where she investigated how fruit fly biology and weather conditions impact their attraction to commercial lures.

Pogue completed her MSc with distinction in 2023 and published two academic papers during her postgraduate studies.

“My research has investigated how the fly's biology – such as its age, sex and diet – interacts with the weather and how this interaction affects how likely the fly is to be attracted to a lure,” Pogue explains.

This research is crucial for South Africa's fruit industry, as fruit flies significantly threaten production and export potential. Infested fruit cannot be sold, and pest management techniques increase production costs. One of the study’s key findings is the temperature threshold for effective trapping.

“Fruit flies are highly unlikely to respond to a baited trap below 12 °C,” Pogue explains. “Traps set up at temperatures cooler than this are more likely to underestimate the size of fruit fly populations in the area. This can lead to incorrect timing or application of management techniques, causing more crop losses and increasing production costs due to more intensive management.”

This insight is critical for accurate population monitoring and the implementation of timely control measures. Pogue conducted her research at UP’s department of Zoology and Entomology, where she reared three fruit fly species under controlled conditions, manipulating factors such as age, sex and diet. She then carried out field experiments in specially designed cages at UP’s Future Africa Institute, where she measured how different conditions influenced fruit fly attraction to commercial lures.

“This research will help improve trap capture estimates for fruit flies, making pest management techniques more accu-

rate,” Pogue emphasises. “More efficient pest management programmes allow farmers to take a proactive approach to protect their fruit, often enabling cheaper and more sustainable methods to be used.”

The economic implications are also substantial. “Based on a recent newsletter article from the Citrus Growers’ Association, it costs R386 million a year in control costs to counter fruit flies in the citrus industry, and this value is likely to be much higher when taking other fruit industries into account,” Pogue says. Her research aims to reduce these losses by enabling more precise and effective pest management strategies.

Pogue’s findings not only advance scientific understanding but also offer practical solutions for farmers and pest control professionals. Trap-based monitoring systems can be optimised by considering both environmental conditions and fruit fly biology, leading to more accurate population estimates and more effective control measures.

As South Africa continues strengthening its position as a leading fruit exporter, research like Pogue’s is vital for maintaining and enhancing its competitive edge in global markets. Her findings contribute to developing more sustainable and cost-effective pest management practices, benefitting producers and consumers worldwide.

Mediterranean fruit fly.

Optimism about cherry season not dampened by frost damage

Despite frost heavily affecting early cherry varieties, cherry growers remain optimistic about the overall quality of this season's harvest and the promising opportunities available in both local and international markets.

“While there may be less fruit on the trees this season, the quality and size of the fruit are outstanding,”says Deon Malherbe from the farm Eselfontein in the Warm Bokkeveld, noting that the season is running about fourteen to sixteen days later than last year.

According to Nico Verhoef, the financial director at Witzenberg Properties, early varieties, of which about 40% to 60% were destroyed by frost during the flowering stage, represent only approximately 10% of the overall crop. Fortunately, the later varieties were spared from the frost, and producers are cautiously optimistic about the later part of the harvest.

“Producers in the early market segment faced a significant setback, but the reduced volume helped to drive prices upwards. We were also concerned that the cool spring conditions and late-season rain might affect the sugar levels of the

cherries. However, we are now harvesting firm cherries with high sugar levels, to our delight.”

Johan Brink, Tru-Cape’s national marketing manager, says the market is currently empty, and cherry prices are approximately 25% higher than last year.

“The local market prices are aligned with those in the export market, and we are experiencing strong demand from local retailers and municipal markets.”

Verhoef mentions that all South African retailers are now keenly interested in cherries, a shift from a few years back. “The local public is more aware of cherries, and there is growing demand for them even in the informal market.”

Around 70% of Tru-Cape’s cherry harvest is sold within South Africa, but Brink sees promising opportunities in the

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The quality and fruit size of cherries inspire a sense of optimism this year.

The importance of refrigeration in protecting fresh produce

Each year, trillions of rands of fresh produce are exported globally. With 90% of the world’s population living north of the equator, a significant proportion of these annual shipments can take weeks or even months to reach destination markets.

The importance of refrigeration in protecting fresh produce, post-harvest, is clearly understood. However, the impact of ethylene – the natural molecule emitted by plants and produce – is not as well-known. Responsible for the development of sensory attributes such as taste, texture, aroma and colour, ethylene – uncontrolled - can quickly lead to deterioration in condition and ultimately decay. Various methods and practices have been developed to control it, but each of those often has drawbacks. The key, therefore, is to moderate ethylene in a tailored fashion, rather than attempt to simply block it, or oxidise it, after harvest.

It's Fresh, with its Rypen Technology, focuses specifically on ethylene moderation. Due to its unique structure, Rypen captures and ‘locks up’ ethylene molecules, preventing them from excessively acting on the produce. This helps to gently slow the ripening process, extending the peak ripeness window so that produce is held in better condition for longer. This leads to a lower incidence of defects, less wastage, and reduced deductions for growers and exporters.

South Africa has a proud heritage of supplying major vol-

umes of the world’s favourite fruits, like table grapes, stone fruit and avocados. The industry is familiar with various forms of ethylene management in avocados and stone fruit, but an appreciation of the need to manage ethylene in table grapes is very new.

It’s Fresh, through work undertaken with ExperiCo in South Africa, and the Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA) in Spain, can now reveal that ethylene is emitted by table grapes post-harvest and that controlling the ethylene can deliver myriad positive benefits – reduced weight loss, reduced deductions and/or wastage, and keeping the rachis greener for longer. This latter benefit can be particularly valuable for South African table grape growers and exporters – a green rachis helps to protect the bunch during storage and/or transit, retaining better berry condition and reduced shatter. In certain markets, green rachis also attract higher prices. It’s Fresh has therefore developed a case liner that incorporates its Rypen Technology directly into the liner material, allowing the table grape industry to easily bring the benefits of ethylene moderation to their operations.

Optimism about cherry season not dampened by frost damage

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United Kingdom, Europe, the Far East, and the Middle East.

“It has always been our strategy to focus on the local market as much as possible to reduce our risk. However, with new orchards and increasing cherry production, we are shifting our approach to grow exports.”

Malherbe is also thrilled about talks of South African cherries gaining market access to China by 2027 and the tremendous opportunity for the industry.

Witzenberg Properties aims to sell 50% of its cherries in the export market this year. South Africa produces less than 1% of the global cherry supply, yet according to Brink, international markets definitely prefer South African cherries.

“The market is willing to pay a premium for South African cherries because of the incredible flavour and exceptional quality.”

Better varieties

Malherbe is particularly enthusiastic about advancements in cultivar development in the cherry space.

“The new generation of varieties outshine the older cultivars, and you might want to reconsider your approach if you're not using the best varieties available. Factors like fruit size, shelf life, taste, and yield will guide you when selecting

varieties,” he explains, adding that cherries are a prime example of a farming crop with high risks and rewards.

The drive in the market is for bigger fruit, even as large as 28 mm and more. “When selecting cultivars, think about the future and keep these market trends in mind,” is his advice.

As the leading exporter of pome fruit in South Africa, TruCape Fruit Marketing is committed to focusing on apples and pears, but cherries are a good addition to their marketing basket, reckons Roelf Pienaar, the managing director of Tru-Cape.

The South African Cherry Association reports a remarkable 54% growth in cherry orchards from 2020 to 2023. Notably, around 73% of the country’s cherry production occurs in the Ceres area, where many of Tru-Cape’s shareholders are actively farming.

“Many of them are venturing into the cherry industry, which presents an excellent diversification strategy for those growing apples and pears. I see great potential in cherries, and we aim to increase our volumes in the upcoming seasons, particularly to take advantage of opportunities in trading markets like the Far East and the Middle East,” says Pienaar.

“At Tru-Cape, our sole purpose is to create value for our growers, and we now have the chance to enhance their farming operations by marketing and promoting quality cherries.”

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THE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET INQUIRY: A call for transformation and competition

The South African fresh produce market is an industry worth over R53 billion. Yet, it remains shackled by significant barriers that stifle competition and limit the participation of small-scale and historically disadvantaged farmers. The recently published fresh produce market inquiry final report by the Competition Commission highlights these issues and provides practical recommendations to revitalise this sector.

The Competition Commission says in a statement that the inquiry focused on a select group of staple fruits and vegetables: apples, citrus fruits (including oranges and soft citrus), bananas, pears, table grapes, potatoes, onions, carrots, cabbage, tomatoes, and spinach. These products represent a significant portion of South African household diets, making the findings of this inquiry particularly relevant.

Launched on March 31, 2023, the fresh produce market inquiry was a rigorous investigation under the Competition Act 89 of 1998. It aimed to understand the dynamics within the fresh produce value chain, focusing on the competition landscape for essential products. These staples are not merely commodities but the backbone of South Africa's household nutrition.

During the inquiry, the Commission engaged with a wide array of stakeholders, farmers, market agents, retailers, and policymakers to assess the efficiency of the value chain, market dynamics, and barriers to entry or expansion. The feedback was invaluable in shaping the final recommendations aimed at promoting competition and enhancing inclusivity in the market. According to reports one of the pressing issues highlighted in the inquiry was the oligopolistic nature of fresh produce market agents. According to the report, a few dominant players wield excessive power, which dampens competition and limits the options for producers and consumers alike. This concentration of power leads to inefficiencies in municipal fresh produce markets and poor conduct among market agents, resulting in increased costs and reduced accessibility to formal retail channels for smaller farmers.

The inquiry also revealed the high input costs for essential resources such as fertilisers and seeds, which significantly burden producers, particularly small-scale and emerging farmers. According to the report, regulatory hurdles complicate the

landscape, as they often favour established players, leaving less room for new entrants.

The inquiry’s findings are not just abstract concepts; they translate into real economic consequences for producers, particularly those at the grassroots level. The inquiry’s report reveals that, despite the substantial market size, the participation of historically disadvantaged farmers remains limited. This underrepresentation underscores the urgent need for transformation - both in terms of market access and equitable participation.

As Commissioner Doris Tshepe pointed out, complaints regarding anti-competitive conduct and alarming findings from food price monitoring reports illustrate the growing concern over pricing volatility and increasing costs individuals face in accessing fresh produce. For producers, this means that even as they work to cultivate high-quality products, they must navigate an economic landscape that can undermine their livelihoods.

Recommendations for change

The Competition Commission says in its statement that the report produced a total of 31 recommendations aimed at promoting competition, reducing barriers to entry, and fostering a more inclusive market. Some of these key recommendations include the following:

• Policy reforms: Urging policymakers to implement changes to level the playing field for small-scale and historically disadvantaged farmers. This means creating favourable conditions and actively dismantling existing structures that entrench inequalities.

• Market restructuring: A call for blue-chip property owners to transform shopping malls by leasing space to emerging greengrocers. This would enhance visibility for small

farmers and allow local produce to reach consumers directly, bridging the gap between producers and the market.

• Targeted support programmes: Introduction of support programmes focused on providing historically disadvantaged farmers with the training, resources, and access needed to succeed in the fresh produce market, emphasising the potential for skill development and entrepreneurship.

• Improving market access: Enhancing access to formal retail channels for small-scale farmers is crucial. This could involve creating dedicated spaces within markets for these producers to sell their goods and attracting initiatives that include them in larger supply chains.

• Continuous collaboration: Encouraging stakeholders, including civil society, to collaborate and work together in executing these recommendations. This approach is essential for ensuring that change is not only piecemeal but systemic, fostering a culture of inclusion and support throughout the industry.

The role of producers in implementing change

Producers of fresh produce have a critical role to play in the realisation of these recommendations. By engaging with industry organisations, participating in workshops, and remaining

informed about policy changes, producers can contribute to a collective movement toward a more equitable market landscape. Share experiences and challenges, and work together with fellow producers to advocate for the changes that will enhance opportunities.

Some steps producers can take to engage in this transformation include the following:

• Advocacy: Voice concerns to local market councils, policymakers, and other stakeholders. The more industry representatives can present a unified front, the more significant the potential impact.

• Networking: Join community-oriented organisations or cooperatives that focus on the interests of smallholder farmers.

• Capacity building: Invest in training and workshops focusing on business skills, market trends, and innovative farming techniques.

• Utilise technology: Leverage digital platforms to connect with consumers and promote products.

• Sustainability practices: Embrace sustainable farming practices that can improve production resilience and enhance product appeal. Consumers increasingly seek out sustainably grown produce, making this a vital pivot for future success.

THE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET INQUIRY:

Report repeats previous findings - Agbiz

The Agricultural Business Cambers (Agbiz), Whandile Shilobo reacted to the report by saying the authors came to the same views that Agbiz has held for years, clearly highlighted in the National Agriculture Marketing Council’s report on the national fresh produce markets some years ago. Shibolo said that the Commission's report is a valuable resource about the industry's structure and price developments and primarily provides sensible and correct findings. The report reaffirmed the importance of fresh produce markets in price discovery and food security.

Another vital point the report raises, Shibolo says, is the deteriorating infrastructure of various municipalities and others that should maintain or reinvest resources in the fresh produce markets. It again confirms the point Agbiz have been making for some time: that local government is the biggest culprit.

In various ways, the service and governance of municipalities prohibit the participation of black farmers in economic and commercial activity. That is the biggest reason these markets have few black farmers and agents.

A case in point is Pretoria, where the operating conditions and infrastructure remain in bad shape, and the municipality, custodians of the market, needs to improve and pay closer attention to it. The lack of maintenance presents problems such as cleanliness, hygiene, food safety, and cold and ripening rooms.

Shibolo said that the inquiry's recommendations and findings push the limits a bit by trying to be unrealistic. Some of the points raised move the inquiry outside the Competition Commission of South Africa's mandate and the initial scope of the fresh produce market inquiry (FPMI). The most important recommendations are in itself uncompetitive by forcing quotas in terms of volumes and numbers.

The report correctly identifies the challenge of low participation of black farmers or small and medium-scale market producers. However, this issue is not unique to the markets; it resembles a broader challenge in South Africa's agriculture. The government-owned agricultural land – about 2,5 million

hectares – is some of the land that could help boost black farmers' production. Indeed, not all this land is for fresh produce, but it would help.

The report correctly recognises that the established stakeholders in agriculture would have to help with skills transfer for new entrants; these are activities that even the Agriculture and Agro-processing Master Plan already supports and has identified.

Shibolo continued by saying, regarding concentration and price transparency at the retail level, Agbiz see where the Competition Commission is coming from, but there is no clear evidence of any wrongdoing amongst industry stakeholders. When directly contracting, the FPMI could not find evidence that large retailers have excessive buying power over farmers.

They make an interesting finding: "….most growers appear not to be in a vulnerable bargaining position when dealing directly with large retail chains". One reason is the way the contracts are specified and the fact that fresh produce markets provide an alternative market outlet for farmers. Retailers also do not demand exclusivity. It also confirms the vital role of fresh produce markets and why local governments must play their part.

Regarding retail prices, Shibolo says that the extra labelling burdens retailers, but the value to consumers is unclear. Agbiz would not support this suggestion. Fresh produce prices in South Africa are relatively affordable, and there is transparency in price discovery. Therefore, all the other interventions won't add much value except for "comparison".

According to Shibolo, the report is a valuable addition to deepening the understanding of the fresh produce market structure in South Africa. Notably, the findings and recommendations are not binding, and the relevant line departments within the government will need to assess these recommendations.

The inquiry is publicised in the Government Gazette and made available through the Competition Commission's website.

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