Vegetables & Fruit September/October 2024

Nuwe

Edition 221 ISSN 1015-85 37 www.vegetablesandfruitmagazine.co.za

Tamaties is ’n intensiewe hortologiese gewas wat in Suid-Afrika onder verskillende toestande verbou word.

NEEM KENNIS TAKE NOTE

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NEWS

4 ZZ2 congratulate the South African and Chinese governments

4 NWK to revolutionise its communication capabilities

4 OBARO vernuwe aanlyn- elektroniese handelsplatform

5 Tru-Cape is striving to make sustainability strides

6 Transnet steps will assist the fruit industry

7 South African renewable energy grid survey shows wind energy projects in the pipeline

CUCURBITS

Understanding Cucurbita species

TOMATOES

10 Bacillus thuringiensis - ‘n uitstaande biologiese insekdoder

12 Tamaties kan nie sonder KNO3 gekweek word nie

14 Fusarium wilt on tomatoes

CITRUS

15 The role of carbohydrates in citrus management after fruit set

18 Boer met wetenskap, boer met sukses

20 Citrus exports facing challenges

22 Research secures sustainable future of Southern Africa's citrus

24 BASF introduces the "missing" link in citrus black spot control

GENERAL

26 Outlook for the horticulture sector 2024 to 2033

27 Tien-jaar vooruitskouing vir aartappels

28 Die rol van tegnologie in gewasbeskerming

30 Nuwe lietsjiekultivars hou groot voordele vir bedryf in

ZZ2 congratulate South African and Chinese governments

Recently, during the official China state visit at the Union Buildings in Pretoria, 11 memorandums of understanding and other agreements were signed by the two countries. This included the previsous Minister of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Thoko Didiza, signing an agreement on sanitary requirements to export avocados from South Africa to China.

ZZ2, on behalf of Core Fruit and Mission Produce Southern Africa, congratulated the South African and Chinese governments on this momentous occasion. Special thanks go out to the South African Avocado Growers’ Association for their untiring work in assisting the government from a technical standpoint in gaining access to China. Avocados in South Africa have the potential to create much-needed employment in the country, thereby boosting the economy.

Now that the Chinese market has become accessible, the avocado industry can expand significantly in its plantings, creating direct employment on farms and many downstream job opportunities. Until now, due to the oversupply of avocados in Europe, mainly by Peru, the South African avocado industry

has been reluctant to grow its production base due to a lack of market options. South Africa has the potential to triple its avocado plantings.

The avocado market in South Africa became stagnant due to a lack of market access, but the hope is that the opening of China and further markets, including India and Japan, will provide the necessary momentum for the market to become a significant avocado player once again.

South Africa is ideally placed to service the Indo-Pacific region of the world. Most of the world's population is in this region, and the GDP per capita of the region, contributes well to the consumption of avocados. Regarding shipping times from South Africa to China, South Africa is a minimum of 10 days shorter than Peru.

ZZ2, Core Fruit and Mission Produce Southern Africa are ideally placed to take advantage of the opening of the Chinese market.

Several well-established exporters operate out of South Africa, including Allesbeste, Core Fruit, Dole, Halls, and The Fruit Farm Group.

NWK to revolutionise its communication capabilities OBARO vernuwe aanlynelektroniese handelsplatform

NWK, South Africa's oldest agricultural company known for its retail network, has teamed up with BCX and Q-KON to revolutionise its communication capabilities. This expansion addresses NWK's challenges with infrastructure reliability.

In a strategic move aimed at bolstering operational efficiency, NWK launched a Proof-of-Concept (POC) testing site at its head office in Lichtenburg in collaboration with BCX, a trusted channel partner for Q-KON and their OneWeb LEO services.

The initiative stems from NWK's need for reliable, highspeed communication solutions to support critical operations across its retail stores. Following testing and validation, the OneWeb LEO satellite service was approved and expanded to three additional locations: NWK Retail Petit, NWK Retail Mareetsane, and NWK Retail Grootpan.

"We are delighted with the seamless integration and exceptional service provided by BCX and Q-KON," remarked Johnathan Smit, technology manager at NWK's IT Department. "The installation at our retail stores and head office has exceeded our expectations regarding efficiency and professionalism."

BCX, leveraging its expertise as a leading technology partner, expressed satisfaction with the project's outcome. "Our collaboration with NWK and Q-KON highlights our commitment to delivering innovative solutions that empower businesses," said Louis van Wyk, Managing Executive connectivity at BCX.

The installation at NWK marks a milestone in the adoption of advanced satellite technologies and sets a precedent for future-proof communication solutions in the African retail sector.

OBARO het hulle aanlynplatform opgegradeer vir ‘n beter aanlynervaring aan kliënte.

“Hoewel die OBARO-aanlynplatform reeds die lewe vir baie van ons kliënte makliker gemaak het, het ons dit nog meer gebruikersvriendelik gemaak met ’n moderne voorkoms. Wat dit wel anders maak, is die B2B-opsie waar besighede op die platform kan registreer en grootmaatbestellings kan plaas en ook in aanmerking kan kom vir vlakprysafslag (“tier pricing”) op sekere produkte,” verduidelik Michelle Kuyler, groep bemarkingskommunikasiebestuurder by OBARO.

“Met die moderne platform gaan dit vir ons kliënte nog makliker wees om uit sy/haar kantoor, stoep of werkswinkel met ons sake te doen.”

Volgens Kuyler hoop hulle om nuwe kopers en kliënte met die nuwe opgeknapte platform te lok. “Ons wil landbou toeganklik maak vir enige persoon, hetsy ‘n boer of nie. OBARO se doel is om landbouproduksie, of dit op groot of klein skaal in ’n groentetuin by die huis is, makliker te maak, want ons glo dat almal ’n bietjie “boer” in hulle het.”

Alle nuwe kliënte wat die eerste keer aankope op OBARO Online doen, het in Augustus vir ’n korting van 10% op hul totale mandjie-aankope in aanmerking gekom.

Kliënte kan die produkte wat hulle aanlyn bestel het, by hul naaste tak gaan afhaal of kies dat die produkte via ’n koerierdiens by die adres van hulle keuse afgelaai word.

Tru-Cape is striving to make sustainability strides

Tru-Cape Fruit Marketing is making significant progress towards its ambitious goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and reaching net zero by 2050

“These objectives will help us, as an agricultural company, to minimise our environmental footprint, which is the responsible course of action and the right thing to do,” states Roelf Pienaar, managing director of Tru-Cape.

The company is working on its emission reduction strategy, an initiative increasingly valued by clients in Europe and the United Kingdom. “The movement towards environmental responsibility is gaining momentum, and Tru-Cape is committed to contributing to this cause. We are responsible for adhering to current climate science and preparing for future regulation. We should also support our farmers and producers in this regard.”

The scope of Tru-Cape’s carbon reduction strategy encompasses all aspects of the business, from electricity usage to the distribution of fruit globally. According to Tru-Cape’s 2020 baseline carbon footprint, which serves as a reference for the initiative, most of the fruit exporter's emissions result from refrigeration systems, stationary fuel combustion, and the reliance on grid-sourced power to power offices and warehouses.

“With our solar projects in Cape Town and Johannesburg coming online by the end of the year, we estimate a production of 573 114 kWh, leading to a projected reduction of 573 metric tonnes of CO2. Our solar projects can potentially reduce our scope one and two emissions by approximately 28%, and additional energy-saving practices could further lower this number,” says Stephen Jordaan, coordinator of Tru-Cape’s sustainability committee.

Pienaar explains that in addition to the environmental advantages, the adoption of solar energy offers financial benefits, ultimately benefiting their producers and clients.

“We are exploring all possible avenues to minimise energy consumption and expenses. One option is to turn off cooling systems at specific times during transport. Research has shown this will not compromise the cold chain or the quality of our fruit but will result in decreased energy consumption.”

Another major step, as part of tackling scope one emissions, will be to reduce fugitive refrigerant emissions in their cooling systems for fruit storage by switching from a hydrofluorocarbon blend (R507) to a system with less global warming potential.

“R507 has been identified as a major source of emissions due to its high global warming potential (GWP). To meet our 2030 targets, we must explore alternatives. We are investigating an ammonia-based system with zero GWP and emissions, which seems promising,” Jordaan said.

Furthermore, Tru-Cape is considering implementing a sensor-based refrigerant leak detection system. The early

detection of leaks can prevent excessive loss of refrigerant and reduce the frequency of refills needed, thereby significantly lowering their carbon footprint.

The company has also set other sustainability targets, including completing the carbon footprint reports for the 2021-2023 seasons, implementing an efficient employee engagement and training system, and applying a waste management and circular economy system by the end of the current season.

“Our major markets are already on a green journey. In the future, we expect these to be compulsory requirements and measures. It takes time to implement sustainability measures; therefore, we believe it is better to lead than be led,” elaborates Jordaan.

Pienaar confirms clients in specific markets increasingly emphasise environmental, social, and governance factors.

Roelf Pienaar, managing director of Tru-Cape Fruit Marketing.

Transnet steps will assist the fruit industry

In a significant engagement at the International Fresh Produce Association's annual Southern Africa conference, Transnet Group CEO Michelle Phillips addressed a large audience, comprised mainly of stakeholders from the fruit industry, with a message of revitalisation and commitment. With the South African fruit industry facing numerous challenges, the conference provided a critical platform for dialogue and solutions.

A new dawn for Transnet

Phillips outlined the pressing need for a transformative approach within Transnet, the state-owned port and rail authority known for its pivotal role in the country's logistics and transportation sector. Amidst candid discussions, she acknowledged the historical hurdles but emphasised a renewed institutional ethos to enhance efficiency and reduce the industry's operational pains.

A particular point of contention has been the extended transit times for fruit exports, with products now taking nearly double the time to reach European markets. Phillips assured that addressing such inefficiencies, alongside equipment shortages and logistical delays, was at the top of Transnet's agenda.

The narrative of doom often pervading media discussions was challenged by Phillips and noted political analyst Frans Cronjé. Highlighting the formation of South Africa's new government of national unity, Cronjé and Phillips urged for a recognition of the positive strides being made, cautioning against the detrimental effects of pervasive negativity.

A key theme in Phillips' message was the strategic shift towards integrating private sector participation in Transnet's operations. This move, she noted, is about enhancing service delivery and efficiency rather than privatisation. Drawing from successful models in other African ports, Phillips outlined plans for concessioning economically viable branch lines and enhancing rail-linked reefer connectivity for the fruit industry, among other initiatives.

Investing in infrastructure: A future-forward approach

Understanding the critical role of infrastructure in overcoming current challenges, Phillips announced ambitious equipment acquisition plans. From wind-resistant equipment suited for the Western Cape's challenging conditions to high-tech cranes and hauliers for major terminals, Transnet is poised for a significant overhaul. These investments, she assured, underline a deep commitment to meeting and exceeding industry expectations.

Transnet's initiatives are not just about internal restructuring but represent a collective mission towards securing South Africa's position in the global fruit market. The planned improvements in rail use, equipment renewal, and technical maintenance aim to ensure that disruptions like those experienced in the past do not recur, thereby stabilising market share against global competition.

As Transnet embarks on this transformation journey, the fruit industry stands at a critical juncture. There is a palpable sense of optimism with the promise of reduced transit times, better infrastructure, and a collaborative approach. This, perhaps, is the start of a new chapter, one where the combined efforts of Transnet and the fruit industry could pave the way for a thriving future, proving that amidst challenges, there lies immense potential for growth and success.

Transnet Port Terminals

In related news, Transnet Port Terminals (TPT) is taking significant steps to address the escalating backlog of trucks at Durban Container Terminal's Pier 2. The terminal, a critical node in South Africa's logistics network, has experienced severe congestion, leading to considerable discontent among transport operators. Jabu Mdaki, the Chief Executive of TPT, underscored the entity's commitment to mitigating these challenges through practical interventions.

One of the primary strategies involves designating five additional areas for container stacking. This move aims to obviate the controversial truck slot booking system, which had been a significant bone of contention among transporters. TPT's initiative represents a critical effort to streamline operations and enhance efficiency at the terminal.

In an article, Earle Peters, TPT's Managing Executive for Durban Terminals, said that the organisation's efforts to identify alternative facilities within the port precinct that can function similarly to Pier 2. This approach is expected to offer transporters the flexibility to collect containers without the constraints of a booking system, thereby facilitating smoother operations.

Further details regarding allocating additional space to ease container congestion at Pier 2 are forthcoming, as assured by Jabu Mdaki, the chief executive of Transnet Port Terminals. Industry stakeholders eagerly anticipate this announcement, especially considering the potential improvement in container movement at the terminal.

Despite the promise of these interventions, scepticism remains, particularly concerning the efficacy of the proposed solutions in addressing the longstanding bottlenecks at Pier 2. Last week, a harbour carrier voiced optimism about the potential for these strategies to alleviate the terminal's challenges. Yet, it is uncertain whether this perspective will be reflected in the outcomes of forthcoming discussions between TPT and industry representatives aimed at resolving trade impediments.

South African renewable energy grid survey shows wind energy projects in the pipeline

The South African Wind Energy Association (SAWEA) announced the release of the 2024 South African Renewable Energy Grid Survey (SAREGS) results, revealing 48 GW of wind energy projects in the pipeline, a substantial 60%.

In its third year, SAREGS has become an essential tool for aligning South Africa’s renewable energy development pipeline with grid planning and investment, and it further showcases the need for collaborative efforts between industry stakeholders.

“The survey reveals a substantial growth in wind energy projects, with over 48 GW in various stages of developmenta significant increase from 30 GW in 2023,” explains Santosh Sookgrim, Senior Technical Advisor at SAWEA.

“Furthermore, the survey shows an expansion of wind energy projects in new regions such as KwaZulu-Natal and additional areas in the Highveld, including Mpumalanga. This marks a significant positive step forward in the just energy transition and is expected to drive socio-economic growth in these regions.”

capacity of all renewable energies surged from 93,3 GW to 172,4 GW, and the contracted capacity nearly doubled to 133,7 GW from 66 GW in 2023. Additionally, more than 60 GW of these projects are expected to come online within three to five years.

alles wat dit nodig het om die wêreld te sien

SAWEA believes the SAREGS findings will be pivotal in shaping South Africa’s future grid infrastructure, directly influencing grid capacity planning, grid connection capacity assessment, and transmission development plan initiatives.

SAWEA’s commitment to transparency in grid capacity, through its project development standing committee, demonstrates its leadership in advancing a sustainable energy future.

Participation in the survey more than doubled, reaching 483 contributions. At the same time, the projected installed

“Wind energy remains a critical component of South Africa’s renewable energy strategy and plays a significant role in the country’s energy mix as we move towards a low-carbon and energy-secure future,” concludes Sookgrim.

gee jou oes

alles wat dit nodig het om die wêreld te sien

ORTIVA® bied uitstekende siektebeheer vir sitrus, mango’s, avokado’s en makadamias.

• Vinniger beskerming. Want ORTIVA® beweeg makliker deur die plant.

• Beter beskerming. Want asoksistrobien is die enigste xileemsistemiese strobilurien; dus beskerm ORTIVA® nuwe groei selfs na toediening.

• Langer beskerming. Want ORTIVA® het ‘n langer halflewe en is minder lipofilies as ander strobiluriene.

Wêreldwyd vertou produsente wat 500 miljoen hektaar se gewasse bewerk reeds ORTIVA®. Jy kan ook.

(nie beperk nie), die verwantskapraam, die doelwit-ikoon en die woord Syngenta is geregistreerde handelsmerke van ’n Syngenta Groepmaatskappy. Syngenta Suid-Afrika (Edms.) Beperk, Privaatsak X60, Halfway House, 1685. Tel. (011) 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za

Syngenta Ag, 2000. Kopiereg voorbehou. Alle ongemagtigde vermeerdering word verbied. @SyngentaSA | www.syngenta.co.za

Understanding Cucurbita species

Cucurbita species are diverse plants that hold substantial economic value in agriculture. The varying botanical types within the genus, including Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita moschata, can often lead to confusion, particularly regarding their botanical classification and commercial use.

This article aims to clarify these differences in botanical types and their economic significance, particularly in South Africa's cultivation context. It also addresses concerns of squash growers, such as cross-pollination and the implications for crop production.

In some parts of Europe and the USA, squash is categorised into two main types: summer and winter squash. Summer squash is consumed while immature - it will be harvested, packed, and eaten shortly after that. Winter squash will also be produced in summer, but the fruit can be stored to be consumed in winter. Some Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata types may also be called winter squash.

Cucurbita maxima

These include varieties like Flat White Boer, Sampson, Nelson, Barnacle Bill, and Chicago Warted. In South Africa, Flat White Boer and the grey skin varieties are called pumpkins in popular terminology. The Hubbard types like Chicago Warted and Bar-

nacle Bill are often mistakenly classified as squashes.

Cucurbita pepo

Internationally known as squash or summer squash, this group includes varieties like gem squash, baby marrows, and patty pans. Interestingly, the well-known Halloween pumpkins cultivated in the USA are also included in this group.

Cucurbita moschata

Referred to as squash in South Africa and winter squash in the USA and some parts of Europe, it includes the very popular butternut squash. This is an interesting genus used in many breeding programmes, as it can cross-pollinate with Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima. In contrast, Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima cannot cross-pollinate.

Crop production

A frequent question that growers who cultivate multiple

Hubbard squash Barnicle Bill.

squash or pumpkin varieties ask is whether cross-pollination between different crops can occur and whether it will affect the fruits' true-to-type characteristics.

While cross-pollination between different varieties within the same species is possible, the effect of cross-pollination will not be visible in the first-generation fruit. Only when seeds are extracted from these first-generation (or F1) fruits and saved to be planted in the next season, will the effect of the crosspollination be seen in the second-generation fruits (F2).

Understanding the differences and economic significance of the various Cucurbita types is crucial for growers. Additionally,

awareness of cross-pollination is critical for ensuring successful crop production. By addressing these complexities, growers can make informed decisions to ensure their cultivation efforts' success and contribute to their operations' overall success.

DISCLAIMER: This information is based on Sakata’s observations and/or information from other sources. As crop performance depends on the interaction between the genetic potential of the seed, its physiological characteristics, and the environment, including management, Sakata gives no warranty, express or implied, for the performance of crops relative to the information given nor do Sakata accept any liability for any loss, direct or consequential, that may arise from whatsoever cause. Please read the Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Conditions of Sale before ordering seed.

Gem squash Gemini.

Sakata MayFord - Pluto Butternut.

Bacillus thuringiensis

‘n uitstaande biologiese insekdoder

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is ‘n voordelige bakterie wat as ‘n biologiese insekdoder gebruik word. Dit berus op die werking van Cry-proteïene en spore om sekere soorte insekplae mee te beheer. Die bakterie is in die vroeë 20ste-eeu ontdek en word reeds dekades lank op kommersiële skaal as ‘n doeltreffende biologiese insekdoder aangewend.

Jaco Marais KOMMERSIËLE EN BEMARKINGSBESTUURDER - NOORDE

Bacillus thuringiensis produseer Cry-proteïene. Hierdie proteïene perforeer teiken-larwes se ingewande en lei tot ernstige intestinale skade. Larwes wat Bt ingeneem het, staak voeding kort na inname. ‘n Tekort aan voedingstowwe, beskadigde ingewande en bakteriële sepsis lei tot die afsterwing van plaaglarwes.

Soos met enige plaagbeheerstrategie is doeltreffende weerstandsbestuur baie belangrik in die gebruik van beheermiddels. Weerstand teen insekdoders ontwikkel as gevolg van individue binne die teiken-insekpopulasie wat oor weerstandsgene teen die werking van aktiewe bestanddele beskik, en dit na opvolgende generasies oordra.

Die resultaat met onverantwoordelike gebruik van insekdoders is dat die plaagpopulasie oor ‘n aantal generasies sensitiwiteit teen die aktiewe bestanddele van beheermiddels kan verloor of selfs weerstand ontwikkel. Die ontwikkeling van weerstand van insekplae teen die werking van beheermiddels bied ‘n enorme risiko vir volhoubare plaagbeheer en moet ten sterkste vermy word.

Die soort asook konsentrasie van Cry-proteïene is afhanklik van die genetiese eienskappe waaroor verskillende rasse van Bt-spesies en subspesies beskik. Verskillende Bt-subspesies produseer ooreenstemmende, maar ook verskillende soorte Cry-proteïene. As voorbeeld produseer die kurstaki-subspesie (bv. DiPel® DF) hul eiesoortige seleksie van Cry-proteïene teenoor die aizawai-subspesie (bv. Florbac® WG). Deur altwee subspesies in ‘n spuitprogram te posisioneer, word ‘n uitstekende weerstandstrategie toegepas en word die gebruik van verskillende werkingsmetodes van beheermiddels teen die opbou van weerstand oor tyd beskerm.

Philagro SA bied toegang tot DiPel® DF en Florbac® WG wat doeltreffendheid en weerstandsbestuur bevorder. Samevattend sluit die gebruik van DiPel® DF en Florbac® WG die

volgende sleutelvoordele in:

• Voorkoming van bykomende gewasskade omdat larwes wat Bt ingeneem het, ophou om te vreet.

• Uitstekende weerstandsbestuur as deel van ‘n spuitprogram as gevolg van ‘n wye spektrum van Cry- proteïene.

• Altwee produkte speel ‘n sleutelrol as biologiese komponente in ‘n geïntegreerde plaagbestuurstrategie.

• ‘n Lae toksisiteit-resultaat vir DiPel® DF as gevolg van die klassifisering as nie-gevaarlik volgens die GHS- (Global Harmonised System) stelsel.

• Die gebruik van DiPel® DF en Florbac® WG het nie ‘n negatiewe uitwerking op die natuurlike vyande van plaaglarwes en bestuiwers (soos bye) nie.

• Gemoedsrus in die gehalte en doeltreffendheid van DiPel® DF en Florbac® WG word verkry omdat altwee in Suid-Afrika vir die gebruik op vele gewasse geregistreer is. Elke lot wat vervaardig word, word deur die strengste gehaltebeheerprosesse goedgekeur.

Maak DiPel® DF en Florbac® WG deel van die spuitprogram van insekplaagbeheer om die voordele van hierdie merkwaardige biologiese insekdoders te ontsluit. Kontak gerus die naaste Philagro-agent vir meer inligting of besoek www.philagro. co.za

RAADPLEEG DIE ONDERSKEIE ETIKETTE VOLLEDIGE VOOR GEBRUIK. DiPel® DF (Reg. nr. L6441 Wet nr. 36 van 1947) bevat 32 000 IE/mg Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki. Hierdie produk is nie geklassifiseer as gevaarlik volgens GHS nie. FlorBac® WG (Reg. nr. L5531, Wet nr. 36 van 1947) bevat 15 000 IE/ mg Bacillus thuringiensis var aizawai. Waarskuwing. Veroorsaak ernstige oogirritasie. Skadelik vir waterlewende organismes. FlorBac® WG en DiPel® DF is die geregistreerde handelsmerke van Valent Biosciences LLC, VSA.

Unieke chemie. Unieke voordele. SumiPleo®

SumiPleo® word reeds wyd vertrou as effektiewe alternatiewe chemie vir weerstandsbestuur van Lepidoptera plae in Suid-Afrika. Beheer van Aartappelmot en Tuta absoluta in aartappels, Afrika bolwurm en Tuta absoluta in tamaties, Ruitrugmot in koolgewasse asook Afrika bolwurm in blaarslaaisoorte is geregistreer. Registrasie vir die beheer van Herfskommandowurm (Spodoptera frugiperda), ’n indringerplaag op mielies en suikermielies is ook nou beskikbaar. ‘n Afname in skade as gevolg van Liriomyza huidobrensis en Liriomyza trifolii op aartappels, asook Liriomyza trifolii en Chrysodeixis acuta op tamaties kan verwag word met die gebruik van SumiPleo®

VERSTANDIGE KEUSE

• Unieke chemiese molekuul (dichloropropeen-derivaat), met ’n nuut geïdentifiseerde metode van werking wat nie met enige ander bestaande aktiewe bestanddeel gedeel word nie. Geen kruisweerstand met ander chemiese groepe is tans bekend nie.

• ’n Kontak- en maaginsekdoder in ’n emulgeerbare konsentraat-formulasie.

• SumiPleo® is aktief teen alle larvale instars. Kort ná inname (3 tot 4 uur) hou teiken-larwes op met vreet.

• Dit het byna geen nadelige impak op voordelige organismes soos roofmyte, wespes, voordelige kewers, erdwurms of bestuiwers soos bye nie.

• SumiPleo® benodig nie bykomende bevorderings- of kleefmiddels nie. Dit het uitstekende reënvastheidvermoë sodra die spuitmengsel op die teikenplant droog geword het.

• SumiPleo® is ideaal vir gebruik in ‘n Geïntegreerde Plaagbestuur Strategie. DiPel® DF en Florbac® WG, Philagro SA se uitstaande Bacillus thuringiensis aanbiedings, maak uitstekende biologiese vennote met die gebruik van SumiPleo®. Vir meer inligting oor SumiPleo®, gesêls vandag nog met jou naaste Philagro-agent of produkbestuurder, Jaco Marais - 072 390 3547.

LEES DIE ETIKET VOOR GEBRUIK. DIPEL® DF (Reg. Nr. L6441, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947) bevat Bacillus thuringiensis, var kurstaki (Bakterië) (32 000 IE/mg). Hierdie produk is nie geklassifiseer as gevaarlik volgens GHS nie. FLORBAC® WG (Reg. Nr. L5531, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947) bevat Bacillus thuringiensis, var aizawai (Bakterië) (15 000 IE per mg). WAARSKUWING: Veroorsaak ernstige oogirritasie. Skadelik vir waterlewende organismes. SUMIPLEO® (Reg. Nr. L8377, Wet Nr. 36 van 1947) bevat Pyridaliel dichloropropeen derivaat (500 g/L). GEVAAR: Mag dodelik wees indien ingesluk en in lugweg beland (aspirasiegevaar). Mag allergiese velreaksie veroorsaak. Veroorsaak oogirritasie. Mag slaperigheid of duiseligheid veroorsaak. Baie giftig vir waterlewende organismes met langdurige gevolge. DiPel® en FlorBac® is geregistreerde handelsmerke van Valent BioSciences, Libertyville, VSA. SumiPleo® is ‘n geregistreerde handelsmerk van Sumitomo Chemical Company, Tokyo, Japan.

Philagro Suid-Afrika (Edms) Bpk l Reg. Nr.: 98/10658/07

PostNet Suite #378, Privaatsak X025, Lynnwoodrif 0040

Pretoria: 012 348 8808 l Somerset Wes: 021 851 4163 www.philagro.co.za

Tamaties kan nie sonder KNO3 gekweek word nie

Tamaties is ’n intensiewe hortologiese gewas wat in Suid-Afrika onder verskillende toestande soos oopland, onder skadunet en in hidroponiese stelsels verbou word. Daar is ook verskillende kultivars vir die eindverbruiker en produsent se behoeftes en daarom moet elke stelsel en elke seisoen anders benader word. Die een voedingskomponent wat alle tamaties egter nodig het is kaliumnitraat.

Kalium se rol in die groei van die tamatieplant moet uitgesonder word omdat dit die element is wat die meeste verbruik word in enige verbouingspraktyk. ’n Tamatieplant verbruik ongeveer 2,6 tot 3,6 kg kalium vir elke ton vrugte wat geoes word. Dit is baie algemeen dat 300-400 kg/ha kalium toegedien word waar die opbrengs tussen 65-90 ton/ha is. Kalium is belangrik vir die produksie en vervoer van plantsuiker en proteïensintese. Kwaliteit is sinoniem met die gebruik van kalium omdat dit vrugrypwording en rakleeftyd bevoordeel. Oneweredige rypwording, hol vrugte en vrugte wat nie ferm is nie, is ’n paar voorbeelde van kaliumtekorte op die vrug self. Kaliumnitraat is die beste opsie om kalium aan tamaties toe te dien. Dit bestaan uit 13% nitraat en 38% kalium. Daar is 2 alternatiewe: Ultrasol K Plus* wat die wateroplosbare vorm is en Qrop K** wat in korrelvorm is. Kaliumnitraat het ’n hoë oplosbaarheid en gee stikstof in die voorkeurvorm aan die plant.

Nitraat is dadelik vir die plant opneembaar en beheer die opname van ander noodsaaklike katione soos Ca2+ en Mg2+ Met te veel ammonium(NH4+) in die voedingsoplossing, is daar katioonmededinging in die wortelsone wat opbrengs negatief beïnvloed. Omdat ammonium die opname van Ca2+ beïnvloed,

word simptome soos blom-endverrotting algemeen meer waargeneem, wat ’n gevolg is van swak Ca2+ -opname weens die mededinging in die wortelsone.

Daar moet altyd gestreef word om in ooplandproduksie minstens 80% NO3- en 20% NH4+ in die bemestingsprogram te handhaaf. In hidroponiese stelsels moet dit 90% NO3- en 10% NH4+ wees, om die opname van noodsaaklike katione te bevoordeel.

Stikstof in die plant is hoofsaaklik in proteiëne teenwoordig, maar ander voedingstowwe is ook nodig vir die samestelling van proteïne. Proteïne kan beskryf word as gevoude kettings van aminosure. Aminosure kan bind aan swael maar net 2 uit 20 totaal verskillende aminosure in plantproteïne bevat swael. Die gemiddelde verhouding van stikstof (N) tot swael (S) in proteïne is 12N:1S.

As die plant se hele kaliumbehoefte in die vorm van K2SO4 of KCl gegee word, is die program nie in balans nie omdat die plant óf te veel swael óf te veel chloor gaan kry. Daar word drie keer meer swael aan ’n tamatie toegedien wanneer slegs K2SO4 toegedien word vir die plant se kaliumbehoefte. Kaliumnitraat is noodsaaklik in enige bemestingsprogram vir tamaties.

*-Reg No K5020 Act 36/1947. Registrasiehouer: Sociedad Quimica y Minera (Africa)(Pty)Ltd

**-Reg No K5021 Act 36/1947. Registrasiehouer: Sociedad Quimica y Minera(Africa)(Pty)Ltd Vrywaring: Sover SQM se kennis strek is die inligting in hierdie artikel akkuraat. Die toepassing van voorwaardes van gebruik en aanwending volgens die aanbevelings is buite SQM se beheer. Geen waarborg word gegee rakende die akkuraatheid van enige data of stellings in hierdie artikel nie. SQM ontken enige verantwoordelikheid of aanspreeklikheid met betrekking tot die toepassing van die aanbevelings en sal onder geen omstandighede aanspreeklik wees vir enige spesifieke, toevallige of gevolglike skade wat uit sodanige gebruik voortspruit nie.

Fusarium wilt on tomatoes

Tomatoes are a vital component of South Africa's agricultural sector for domestic consumption and export markets, mainly in Africa. Fusarium wilt is a major concern for tomato producers in South Africa, and it poses a significant threat to tomato cultivation as it has a considerable impact on tomato yields and quality.

Fusarium wilt of tomato, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol), is a soil-borne fungal pathogen specifically targeting tomato plants. In South Africa, three races of the pathogen have been identified. While tomato breeders have successfully developed commercial varieties resistant to races Fol1 and Fol2, the emergence of Fol3 has overcome that resistance, presenting new challenges to tomato producers.

The first incidence of Fol3 in South Africa was reported in 2010, but it only became a significant threat to tomato production around 2016. Since then, Fol3 has increasingly affected tomato-growing regions, impacting commercial and small-scale growers. Planting tomato varieties without resistance to Fol3 is too risky in many tomato production areas, as early infection can result in total crop loss.

The pathogen thrives in warm, moist soil conditions, typical of South Africa's tomato-producing areas. The climate, combined with soil management practices and the use of susceptible tomato varieties, have facilitated the spread of Fol3 Symptoms of Fusarium wilt include stunted growth, yellowing and wilting of leaves. A closer examination of the stem reveals vascular discolouration of the xylem vessels.

Management strategies

Crop rotation, soil management, sanitation practices, chemical control, and the use of resistant varieties can help manage Fol3. Developing and planting Fol3-resistant varieties is one of the most effective measures of all these strategies. Ongoing research and breeding programmes are dedicated to identifying

and developing new tomato varieties with resistance to race 3.

One particularly effective strategy is the use of rootstocks. Rootstocks offer the advantages of disease resistance, increased vigour and longer production cycles, but it is costly and may not be feasible for all tomato producers, especially small-scale growers. However, rootstocks can significantly improve overall yield and resistance when used with scions that do not have resistance against Fol3 but have other characteristics that make the variety outstanding.

Fusarium wilt, driven by the aggressive Fol3 strain, presents a significant challenge to tomato cultivation in South Africa. The pathogen's increasing prevalence since its first detection in 2010 underscores its threat to both large and small-scale tomato growers. Continued research and development of resistant varieties and rootstocks are essential for mitigating the impact of Fol3, ensuring the sustainability and productivity of South Africa’s tomato industry.

DISCLAIMER: This information is based on Sakata’s observations and/or information from other sources. As crop performance depends on the interaction between the genetic potential of the seed, its physiological characteristics, and the environment, including management, Sakata gives no warranty, express or implied, for the performance of crops relative to the information given nor do Sakata accept any liability for any loss, direct or consequential, that may arise from whatsoever cause. Please read the Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Conditions of Sale before ordering seed.

Breeding and rootstock solutions on Fusarium wilt race 3.

The role of carbohydrates in citrus management after fruit set

Yield and fruit quality are the main drivers of profitability in citrus cultivation. Carbohydrates, especially sugar, have been associated with flower quality and fruit set, a very intensive physiological phase during fruit development, with a high demand for available energy. The flow of energy is determined by the sink-source relationship between organs and can also be described as the carbohydrate economy of plants.

Dr Elmi Lötze and Wilmé Brown AGRI TECHNOVATION ITEST™ CARBODYDRATES

Mobilisation of radioactive carbohydrates to young ovaries and fruit increased after pollination and GA3 application in citrus (Powell and Krezdorn, 1977). This indicated that carbohydrate availability during the three weeks after anthesis was essential for fruit set and development. Thus, carbohydrate supply is important during the entire period from anthesis until the end of physiological fruit drop (Figure 1). However, the movement of carbohydrates at the beginning of this period is possibly controlled by endogenous hormones, specifically gibberellins (Erner, 1989), and thereafter, by fruit growth rate (sink strength) (Mehouachi et al., 1995).

Even though citrus is an evergreen crop, the spring flush, floral development, anthesis, and fruit set demand large amounts of energy that cannot be furnished by current photosynthesis and must be obtained from tree reserves (Bustan and Goldschmidt, 1998). Carbohydrate investment in flower production, flowering and physiological fruit drop was calculated as 14% - 36% of the annual production of assimilates in different citrus types (Bustan and Goldschmidt, 1998; Monerri et al., 2011). With timeous carbohydrate analyses and adjustment of management practices, it is possible to determine the sugar and starch levels of different plant organs before flowering to determine whether the tree can support a high flowering event. This intervention can be used to manage potential yield. Despite being able to manipulate sugar assimilation and translocation during this stage of development, it is often followed by the main wave of flower abscission just after anthesis. This can occur even when high carbohydrate reserves are present in the tree and indicates the involvement of alternate factors causing flower drop.

November drop

The next natural reduction of potential yield, fruitlet abscission, occurs approximately thirty days after flowering commenced and simultaneous with starch accumulation in the leaves (Ruiz

et al., 2001). When the leaves in a leafy inflorescence are fully expanded around November drop, they become exporters of photosynthates.

Furthermore, carbohydrate levels in inflorescence leaves start a continuous decrease in the older leaves during November (García-Luis et al., 1988). This coincided with these leaves converting from sinks to sources, supplying assimilates mainly to nearby fruits. Inflorescence leaves of 'Washington' navel oranges accumulate carbohydrates until the beginning of November drop before levels dropped drastically (Sanz et al., 1987). If the carbohydrate levels were insufficient before the sudden decrease, it can contribute towards fruitlet abscission (Sanz et al., 1987). Thus, developing flowers and fruitlets are dependent on older leaves to supply carbohydrates for their energy needs. Later during fruitlet abscission (November drop SH), there is a natural decline in leaf sugars, which leads to competition for available energy amongst the developing fruitlets. Carbohydrates might be limiting during the initial fruit set period in some cultivars, but not in others – indicating that hormones

TO PAGE 16

Figure 1. Changes in total soluble sugar levels in alternating 'Nadorcott' mandarin trees (2010/11) during the growing season, illustrating the phenological stages associated with high carbohydrate demand adapted from Van der Merwe (2012).

The role of carbohydrates in citrus management after fruit set

FROM PAGE 15

are most likely responsible for these differences since endogenous levels of hormones do differ between cultivars at certain critical times such as flowering and physiological fruit drop (Goldschmidt and Koch, 1996; Schaffer et al., 1985).

Ruiz et al. (2001) demonstrated a relationship between fruitlet abscission and sugar levels in the citrus peel and showed that an increase in carbohydrate supply to fruit can reduce late fruitlet abscission. In addition, more papers confirmed the direct, negative relationship between the rate of abscission and available carbohydrates (Sanz et al., 1987; Ruiz et al., 2001; Iglesias et al., 2003; Mehouachi et al., 2009). The limitation of sugar supply to the fruitlets occurs when there are still high levels of starch in the leaves, and this slow conversion of starch to sugar may be one of the reasons for the suboptimal set in citrus (Ruiz et al., 2001).

Furthermore, there is a linear increase in fruit diameter, driven by sink strength during this phenological stage. Therefore, the tree's self-regulatory mechanism (natural fruitlet abscission) adjusts the cropload:carbohydrate ratio when the demand for assimilates (high set) exceeds the supply capacity (carbohydrate source) (García-Luis et al., 1988; Iglesias et al., 2003).

During this phenological stage, branches, supported by roots, are the main sources of carbohydrates, especially under high sink demand (Ruiz et al., 2001). The effect of varying yields on citrus root systems and the associated effect on carbohydrate reserves has also been illustrated (Monerri et al., 2011). Monerri et al. (2011) further showed that the reduction in carbohydrate levels in one-year-old branches and roots during flowering can be 30% and 44%, respectively, during flowering in Mediterranean climates. In subtropical conditions, where flowering is normally less intense than in temperate areas, the pattern of reserve consumption is similar to high intensity flowering orchards in temperate regions. During this time, roots play an important role in the carbohydrate dynamics of citrus trees as it must respond to changes in sink demand when excessive flower production and a potential high crop load occurs.

Thus, even if citrus is an evergreen crop with continuous photosynthesis capability, additional energy from the reserve organs plays an essential role in supporting fruit development between flowering and fruitlet abscission, and management practices should address this physiological demand.

Hormone and carbohydrate ‘cross-talk’

The important role of carbohydrates has been illustrated above, but it is not the only factor influencing flower/fruitlet abscission (Fig. 2). Sugars function as signalling molecules and interact with various plant signalling pathways such as hormones, to facilitate growth and development. Flowering, fruit set and fruit abscission are all under hormonal and metabolic regulation (Gómez-Cadenas et al., 1999). Sugar signalling affects auxin biosynthesis and downstream gene activation, whereas auxin signalling plays a role in fine-tuning sugar metabolism and carbon partitioning (Mishra et al., 2022).

Similarly, sugars and cytokinins both regulate the relationships between source and sink organs at the whole plant level,

Figure 2. Relationship between phytohormones and sugar from flowering to fruitlet drop adapted from Talon et al. (1997).

Figure 3 illustrates the sugar levels of citrus leaves for i) the current season and ii) the previous season in a commercial orchard, compared to the seasonal crop norms (Carbohydrate Index).

but the mode-of-action still needs to be confirmed (Wang et al., 2021).

In addition, sugars are hypothesised to play a significant role in modulating the synthesis and transport of gibberellins and abscisic acid. On their part, ABA, gibberellins, and cytokinins can influence sugar metabolism and transport processes. Sugars also regulate the expression of genes associated with phytohormone-response pathways and in reply, phytohormones can modulate the expression of genes that potentially encode components of sugar-response pathways (Gibson, 2004). Thus, from flowering to fruitlet drop, carbohydrates and hormones have a close relationship with regard to the outcomes of these developmental stages.

Practical application of knowledge

At Agri Technovation, this knowledge was converted into a commercial analytical service (ITEST™ CARBOHYDRATES) to quantify the carbohydrate status of different plant organs, compare this to crop norms and apply the information as a decision-making tool during specific phenological stages for carbohydrate management on the farm. Our seasonal carbohydrate trends for critical action times capture the effects of previous actions/weather conditions, the current carbohydrate status of the organ, as well as the potential carbohydrate status of the following phenological stage (Fig. 3).

These results, in addition to orchard information, i.e. yield and foliar mineral analyses, can be integrated to guide decision making for the optimisation of carbohydrate assimilation and translocation to the most important sinks (flowers/fruit) required for high performing orchards.

A complete list of references is available from the authors at elmi.lotze@agritechnovation.com

GROW VEGGIES SMARTER

Agri Technovation works with farmers to improve farming methods by offering personalized guidance, specific products, and using farm data to make informed decisions, aiming for the best results and profitability. This partnership extends throughout the entire agricultural process. From meticulously preparing the soil pre-planting to compiling and tracking post-harvest analytics, Agri Technovation serves as a dedicated companion and advisor at every crucial stage of the growing cycle.

Boer met wetenskap, boer met sukses

Volhoubare tegnologieë is noodsaaklik om oeste te beskerm.

As een van die wêreld se voorste landbouchemiese maatskappye, ontwikkel FMC produkte wat beter op die plaas werk en uiteraard beter is vir die omgewing. Die maatskappy is bekend vir sy toewyding aan tegnologie, suiwer ingesteldheid op landbou en neem telkens die voortou in landbouwetenskap.

FMC se wêreldwye navorsing- en ontwikkelingspan, insluitend bioloë, chemici, onkruidwetenskaplikes, entomoloë, plantpatoloë en molekulêre bioloë, lei een van die sterkste ontdekkings- en ontwikkelingspyplyne in die landboubedryf. Die maatskappy gebruik ook eksterne samewerking, vennootskappe en beleggings om die diversiteit van sy navorsingspogings te verbeter. Daarom belê FMC in - en werk saam met - maatskappye wat hul eie navorsing aanvul.

Kunsmatige intelligensie

FMC het in Mei 2024 ‘n samewerkingsooreenkoms met Optibrium in die VSA aangekondig, 'n toonaangewende ontwikkelaar van sagteware en kunsmatige intelligensie (KI) oplossings vir die ontdekking van klein molekules. Die ooreenkoms is deel van FMC se strategiese plan om die ontdekking en kommersialisering van FMC se pyplyn te versnel.

Die uitbreiding van FMC se ontdekkingsproses om Optibrium se innoverende Augmented Chemistry® KI-tegnologie in te sluit, sal help om nuwe oplossings vinniger aan produsente te bring. Masjienleer en KI-metodes sal dien om belowende verbindings te identifiseer, hul eienskappe te optimaliseer en die maatskappy se fokus op volhoubare produkte voort te sit.

FMC versnel tans die spoed van vindingryke gewasbeskerming en bevorder die ontdekking en kommersialisering van sy nuwe aktiewe bestanddeelpyplyn om produsente te help met die wye reeks uitdagings wat hulle in die gesig staar.

Robuuste portefeulje

“Ons toewyding tot volhoubare landbou is die dryfkrag van ons navorsingspan om produkte te ontwikkel met prestasie-eienskappe wat mededinging oorskry, insluitend langer raklewe, prestasie teen laer gebruikskoerse en verenigbaarheid met ander chemie. Ons robuuste portefeulje en pyplyn van gedifferensieerde chemiese en biologiese middels, gekombineer met beleggings in biologiese en aangrensende tegnologieë, maak die voortgesette uitbreiding van ons bekroonde portefeulje moontlik,” het Ben Schoonwinkel, FMC se kommersiële hoof vir Suid-Afrika, gesê.

FMC in Suider-Afrika is oortuig daarvan dat vindingrykheid in die landbou die verstommende potensiaal van ons sub-kontinent kan ontsluit. Met buitengewoon sterk vermoëns in navorsing en ontwikkeling is dié maatskappy verbind tot innoverende

oplossings vir voedselsekerheid, sonder dat die natuur en die omgewing daarvoor moet inboet.

Wêreldwye sukses

Die moedermaatskappy in die VSA is meer as 140 jaar oud en word beskou as een van die ses grootste landbouchemiese maatskappye ter wêreld. Die internasionale hoofkantoor is in Philadelphia in die deelstaat Pennsylvania gesetel.

FMC Corporation is 'n wêreldwye landbouwetenskappemaatskappy wat toegewyd is om produsente te help om voedsel, voer, vesel en brandstof te produseer vir 'n groeiende wêreldbevolking, terwyl hulle by 'n veranderende omgewing aanpas. Die maatskappy se vindingryke oplossings vir gewasbeskerming – insluitend biologiese middels, gewasvoeding, digitale en presisielandbou – stel produsente, gewasadviseurs en gras- en plaagbestuurkundiges in staat om hul moeilikste uitdagings ekonomies aan te pak terwyl hulle die omgewing beskerm. Met ongeveer 6 200 werknemers in meer as 100 lande wêreldwyd, is FMC daartoe verbind om nuwe onkruiddoder-, insekdoderen swamdoder- aktiewe bestanddele, produkformulerings en baanbrekerstegnologieë te ontdek wat deurlopend beter vir die planeet is.

Topreeks produkte

Die produkreeks in Suider-Afrika maak van FMC’n uitnemende maatskappy met sy reeks topprodukte en ook aktiewe bestanddele, soos Rynaxypyr en Cyazypyr wat algemeen bekend is as markleiers. Die maatskappy maak van uitgesoekte chemiese handelaars en hul agente gebruik om hul produkte aan produsente te voorsien. Suid-Afrikaanse boere is in ’n bevoorregte posisie om van ’n professionele, georganiseerde handelaarsnetwerk gebruik te kan maak om hul produkte aan te koop wat voldoen aan die hoogste standaarde as dit kom by integriteit en produkkennis.

“Die belangrikste front is natuurlik op die plaas, waar ons boere ondersteun met volhoubare tegnologieë wat help om hul oeste te beskerm en veerkragtigheid teen klimaatsfaktore bou. FMC het een van die sterkste navorsing- en ontwikkelingspanne in die bedryf en ons gaan voort om te belê in nuwe sintetiese tegnologieë sowel as vindingryke biologiese oplossings, soos feromone en peptiede, om ons plantgesondheidsplatform aan te vul,” het Schoonwinkel verduidelik.

FMC Corporation (NYSE: FMC) is ’n wêreldwye landbouwetenskappe-maatskappy wat toegewyd is om produsente te help om voedsel, voer, vesel en brandstof te produseer vir ’n groeiende wêreldbevolking, terwyl hulle by ’n veranderende omgewing aanpas. FMC se vindingryke oplossings vir gewasbeskerming – insluitend biologiese middels, gewasvoeding, digitale en presisielandbou – stel produsente, gewasadviseurs en gras- en plaagbestuurkundiges in staat om hul moeilikste uitdagings ekonomies aan te pak terwyl hulle die omgewing beskerm. Besoek https://ag.fmc.com/za vir meer inligting.

Die Beste Wetenskap vir die Beste Uitkoms

STAATMAKER VALSKODLINGMOTBEHEER WAT SO SLIM SOOS JY WERK.

Vir die boer kom elke seisoen met ’n lys van uitdagings. Gewasbeskerming moet egter nie een van die bekommernisse wees nie. Dit is hoekom ons Coragen® insekbeheer ontwikkel het; een van die mees gevorderde produkte vir insekbeheer in die wêreld. Om slim te werk het nou baie makliker geword danksy die vinnige en lang nawerkende Valskodlingmotbeheer in sitrus. Coragen® insekbeheer bied ’n unieke metode van werking met ’n uitstekende toksikologiese- en omgewingsprofiel. Die nuwe wapen in die geïntegreerde beheer arsenaal teen Valskodlingmot en beter vrugkwaliteit verlaag die risiko van afkeurings vir uitvoervrugte na die meeste uitvoermarkte. Beter gewasbeskerming en bewaring van voordelige insekte – dit is mos wat elke sitrusboer wil hê. Kontak jou naaste FMC-handelaar om meer uit te vind oor Coragen® insekbeheer.

Citrus exports facing challenges

South Africa's citrus exports are experiencing significant headwinds due to rising global protectionism and the proliferating use of non-tariff measures (NTMs). This shift from conventional tariffs, significantly reduced by the surge in preferential or free trade agreements, underscores a transformation in international trade practices.

As per reports from the mid-2024 World Trade Organization, regional trade agreements skyrocketed to 369, up from a mere 55 in 1995, illustrating the fast-evolving global trading ecosystem.

The final process to resolve the dispute between South Africa and the European Union (EU) regarding citrus black spot (CBS) and false codling moth (FCM) seems to be gathering momentum.

At the end of July 2024, South Africa requested the establishment of two panels at a meeting of the dispute settlement body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to examine what, in South Africa's view, are unscientific and discriminatory measures placed on citrus imported from South Africa by the EU.

For South Africa, the impact of NTMs is acutely felt within its citrus industry, which is a vital sector of the nation's economy and a key player in the European market. Despite enjoying dutyfree European access through the SADC-EU economic partnership agreement and constituting 36% of its citrus exports to this prime market, South African producers face an uphill battle with sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. While instituted under the guise of protecting public health and the environment, these regulations significantly obstruct trade flow.

Particularly troublesome for South African exporters are the stringent regulations aimed at combating citrus black spot and the false coddling moth. These SPS measures, ostensibly addressing concerns over diseases and pests, have been critiqued for lacking concrete evidence regarding their threat to human health or potential for contagion in the importing countries' orchards.

The new European Union regulations in July 2022, mandating cold treatment processes and precooling for citrus exports to prevent FCM, exemplify the growing barriers. These obligatory steps impose substantial costs, adding to the already sig-

nificant R4 billion compliance burden shouldered by the local citrus industry to conform to existing SPS regulations.

Despite these formidable challenges, the resilience of South Africa's citrus sector is noteworthy. The industry continues to navigate the complex landscape of international trade through rigorous pre-export inspections, stringent spraying protocols, and comprehensive risk management systems. This perseverance highlights the delicate balance between upholding health and ecological standards and facilitating equitable, unhindered trade flows.

The story of South Africa's citrus export saga transcends mere commerce. It encapsulates the intricate interplay between economics, health considerations, and international diplomacy. South Africa's taking its concerns to the WTO dispute settlement unit underscores the broader implications of NTMs on international trade relations. The outcome of this dispute will not only influence the future of South Africa's citrus exports but also set a precedent for global trade dynamics in an era characterised by rising protectionism.

In understanding this evolving narrative, it is clear that the saga of South Africa's citrus exports is more than just a matter of trade. It is a testament to an industry's resilience in navigating an increasingly complex and protectionist global market. As the situation unfolds, the international trading community will keenly watch how South Africa manages its citrus export challenges, which could offer valuable lessons for other nations grappling with similar issues. The ongoing evolution of this saga promises to contribute richly to the discourse on global economic, health, and diplomatic interactions.

Sources

Bhekani Zondo and Lesedi Mokoena, National Agricultural Marketing Council, Rising protectionism through NTMs: A case of SPS measures against South Africa's citrus exports

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Research secures sustainable future of Southern Africa’s citrus

Internationally recognised research by Citrus Research International (CRI) and its network of collaborative research associations is helping secure southern Africa’s citrus industry against the threats of diseases and pests and make the best technical knowledge and services available to growers.

Dr Vaughan Hattingh

CITRUS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

Exporting citrus contributes around R30 billion annually to the South African economy and employs 140 000 people on the farm level. Without top-level research on various technical issues, the industry would falter, and export markets would close.

Renewed support for the region’s exceptional plant health vigilance was offered at the 12th Citrus Research Symposium, held in the Central Drakensberg recently hosted by the CRI. Held every two years, the symposium has become one of the largest agricultural conferences in South Africa. Eight hundred fifty delegates attended, representing citrus growers, packhouses, exporters, international research partners, nurseries, and supportive industries such as packaging, logistics, and agrichemicals.

The South African government is currently involved in two historic trade disputes at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) regarding the European Union’s citrus import regulations. The cases concern false codling moth (FCM) and citrus black spot (CBS), both having been the subject of extensive research to enable effective control.

At the symposium, researchers presented new research results on FCM, including a novel FCM detection technique using the analysis of scent and the fine-tuning of post-harvest treatments of fruit to eliminate the presence of any surviving FCM larvae.

Highlights on CBS research included a new matrix for CBS risk assessment of individual orchards that can assist growers. At the same time, another study identified naturally antifungal compounds in citrus rinds, which could become part of an environmentally sustainable remedy for CBS.

“Information on plant diseases and pests might seem highly technical or obscure, but when you know that so many jobs and income depend on keeping citrus healthy, it places it all in context,” said Dr Aruna Manrakhan, Research Entomologist at the CRI. “For instance, at the symposium, a researcher calculated that it costs the citrus industry R386 million annually to counter the fruit fly. Always improving is an economic imperative.”

Another topic of keen discussion at the symposium was Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as Asian citrus greening. Southern Africa is entirely free from the disease, but it has recently devastated citrus industries in some other major citrus production regions, such as Florida.

Details of the CRI’s partnership with the University of Florida on HLB-resistant rootstock were also presented at the symposium. “Breeding disease-resistant rootstocks takes time, but research on HLB resistance looks promising. South Africa has time to prepare methods that can successfully avoid the HLB nightmare that has taken place in other countries and maintain production of export quality fruit,” said Dr Paul Cronjé, Citriculture Portfolio Manager at CRI.

Working alongside the South African government to bolster biosecurity and market access is an essential priority for CRI, as well as enabling citrus growers to sustainably provide top-quality citrus fruit to consumers around the world. The CRI currently funds and coordinates 131 active research projects and operates a wide-ranging research partnership model encompassing 22 local and international research collaborations.

“We export to over 100 countries, and when consumers are enjoying South African citrus’ superior quality and taste, they don't think of the enormous network of important roleplayers and events like the symposium, or the workshops, study groups, courses, and other technology transfer channels," said Hannes Bester, National Extension Manager at CRI. “We give consumers a great product, and at events like this, we take pride in the dedicated efforts of all role-players.”

Exporting citrus contributes around R30 billion annually.

BASF introduces the “missing” link in citrus black spot control

First of a series of fungicide solutions for South Africa featuring the active ingredient, Revysol® and the first registration on citrus globally Revycare®, the answer to current challenges in CBS control, boasting outstanding performance and simplified spray mixtures

BASF recently introduced Revycare®, a revolutionary fungicide that promises to redefine citrus black spot (CBS) control for South African farmers. It is the first fungicide introduced to the South African market that contains Revysol®, an innovative isopropanol-azole. It is combined with F500®, the company's proven leading strobilurin on the market, to offer an unparalleled solution for citrus growers.

Revysol® sets a new benchmark in fungicide technology. Its unique molecular structure enables superior systemic and translaminar movement within leaves, ensuring thorough disease control and prolonged protection throughout the crop growth stages. The company is currently reviewing the innovative Revysol® as a solution for various other diseases over different crops.

“We are dedicated to continuous innovation to address the evolving challenges faced by farmers,” said Rita van der Merwe, Portfolio Manager for speciality crops at BASF Agricultural Solutions (South Africa).

“Revycare® represents a significant advancement in the fight against CBS, offering comprehensive protection with a simplified application process. Additionally, thanks to the combination with F500®, it ensures complete control by targeting the fungus at all stages of development,” she said, explaining that the isopropanol component in Revysol® acts as a “hook” that inhibits the target enzyme, effectively killing the fungus.

Key benefits

Simplified spray mixture: Revycare® eliminates the need for mancozeb and oils in spray mixtures, significantly reducing the complexity and cost of application. This innovation allows for a

streamlined approach to CBS control, saving farmers time and resources.

Extended control window: The advanced formulation provides an added application window, ensuring extended control of latent infections. This ensures that growers can achieve consistent and reliable protection throughout the fruit growing season.

Favourable ecological profile: The product is safe for the environment, exhibiting low toxicity to non-target species such as birds, mammals, soil organisms, and bees.

Increased market access: The favourable residue profile is crucial for meeting the stringent requirements of export markets, addressing the concerns related to mancozeb restrictions.

With the introduction of Revycare® and various other pipeline products under review, BASF continues to lead the way in agricultural innovation, delivering products that meet farmers’ evolving needs and contribute to sustainable agriculture.

“We remain dedicated to developing unique solutions that simplify farm management and reduce complexity. By providing a product with a good regulatory profile, excellent efficacy, and high selectivity, BASF enables farmers to achieve excellent disease control while maintaining sustainability,” concluded Vikesh Vallabh, Country Manager for BASF Agricultural Solutions: Southern Africa.

Revycare® Reg. No. L11409, Act No. 36 of 1947. Active ingredients: Mefentrifluconazole (triazole) 100 g/ℓ. Pyraclostrobin (methoxy-carbamate) 100 g/ℓ. Danger. Revycare®, Revysol® and F500® are registered trademarks of BASF. Hazard statements: Causes serious eye damage. Causes skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. May cause respiratory irritation. Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects. READ THE LABEL BEFORE USE

Outlook for the horticulture sector 2024 to 2033

The Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy’s (BFAP’s) latest baseline outlook report for 2024 to 2033 is set within a dynamic and uncertain environment. It anticipates a sluggish world economy due to various disruptions in recent years and although global growth prospects are improving, risks remain elevated.

Mariana Purnell CONTRIBUTOR

Agricultural growth slowed in 2023, contracting by 4,7% while South Africa’s economy grew by only 0,6% in 2023 and the Rand continued to depreciate. The horticulture sector was hampered by intense load shedding, port congestion and weak consumer purchasing power.

Although improved marketing conditions resulted in a 14% increase year on year in the gross production value (GPV) generated by the horticulture sector, Dr Tracy Davids of BFAP warned that profitability in the horticulture segment remained under pressure despite this recovery and stressed that the segment’s focus should be on maximising returns per kilogram or per hectare in a cost-effective manner.

Citrus, pome fruit, table grapes, stone fruit and blueberries

jointly account for more than 50% of total horticulture revenue and generated a GPV of R68,5 billion in 2023. The citrus industry alone accounted for 48% of this value, followed by pome fruit (23%), table grapes (18%), stone fruit (6%) and blueberries (4%).

Fruit industry projections highlighted by BFAP indicate marginal movement on planted hectares as the long-term sustainability of production units remains concerning, but that volumes will continue to increase. The expected growth will be due to younger orchards starting to contribute and also improvements in productivity.

Over the outlook period, total production is projected to expand by 1,65 million tonnes by 2033, from a base of 5,9 million tonnes (2021-2023), with an additional 930 000 tonnes being exported, 630 000 tonnes expected to be channelled into processing and about 90 000 tonnes in local fresh fruit consumption (Figure 1). Over the next three years (20242026) an additional 670 000 tonnes is projected, with 67% expected to come from soft citrus, lemons and oranges, and another 20% from pome fruit.

South Africa exported 3,7 million tonnes of fresh fruit through its ports in 2023 and it is projected that by 2033, exports will increase to some 4,6 million tonnes - 3 million tonnes is expected to be citrus, 1 million tonnes pome fruit and almost 580 000 tonnes of highly perishable summer fruits (Figure 2). However, logistical challenges remain one of the biggest threats to the high-value perishable export industries since South African container terminals consistently feature at the bottom of the world container index which ranks the performance of container terminals across the globe.

An increase in horticultural production over the last decade led to a rise in product traded via maritime freight. Thus, despite South African port operations decaying, exports rose by 4,8% on average every year, growing from 2,5 million tonnes to 3,7 million tonnes. The challenges in the ports were one of the biggest concerns for the respective industries, especially where product is more perishable. An additional 876 000 tonnes of citrus and 232 000 tonnes of pome fruit had to be moved, with smaller increases in table grapes, stone fruit and blueberries. In the case of highly perishable blueberries, exporters resorted to air freight, with volumes increasing by 6,4% on average per annum.

Prospects in the horticulture sector are looking somewhat better, with international market conditions improving. Total exports are projected to continue to rise, albeit at a slower pace than over the past decade.

Figure 1. Marketing channels of major fruit commodities from 2014 to 2033 (BFAP).

Figure 2. Historical and projected export volumes for major fruit commodities from 2014 to 2033 (BFAP).

Tien-jaar vooruitskouing vir aartappels

In 2022 was die wêreld se aartappelproduksie 375 miljoen ton waarvan Afrika 7,2% bygedra het. Weens die hoë bederfbaarheid van vars aartappels het Suid-Afrikaanse uitvoer maar slegs 7% van die plaaslike produksie uitgemaak.

Mariana Purnell MEDEWERKER

Volgens dr Tracy Davids van die Buro vir Voedsel en Landboubeleid (BFAP) het globale markte ‘n beperkte uitwerking op die Suid-Afrikaanse aartappelmark en is die plaaslike mark meer sensitief vir binnelandse vraag- en aanbodtoestande.

Die aartappelbedryf het 2023 verskeie uitdagings ondervind. Nie net het die totale beplante oppervlakte met 4% afgeneem nie, maar daar was ook ‘n afname in oppervlakte van 13% in die groot streke wat ongeveer 70% van die totale bedryf behels.

Die beduidende afname kan veral toegeskryf word aan beurtkrag wat besproeiingskedules beïnvloed het en die

voorkeur vir alternatiewe gewasse soos mielies en koring met hoër relatiewe winsgewendheid. Laasgenoemde het gelei tot binnelandse prysstygings van gemiddeld 34%.

Hoër insetkoste as alternatiewe gewasse en pryse ver bo die vlakke voor die COVID-19-pandemie het gelei tot ‘n aansienlike afname in die beskikbaarheid van aartappels en ‘n verbysterende 72% toename in prys op ‘n jaargrondslag (Figuur 1). Teen die einde van 2023 het aartappels ‘n gemiddelde prys van R72,92/10 kg bereik.

In die komende 2024-seisoen word ‘n toename van 1% in die oppervlakte van aanplantings verwag wat sal lei tot 50 340 hektaar onder aartappels. Die BFAP se kundiges meen daar sal ook ‘n strategiese reaksie wees van aartappelprodusente op die verhoogde pryse van verlede jaar en die relatief laer inkomste uit die alternatiewe kommoditeite. Hierdie verskuiwings in produksie- en prysdinamika, saam met ‘n ingeperkte makroekonomiese omgewing, sal volgens Davids gesamentlik lei tot ‘n verlaging in prys.

Oor die afgelope dekade het aartappelproduksie met 140 000 ton toegeneem ten spyte van ‘n 3% daling in aartappeloppervlakte, terwyl opbrengste met 9,3% gestyg het. Die BFAP vooruitskouing is dat die oppervlakte waarop aartappels aangeplant is na verwagting oor die komende dekade relatief konstant gaan bly en jaarliks met slegs 0,4% per jaar gemiddeld gaan groei tot 52 550 hektaar in 2033.

Na verwagting gaan groei in produktiwiteit beperk wees tot 'n gemiddelde jaarslikse opbrengsgroeikoers van 1,1%. Dit impliseer 'n gemiddelde opbrengs van 57,2 t/ha teen 2033.

Hoewel verbruikers se bestedingskrag steeds onder druk is, word verwag dat aartappelverbruik per capita sal verhoog weens verbeterde bekostigbaarheid en bevolkingsgroei. Binnelandse verbruik van vars en verwerkte aartappels sal na verwagting in 2024 met 3,2% toeneem maar die verbruik per capita sal na verwagting met slegs 0,8% per jaar groei tot ongeveer 40 kg/capita/jaar teen 2033, wat gelykstaande is aan vlakke voor COVID-19 (Figuur 2).

Vir die volgende dekade meen Davids dat die 2024-prys van R59,46/10 kg sak met 'n jaarlikse gemiddelde van 3,1% gaan styg. Dit impliseer dat prysstygings min of meer met inflasie tred gaan hou en dat winsgewendheid slegs sal verhoog indien produktiwiteit verbeter.

Daarby staar uitdagings soos die energiekrisis, hoë insetkoste en wisselvallige weerstoestande die bedryf steeds in die gesig.

Figuur 1. Nominale aartappelprys teenoor koring- en witmielieprys op SAFEX: 2021 tot 2025 (BFAP).

Figuur 2. Produksie, verbruik, oppervlakte en opbrengs van aartappels: 2014 tot 2033 (BFAP).

Die rol van tegnologie in gewasbeskerming

Met digitale plaagmonitering word waarnemings van plae in die veld op ’n digitale sisteem soos ’n tablet en gepaardgaande sagteware ingevoer. Die data word gewoonlik aanlyn gestoor en kan maklik verhaal word vir bestudering. Selfs geskiedkundige data kan maklik verhaal en met nuwer inligting vergelyk word. Die uitbeelding van die data in die vorm van grafieke maak dit makliker om die data te verstaan, veral in die geval van groot hoeveelhede komplekse data. Sodoende kan sinvolle gevolgtrekkings gemaak en aksieplanne opgestel word.

Om die versamelde data akkuraat te interpreteer en die waarde daarvan te ontsluit, is die volgende belangrik:

Die data moet betroubaar wees. Betroubare en volledige inligting maak dit moontlik om te verstaan wat gebeur, en hoekom dit gebeur het en maak voorspellings makliker. Die persone wat die data insamel moet opgelei wees. Dit is raadsaam dat die vaardigheidsvlak van moniteerders, die aantal datapunte, plek en posisionering van datapunte en metode van data-insameling aan ’n vaste standaard voldoen.

Die interpreteerders van die data, wat produsente, gewasbeskermingpraktisyns en -deskundiges insluit, moet kundig en ervare wees. Die impak van eksterne faktore soos gewasbeskermingsmiddels, geografie, plantmateriaal, fenologie en die klimaat moet by die interpretasies en gevolgtrekkings ingesluit word. Masjienleertegnologie en/of kunsmatige intelligensie kan in samewerking met die span interpreteerders gebruik word. Dit is veral handig wanneer die produsent met groot en komplekse datastelle werk.

Modellering

Modellering gebruik inligting soos klimaats- en plaageienskappe om infestasie en/of infeksie te voorspel. Die onderliggende doelwit van modellering is ingeligte besluitneming en optimale risikobestuur. Siekte infeksie word grootliks deur klimaatstoestande en gewasvatbaarheid bepaal. Reënval en gepaardgaande blaarnatheid in die teenwoordigheid van geskikte temperature sal tot infeksie van sekere siektes lei indien die gewas op ’n vatbare stadium is. Die impak van hierdie faktore op swamsiektes is baie volledig gedokumenteer en word goed ver-

staan en laat toe dat infeksies voorspel kan word. Met modelle kan gewasbeskermingpraktisyns, soos NexusAG gewasadviseurs, en produsente beheermaatreëls met akkuraatheid implementeer sonder om onnodige aksies toe te pas.

Op ‘n praktiese noot

Die implementering van tegnologie moet sinvol benader word sodat dit waarde toevoeg. Digitale tegnologie se uitsluitlike doel is om huidige (nie-digitale) prosesse op die plaas aan te vul. Dit sal weinig help om in digitale moniteringsagteware te belê indien daar geen moniteringsisteem op die plaas is nie. Vestig eers ’n eenvoudig en praktiese sisteem, en daarna kan dit met digitale oplossings wat waarde toevoeg aangevul word.

Waarde kan op verskeie vlakke toegevoeg word, soos die vereenvoudiging van eenmalige data-opnames, verhaling en verspreiding van data, ingeligte besluitneming, maklike stoor van data, foutvrye prosesse en tydsbesparing.

’n Struikelblok is dat versamelde inligting ophoop sonder dat genoeg tyd spandeer word om die inligting te analiseer en te implementeer. Om die maksimum voordeel uit data te put, is goeie beplanning en operasionele dissipline, wat die doeltreffende verdeling van pligte en verantwoordelikhede insluit, belangrik.

Goeie bestuur van die proses is krities sodat alle partye die doel, waarde en belangrikheid van die proses en hulle rol daarin kan verstaan. Dit sal ook help dat almal insette lewer oor die praktiese uitvoerbaarheid van die proses. Doeltreffende bestuur sal voorkom dat die implementeringskoste, wat koste soos programmatuur, toerusting en en personeel-ure, nie vermors word nie.

Die slim gebruik van beskikbare tegnologie kan bestaande plaagbestuurprogramme ondersteun wat kan bydrae tot beter doeltreffendheid en winsbestuur.

NexusAG bied onder meer grondskandering-, presisiegrondmonsterneming-, digitale oesskattings-, digitale vrugmetings, presisiekunsmistoediening, plantgeilheid-en digitale permonitering-dienste. Kontak NexusAG gerus vir meer inligting oor tegniese dienste wat die integrasie van sinvolle tegnologie vergemaklik. 021 860 8040 – www.nexusag.net

INGESPAN WORD OM

PESMONITERING- EN MODELLERINGDATA

TE VERWERK EN TE VISUALISEER OM

BESTAANDE SISTEME TE VEREENVOUDIG!

Suksesvolle

tegnologie-integrasie

kan waarde

op verskeie vlakke toevoeg, soos: vereenvoudiging van eenmalige data-opnames, verhaling en verspreiding van data, meer ingeligte besluitneming, maklike stoor van data, fout-vrye prosesse, en tydsbesparing.

Die aanvanklike implementeringskoste, wat direkte kostes soos programmatuur en toerusting en ook indirekte kostes soos die tydkoste van almal wat betrokke is by die uitrol van die proses insluit, kan egter maklik vermors word as die implementeringsproses nie doeltreffend bestuur word nie!

Neem gerus die volgende praktiese aspekte in ag om te verseker dat die implementering van digitale oplossings sinvol verloop:

•Vestig eers `n eenvoudig en praktiese sisteem, en daarna kan dit met digitale oplossings wat waarde toevoeg aangevul word.

•Belê tyd in goeie beplanning vir die doeltreffende verdeling van pligte en verantwoordelikhede.

•Maak seker dat betrokke pa ye die waarde en belangrikheid van die proses en hulle rol daarin kan verstaan en ondersteun.

•Doen die nodige opleiding en vestig operasionele dissipline om almal betrokke aanspreeklik te hou.

NexusAG CropLife-geakkrediteerde gewasadviseurs bied onder andere grondskandering-, presisie-grondmonsterneming-, digitale oesska ings-, digitale vrugmetings, presisie kunsmis toediening, plantgeilheid- en digitale pesmonitering-dienste.

NAVORSINGSIMPOSIUM SA LIETSJIEKWEKERSVERENIGING

Nuwe lietsjiekultivars hou groot voordele vir bedryf in

“Daar is vordering met nuwe kultivars,” sê Bram Snijder, voorsitter van die SA Lietsjiekwekersvereniging (SALKV). Tydens die SALKV se navorsingsimposium in Mbombela het Andani Mmboyi van die Landbounavorsingsraad (LNR) verslag gedoen oor die evaluering van nuwe lietjieskultivars wat vir plaaslike produksie oorweeg kan word. Vir die bedryf hou die nuwe kultivars groot belofte in.

Tydens die SAKV se simposium het twee kundiges van China voordragte gelewer oor die verbouing van kultivars en inligting verskaf waarby Suid-Afrikaanse produsente kan baat. Proff Houbin Chen en Xuming Huang van Suid-China se landbou-universiteit het ook produsente se boorde in verskillende produksiegebiede besoek en praktiese raad verskaf.

Plaaslike kundiges het tydens die simposium hul navorsingsresultate met die produsente bespreek. Dié kundiges was Karin Hannweg en dr Regina Cronje van die LNR-TSG en Nico Roets van Huilboerboon Landboudienste. Dr Cronje het noue bande met China se lietsjiebedryf en hulle wetenskaplikes.

Ter aanvulling van die twee kultivars wat die meeste in SuidAfrika geproduseer word, Mauritius en McLean’s Red, evalueer die LNR se kampus vir tropiese en subtropiese gewasse (LNRTSG) ingevoerde kultivars om die beskikbare verskeidenheid uit te brei. Die mikpunt is onder meer om kultivars met ander produksietye te kry en nuwe uitvoermarkte te ontgin. Met die moontlikheid van nuwe uitvoermarkte is dit noodsaaklik dat die bedryf kultivars vir daarde markte kan voorsien.

Sowat ‘n dekade gelede is dertig lietsjiekultivars van Australië (17) en Israel (13) vir evaluering na Suid-Afrika ingevoer. Die meeste kultivars is by Mbombela geëvalueer waar die omgewing ‘n warm subtropiese klimaat het en vir die meeste ingevoerde kultivars geskik is. Die proefnemings is na ander streke in Suid-Afrika uitgebrei om aanpasbaarheid by ander klimaatstoestande te evalueer.

Tans word die kultivars Mauritius en McLean’s Red die meeste in Suid-Afrika verbou, maar altwee openbaar toenemende probleme, soos onvoldoende verkleuring en saadgrootte - die “pit” se grootte in verhouding tot die vrugvleis. Klimaatsverandering en nuwe uitvoermarkte het ook ‘n rol gespeel in die SALKV se soeke na meer geskikte kultivars.

Gedurende elke seisoen is die ingevoerde kultivars se vrugte met rypwording geoes om die produksie en kwaliteitskenmerke te bepaal. Kenmerke soos opbrengs, vruggrootte, massa, oplosbare suiker, kleur en die verhouding van saad en vrugvleis is onder meer aangeteken. Weens klimaatsverandering se uitwerking met hoër temperature en laer humiditeit speel kultivars se geneigdheid tot sonbrandskade ook ‘n rol.

In die 2023/24-seisoen is die ingevoerde kultivars weer getoets en met Mauritius en McLean’s Red vergelyk. Lietsjies se rypwording en produksietyd word in drie seisoene verdeel, naamlik, vroeg, middel en laat. Mauritius is sedert 1875 in Suid-Afrika en word in die middelseisoen ryp. McLean’s Red kom in die middel- tot laatseisoen in produksie.

Twee kundiges van China was onder die sprekers by die SA Lietsjiekwekersvereniging se navorsingsimposium. Weerskante van Bram Snijder (voor), voorsitter van die kwekersvereniging, is proff Xuming Huang en Houbin Chen, altwee van Suid-China se landbou-universiteit. Agter is Andani Mmboyi, projekleier van lietsjieteling by die LNR-TSG, Karin Hannweg en dr Regina Cronje van die LNR-TSG en Nico Roets van Huilboerboon Landboudienste.

In die LNR-TSG se evaluering van kultivars het die kultivar Hung Long en Kim Cheng Mesa deurlopend ‘n hoë vruglading en blomme in al drie seisoene gehad. Hung Long het in die Mbombela-produksiestreek ook ander voordelige eienskappe gehandhaaf.

Hung Long het ‘n groter en swaarder vrug as dié van Mauritius, dit is sappig en het ‘n mediumgrootte saad. Die kultivar se rypwording is in die middelseisoen en die vrug word van die vierde week in November tot die eerste week in Desember ryp.

Onder die nuwe kultivars wat later ryp word is Maguli baie voordelig, met ‘n oestyd in die eerste en tweede week van Februarie. Dit is tot agt weke later ryp as Mauritius. Maguli se saad is lank en smal, die vrug is helder en die skil is rooigeel.

Nog ‘n kultivar wat later ryp word en belofte toon, is Goose Egg. Sover dit vruggrootte betref was Goose Egg die beste kultivar in die 2023/24-seisoen se LNR-evaluerings, beduidend beter as McLean’s Red. Die kultivar se groot vrug het ‘n dik skil, die vrug is helder en sappig en die saadgrootte medium tot groot.

In produksiestreke soos by Tzaneen en George’s Valley word Goose Egg drie tot vier weke later ryp as Mauritius en McLean’s.

Maak gebruik van die spesialiste

UITGEWERS VAN:

Koringfokus / Wheat Focus: Die spesialistydskrif vir kleingraan in Suid-Afrika

Vegetables & Fruit / Groente & Vrugte: Ontgin alternatiewe moontlikhede in nismarkte

Subtrop Journal: Joernaal vir avokado-, mango- en lietsjiekwekers.

Navorsingsjoernaal:

SA Avokadokwekersvereniging (SAAGA)

SA Lietsjiekwekersvereniging (SALGA)

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