ROESSWAMME
HAWER
Kom ons groei saam
aan jou koringbesigheid met ons toppresterende kultivars wat spesifiek aangepas is vir verbouing onder besproeiing.
SST 8227
Beperkte voorraad NUUT
SST 8135
SST 884
SST 8154
SST 8205
Met dié kultivars help ons jou om jou goeie planne om te sit in goeie opbrengs.
Ons help jou groei –vandag en môre!
Seventeen oat cultivars were entered for trials in the ARC-Small Grain’s cultivar evaluation programme during the 2023 season, enabling farmers to choose the best genetics. See page 16 for the results.
Photo: Tygerhoek cultivar trial, ARC-Small Grain.
Wheat Focus / Koringfokus
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28 Bühler se meulens is net ‘n fraksie van hul veelsydigheid COVER
7 SACTA joins Rotary initiative to improve sanitation in schools
08 Nampo 2024 met jollie-trollies en sonskyndae
09 Land Bank working hard to reclaim position in the agricultural sector
10 Eindelose planne op wenboer se plaas
12 Understanding the results of Rapid Visco Analyser pasting curves
Weensafleweringsproblememetdie gewoneposdienswordintekenareenlesers versoekomhule-posadresseaan info@mediakom.co.zatestuurvirdie elektronieseversendingvan KORINGFOKUS-WHEATFOCUS.
Duetodeliveryproblemswithtraditional mailingservicessubscribersandreadersare requestedtosendtheire-mailaddressto info@mediakom.co.zaforelectronic deliveryofWHEATFOCUS-KORINGFOKUS.
KLEINGRAAN
15 Vestiging en verspreiding van Russiese koringluis skep uitdagings vir beheer
16 The search for the superior oat: Evaluating top cultivars
20 Optimise synergy and enhance weed control efficiency
22 Wheat leaf rust – a widely distributed disease in South Africa
26 Roesswamme is ‘n faktor in die produksie van hawer
MARK-INFO
05 Kanola steeds aantreklik vir produsente
4 Die 2023-seisoen se finale oesstatistiek van wintergewasse
26 SAGIS Market information: 2023/24 marketing year
DDie 2023-seisoen se finale oesstatistiek van wintergewasse
Die skakelkomitee van die Nasionale Oesskattingskomitee (NOK) se finale berekeninge van die 2023-seisoen se wintergewasse het verwagtinge bevestig dat die koringoes kleiner as in die vorige seisoen was. Die kanolabedryf was egter steeds op ‘n wenpad en het weer ‘n rekordoes gelewer. Ook gars en hawer het groter oeste as in die vorige produksiejaar gelewer.
ie NOK se syfers het bevestig hoe akkuraat oesskattings deur die loop van die 2023-seisoen was, asook in die afgelope tien jaar. Met ‘n norm van 5% afwyking het die NOK sedert 2004 in 35% van die produksiejare ‘n oorskatting gehad en in 65% van die produksiejare ‘n onderskatting (Figuur 1). Die meerderheid onder- of oorskattings was minder as 2,50%.
In die 2023-seisoen was die afwyking van koring se laaste oesskatting en die werklike lewering ‘n oorskatting van 1,35%. Gars en kanola se finale oesskatting was bykans in die kol met die werklike lewering. By hawer was die onderskatting 1,86%.
Die NOK se skakelkomitee het die finale kommersiële koringoes op 2 050 000 ton bepaal, die finale garsoes op 377 000 ton, vir kanola op 236 300 ton en vir hawer 41 000 ton (Tabel 1).
In vergelyking met die 2022-produksieseisoen was 2023 se koringoes 60 000 ton minder maar die drie ander wintergewasse het groter oeste gelewer. Gars het 6 600 ton meer gelewer, kanola 26 300 ton meer en hawer 13 450 ton meer.
In koring se geval van die kleiner oes moet in aanmerking geneem word dat aanplantings 28 850 ha minder as in die 2022-seisoen was. Die drie ander wintergewasse se aanplantings het in die 2023-seisoen toegeneem.
Die NOK se skakelkomitee hersien die finale oesskatting
van wintergewasse deur syfers van die SA Graaninligtingsdiens (SAGIS) in berekening te bring, asook van die departement van landbou, grondhervorming en landelike ontwikkeling se opname oor graan wat op plase teruggehou word. Hierdie berekening word in Tabel 2 uiteengesit.
Die NOK het produsente en rolspelers in die bedryf bedank vir die inligting wat hulle gereeld voorsien. Dit verbeter die akkuraatheid van oesskattings. Produsente wat nie aan die maandelikse opname deelneem nie word versoek om dringend by die opnameproses betrokke te raak.
oes 2004 - 2023.
1 NOK berekening 28 Februarie 2024 Bron: NOK.
Tabel 2. Berekening van finale oes van wintergewasse in 2023-produksieseisoen.
GEWASFinale oes
SAGIS-verslag 1) Produsentelewerings (Okt 2023 - Maart 2024)
1 SAGIS produsentelewerings in verband met huidige oes
Beraamde toekomslewerings (April - Sep 2024)
Teruggehou op plaas vir eie gebruik / saad 2)
2 Gebaseer op departement landbou, grondhervorming en landelike ontwikkeling se opname
Figuur1.Koring:afwykingvanfinaleoesskattingteenoorfinale
Bron NOK.
Norm van akkuraatheid 5%
Tabel 1. Wintergewasse 2023-produksieseisoen: Finale aanplantings en oes.
DKanola steeds aantreklik vir produsente
Volgens aanduidings in April 2024 was produsente van plan om minder koring, moutgars en hawer as in die 2023-seisoen te plant. Kanola kan egter die afgelope jare se rekordlopie voortsit omdat meer aanplantings verwag word.
ie plantvoornemens van April 2024 gaan ‘n akkurater beeld gee wanneer die Nasionale Oesskattingskomitee (NOK) se voorlopige oppervlakteskatting van wintergewasse op 26 Julie 2024 bekend gemaak word.
Produsente se voorneme van April 2024 om wintergewasse vir die 2024-produksieseisoen te plant is hoofsaaklik gebaseer op die resultate van ’n nie-ewekansige opname wat die departement van landbou, grondhervorming en landelike ontwikkeling se direktoraat: statistiek en ekonomiese ontleding onderneem het. Die statistiek is aangevul met inligting wat die onderskeie provinsiale departemente van landbou verskaf het.
Volgens die NOK verteenwoordig die syfers vir koring die totale aantal hektare wat vir graan beplant gaan word. Dit sluit hektare uit wat vir groenvoer en weiding bestem is.
Vroeë aanduidings was dat produsente van voorneme was om 520 200 ha koring te plant. Dit is 3,30% of 17 750 ha minder koring as die 2023-seisoen se 537 950 ha. Die grootste produserende gebiede is in die Wes-Kaap met 370 000 ha (71%), gevolg deur die Vrystaat met 55 000 ha (11%) en die Noord-Kaap met 40 000 ha (8%).
In die Vrystaat word die afgelope seisoene se dalende aanplantings voortgesit en ook in ander provinsiale produksiegebiede soos die Oos-Kaap, Limpopo en Mpumalanga.
Die verwagte aanplantings van moutgars was 102 000 ha - 5,20% of 5 600 ha minder as die 107 600 ha van die vorige seisoen. Die verwagte aanplantings van kanola was 141 000 ha, wat 7,55% of 9 900 ha meer is as die 2023-seisoen se 131 200 ha.
Produsente was van voorneme om 20 500 ha hawermout te plant, wat 25,45% of 7 000 ha minder is as die 27 500 ha van die vorige seisoen. Die verwagte aanplantings van soetlupine was 15 000 ha, wat 6,25% of 1 000 ha minder is as in die vorige seisoen.
Die NOK se voorlopige oppervlakteskatting vir winterge-
1. Plantvoornemens wintergewasse 2024-seisoen op 25 April 2024.
GEWAS Voorneme opp.
Tabel 2. Plantvoornemens vir koring per provinsie 2024-seisoen op 25 April 2024.
wasse vir 2024 word 26 Julie 2024 vrygestel en die eerste produksieskatting volg 28 Augustus 2024. Meer inligting is op SAGIS se webtuiste beskikbaar by www.sagis.org.za onder die opskrif ‘non-SAGIS info’ - crop estimates
Tabel
Figuur 1. Koringproduksie 2010 - 2024.
Figuur 2. Kanolaproduksie 2010 - 2024.
Bron: NOK.
Bron: NOK.
SACTA joins Rotary initiative to improve sanitation in schools
Some 3 398 schools in South Africa still have pit latrine toilets in which young children frequently drown. The national department of basic education has committed to eradicating pit toilets in schools by 2025, but have realised they need support in achieving their goal.
Mariana Purnell CONTRIBUTOR
In a remarkable stride towards socio-economic development in rural areas, the South African Cultivar and Technology Agency (SACTA) has joined Rotary District 9400's Dignity Toilets initiative to improve sanitation in South African schools.
SACTA is a non-profit company responsible for collecting a statutory breeding and technology levy on selfpollinated crops. These levies ensure sustainable industry research funding for the benefit of the production, processing and other value-adding industries within the agricultural sector of South Africa.
At least 20% of the total statutory levy income should be allocated towards various categories of transformation activities in line with the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Transformation Guidelines. While the bulk of the collected statutory levy is directed to enterprise development and skills development, SACTA requested some support at the grass-roots level with the actual implementation of socio-economic development.
Rotary District 9400 and SACTA are collaborating to eradicate pit latrines and replace them with pre-fabricated ablution units manufactured of recycled plastic. Each of these environmentally-friendly units consists of three toilets. Rotary will roll out the actual implementation of the project.
The first Dignity Toilets were officially launched at Shayindlovu Primary School with 500 learners in Mbuzini, near Komatipoort (Mpumalanga), on 1 May 2024. Twenty-one toilets were installed at Shayindlovu - nine for boys and twelve for girls. Each unit includes a wash basin, promoting hygiene among students.
The project is backed by SACTA and a coalition of organisations including three Rotary Clubs, namely Eagle Canyon and Pretoria Capital in District 9400 as well as Charlotte Town in Canada and also Sesego Foundation.
In addition, the financial support by SACTA has enabled Rotary District 9400 to attract a global grant by the Rotary International Foundation. This fits in well with the NAMC requirement that the funds will be accounted for in a transparent manner.
This ambitious project aims to eradicate unhealthy and dangerous pit latrines and install modern, dignified toilet facilities at 120 schools by the end of 2024 to commemorate
Representatives of Rotary International cut the ribbon of the first Dignity Toilet at Shayindlovu Primary School in Mbuzini, near Komatipoort. This project of SACTA and Rotary aims to restore dignity to school children by eradicating pit latrines. The ablution blocks are safe and hygienic as well as environmentally friendly.
supplied.
Rotary International’s 120th year of existence early in 2025.
The new toilets, constructed by Infinite Industries using recycled plastic, are designed to operate without water, addressing the lack of running water in many schools. The swift installation process highlights the project's efficiency, with each three-toilet unit taking only three days to set up. Rotary has ensured the project's sustainability by establishing a support group at the school, which will liaise with Infinite Industries for maintenance, ensuring the project's long-term success.
With an approximate cost of R125 000 per unit, which includes the structure, plumbing, and installation, the initiative represents a significant investment in the future of South Africa's youth. These new facilities feature urine diversion dry toilet technology, a sustainable solution used in Sweden for over two decades. The system includes a micro flush function for urine and a container that processes faeces into soil conditioner using solar-driven or electrical technology. This innovative approach ensures that waste is managed efficiently and environmentally.
The project addresses a core aspect of the Rotary International focus on water, sanitation, and hygiene. Rotary’s other areas of focus include disease prevention; maternal and child health; basic education and literacy; community economic development; peacebuilding and conflict prevention as well as the environment
Photo
Nampo 2024 met jollie-trollies en sonskyndae
Die bykans 87 000 besoekers aan vanjaar se Nampo-oesdae van Graan SA is volgens die hoof van Nampo, dr Dirk Strydom, “lekker statistiek” maar die belangrikste maatstaf van sukses is terugvoering van uitstallers.
Die span van sowat 70 mense wat die oesdae beplan en glad laat verloop, besin jaarliks om die geleentheid beter en vlotter te laat verloop en nuwighede in te bring. Vanjaar se sonnige en selfs warm dae was in kontras met vorige oesdae se oggendkoue en selfs reën wat mense en voertuie se beweging soms bemoeilik het.
Dr Tobias Doyer wat sy eerste Nampo as uitvoerende hoof van Graan SA beleef het, het gesê hy is verstom oor alles wat produsente vandag tot hulle beskikking het om sake op produksievlak te beheer - van genetiese tegnologie tot by ‘n
Nampo groei van 200 besoekers tot 86 474
D
ie eerste Nampo-oesdag het in 1967 op die plaas Donkerhoek naby Bloemfontein plaasgevind en is deur 200 produsente bygewoon. Daarna is die Oesdag op verskeie plase gehou totdat die gebeurtenis só groot geword het dat ’n meer permanente plek gevind moes word. In 1974 is die Nampo-oesdag op ’n permanente terrein, vandag bekend as Nampo Park, buite Bothaville gevestig.
‘n Eiesoortige kenmerk van die Nampo-oesdag is dat dit ’n veelfasettige aanbieding is wat ’n breë spektrum aan die produsent bied, terwyl ander tentoonstellings gewoonlik op spesifieke gebiede van landbou fokus. GSA streef daarna om die Nampo-oesdag as ’n handelsgerigte landbou- en handelstentoonstelling te behou, met ’n spesifieke klem op landbou en nie op vermaak en die uitstalling van vlooimarkitems nie.
groot hoeveelheid data danksy die outomatisering van landbou.
“Vanjaar se Nampo-tema, Landbou in ‘n digitale era, het tot sy reg gekom, want landbou is op ‘n draaipunt van groot dinge wat kom,” het dr Doyer gesê. “Nampo se werklike sukses gaan oor die noue vennootskappe en samewerking wat ons in die bedryf vestig, soos produsente wat sterker vennootskappe met hulle verskaffers en afnemers het en beter planne maak om volgende jaar beter te doen.”
Dr Strydom, wat gereeld op die terrein op sy BMW-motorfiets te sien was terwyl hy sake dopgehou het, het ná die oesdae gesê alles het gevloei soos dit moet sonder enige ernstige voorvalle. Hy het die hele week ‘n rustigheid op die terrein ervaar. Met heerlike sonskynweer was dit die warmste Nampo in jare en dit het tot die goeie bywoning bygedra.
Belangstellendes wat die oesdae wil herleef of na iets op
Besoekers het vanjaar rusplek onder koelte gesoek te midde van sonskynweer en warm dae. Die terrein se infrastrukuur kon die rekordbywoning baie goed hanteer.
Plek vir almal en vir alles, van 290 vliegtuie en 82 helikopters af oor vier dae tot 865 uitstallings en 86 474 besoekers. Foto: Graan SA.
Land Bank working hard to reclaim position in the agricultural sector
The past twelve months at the helm of the Land Bank has been an incredible journey seeing "funded farmers" blossom into “incredible farmers”. “In the financial year ended March 2024 we have deployed just over R700 million to assist farmers in dealing with some of the challenges they are currently experiencing,” said Land Bank CEO Themba Rikhotso, addressing the farmers and exhibitors at the Nampo harvest day.
He has been at the helm of the Land Bank for more than 12 months and assured farmers that the bank is determined to support farmers during these trying times. Rikhotso outlined plans to empower the future of farming and grow a stronger agriculture.
The challenges faced by the sector include erratic weather patterns, poor road and rail infrastructure, and frequent power cuts due to load shedding, which disrupts farming operations.
There is a perception that the Land Bank is no longer focusing on large white commercial farmers - a perception Rikhotso dismissed, saying: “This is not true, we continue to pay attention to all market segments including large white commercial farmers.
“We are also working hard to rebuild our credibility with our farmers and that will happen when they start to feel the
soek is en persone wat dit nie kon bywoon nie, kan van 1 Julie 2024 die Nampo-toepassing gebruik vir virtuele toere en uitstallers se inligting.
Nampo se datums vir volgende jaar is vasgestel op 13 tot 16 Mei 2025. Vir die res van 2024 beplan Graan SA Nampo Kaap van 11 tot 14 September op Bredasdorp en Nampo Alfa van 17 tot 19 Oktober op Nampo-park.
Om op ‘n besige dag vir tot soveel as 25 000 mense kos te gee is ‘n uitdaging wanneer almal binne twee tot drie ure geholpe wil raak, maar dit word steeds deur rustigheid gekenmerk. Met kos en verversings se voorsiening ondersteun Graan SA die plaaslike ekonomie deur dit aan gemeenskapsorganisasies sonder winsmotief en met werk deur vrywilligers toe te ken. Op die foto is die FPPK van Koster se stalletjie.
impact of the bank in their businesses. We have been out there engaging with farmers and we are pleased to say this message is finding resonance with farmers and stakeholders in the sector.”
Rikhotso said as part of revitalising its strategy, Land Bank is exploring opportunities for alternative sources of funding “to ensure that we are appropriately funded as a development finance institution to effectively carry out our mandate. We are also engaging with provincial government departments to collaborate in the consolidation of grant funding capacity for the benefit of the sector”.
Land Bank believes that Nampo is a crucial platform for stakeholders within the agricultural sector to engage through as it plays an important role in connecting the agricultural sector by offering producers a one-stop environment to interact and do business with small and large businesses and relevant role players.
The bank hosted a series engaging discussions over three days at Nampo and in Bothaville, including a discussion by Minister Thoko Didiza and Land Bank CEO unveiling the bank’s strategic vision. Other topics included a blended finance blueprint for the next crop of farmers and exploring the vital role of Land Bank Insurance Company.
Nicolene Goosen (17) van Botswana se hamermeuldeksel het ‘n eerste plek in die Boereplanne se ope afdeling ontvang. Sy het ook ‘n lugdruk-domkrag ontwerp en daarvoor ‘n eerste prys in dieafdelingvirgereedskapontvangen‘ntweedeprysvir‘nsakvuller in die afdeling vir huis- en haardplanne.
Eindelose planne op wenboer se plaas
As geleenthede ‘n plant was, was die plaas Schurvekop naby Bethal ‘n digte woud. Dit is waar Dewald te Water geen moontlikheid laat verbygaan sonder om die potensiaal daarvan vir waardetoevoeging te ondersoek en te benut nie.
SA Landbouskrywers se boer van die jaar van 2023 is by uitstek ‘n landbou-entrepeneur én boer. Daarvan getuig Te Water-boerdery in Mpumalanga se uitgebreide aktiwiteite. Benewens graan- en voerverbouing is of was Te Water betrokke by padbou en konstruksie, kuilvoer- en kunsmisvervaardiging, graanverwerking en steenmakery. Boonop het veeboerdery met Bovelders ‘n spesiale plek in Te Water-boerdery.
Een van dié boerdery se ondernemings wat nuusopskrifte gehaal het, was die verwerking van die plaas se mielies en sojabone vir die vervaardiging van springmielies, kaaskrulle en ontbytpap.
Dewald te Water waag nie sonder navorsing en voorbereiding nie, en glo ook nie daaraan om met ‘n projek voort te gaan as dit wankelrig is nie, selfs nie uit sentimentele redes of omdat dit lekker en mooi is nie. “Gee enige nuwe onderneming sowat 100 dae om sukses of mislukking te toon. Gaan aan, of staak dit sonder om emosioneel daaroor te wees,” sê Te Water toe ‘n groep landboujoernaliste sy ondernemings besoek het.
Hy het eers by ‘n ander boer gewerk waar hy mielies gesaai en met skaap geboer het. In 1999 sluit hy by sy broer Billy aan om gesamentlik te boer. Die veevertakking en konstruksie was onder Billy se beheer en Dewald het hoofsaaklik mielies in die graanvertakking behartig. Billy is in dieselfde jaar wat Dewald as boer van die jaar benoem is tragies oorlede en daarmee het
Dewald ook sy vertroueling en vennoot verloor.
Die twee broers het volgens Te Water met “alles geroei en gestoei” en bates in die boerdery en konstruksieonderneming uitgebrei. Hulle uitgangspunt was om alle inkomste in die onderneming terug te ploeg, om uit te brei en die verskeidenheid aktiwiteite te balanseer. Danksy die twee broers se bestuurstyl kon besluite vinnig geneem en uitgevoer word.
Die vele bedrywighede het deur die jare ‘n steenmakery (én tweede stenefabriek), padkonstruksie en asfalt vir paaie, steenkoolvervoer, verhuring van konstruksiemasjinerie en ‘n beesvertakking ingesluit. In die afgelope jare is daarop gekonsentreer om risiko’s te verminder.
Met die oog op waardetoevoeging van hulle eie plaasprodukte het Te Water in 2015 springmielies begin maak en versprei. Beperkings van die beskikbare toerusting en gebruiklike metode het daartoe gelei dat hy sy eie metode ontwikkel en self springmieliekanonne ontwerp en gebou het. Met hitte en hoë druk in die kanonne word springmielies op groot skaal vervaardig, verpak en onder die boerdery se eie handelsnaam versprei. Hy het verskeie mieliekultivars beproef om die regte grootte pit vir springmielies te vind.
Die aanleg vir springmielies het gelei tot nog projekte vir waardetoevoeging op die plaas - die vervaardiging van kaaskrulle en ontbytpap. Vir die vervaardiging van ontbytpap het hy aan ‘n Potchefstroomse maatskappy, Sense, geriewe ver-
Dewald te Water in sy kunsmisaanleg.
DewaldenTanileeteWaterhetledevanLandbouskrywersSAontvangnadathyasBoervan die Jaar aangewys is. Saam met hulle is Lindi Botha, voorsitter van Landbouskrywers SA, en Gerrit Bezuidenhout wat Te Water-boerdery as Boer van die Jaar genomineer het.
LedevandiemaatskappySensesespanwat‘naanlegopDewald te Water se plaas bedryf om onder meer ontbytpap te vervaardig. Hulle is Mandy van Zyl, Izelri Marx, Simoné van Niekerk en Nadine van der Walt.
skaf om proefnemings te doen en resepte te ontwikkel. Dié aanleg is nou ook op die plaas gevestig en dra by tot Te Waterboerdery se werkverskaffing.
Vir die boerdery se veevertakking het Te Water aanvanklik sy eie kuilvoermengsel gemaak. Dit het só gewild geword dat die boerdery nie net plaaslik voorsien nie, maar kuilvoer na markte in die Midde-Ooste uitvoer.
Soos in die saaiery word tegnologie ingespan en net die beste kwaliteit grondstowwe benut vir kuilvoer van hoë gehalte. Die kuilvoer word gebaal om vervoer en hantering te vergemaklik terwyl die gehalte behoue bly. Hy het ‘n aandeelhouer in ‘n kuilvoermaatskappy geword wat die plaaslike werktuigverspreider van die Noorweegse maatskappy Orkel is.
Te Water se sukses met sy kuilvoer het aan hom twee van drie toekennings besorg in 2022 se nasionale kuilvoerkompetisie.
Hy is positief oor die toekoms al bemoeilik politieke besluite
DewaldteWaterbyverpaktesakke kaaskrulle.
Weens tekortkominge van die beskikbare toerusting om springmielies te vervaardig het Dewald te Water sy eie springmieliekanonne ontwerp en gebou.
Die boerdery bedryf hulle eie meganiese werkswinkel vir landbou- en konstruksievoertuie.
se gevolge landbou se goeie potensiaal. Die weer en klimaat raak toenemend onvoorspelbaar en internasionale politiek, onstabiliteit en wisselkoersskommelings bemoeilik sake, soos Suid-Afrikaanse landbou met ingevoerde roumateriaal en toerusting ervaar.
Understanding the results of Rapid Visco Analyser pasting curves
Flour quality in baked or cooked products affects the end product appearance, taste, texture, water binding, and economics. Consistent performance of the flour on the production line is critical for process control and to ensure consistent quality and consumer satisfaction. Flour quality is measured by various tests, including milling -, physical -, baking -, and chemical tests.
Dr Corinda Erasmus RESEARCH CONSULTANT
The Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) is a popular instrument used for the repeatable measurement of the cooking properties of starch-based flours and premixes in slurries. Slurries include mixtures of flour and water which may be composite flours or pure starch flours. The RVA is often used to quantify the viscosity profiles of instant porridges and for selecting of suitable flours for specific applications such as high ratio cake mixes.
Care must be taken to interpret these curves correctly, and for the best value it is preferable to build up a database of characteristic pasting curves of good performing control samples to use as a reference to identify potential problems in the manufacturing plant.
What is the Rapid Visco Analyser?
The Rapid Visco Analyser is a rotational rheometer to accurately measure how the thickness of porridges or flour-water suspensions change from the raw state to the final cooked product, thereby mimicking the cooking process of a cereal. A mixture of flour and cold water is stirred at a constant speed in a specially designed sample cup, while being heated under controlled conditions subjected to a fixed heating-holdingcooling-holding cycle.
The change in viscosity (expressed as the resistance of the paddle stirrer against the sample) is plotted against time on a graph to produce a so-called pasting curve. Thick samples create a high resistance and therefore a high viscosity reading, while thin samples will produce low viscosity readings.
Why measure these changes?
The changes in thickness or viscosity during cooking is a powerful tool to indicate expected behaviour when the product
is cooked either by a consumer, or when products are used in industrial applications. The so-called pasting curve created by the RVA instrument is a powerful process control tool, as it indicates changes during mixing or pre-cooking of flours.
The viscosity profiles are also used to detect enzyme activity or sprouting damage in flours, as it will significantly reduce thickness compared to undamaged flours. For instant porridges, the change in the shapes of the curves indicate whether the porridges have been fully pre-cooked or not.
Stages of a pasting curve
The three main stages of a pasting curve (Figure 1) are the heating stage, holding stage at a constant temperature, and the cooling stage. The flour sample is weighed into a sample cup and mixed with cold water. The cup and paddle (Figure 2) are then inserted into the machine heating mantle and stirrer coupling. Once the paddle starts rotating at a constant speed, the temperature is increased according to a pre-programmed heating profile to reach a certain maximum (usually 94 °C in Gauteng), which is just below the boiling point of water. Boiling must be avoided because it will disrupt the viscosity readings and cause incorrect results.
Once the maximum temperature is reached, the sample is kept there for a few minutes, while stirring continues. The cooling stage starts after the holding stage, while stirring of the sample continues, but the cooling time is kept short to prevent stirrer and paddle damage when the starch begins to set into a gel.
During the heating section the small raw starch granules start to swell until it reaches its maximum size and maximum water absorption. This is also where the peak viscosity of the sample is measured. During the holding section at 94 °C the starch granules start to break up and the starch chains (amylose and amylopectin) escapes. This results into a thinning effect re-
the hot paste viscosity is known as the breakdown, which is an important indicator of the inherent stability of the starch in the sample.
The set-back value is the difference between the final viscosity and the hot paste viscosity. It indicates the strength of the gel that will form during cooling of the sample. The pasting temperature is also often measured, it is the temperature where the viscosity of the sample starts to increase from the raw slurry stage, indicating the start of the swelling of the starch granules by water absorption.
Applications of RVA measurements
Typical industrial applications of RVA measurements include the stirring number, cooking behaviour of pasta, premix consistency, cake flour and instant porridges.
Stirring Number – this number indicates alpha-amylase activity in wheat flours. High numbers indicate low enzyme activity because the viscosity of the slurry remains high. Low stirring numbers indicate that enzymes are breaking down the starch matrix and reduces viscosity.
Cooking behaviour of pasta – mouthfeel and chewing properties (for example soft vs “al dente” or firm pastas) are related to the cooking behaviour. Lower peak viscosities and a low breakdown value indicating a stable hot paste viscosity are typical characteristics of firmer pastas.
ducing the viscosity as the chains become more stretched-out, slippery and loose.
The trough or hot paste viscosity is measured after holding of the sample for a specific time at the holding temperature, just before the cooling cycle starts. Upon cooling, the starch strands start to aggregate and form a strong gel if most of the starch consists of amylose. If the starch contains mostly amylopectin, no gel will form and the mixture will remain a glue-like slurry, even if cold.
Parameters important on a RVA graph
The peak viscosity is the highest viscosity obtained just before the temperature holding section starts. The trough or hot paste viscosity is measured just before the cooling section starts and it is the lowest viscosity measured during the holding section. The final viscosity is measured at the end of the cooling section. The difference between the peak viscosity and
Premix consistency – premixes used for baking, batters and other applications must have consistent performance. This can be monitored by checking the RVA pasting curves of batches during production.
Cake flour – high ratio cakes depend on a strong starch gel structure to allow for entrapment of air bubbles during the baking process, and the bubbles must not aggregate to ensure even dispersion of small bubbles and a soft spongy texture in the final product. The ability of cake batter to stay stable at the critical point during baking just after leavening in the oven and before heat setting, is related to a high peak viscosity of the RVA curve of the cake flour giving high expansion volumes. Low peak viscosities will cause the cake to collapse in the oven.
Instant porridges – the reconstitution properties of instant porridges must be repeatable; therefore porridge viscosity must be constant. RVA curves can be used for quality control of instant porridge batches.
Figure 2. The RVA sample cup and paddle stirrer, showing cooked starch after completion of the test procedure. Photo supplied.
Figure 1. Basic viscosity profile.
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Vestiging en verspreiding van Russiese koringluis skep uitdagings vir beheer
Russiese koringluis is sedert 1978 in Suid-Afrika se koringverbouingstreke teenwoordig. Alternatiewe beheermeganismes en wisselende aktiewe bestanddele in chemiese beheer is onder meer vir beheer nodig. Foto: verskaf.
Dr Astrid Jankielsohn
LNR-KLEINGRAAN, BETHLEHEM
Die vestigingsukses en tempo waarteen ‘n insek kan versprei sal die sukses van ‘n insekplaag bepaal. Die vestiging en tempo word beïnvloed deur abiotiese en biotiese faktore wat die aanpassing en verspreiding van ‘n insek in ‘n geografiese gebied sal bepaal. Russiese koringluis, soos baie ander luisspesies, besit baie van die kenmerke wat ‘n suksesvolle insekplaag beskryf.
Soos ander luise is Russiese koringluis (RKL) partenogeneties en een wyfie kan binne ‘n kort tydperk groot populasies produseer. As gevolg daarvan het hierdie luis ‘n wêreldwye bedreiging vir koringproduksie geword.
RKL is van 1978 af in die koringverbouingstreke in Suid-Afrika teenwoordig. Aanvanklik was die verspreiding tot die Oos-Vrystaat beperk maar die verspreiding het vinnig na die res van die verbouingstreke uitgebrei. RKL is nou in al die koringverbouingstreke in Suid-Afrika teenwoordig. Dit sluit die droëlandstreke in die somerreënstreek van die Vrystaat, die winterreënstreke in die Wes-Kaap en die besproeiingstreke in die Wes-Vrystaat, NoordKaap en KwaZulu-Natal in.
As gevolg van RKL se wêreldwye verspreiding is baie werk gedoen om doeltreffende beheermeganismes te ontwikkel. Die meganismes konsentreer op chemiese beheer en die teel van weerstandbiedende koringkultivars.
In Suid-Afrika is koringkultivars met RKL-weerstand gedurende 1992 vrygestel. Hierdie kultivars is hoofsaaklik in die droëlandstreke in die Oos-Vrystaat verbou. Namate kultivars met verskillende weerstandsgene vrygestel en verbou is, is stelselmatig verskillende RKL-biotipes in hierdie omgewing gevind wat die genetiese weerstand in die koringkultivars kon oorkom.
Die gevolg is dat genetiese weerstand nie meer die RKLbevolkingsgroei onder ‘n skadelikheidsvlak kon hou nie. Tans het geen koringkultivar in die mark doeltreffende weerstand teen die biotipe RWASA5 nie. Hierdie RKL-biotipes kom net in die droëlandverbouingstreke in die Oos-Vrystaat voor en het as gevolg van seleksiedruk ontwikkel vanaf die weerstandbiedende koringkultivars in hierdie omgewing.
Weerstandbiedende kultivars is nooit in die droëlandkoringstreke van die Wes-Kaap en in besproeiingstreke in die WesVrystaat, Noord-Kaap en KwaZulu-Natal verbou nie. Gevolglik was daar nie seleksiedruk op die RKL-populasies in hierdie gebiede nie en net die oorspronklike RWASA1 kom in hierdie gebiede voor.
Tabel 1. Aktiewe bestanddele algemeen gebruik teen graanluise in koringverbouingsgebiede in Suid-Afrika.
Aktiewe bestanddeelGroepIRAC kodeMeganisme
ChlorpyriphosOrganofosfaat1B sistemies/ kontak
DimethoateOrganofosfaat1B sistemies/ kontak ImidaclopridNeonicotinoid4Asistemies AcetamipridNeonicotinoid4Asistemies ThiamethoxamNeonicotinoid4Asistemies
Die beheermeganisme wat in hierdie gebiede gebruik is, was hoofsaaklik chemiese beheer. Die doel van chemiese beheer is om die plaag se populasie onder ‘n skadelike vlak te hou. Omdat alle luisspesies met chemiese middels beheer kan word, is dit die algemeenste beheermeganisme wat tot dusver toegepas is.
Die aktiewe bestanddele wat hoofsaaklik teen RKL op koring in Suid-Afrika gebruik is, is beperk tot Chlorpyriphos, Dimethoate, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid en Thiamethoxam (Tabel 1). Hierdie aktiewe bestanddele val net in twee groepe, Organofosfate (1B) en Neonicotinoids (4A).
Die herhaalde gebruik van hierdie groepe in dieselfde gebiede het ook seleksiedruk op die luise tot gevolg, wat daartoe sal lei dat hierdie beheermeganisme ook nie meer doeltreffend is om die populasie onder die skadelikheidsvlak te beperk nie. In sommige gebiede in die Wes-Kaap en Wes-Vrystaat is populasies van RKL gevind wat ‘n afname in sensitiwiteit teen hierdie aktiewe bestanddele toon.
Die teenwoordigheid van RKL-populasies in al die koringverbouingstreke in Suid-Afrika dui daarop dat hierdie populasies suksesvol in hierdie gebiede gevestig het. Hierdie populasies het ook suksesvol aangepas by die beheermeganismes wat teen hulle gebruik is, tot so ‘n mate dat hierdie beheermeganismes nie meer doeltreffend is om die populasiegetalle onder ‘n skadelikheidsvlak te hou nie.
Om ‘n suksesvolle beheermeganisme te ontwikkel moet die verskil in plaagdoderweerstand van verskillende RKL-populasies in ag geneem word en ‘n vertragingstaktiek teen die ontwikkeling van weerstand geïmplementeer word. Dit sluit in om plaagdoders selektief te gebruik, net wanneer dit nodig is, en die afwisseling van verskillende groepe aktiewe bestanddele.
Alternatiewe beheermeganismes moet onwikkel word en ‘n geïntegreeerde benadering met wisseling tussen verskillende beheermeganismes ondersoek word om seleksiedruk op RKL te verhoed.
The search for the superior oat: Evaluating top cultivars
Worldwide the aim is to find genetic superstars in oat cultivars that produce ample harvests. In South Africa, 17 entries from four institutions were involved in the 2023 ARC-Small Grain’s oat cultivar evaluation programme.
Petrus Delport (Stellenbosch) and Ernest Dube (George)
ARC-SMALL GRAIN
When it comes to oats, not all cultivars are created equal. While bowls of steaming oatmeal may seem alike, the cultivars available for producers can differ immensely in their nutritional profiles, disease resistance, yields, and overall performance. It's the job of agronomists and plant breeders to evaluate these cultivars through extensive cultivar trials in the never-ending quest to find a superior oat cultivar.
At research stations worldwide, hundreds of different oat cultivars and elite breeder lines are evaluated side-by-side, replicating plots over multiple sites and years. Researchers then analyse the cultivars across dozens of important characteristics, from emergence and maturity rates to plant height, tillering, disease resistance, grain yield and, of course grain quality data.
Their aim is to find the rare genetic superstars that produce ample harvests of plump, nutrientdense oat grains without buckling under disease pressure or adverse environmental conditions. It's a pursuit where tiny genetic differences can spell the difference between a new blockbuster cultivar and an underperformer.
But no oat variety is perfect. Increased yields and disease resistance often come at the expense of other agronomic traits.
Four institutions contributed a total of 17 entries for the 2023 ARC-Small Grain’s oat cultivar evaluation programme, each bringing its unique genetics to enrich the oat cultivar trials. Seed treatments were applied to all cultivars and optimal seed densities for the cultivars of 220 plants per square meter were maintained across all trials. Fertiliser application programmes were tailored to suit location-specific requirements, and these included N:P:K mixtures during planting and top dressing applications mid-season.
Pre-emergence and post-emergence applications tailored to each locality ensured effective weed management practices. This is especially important with oats as there are no postemergence herbicide to kill grass weeds like rye grass in oat fields. Similarly, disease and insect control measures were put in place to mitigate risks and protect oat fields from potential threats.
Trials in the Western Cape
The Swartland region in the Western Cape, known for its diverse agricultural landscapes, faced a rollercoaster of climatic conditions in 2023. While early rainfall in May and June 2023 set a promising tone, the abrupt drought stress in October disrupted the delicate balance, impacting oat yields and kernel quality adversely.
TO PAGE 18
Petrus Delport with experimental oats breeding lines
Photo: Supplied.
Harvesting oat trials. Photo: Supplied.
Oat seeds in the ARC-Small Grain’s laboratory.
Plots for oat trials prepared. Photo: Supplied. Photo: Supplied.
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Gevaarstellings: Skadelik indien dit ingesluk of ingeasem word. Moontlikheid dat dit kanker kan veroorsaak. Moontlikheid dat dit vrugbaarheid negatief kan beïnvloed. Moontlikheid dat dit skadelik kan wees vir ’n ongebore fetus. Baie giftig vir waterlewe, met langdurige gevolge. Dra beskermde handskoene/klere/oog-/gesigbeskerming. Moenie die dampe en missproei inasem nie. LEES DIE ETIKET VOOR GEBRUIK.
The search for the superior oat: Evaluating top cultivars
On the other hand, the Rûens region experienced a contrasting scenario with abundant rainfall in September and October 2023, leading to flooding that posed challenges to oat quality and yield.
Notably, one trial in Rûens had to be excluded due to cattle damage just before harvesting, highlighting the unpredictable nature of agricultural endeavours.
In summary, experiences from the oat cultivar evaluation tri-
als in the Swartland and Rûens regions during the 2023 season encapsulates a narrative of resilience, adaptability, and agricultural expertise. As farmers navigate through climatic uncertainties and operational challenges, the ARC-SG’s oat cultivar evaluation programme will contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by enabling farmers to choose the best genetics. Result for the 2023 season as well as long term averages for oats cultivars are presented in Tables 1 to 4
1. Average yield (ton/ha) of oats cultivars in the Swartland during the full or partial period from 2021 - 2023.
Table
The ARC-Small Grain’s oat cultivar evaluation programme will contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by enabling farmers to choose the best genetics. Photo: Supplied.
Table 4: Average hectolitre mass (kg/hl) of oats cultivars in the Rûens during the full or partial period from 2021 - 2023.
Table 3. Average yield (ton/ha) of oats cultivars in the Rûens during the full or partial period from 2021- 2023.
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Optimise synergy and enhance weed control efficiency
Winter cereals such as wheat and barley are important in South Africa's agriculture, contributing significantly to food security and economic stability. Crop health is an important factor in the success of these crops and weed control is key in ensuring this.
Magunya Kalimashe HERBICIDE PORTFOLIO MANAGER - VILLA
When two or more herbicides are mixed, an interaction occurs, influencing the overall efficacy of the treatment. This interaction can result in either synergistic or antagonistic effects where the combined impact either exceeds or falls short of the sum of individual effects.
Understanding herbicide interactions can help in selecting suitable herbicides that complement each other and enhance efficacy through synergistic interactions.
Barbieri et al. (2022) investigated the interactions of herbicide mixtures and shed light on this phenomenon. They define synergy as “any type of interaction or cooperation that produces an outcome greater than the simple sum of its parts”.
Within this context, the combination of Rametrex 410 EC and Trismic 750 WDG emerges as a noteworthy synergy, presenting a unique weed management strategy in winter cereals, particularly wheat and barley.
The post-emergence herbicide Rametrex 410 EC targets a wider spectrum of problematic broadleaf weeds such as Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish, ramenas). In combination with Trismic 750 WDG in a tank mixture, growers can realise a potent synergistic effect, enhancing weed control efficacy beyond what each herbicide could achieve independently.
Trismic 750 WDG is Villa’s latest addition to its winter cereals herbicide portfolio. A selective, systemic sulfonylurea herbicide with the active ingredient tribenuron-methyl, it targets sensitive weeds by disrupting the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzymes. Visual symptoms include vein reddening, leaf chlorosis, and ultimately, necrosis.
With its high-load water dispersible granule (WDG) formulation and low use rates, Trismic 750 WDG provides cost-effective weed control while minimising environmental impact. As a WDG formulation, it also has the added benefit of dispersing quickly in water, which makes mixing relatively effortless.
Rametrex 410 EC, a post-emergence herbicide with bromoxynil, dicamba, and MCPA as active ingredients, has long been recognised for its efficacy in weed control in small grains.
It is a unique formulation targeting a wider spectrum of problematic broadleaf weeds such as Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish, ramenas) with multiple modes of action.
The use of premixed formulations such as Rametrex 410 EC reduces the margin of error because applicators have fewer products to measure and mix. This also eliminates concerns related to compatibility issues.
By applying these herbicides – Rametrex 410 EC and Trismic 750 WDG – in a tank mixture, growers can realise a potent synergistic effect, enhancing weed control efficacy beyond what each herbicide could achieve independently.
This synergy highlights the importance of strategic herbicide combinations in optimising productivity. Moreover, herbicide tank mixtures are critical in managing herbicide resistance.
In addition to their weed control efficacy, Rametrex 410 EC and Trismic 750 WDG provide good selectivity to the crop when applied according to the label recommendations.
It is important to acknowledge that the complexities of weed management go beyond the singular application of herbicides. Integrated pest management strategies and stewardship practices also play important roles in sustainable weed management.
Contact the Villa distributor to learn more about how Rametrex 410 EC and Trismic 750 WDG can revolutionise a weed control programme.
Reference Barbieri,G.F.,Young,B.G.,Dayan,F.E.,Streibig,J.C.,Takano,H.K., MerottoJr,A.andAvila,L.A.,2022.Herbicidemixtures:interactionsandmodeling. Advances in Weed Science, 40(spe1), p.e020220051.
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To download the labels, scan the QR code.
Registration details:
RAMETREX 410 EC
- Broad-Spectrum Champion
- Unique combination of 3 active ingredients
- Multiple modes of action
- Ideal for resistance management strategies
Trismic 750 WDG, L 11481 Act No. 36 of 1947. Active ingredient: tribenuron-methyl (sulfonyl urea) 750 g/kg. Danger. Hazard Statements: Causes mild skin irritation.May cause an allergic skin reaction.Causes serious eye irritation.May cause damage to organs (indication not necessary according to RAC) through prolonged or repeated exposure (oral).Very toxic to aquatic life.Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Precautionary Statements: IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water and non-abrasive soap.IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Avoid release to the environment. Registration holder: UNIVERSAL CROP PROTECTION (PTY) LTD.Co. Botes Road, Glen Marais, Kempton Park, 1619 Tel. (011) 396 2233 Always read the label before use.
Rametrex 410 EC, L 10080 Act No. 36 of 1947. Active ingredient: bromoxynil as the octanoate ester 145.5 g/l. (acid equivalent) 100 g ae/l. dicamba as the sodium salt 33g/l. (acid equivalent) 30 g ae/l. MCPA as the iso-octyl ester 436.6 g/l. (acid equivalent) 280 g ae/l. Danger. Hazard Statements: Combustible liquid.Harmful if swallowed.May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways.May be harmful in contact with skin.Causes mild skin irritation.May cause an allergic skin reaction.Causes eye irritation.May be harmful if inhaled.May cause respiratory irritation.May cause drowsiness or dizzinessSuspected of causing cancer.Suspected of damaging the unborn child.May cause damage to organs (central nervous system) through prolonged or repeated exposure.Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Precautionary Statements: Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use. Wear impervious rubber gloves and chemical safety goggles. Registration holder: VILLA CROP PROTECTION (PTY) LTD.P.O. Box 10413, Aston Manor, 1630Tel. (011) 396 2233 Always read the label before use.
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Wheat leaf rust – a widely distributed disease in South Africa
Tarekegn Terefe
ARC-SMALL GRAIN
Willem Boshoff
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE
Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina (Pt), is a commonly occurring disease of wheat in South Africa. The leaf rust pathogen produces circular to oval shaped, orangebrown pustules (containing masses of fungal spores) on leaves of infected wheat plants. In South Africa, leaf rust can cause more than 50% yield loss on susceptible cultivars under favourable environmental conditions. Therefore, the availability of appropriate management strategies is crucial to control the disease and to prevent outbreaks on susceptible cultivars.
Cultivar resistance to rust pathogens is preferred from both input cost and environmental safety perspectives. Therefore, resistance breeding is considered an important leaf rust control strategy. However, rust pathogens have the capacity to evolve and form new strains (races) with the ability to infect previously resistant cultivars. To counter this challenge, many countries including South Africa, undertake regular rust monitoring.
Rust surveys are in support of more sustainable leaf rust control and aims to timely detect new races and assess their effect on cultivar responses. The data from surveillance studies serve as an early warning to wheat breeders and producers about possible threats. Furthermore, newly identified races can be used in screening germplasm to identify effective resistance genes for use in resistance breeding.
Therefore, annual leaf rust surveys and virulence studies have been conducted in South Africa by ARC-Small Grain (ARC-SG) and collaborators from University of the Free State (UFS) over the past four decades. As part of ongoing rust monitoring, the present survey was conducted during the 2023/24 season across the major wheat growing regions including the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, North West, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga.
Trap nurseries planted at 17 trial localities, commercial wheat fields, and experimental wheat plots were surveyed. Wheat leaves infected with leaf rust were collected and spores from these samples were inoculated onto seedlings of a set of standard differential lines to identify the Pt races. Current wheat cultivars and breeding lines, submitted by breeders to the UFS, were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions to provide updates on their response to the most common and threatening Pt races.
Prevalence of leaf rust
Leaf rust was found in 12 (71%) of the 17 trap nurseries planted across the major wheat production regions (Table 1). In the Western Cape, the disease was observed in all ten trap nurseries. More than 60% leaf rust severity was noted on susceptible entries at Koringplaas, Langkloof, Porterville, and Hopefield areas. Severity on most of the trap entries at the remaining localities was lower than 20%. From 30 farmers’ fields surveyed in the Western Cape, five (17%) showed <1% severity with 20% severity observed in one field.
In KwaZulu-Natal, leaf rust was detected on many trap
Leaf rust pustules on the flag leaf of a susceptible wheat plant.
Photo supplied.
Table 1. Occurrence of leaf rust in trap nurseries, farmers’ fields, and experimental wheat plots in different regions of South Africa during the 2023 season.
ProvinceFarmers’ fields visitedFields with leaf rust WesternCape305
FreeState151
Limpopo 50
Mpumalanga20
NorthWest20
KwaZulu-Natal21
Total 567 (12,5%)
ProvinceTrap nurseries visitedNurseries with leaf rust WesternCape1010
FreeState50
KwaZulu-Natal22
Total 1712 (70,6%)
Locality / ProvinceTrial plots visitedPlots with leaf rust
Koringplaas(WesternCape)11
Langkloof(WesternCape)11
Bethlehem(FreeState)11
Bergville(KwaZulu-Natal11
Burgersfort(Limpopo)11
Total 55 (100%)
entries at Winterton although most of these entries had <10% severity. Similarly, trace symptoms of the disease were found on a few susceptible trap entries at Bergville.
Leaf rust was not observed in any of the trap nurseries surveyed at five localities in the Free State province. Five farmers’ fields surveyed in Limpopo, two in Mpumalanga and two in North West didn’t show leaf rust.
However, over 10% severity was noted on one farm near Winterton in KwaZulu-Natal. Furthermore, leaf rust was found on wheat in experimental plots planted at Koringplaas (5% severity), Langkloof (10%), Burgersfort (1020%), Bergville (30%), and Bethlehem (1%).
Generally, leaf rust was more widely found in the Western Cape compared to the other wheat production regions surveyed. The distribution and severity
of leaf rust was higher in the trap nurseries compared to commercial wheat fields. This can be attributed to either cultivar resistance, which is often race specific, or to the application of fungicides by farmers.
Frequency of leaf rust races
Four leaf rust races were identified from 83 isolates pathotyped to date (Table 2). Races 3SA170 (39% frequency) and 3SA115 (36%) were most frequently detected followed by 3SA100 (19%) and 3SA14 (6%). Race 3SA170 was widely found in the Western Cape, both in the Rûens and Swartland wheat growing areas. Likewise, 3SA14 was detected in the Western Cape at Panorama and Riversdal areas, and in Limpopo at Burgersfort.
On the other hand, 3SA115 was commonly found in samples collected from Bergville and Winterton (KwaZulu-
Natal), and from Bethlehem and Reitz (Free State). This race was also detected at four localities in the Rûens. Race 3SA100 was found in some localities in the Western Cape, Free State, and Limpopo.
Race 3SA170 was detected for the first time in 2020 in the Western Cape and Free State. This race showed wider virulence compared to most of the existing leaf rust races in South Africa and its predominance during the past three years was attributed to the increase in areas planted with SST 0166 (moderately susceptible to 3SA170) in the Western Cape since 2018 (Terefe et al., 2022).
Race 3SA115 has been regularly found in the Western Cape, Free State, and KwaZulu-Natal over the past 12 years. This race is considered less threatening to current commercial cultivars due to its narrower virulence when compared to most other leaf rust races detected in South Africa. Race 3SA100 was found for the first time in 2020 in the Free State province. Both 3SA100 and 3SA170 are virulent to key resistance genes like Lr24, Lr26, Lr13, and Lr37
Race 3SA14 was first detected in 2021 in the Western Cape and its distribution has previously been limited to this province, but in 2023 it was also found at Burgersfort (Limpopo) (Table 2). It is the only leaf rust race known in SA that is virulent to the Lr9 resistance gene.
Evaluation of current cultivars and breeding lines indicated that the previously leaf rust resistant cultivar SST 0117 became moderately susceptible to 3SA14. SST 0117 remains highly resistant to all other races of the pathogen. Further information on recently detected leaf rust races including 3SA14, 3SA170, and 3SASA100 can be found in Terefe and Boshoff (2022). The latest update on the status of leaf rust resistance of current wheat cultivars is given in Table 3. The data for each cultivar has been gathered over a minimum of two seasons under field conditions conducive to leaf rust development. Many of the listed cultivars do contain race specific sources of resistance to at least some of the locally reported races of the pathogen. The data presented in Table 3 has been gathered using the most
Table 2. The distribution of leaf rust races across the major wheat growing regions of South Africa during the 2023 season.
Wheat leaf rust – a widely distributed disease in South Africa
FROM PAGE 23
virulent races available and therefor present a “worst-case or virulent race” scenario for each cultivar.
Conclusion
With the surveys undertaken in 2023, leaf rust was widely found in the Western Cape with a lower prevalence in the summer rainfall and irrigation wheat growing regions. Although high leaf rust severity was noted in trap nurseries at some localities in the Western Cape, the disease appeared under control in the more than 50 farmers’ fields surveyed. This can be attributed to the application of fungicides by farmers, particularly in the Western Cape. Cultivar resistance, although not always effective to all the races of the pathogen, further contributes to the control of the disease.
Four leaf rust races were identified at the time of this report and none of these races are new as they were previously reported in South Africa. Leaf rust race 3SA14, which was detected for the first time in 2021 in the Western Cape, has been found in one sample collected from Burgersfort (Limpopo), expanding its geographic range of occurrence. The risk of this race to local wheat production has been previously assessed and reported (Terefe and Boshoff, 2022).
Acknowledgements
The South African Winter Cereal Industry Trust and the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural development are acknowledged for funding the the project.
Table 3. Current wheat leaf rust response data for wheat cultivars recommended for the three wheat production regions.
IrrigationWestern CapeFree State
Duzi(PBR)SPAN3471(PBR)MSElands(PBR)S Koedoes(PBR)SPAN3753(PBR)MRKoonap(PBR)S Krokodil(PBR)SPAN3774(PBR)SKougas(PBR)S PAN3400(PBR)SPAN3783(PBR)MSKubetu(PBR)S PAN3497(PBR)SPAN3855(PBR)MRMatlabas(PBR)S PAN3584(PBR)MSPAN3976(PBR)SMokolo(PBR)S PAN3611(PBR)MSRatel(PBR)MSPAN3111(PBR)S PAN3681(PBR)MSSteenbok(PBR)MSPAN3161(PBR)MS Renoster(PBR)SSST0117(PBR)MSPAN3373(PBR)MS Selons(PBR)MSSST0127(PBR)MRSenqu(PBR)MS SST806(PBR)MSSST0147(PBR)MRSST356(PBR)S SST8135(PBR)MSSST0166(PBR)MSSST374(PBR)S SST8154(PBR)SSST0187(PBR)MRSST3197(PBR)MR SST8156(PBR)MSSST015(PBR)SSST3207(PBR)MS SST8175(PBR)MSSST056(PBR)MSWedzi(PBR)S SST8177(PBR)MSSST087(PBR)S SST8205(PBR)MSSST0208(PBR)MR
SST884(PBR)STredou(PBR)MS
Umgeni(PBR)MS
Usutu(PBR)S
MR=ModeratelyResistant,MS=ModeratelySusceptible,S=Susceptible, PBR=Plantbreeders’rights
References
Terefe etal.,2023.Physiologicracesof Pucciniatriticina detectedonwheatinSouthAfrica from2017to2020.EuropeanJPlantPathol.165:1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10658-022-02583-x
Terefe,T.andBoshoff,W.H.P.2022.Newleafrustracesdetectedonwheat.SAGrain49 (5),May2022.pp48-49.
InteliGro appoints managing director
InteliGro appointed AJ Griesel as managing director after Gideon Hefer stepped into a new role in the WinField United South Africa Group. InteliGro is a provider of integrated crop solutions, with a complete network in South Africa and Namibia.
Griesel most recently led the South African Table Grape Industry as chief executive officer. According to Jan Vermaak, chief executive officer of WinField United South Africa, Griesel brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the team with over 20 years of experience in the agricultural industry.
“I am excited to join this team of experts and innovators,” says Griesel. “Together, we
will continue to build upon the strong foundation and seize new opportunities for growth.”
Griesel will be traveling across the country to meet with the respective InteliGro teams and stakeholders.
InteliGro company was formed in 2016 after the amalgamation of Terason (1999) and TechniChem (1989). Sustainability and the success of growers are at the heart of the InteliGro business, with the goal to optimise and protect crops to deliver high-quality yields. The company offer a team of certified crop advisors, experienced technical specialists, top-quality suppliers, and comprehensive product ranges.
AJ Griesel
die laaste kan staande teen kleingraan siektes
3 maniere hoe TILT® die wins in jou guns swaai:
Lang nawerking – word translaminêr en opwaarts sistemies in die xileem vervoer en beskerm dus ook nuwe groei.
Kuratiewe werking – teiken ook infeksies wat alreeds plaasgevind het.
Reënvastheid – word vinnig deur groen weefsel opgeneem en is dus vinnig reënvas.
TILT®. Die staatmaker teen kleingraan siektes.
die ongebore kind kan beskadig. Kan ’n allergiese velreaksie veroorsaak. Veroorsaak ernstige oogirritasie. Kan lomerigheid of duiseligheid veroorsaak. Giftig vir waterlewe met langdurige effekte.
®, die verwantskapraam, die doelwit-ikoon en die woord Syngenta is geregistreerde handelsmerke van ’n Syngenta Groepmaatskappy. Syngenta Suid-Afrika (Edms.) Beperk, Privaatsak X60, Halfway House, 1685. Tel. (011) 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za © Syngenta Ag, 2000. Kopiereg voorbehou. Alle ongemagtigde vermeerdering word verbied. @SyngentaSA | www.syngenta.co.za
Roesswamme is ’n faktor in die produksie van hawer
WHP Boshoff en ZA Pretorius DEPARTEMENT PLANTWETENSKAPPE, UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT
Roesswamme ding met hul gasheerplante mee vir voedingstowwe, en die kolonisasie en vernietiging van fotosinterende weefsel lei tot ‘n onvermydelike afname in plante se groeikrag en produktiwiteit. Wanneer infeksie van roesswamme gevolglik nie effektief op vatbare hawerkultivars beheer word nie, dra dit by tot laer opbrengste en ‘n swakker gehalte van die graan. Hierdie artikel rapporteer die gevoeligheid van hawerkultivars soos opgeneem in die 2024 handleiding van LNR-Kleingraan (Tabel 1).
Hawer het vele gebruike in Suid-Afrika wat veevoer insluit, hetsy as groenvoer of in gebaalde vorm. Hawer word ook opgeneem in die ontbytgraanmark en is gewild as perdevoer en voëlkos, terwyl die strooi ook benut kan word. Faktore soos die genetiese potensiaal van ‘n kultivar, heersende klimaatstoestande asook die voorkoms en tydige beheer van siektes het ‘n uitwerking op hawergraan se opbrengste en kwaliteit. Roesswamme dra by tot ‘n afname in die produksie en ekonomiese waarde van hawergraan asook tot verhoogde insetkoste wanneer swamdoders toegedien moet word.
Kroonroes
Die siekte wat op beide aangeplante hawer en wildehawer voorkom (foto’s 1-2) se naam is afgelei van die kroonagtige uitsteeksels (foto 3) van een van die swam se spoorstadiums. Kroonroes word veroorsaak deur die roesswam Puccinia coronata var avenae f. sp. avenae
Die siekte kan onder vogtige toestande en matige temperature (15-25 °C) vinnig op vatbare kultivars toeneem. Die blare en blaarskedes van vatbare kultivars word onder gunstige toestande oortrek met ronde tot ovaalvormige roespuisies, gevul met massas meestal oranje tot geel roesspore, wat deur die epidermis breek en aanleiding gee tot die verdere verspreiding van die swam.
Die vernietiging van blaarweefsel tydens vroeë infeksies het ‘n negatiewe invloed op plantontwikkeling en die vaslegging van opbrengspotensiaal. Latere infeksie van die vlagblare dra by tot ‘n afname in pitgewig met ‘n gevolglike laer hektolitermassa.
Stamroes
Die roesswam Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae is verantwoordelik vir stamroes op hawer (foto 4). Die siekte kan vinnig op vatbare kultivars ontwikkel tydens warmer weer (20-30 °C), met gereelde dou, mis of reën.
Onder gunstige toestande vir infeksie kan simptome reeds vroeg in die seisoen op die blare van vatbare kultivars voorkom, maar die roesswam is meer bekend daarvoor om tydens graanvul die stamme te besmet. Met swaar besmetting later in die
Tabel 1. Roesreaksie van hawerkultivars en teellyne ingesluit vir graanproduksie in die kultivarevaluasieprogram van die LNR-Kleingraan.
KultivarKroonroesStamroes HorsepowerWV
KompasbergVMV SimonsbergMWMV PiketbergMWV H20/01WV H20/02WV DunnartMVMV SaddleWV
SSH405MVV
SSH4185VMV
SSH4186VV SSH421MVV
SSH491VV TowerbergMWMV PallinupVMV H22/011MWV
W=Weerstandbiedend,MW=Matigweerstandbiedend, MV=Matigvatbaar,V=Vatbaar
seisoen word die stamme oortrek met massas langwerpige, rooi-bruin roespuisies. Hierdie letsels het ‘n tipiese roeskleurige en poeieragtige voorkoms en produseer miljoene mikroskopiese swamspore wat weer dieselfde plant, of naburige plante, kan infekteer.
Die vernietiging van stamweefsel verswak die plant en beïnvloed die verspreiding van voedingstowwe met gevolglike afname in pitgewig en hektolitermassa.
Beheer van roesswamme
Roesswamme benodig lewende gasheerplante vir oorlewing om ‘n sogenaamde “groen brug” tussen seisoene te vorm en kan nie deur saad oorgedra word nie. Die voorkoms van vatbare opslaghawer tydens die somermaande asook die vatbaarheid van wildehawer, ‘n algemene onkruid in kleingraan-
Die roesnavorsingsgroep aan die Vrystaatse Universiteit is ’n internasionaal-erkende kundigheidsentrum wat die genetiese verwantskappe van verskeie roesswamme, hul verspreiding, siekteveroorsakende vermoëns en impak op kommersiële kultivars en teellyne van landbougewasse, bestudeer.
lande en langs paaie, speel ‘n belangrike rol in die oorlewing, verspreiding en voorkoms van beide roesswamme op aangeplante hawer.
Aanplantings van roesvatbare hawerkultivars as weiding kan vroeg in die seisoen reeds met die roesswamme geïnfekteer word, wat ook kan bydra tot siektedruk op aanplantings wat vir graanproduksie geoormerk word. Die swamspore van die roesswamme is uitstekend aangepas vir windverspreiding wat tot die vinnige toename in voorkoms van die siektes kan bydra.
Hawerroesswamme vorm verskillende rasse. Elkeen van hierdie rasse beskik oor ‘n unieke arsenaal van siekteveroorsakende gene wat bepaal watter kultivars geïnfekteer kan word en watter nie. Hawerkultivars en teellyne geoormerk vir graanproduksie is onder beheerde glashuis- en veldtoestande getoets teen heersende rasse van beide roesswamme. Die resultate toon ‘n gebrek aan genetiese bestandheid teen stamroes met simptome waargeneem in die kategorieë “matig vatbaar” en “vatbaar”.
Hierteenoor toon die data vir kroonroes heelwat inskrywings in die weerstandbiedende en matig weerstandbiedende kategorieë. Saadmaatskappye word ook aangemoedig om nuwe hawerkultivars vir hul roesreaksie te laat toets en om die inligting aan produsente beskikbaar te stel. Sodoende kan hawerprodusente meer ingeligte besluite neem ten opsigte van die roesrisiko van die kultivars wat hulle verbou, asook wanneer chemiese beheer ter sprake kom.
Vir meer inligting kontak Willem Boshoff by boshoffwhp@ufs. ac.za
Tipiese simptome van kroonroes, veroorsaak deur Puccinia coronata var avenae f. sp. avenae, op aangeplante hawer (1) en wildehawer (2). Die uitsteeksels op spore van een van die stadiums in die swam se lewensiklus is verantwoordelik vir die “kroon” benaming en word hier in foto 3 aangedui. Foto 4 wys ‘n swaar besmetting van hawerstamroes soos veroorsaak deur die swam Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae
Bühler se meulens is net ‘n fraksie van hul veelsydigheid
Wanneer die naam Bühler op ‘n meule pryk waar graan verwerk word is daar allermins ook ‘n gedagte aan motors se onderdele, toerusting in mynbou of die verpakking van skoonheidsmiddels.
Die tegnologie vir graan- en voedselverwerking is egter net een van hierdie Switserse familieonderneming se wêreldwye bedrywighede met aanlegte in meer as 140 lande. Bühler Johannesburg het eiesoortige vaardighede, soos mynboutoerusting wat vervaardig en uitgevoer word.
Die vervaardigingsdienste van Bühler Johannesburg fokus op vervoerbande vir graanleweringspunte, haweterminale en verwerkingsaanlegte. Danksy die vervoerbande se ontwerp en gehalte kan dit materiaal oor lang afstande neem sonder om die materiaal se kwaliteit te benadeel.
Dit is egter nie net growwe en groter materiaal wat op sulke vervoerbande verskyn nie. Bühler voorsien ook vervoerbande wat groot volumes fyn korrelmateriaal en meelprodukte vinnig lewer.
Die internasionale Bühler-groep bestaan reeds 163 jaar. Bühler Johannesburg het in 1972 tot stand gekom as basis van die groep se SubSahara-streek, sê Francois Knoetze, hoof van vervaardiging en logistiek in Johannesburg. In 2004 is Bühler se administratiewe kantoor en aanleg in Honeydew, Gauteng, ontwikkel.
Madziwanyika (finansiële bestuurder en personeelhoof) en Marco Sutter (besturende direkteur).
In Suider-Afrika het die groep meer as 220 personeellede en hulle behartig verkope, onderhoud, projekontwikkeling en -vervaardiging en logistieke dienste. Benewens die Honeydewaanleg is daar dienspunte in Kaapstad, Lusaka en Maputo.
Dit is nie ongewoon dat Bühler se naam aan graanmeulens gekoppel word nie. Internasionaal is die maatskappy ‘n leier in die verwerking van graan, rys, kakao, koffie en ander grondstowwe. Wanneer produkte op groot skaal vervaardig word, voorsien Bühler oplossings vir modellering en oppervlakbedekkings. Hulle werk en produkte word gevolglik in die voertuigbedryf, by optiese en inkprodukte gevind.
In die graan- en voedselbedryf word Bühler se produkte en dienste onder meer in meulens gevind, by dierevoeding en insektegnologie, digitale tegnologie en graangehalte en -voorsiening. Ook by verbruikersprodukte soos in bakkerye, in sjokolade en met voedsel van peulplante en die gebruik van gevorderde materiaal is Bühler se naam bekend.
Die Suider Afrikaanse Graanlaboratorium NPO (SAGL), wat as ‘n geakkrediteerde verwysingslaboratorium vir die graanbedryf optree, gebruik laboratoriumskaal Bühler-meulens vir toepassings wat die kwaliteit van grane soos koring en mielies evalueer. Bühler MLU 202-meulens word gebruik om die ekstraksie van koring te bepaal as deel van die evaluering van nuwe koringkultivars, kwaliteitsopnames van plaaslik geproduseerde en ingevoerde koring. Kwaliteitsontledings om die reologiese en bakkwaliteit van dié koringmonsters te bepaal, word op die meel uitgevoer. ‘n Bühler MCKA-meule is onlangs tot die SAGL se toetskapasiteit toegevoeg om maalkwaliteit van mieliemonsters te bepaal.
Bühler se aanleg in Johannesburg funksioneer as onafhanklike vervaardiger in die groep en voorsien produkte vir masjiene en vervaardigingsaanlegte wêreldwyd. Benewens toerusting vir voedselverwerking word gevorderde materiaal vir die vervaardiging van gespesialiseerde toerusting gebruik. Die werk wissel van klein staalkonstruksies tot swaar verwerkingstoerusting.
As ’n voorbeeld van die plaaslike personeel se kundigheid noem Knoetze dat hulle Brasilië se mynboubedryf kon help omdat dit soortgelyke aanlegte het as wat in die houtbedryf aangetref word.
Bühler Johannesburg voorsien verder toerusting vir elektrisiteitsopwekking en toerusting in die suikerbedryf, bottelering, smelterye, brouerye en onderdele in landbou-aanlegte.
“Hierdie segmetering en diversifikasie help ons met sikliese wisselvallighede in enige bedryf en sektor,” sê Knoetze. Uitgerekte beurtkrag het egter ‘n groot uitwerking by kliënte in veral die voerbedryf. Dit noop die aanleg om toerusting en ondersteunende energie te voorsien om produksie tydens beurtkrag te kan voortsit.
Bestuurslede van Bühler Johannesburg: Francois Knoetze (hoof van vervaardiging en logistiek), Daniela Supra (hoof van verbruikersdienste), Rachael
Graanleweringstoerusting soos hierdie RGEL-hyser is ‘n bekende gesig in hawens, maar die maatskappy vervaardig ook produkte in die kosmetiekbedryf, vir voertuie, dierevoeding, insektegnologie en allerlei voedselverwerkings.
Die moderne aanleg in Johannesburg se vermoëns en sy volledige voorraad noodsaaklike onderdele beklemtoon die personeel se uitgangspunt dat enige iets denkbaar vervaardig kan word. Weens Suid-Afrika se agterstand met projekte wat van nuuts af ontwikkel word, is Bühler Johannesburg bekend met aanpassings van bestaande projekte.
Knoetze sê hulle moet dikwels in ‘n kliënt se bestaande gebou en beperkte afmetings die Bühler-toerusting laat inpas. Dit vereis baie vindingryke aanpassings. In ander gevalle moet die Bühlerspan bestaande toerusting vervang. Dit is deel van hulle diens tot waardetoevoeging aan kliënte.
“Bühler Johannesburg is daaraan
verskaf.
toegewy om aan kliënte die beste waarde gegee, van die beplanning af tot met logistiek en bystand met energiedoeltreffendheid en optimalisering.”
Hulle werkswyse behels ‘n opname van ‘n kliënt se vervaardiging en proses en om aanbevelings te maak vir nuwe toerusting en opgradering na nuwe tegnologie.
In hedendaagse industrialisering is digitalisering en outomatisering volgens Knoetze baie belangrik vir voorkomende onderhoud en maksimum doeltreffendheid.
“Dit is nie meer iets wat vir die snaaksigheid daar is nie, maar dit raak noodsaaklik vir monitering oor enige afstand,” sê Knoetze. “ ‘n Mens kan enige plek ter wêreld wees en steeds
Nuwe onderdele vir meulens en die onderhoud van werkende aanlegte word onder meer deur Bühler Johannesburg se personeel behartig, wat vereis dat enige materiaal van verskillende soorte metaal, samestellingsenhoutdeurvakspesialiste gebruik word. Terselfdertyd moet noukeurige verpakking vir sensitiewe onderdele vervaardig word.
die kwaliteit en tempo van ‘n aanleg se produksie monitor. Met nuwe masjinerie is dit selfs moontlik om rollaers se temperatuur van enige plek af dop te hou en betyds bewus te wees van moontlike onderbrekings.”
Om werkers met spesifieke vaardighede vir Bühler en die groter bedryf beskikbaar te hê bied Bühler geakkrediteerde Seta-opleiding vir vakleerlinge aan. Dit sluit die opleiding van ketelmakers, passers en draaiers, sweisers en opleiding in megatronika in.
Foto
Market information 2023/24 marketing year
Sanet Naudé SA GRAIN INFORMATION SERVICE
Wheat supply and demand Monthly
• On 1 October 2023 the current marketing year opened the season with a total of 563 259 tons of wheat, of which 548 266 tons were fit for human consumption, and 14 993 tons for animal feed.
• See Figure 1 for comparative figures for producer deliveries in all the provinces as reported until end April 2024.
• Wheat processed for the local market for animal feed was 89,4% less compared to the same period for the previous year.
• Wheat withdrawn by producers for the seven-month period was 49,7% less (year on year) at 2 482 tons, while seed for planting purposes were 0,3% less (year on year) at 18 156 tons.
• The Supply and Demand Estimates Committee from the NAMC projected a closing stock level for 30 September 2024, at 561 459 tons. At an average processed quantity of 288 500 tons per month, this represents available stock levels for 2 months or 59 days at the end of the marketing year.
Weekly
According to the weekly reports from 1 October 2023 to 24 May 2024:
• Local producer deliveries were 1 970 744 tons progressively, 2,36% less than the same time the previous year.
• ImportsforRSAwere1242787tonsprogressively.Most imports were from Poland (355 230 tons), Lithuania (315 313 tons) and Russia (206 850 tons).
• Exports of locally produced wheat, all to neighbouring countries, were 131 443 tons progressively.
Barley, oats and canola: Supply and demand
See Table 1 for the supply and demand for barley, oats and canola, compared to the same period in the previous year.
Wheaten products
From 1 October 2023 until 31 March 2024 a total of 1 680 629 tons of wheaten products were produced while 12 390 tons were imported, and 12 525 tons were exported. See Table 2 for the comparative figures year on year for bread baked.
According to data published by Statistics SA for April
1) Including processed for local market, withdrawn by producers, released to endconsumers, seed for planting purposes
2) SPPY - Same period previous year
2024, prices for some wheaten products were as follows:
• 700 g white bread was R18,43 (-3,36% year on year).
• 700 g brown bread was R 17,14. This was 0,87% less year on year and 0,29% less month on month.
• 250 g cake flour was R42,69 (1,86% more year on year but 1,02% less month on month).
• 250 g bread flour was R46,53. This was 0,67% higher year on year but 1,23% less month on month.
Figure 1. Wheat production per province.
Table 2. Pan baked bread.
Table 1. Barley, oats and canola supply and demand.
Maak gebruik van die spesialiste
UITGEWERS VAN:
Koringfokus / Wheat Focus: Die spesialistydskrif vir kleingraan in Suid-Afrika
Vegetables & Fruit / Groente & Vrugte: Ontgin alternatiewe moontlikhede in nismarkte
Subtrop Journal: Joernaal vir avokado-, mango- en lietsjiekwekers.
Navorsingsjoernaal:
SA Avokadokwekersvereniging (SAAGA)
SA Lietsjiekwekersvereniging (SALGA)
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