Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s River. Designing for biodiversity processes in Urban Planning by Carolina Fiallo

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River Designing for bio-diversity processes in urban planning

Gloria Carolina Fiallo Cardona UPC, Department of Urbanism and Territorial Planning TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urbanism

EMU â&#x20AC;&#x201C; European Post-master in Urbanism

Designing for bio-diversity processes in urban planning EcotoningTunjuelito’s River in Bogotá, Colombia Carolina Fiallo Cardona TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urbanism EMU – European Post-master in Urbanism fiallogc@gmail.com

Supervisors

Joaquin Sabaté Bel Director European Post-master in Urbanism (EMU) UPC Department of Urbanism and Territorial Planning

Steffen Nijhuis Director European Post-master in Urbanism (EMU) TU Delft Department of Urbanism Readers

Eliana Roda de Queiroz Barbosa Research Associate KU Leuven.

Cecilia Furlan Researcher Associate IUAV.

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Acknowledgements

This is to, To my mother Gloria de Jesus Cardona Parra and my father JosĂŠ Daniel Fiallo Arango. They are the enablers of a consciousness of a woman who knows that the key is to collectivize dreams. To my siblings, the eternal accomplices. To my friends in life, and all those who have accompanied this process as narratives... if it were a seed in which each one has known how to be soil, air, water and company. Thank you, for believing that it is necessary planning for life.

Acknowledgements

Fig. 1.1 Bogotá as the city of the Páramo 6

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Uniformity is not nature’s way; diversity is nature’s way Vandana Shiva. In the process of writing this thesis, I found that the thesis, beyond being a master’s thesis, had become a way of justifying a feeling as a Latin American woman who has had the opportunity to live in different contexts, where her nature always led her to see what colour of trees, to collect leaves from cities and fields. Differentiate the colour of fruits. And to understand the different songs of the birds without even having a knowledge of ornithology. This document will present the interest of defining in urban planning a paradigm that is born from the care and development of life and its nature in cities which is provided mainly from biodiversity. So being a woman from the second most bio-diverse country in the world intrinsically carries with it an interest and human responsibility of exploring what i biodiversity in urban development and how to coexist with it. The development of human survival capacities has determined anthropocentric planning, which has defined the world as a land at the service of humanity, base on economies of extraction and consumption. Where we, humans are living the destruction of the world, of nature of us. While the economies are creating alternatives to protect consumption and production, nature is asking for help. And urbanism can be part of the solution by strategies of coo-relation and cooperation of disciplines make them work together for a better quality of life for humans and non humans.

Many lives in the world, many worlds in lives, all of them eco-dependent, all of them need biodiversity to exists.

¨Emparamando el planeamiento, dándole vida a la vida¨

Acknowledgements

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Contents Preface 7

PART 1 Research and conceptual framework

1 – Abstract

2- General Problem Statement research

3- Motivation

4-Relevance

5-Challenges

6-Research goal

7-Reseach design

PART 2 Case study - Conceptual approach

8- Introduction 9

Contents

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

9-Conceptual approach PART 3 Case Study - Analysis

10. The city of the rivers and Páramos PART 4 Design intervention

11. Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s river

PART 5 Conclusions and reflections

12. Conclusion

13. Reflections

14. Appendixes

15-Glossary

16-Bibliography

9-Conceptual approach

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Preface YUYAU YAKUK Cuyak llakta yanacunas huañuk ñoccanchic shimi rimai purinam. Cuerpo yaku licha purina waiku yuyai huaira wiñay shuchuna. Ima yaravi Ñampi ttica maythu quinquinam yaravi waikus pas urkus cay yanakuna quilla yachina inti k›uichi waiku runa. MEMORIA DEL AGUA Por estas tierras deambulan las voces de nuestros muertos yanakunas. Andan con cuerpo de río y memoria de agua, vibrando como árbol al viento. Por eso canto para que canten las flores y los caminos, los cerros y las lagunas; para que sepa la luna que soy yanakuna humano del agua y el arco iris. Fig. 1.1 Low Andean forest Páramo of Sumapaz

Fredy Chikangana, Wiñay Mallki, Samay pisccok 2010

Preface

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Fig. 1.2 Pollination in the Frailejones of the Páramo

What you will read next will take place in a river, in a Latin American city, in Bacatá or Bogotá. In the Tunjuelito river, which means, according to the Muiscas antecedents of the Capital, an anthropomorphic representation made of gold. And the close relationship of the river with the most imposing Paramo in the world, a producer of water and an enabler of life.

Preface

Bogotá’s River

Salitre River Fucha River

Tunjuelo´s River

Páramo of Sumapaz

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

PART 1

Research and conceptual framework Urbanism for Biodiversity. A socio ecological perfective for urban planning.

Water is the beginning of all things. The first element. Everything is water. Tales de mileto

Research and conceptual framework

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

1 – Abstract Urbanism for biodiversity processes

Key words: Urban Ecotone, Biodiversity, Ecological Adaptability, Páramo Territorial development has been interpreted as a trend of demographic growth and has been oriented towards satisfying human needs, characterized by anthropocentric planning. Mainly through practices such as urban and industrial extraction of the natural conditions of the earth. As a consequence there is a fracture between ecological processes and social configuration, where nature has been use as a resource for exploitation and consumption with the excuse of the economic benefit of the territories. The separation of social development and ecological development has meant crises at the social, environmental and cultural levels. Where human intervention from its control and management of the territory has proved to be insufficient. Taking into account the measures of preservation, conservation and even compensation. What remains is reduced to ethical and political bases where nature and ecology are the privilege of the well-being of a few human sectors. (Rosenzw, 1995). Biodiversity in this particular case has been used as an indicator that demonstrates the characteristics of some species outside of man that survive this environment. Now biodiversity is mainly the consequence of socio-ecological transitions and of a constant adaptation of ecological processes and systems in territories. This indicator allows us to speak of certain regions of the world, such as Colombia, the second most biodiverse country in the world, where cities represent settlements of urban ecosystems that depend directly on the production of water from the Colombian Páramos, 70% of the world’s Páramos are located in Colombian territory, and 50% of the country’s population depends on the quality of this ecosystem. An ecosystem that today is in danger, due to its overprotection for subsequent excessive mining. It is estimated that by 2050, 52% of Colombia’s Páramos will disappear and therefore all the biodiversity that inhabits this ecosystem and its capacity to collect water that sustains human life in part of the country and the continent. In this order, by proposing planning alternatives under socio-ecological strategies and design principles that define biodiversity processes in cities, it is a way of interpreting urban planning as processes of life planning and adaptability in times of environmental crisis. Where it is necessary to rethink the concept of urban development from a sustainable perspective, where human beings are part of biodiversity and cooperate in processes of exchange of ecosystems and natural alterations. Using as illustrative case the city of Bogotá (Bacatá), along the Tunjuelo River (an anthropomorphic gold figure) and the Sumapaz Páramo (a place of love). As a conclusion, urban development must be interpreted from the conformation of territorial strategies based on processes of continuous socio-ecological integration, which are defined from the coexistence of processes, the diversity of habitats and adaptive relationship that are generated as a consequence of the transitions of territories. This will finally place urbanism in terms of the durability of the biodiversity processes on which the life of human and non-human species depends. Where benefits are generated and different levels of cooperation of territories and for different species making use of existing infrastructure and giving value to ecology as a fundamental basis of reasoning for urban development.

Abstract

Fig. 1.3 Embalse la Regadera, Watershed Tunjuelito, Usme. Bogotá, Colombia.

Fig. 1.4 Bogotá from San Cristobal South, Colombia.

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

2 – General problem statement - analysis Urban Planning alienation Fig. 1.5 Bogotá from San Cristobal South. Colombia

Fig. 1.7 Old cement industry settlement. La Calera, Colombia

¨The notion that huma must dominate nature emerges directly from the domination of human by human… But it was not until organic community relation … dissolved into market relationships that the planet itself was reduced to a resource for exploitation¨. Murray Bookchin. 1965 Human vs nature The main understanding of the territorial transformation is characterized by the era of the anthropocene which has modified the territory in order to have control of the processes that occur within it and provide linear benefits for human’s commodity standards. Generating new guidelines for ¨nature¨. Such human interference in the earth system has meant the transformation of behaviours and relationships between multiple groups of vegetation and animal species, which today represents the cause of predation processes of territories. (E. Ehlers, T. Krafft. 2005) Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world (IAvHumboldt. 2019), thanks to a geographic wealth that allows it to host endemic species and be a corridor d emigrations of multiple species, in addition to them has a history of social transformation which gives rise to continuous alterations of natural processes in its anthropized territory. Urban Planning alienation In the capital, this biodiversity has been ignored, making of Bogotá one of the cities with high rates of pollution that in the last five years has been repeatedly on yellow alert for pollution levels. A city that is defined between the Andes Mountains and the Bogota River, within the Magdalena River watershed is home to its mountains, which within the planning of cities are being delimited and protected of integrations with the city.

Fig. 1.8 Urban nature, world. Bogotá, Colombia

Fig. 1.6 Life interdependencies. World . Colombia

The ecological characteristics of the city have been restricted by an urban planning which has been mainly directed to development processes oriented to transport and the housing market. As a consequence of an accelerated growth in the 60s and 80s. This demographic growth forced the city to generate development plans to respond to population emergencies. As a consequence of this the ecological capacities are now a days zones of maximum protection and isolation. This reduces the capacity for ecological integration between ecosystems and affects both; human and nonhuman life in the relations generated between the urban settlement and its context.

General problem statement - analysis

Fig. 2.1 Ecological structure evolution of Bogotá 22

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

General problem statement - analysis

Fig. 2.2 Urban planning alienation scheme Fig. 2.3 Urban area of Bogotá

Fig. 2.4 Sumapaz Páramo Fig. 2.5 Tunjuelo´s River

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

The development of Bogotรก, like that of many other cities or human settlements has been mostly determined by the development for the sole benefit of the human species, and its infrastructure towards maximum efficiency. In accordance with the fact that the definition of maximum efficiency is related to a law of minimum effort, which, like that of many species, allows for the establishment of links of greater durability with the territories but at the same time of greater damage to the ecosystem processes that are at risk of being denied. Socio ecological degradation as life extinction Moreover, this urban planning as development assumed from the socio economic perspective has generated dangerous consequence not just for the city but also for the whole country, continent and world. Tanking into account that the urban areas ar also the zones where biodiversity create new processes and create continuous cycles for the biodiversity of the world. We stop them, as other unique ecosystems in the world are protected under limits and treatments that determine their ecosystem potential, but parallel to that these limits reduce the ecosystem interaction with the territory that surrounds them. The same happens in the case of cities, a concentration of activities and processes in which the human being defines himself as an element outside of his own nature and defines nature as something alien, zones of leisure, protection or normative control. The problem of human denial of the nature of cities is the alienation of human life as eco dependent life. Nature as a discipline The division of urban planning and the direction of human development is also due to a division between disciplines, where natural sciences, urban development, local knowledge and even the philosophy of nature have ceased to interact and cooperate in the socio-ecological processes of development of territories. Nature has been limited to indicators or ancestral archives, of those who defined biodiversity as the most relevant quality of human as nature and the existence of life on the planet From Darwing and the theory of evolution, to Alfred Wallace and his expeditions to include the concept of the representation of biodiversity in geography. Biodiversity begins to take place and physical condition in the territory Also the naturalist and scientist Von Alexander Humboldt with his expeditions managed to demonstrate the detail of the fauna and flora as a relation of constant dependencies which reveal territorial cultures But understanding bio-diversity is also a philosophical way of understanding human life in the world. To situate life in the cartography from the natural relations and ecosystem dependencies. Which has now been summarised in indicators that reflect the development of a single species, the human species. (B. Murray)

General problem statement - analysis

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Fig. 2.6 Alfred Russel Wallace, 1876. First representation of bio geography.

Fig. 2.7 Geography of plants in Ecuador, Von Alexander Humboldt

Fig. 2.8 Magdalena´s River Graphic Representation of Alexander Von Humboldt Expedition

Fig. 2.9 Jose Celestino Mutis Representation of endemic vegetation in Bogotá

General problem statement - analysis

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

3 – Motivation 3.1 Bio-diversity from resource to a tool Biodiversity is now a days one of the main natural indicator to understand the footprint in the world. Then this Biodiversity is part of a collective imaginary that is similar to the landscape as a services for human pleasure and leisure. According to this , bio-diversity around the world is in risk, and human existence as well. However, the world is confronting one of the most alarming transitions, in which it is necessary to highlight the role of multidisciplinarity to define tangible concepts and practices in the territories. Recognizing the different levels of knowledge that transform territories and considering human species as well as other living species that accompany and make possible their habitat on the planet, is a way of proposing measures to ensure territorial coexistence in the midst of an environmental crisis that requires recognition and measures to combat it. This has achieved the understanding of the responsibility of the human being in the negative effect of his occupation of the territories, which has not affected the conditions of human life but has also generated a series of effects in which the human role modifies the natural processes, of which it is part and directly has a negative impact in terms of climate change. is the declaration of the First Open Science Conference on “Challenges of a Changing”.Earth” held in Amsterdam in July 2001 Fig. 3.1 House in the countryside of Bogotá, Páramo of Sumapaz human settlements

Fig. 3.2 Bogotá and its commerce that comes from the country side Fig. 3.3 Bogotá as a city from Andean cordillera

These effects are manifested in the multiple social and ecological transitions to which the territories are exposed. These territorial transitions result from a constant diversity and modification in ecosystem processes, in which Bio-diversity is traditionally understood as an indicator that measures the quality assumed in the territories ¨natural¨ but most of them assume that biodiversity refers to an ecosystem isolated from urban areas, and where the human being has supremacy in controlling and regulating it. Therefore, the main motivation is to assume bio-diversity as the key component to address this thesis is to recognize that human are part of a social system and therefore form ecosystem conditions in the environment that makes them part of Biodiversity in the same conditions as other species.

3.2 The Capital of the Paramo in a continent We define urbanization as a spatial phenomenon: the concentration of population. Many other changes occur with concentrating population during the development process. Urbanization contributes to these changes as both an outcome and significant driving force. Niemelä, J. (2011).

Motivation

Watershed of South America

Caribbean Coast

Magdalena Orinoco Colombia - Ecuador, Pacific Coast Amazon Tocantins Sao Francisco Uruguay - Brazil, South Atlantic Coast La Plata Peru, Pacific Coast North Chile, Pacific Coast Salinas Grandes Uruguay - Brazil, South Atlantic Coast South America, Colorado South Argentina, South Atlantic Coast

South Chile, Pacific Coast

Fig. 3.4 Watershed of South America

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Ecosystems of South America

Tropical moist deciduous forest Tropical rain forest Tropical mountain system Tropical shrubland Tropical dry forest Tropical shrubland

Tropical dry forest

Subtropical humid fortest

Temperate steppe

Polar Fig. 3.5â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Main Ecosystems of South America

Motivation

EARTH’S MOST BIODIVERSE COUNTRIES COUNTRY Birds - Amphip - Mammals - Reptiles - Fish - Vacular plants

Critical Condition (27%)

0.85

Brazil

In danger (14%)

0.68

Colombia

Less danger(20%)

0.65

Indonesia

Vulnerable (39%)

0.55

China

0.52

México

0.50

Perú

Fig. 3.6 Colombia´s Ecosystem condition

Australia India Ecuador

Fig. 3.7 Ranking of the most biodiverse countries in the world

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Venezuela

0.47 0.46 0.45 0.42

Understanding ecosystems from the relationships they define with their environment allows us to define the processes of ecodependence that exist in them. In this case, understanding the city of Bogotá as part of a complex territory rich in biodiversity means that it is a city in the middle of a territory with a variety of processes between species. These processes also have relevance to the continent and the country, determining that it is part of a natural functional system. Where cities are the communities where the potential habitat is human, but which in turn share ecological processes with other species. To interpret biodiversity in a specific territory is to interpret the processes that derive from the nature of the ecosystems that depend on it. In other words, it is the recognition of the diversity of relations and dependencies that exist between biotic and abiotic elements.

Fig. 3.8 Guatapé lake, Antioquia Colombia

The measurement of these conditions has commonly been established through political boundaries, where specific regions with biodiversity indicators are defined thanks to them. In many cities, mainly in Latin America, these limits have established denominations of socioeconomic segregation that give rise to diverse relationships between humans and their natural environment. It therefore introduces an interpretation of socio-ecological integration. These political limits allow us to interpret biodiversity today at the level of indicators and measurements of species as bio indicators. Colombia is a country with an extension of 1.1 million km2, is located in the equatorial zone between 10°N and 2°S. It has a population that exceeds 48 million human inhabitants, where its most relevant increase occurs between 1900 and 1970. 75% of Colombia’s population resides in urban areas. (DANE 2015) The concentration of human population has been concentrated mainly in the Andean and Caribbean regions.

Fig. 3.9 Desert biodiversity, Huila, Colombia

Its growth has configured industrial cities and aimed at a development around mobility and the housing market. This has generated as a consequence a series of cities where development has been supported by the production of private and public spaces for the consumption of services. It is made up of six biogeographical regions: Fig. 3.10 Tatacoa’s Desert, Huila, Colombia

1. Andean (278 000 Km2) 2. Inter-Andean (44 000 km2) 3. Caribbean (115,400 km2) 4. Pacific (74 600 km2) 5. Amazonian (455 000 km2) 6. Orinoco (169 200 km2) To conclude, this kind of information can be translated in actions and principles to integrate socio ecological values into urban planning.

Fig. 3.11 Housing, Amazonas, Colombia

Motivation

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

3.3 The Páramo is a matter of national security. According to the preventive report on the situation of moors in Colombia in the face of anthropogenic activity and climate change. And his research interpreting Colombia’s report for the United Nations Convention on Climate Change, and the results demonstrated by IDEAM (2001). It is projected that by the year 2050, the accelerated climatic changes indicate a serious deterioration of ecosystems in the Colombian territory, mainly high mountain ecosystems. I determine that the most affected ecosystems are the high mountains, among which the moors are considered. Where the increase of temperature that will be between 2 to 3 degrees will generate the loss of 56% of paramos of the Colombian territory. According to the preventive report on the situation of the moors in Colombia in the face of anthropogenic activity and climate change. Therefore, not only an environmental crisis is assured, but also a risk for national security. The páramos provide the systemic eco balance of the country and an intercontinental line of the countries of the world’s tropics. Their loss is equivalent to the loss of the processes upon which biodiversity depends in which humans and non-humans benefit.

Fig. 3.12 The mountain range of Colombia as a symbol of its hydric richness

Motivation

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

4 – Relevance The relevant aspects of thinking about urban planning from a socio-ecological perspective are mainly taking a position on the development of human life and its coexistence in the world. Taking as an illustrative case, the wealth of water in the mountains of Latin America. Which is located in the Páramos of the Andes and which are also being threatened by a constant trend of isolation and exploitation. In addition where cities are the transformers of natural processes which can be as harmful as harmful in terms of ecosystem cycles and biodiversity that continually adapts and enables an environmental and ecological balance. 4.1 Environmental crisis as crisis of live Reduction of the original area of the ecosystems by monocultures and or expansion of mono functions destined to an economic production, from the agricultural point of view to the urban one. The expansion of agricultural frontiers and the reduction of specific areas of conservation have caused a loss of environmental quality, ecosystem and at the same time extinction of animal and plant species. These threats are the present of the territory, where conceiving oneself as rich in biodiversity is not enough if regulation and planning measures do not integrate the processes of human survival with non-human life. In Bogota there are concentrated diversity of uses within which the industrial are located at the edge of the rivers of the city, interrupting the ecological processes on which it depends. In addition to this, it has a level of socioeconomic segregation which demonstrates that those who have a greater capacity of adaptability to the levels of pollution or exploitation of natural resources are the lowest strata of the city. The ecological infrastructure of the city and its isolation in the planning tools evidences a high deterioration to the ecosystems that surround the urban settlement accelerating the current environmental crisis. 4.2 Human control for invisible boundaries for biodiversity processes Ecological processes do not recognize limits, they are connected from the exchanges of the environment in which they live. Biodiversity is the enabler of processes throughout the territories and also the facilitator of life on the planet, thus the control of areas as a way of preservation and conservation, a measure that must be evaluated from a scale of strategies and processes of ecosystem effects. Fig. 4.1 Level of pollution in Bogotá Fig. 4.2 Industrial exploitation of Tunjuelo´s River. Source: Journal , El Espectador. 2017

For example, Bogotá, its rivers as corridors of life that are born in the mountains where the water of the region on which biotic and abiotic processes depend is produced. Otherwise, we continue with a planning that supports the exploration and consumption of life on the planet.

Fig. 4.3 Urban River as landfill in Bogotá

Relevance

Socio economic stratification of Bogotá 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 10 9

12 13

16 14 15 6

18 4

19 5

4.3 Socioecological segregation as socio ecological adaptation Bogotá classifies human settlements from their urban development through socioeconomic stratification. Where the sectors with less income and urban development, called informal settlements develop an eco-social infrastructure of self-management. That in spite of not having effective results in terms of indicators of Biodiversity, quality of air, Quality of the environment and of the natural means that they recognize. They have techniques of recognition of the natural processes and of the Biodiversity from their local knowledge that allows to identify them as potential places to make use of the bio-diversity as a tool of territorial planning. But also a highly corresponding socio-ecological segregation. In the sense in which the informal city resorts to the use of its knowledge that comes from the field to establish relations of cooperation with the territory. ¨Close cooperation is needed to transcend the realms of natural science and reach out human and social contitions¨(H. ARENDT, 1958). The recognition of the countryside is also to recognize the knowledge of those who come from the countryside to inhabit the cities.

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Fig. 4.4 Bio -engineering construction to collect water in informal settlements.

Fig. 4.6 Ciudad Bolivar, in the watershed of Tunjuelo´s River Fig. 4.7 Bogotá as a city made of contrasts

Fig. 4.5 Ciudad Bolivar, in the watershed of Tunjuelo´s River 39

Relevance

Lands Uses

Land Uses of Bogotá

ParksParks Industry

Industrial

Residential

Institutional

Education

Educational Commerce

Commerce

4.4 Land Use diversity as urban bio-diversity Bogotá represents the city of cultural, social, and therefore ecological diversity. With different land uses. Where the industrial and exploitation of natural resources are located mostly around the main rivers. It also has a diversity that determines urban processes which integrate the quality of human life and interaction with the development of their urban habitat. ¨Thus, land-use became the key tool for undertaking applied urban ecological research and urban nature conservation. An entire field of pure and applied research was developed—urban habitat mapping—and the research relied heavily on landuse as the basic element. Urban land-use types or habitat types have become the general reference units for urban ecological conditions since the 1970s. Mapping legends were developed and recommended for a broad, comparative application in urban nature conservation ( Arbeitsgruppe Methodik der Biotopkartierung im besiedelten Bereich 1986 , 1993 ).¨

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Ecological Ecological Structure of Infrastructure Bogotá Forest Reserve Forest Reserve

Complex of Páramos Complex of Páramos Wetlands and water niches Bogotá’s River

Salitre River

Fucha River

Wetlands Public Parks Public Parks Environmental management and protection zone Environmental managment and protected zones

FuTunjuelo´s River

Páramo of Sumapaz

4.5 The protection by isolation The Ecological structure of Bogotá from its own concept is related to a isolated structure from the processes of the environment in which it is. Protected under areas called Zones of management and environmental protection. The Ecological structure of Bogotá is represented within the urban area mostly by urban rivers, which are those that act as rainwater channels, which along them contain the highest levels of contaminating fluids in the city. It serves as the landfill of an urban infrastructure that disobeys the natural context that identifies it. This in turn generates new urban ecological processes, giving rise to urban species that adapt to polluting conditions but compete with species that manage to establish the equilibrium of ecosystems. The main relevance from the ecological structure of Bogotá is to determine its characteristics as infrastructure in an ecological environment.

Relevance

Critical Condition In danger Vulnerable

Fig. 4.8 Level or Pollution of Bogotá

Less vulnerable

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Challenges 5.1.

Human extraction of natural resources for a socio economic urban

development.

5.2. The relationship between humans and their natural conditions and context is isolating and controlling by an over regulation of natural processes for only human benefits.

5.3. Bio-diversity loss as one of the main indicator that reveals the future collapse of human life.

5.4. The separation between social development and ecology as a model of urban alienation of human and non human dependencies.

5.5. The meta level of the solutions are not enough to implement socio ecological interventions in the territories.

Challenges

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

6 – Research Goal

To determine strategic design principles that integrate socio ecological processes guides by bio-diversity in Bogotá, Colombia.

Fig. 6.1 Scheme of Socio ecological integration goal

Research Goal

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Hypothesis

Conceptual approach

Problem Statement

- Human as nature - Self recognition of human as part of natural processes and community interactions - A conscious level of urban planning to reconsider the model of development of the territories

Biologist - Ecologist Humanties

Natural Science Philosophy

Cases of study

Analysis

Urban planning

Geographers - Sociologist Urbanist- Landscape Politicians

Local Knowledge

Human site and taditional knowledge of the territory

-Site location and ancestral intepretation of the territories. -Adaptability of humans from socioecological sense of cooperation

-Territories for Policies -Technical interpretation of the ecosystems -Human interpretation of ecology -Human and non human planning examples

Strategy

Bio-Diversity as a strategy for socio ecological planning

Ecotone design

Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade

Ecozones

Qualitative approach and quantitative approach

Diversity of habitats

Coexistence of processes

Agroecology waterfront

Research trough design

Principles

Socio ecological economy cycles

Accesibility and connectivity

Size and fragmentation

Dynamic and planning for landcape changes

Interaction

Reflections

Application

Socio Ecological integrity

Culture Development Ecological adaptability Industrialization

Conclusions for an urban agenda

7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Methodology

Methodology

Sub- Research questions CONCEPTUAL APPROACH What is Biodiverisity for Urbanism What is socio-ecological urban planning? What is the relevance of socio ecological transitions?

ANALYSIS / CASE STUDY What is the Páramo for Bogotá? How is the city transforming the Páramo? What kind of bio-diversity is interacting along the Páramo and the urban ecosystems?

Which and where are the main challenges and opportunities?

DESIGN INTERVENTION principles and application

What is the strategy that allows the main goal of the research? What are the principles that allows the adaptive cycles from the urban river and the Páramo and which is its spatial implication? What are the principles that allows the adaptive cycles from the urban river and the Páramo and which is its spatial implication?

What are the implications of an Urban Planning base on BIO-diversity processes?

Fig. 7.1 Conceptual and practical approach to create a bio-diverse research process

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Methods

Results

-Conceptual research and literature review.

- Conceptual framework to support the inclusion of humans as part of BIO-diverse processes in urban planning.

-Conceptual research -Territorial approach by design base on the processes of nature in urban spatial dimensions

-Conceptual research as a design process

- Territorial challenges and opportunities Urban ecology

-Interdisciplinary definitions.

-Definition of the main principles to implement BIO-diverse design tools in Bogotรก

-Territorial design at multiple scales. - Territorial analysis overlapping disciplines in the space configuration. - Determinate the relations in between a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach.

Biological integrity

- Territorial Model from a socio ecological perspective. - Selection of specific areas to implement the design components and as illustrative case

Adaptive cycle - Selection of specific areas to implement the design

components and as illustrative case

- Principles application in a design illustrative design case in Bogotรก.

- Physical implementation from BIO-diverse principles in Bogotรก , Colombia(watershed Tunjuelito)

- General Policies implications - Stakeholders integrity as an socio ecological planning strategy.

- Strategy of urban integrity, considering urban values as processes of socio ecological transformations. - Conclusion as lessons from Bogotรก

- Local knowledges as an experience. - Recommendations for the current and future urban agenda for socio ecological urban planning.

- Future challenges for the urban agenda .

Conclude with a robust paradigm to research more about Bio-diversity as an integral tool where humans and non humans are part of the socio ecological transformations of the territories and how to proceed in times of anthropocentric extinction.

Methodology

Bogotá’s River

Salitre River Fucha River

Tunjuelo´s River

Páramo of Sumapaz

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

PART 2

Case Study application Conceptual approach LLAPA ÑISCCAY

EVERYTHING IS SAID

Mana kquepiricuy imañiy

I have nothing to say.

jahuapi pachapay ima pachapayri

about the time and space we’re given.

hamuycay pataman.

he came over.

Llapa ñisccay.

Everything is said.

Ima rimarichiy yakucuna huañunayaymanta,Let the rivers speak from their agony,

Fig. 7.2 Urban settlement occupation from Bogotá to the Páramo of Sumapaz

ima rimarichiy amarucuna ima aysacay

that the snakes that crawl may speak

rayku hatun- llanta llaktaricuna,

by cities and towns,

ima imallapas ñiy urpikuna

that the pigeons say something

yahuarchasccamanta kquesa

from theirbloody nests;

ñuka,

me,

churo pachamanta ñaupacuna

son of ancestral lands,

mana kquepiricuy mana-ima ñiy.

I have nothing to say.

Llapa ñisccay.

Everything is said.

Intichay ñaupariy

Those past suns

imapas causayniyok-cay yuyay,

they’ll also have something

killachay ima huaccay tamiacunahuan

in their memory,

imallapas yuyaycay llakimanta,

those moons that weep with the rain

sachhacuna, challhuacuna,

something will be in their

puchucakpay k´uichi yupaychanapak

memories of bitterness,

imallapas huay-huapura

the trees, the fish,

ñuka,

the last venerated rainbow

Fredy Chikangana, Wiñay Mallki, Samay pisccok 2010 51

Case Study application - Conceptual approach

Bogotá’s River

Salitre River

Fucha River

Tunjuelo´s River

Páramo of Sumapaz

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

8 – Introduction A holistic perspective of socio ecological urban planning Socio-ecological transitions enunciates new interpretations for the concept of ecology, immersed in an urban landscape that is no different from the rural landscape than a concentration of an animal species in its habitat Additionally, it compromises human behaviour in an integral idea of ecology and allows to make its habitat a space of coexistence and correlation with non-human species, returning to a philosophy that induces the human being as integral nature in the world. ¨Human reason and knowledge have commonly served aims of self-preservation and self - maximization by the use of a formal logic of expediency, a logic that rulers have deployed for social control and the manipulation of society¨ (B, MURRAY 2007). The constant changes that the territories present force to rethink the questions that along the time have been asked to him to plan it and to occupy it. Defining roles of control, adequacy, adaptation and among other rationalities that from the urban planners evidence a supremacy of human control with their territory.

Fig. 8.1 Urban settlement density and habitability for human activities from Bogotá to the Páramo of Sumapaz

Introduction

Socio ecological Processes

Adaptative cycles

Urban Ecology

Biodiversity

Socio ecological integrity

Fig. 8.2 Conceptual research approach

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

URBAN ECOTONE

9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Conceptual approach 9.1 What is bio-diversity for urbanism? To define Biodiversity turns out to be a process that passes through several disciplines which follows an integral definition of the diversity of the species and interactions with the ecosystems to which they belong. The environment to which it belongs will be recognized in this approach as a means of socio-ecological interactions. Where ecology will be interpreted as according to Ernest Haeckel is; the science that studies the relationships of living beings among themselves and with their environment. Biodiversity is defined as the diversity of durable interactions among species. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, it includes all organisms, species, and populations; the genetic variation among these; and their complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems. Cultural diversity and biodiversity are intimately related to each other. If we lose one, we risk losing the other. The diversity of societies, cultures and languages that (United Nations. Environment Programme, 2010) These interactions are recognized as biological integrity, which allows us to interpret biodiversity as an integral system of territories where humans and non-humans stablish natural eco-dependent processes. The above definitions take place in urbanism from the interpretation of cities and human settlements as ecosystems, which depend on natural processes that affect or benefit. This allows establishing the relationship of humans and non-humans in territories under the recognition of socio-ecology. Concluding biodiversity in urbanism according to this research gives rise to an understanding of cities and the diversity that exists within them from human lifestyles and their functional systems and the relationship that they may have with other non-human species. 9.2 What is socio-ecological urban planning? It is a way of reconciling the life of urban settlements from the beginning of coexistence with their environment. Therefore, it becomes a determining aspect for the spatial configuration of territories, orienting the benefits of the processes that take place in the cities and outside them towards a concept of constant integrity. In other words, the recognition of the multiplicity of processes and the benefits of planning that not only proclaim humanity as the only species to be protected. This allows a sustainable urban planning capable of being the social, economic and environmental basis of the development of territories.

Conceptual approach

9.3 What is the relevance of socio ecological transitions? Socio ecological transitions arise from the need to manage biodiversity based on the recognition of the relationship between human being and nature, with deep interdependencies, which configure socio-ecologial systems as stated. (Alexander Von Humboldt Institute, 2018) Making biodiversity a strategic planning tool immediately proposes to generate a way to implement it through a series of actions. But these actions do not work independently, they are cyclical and dependent according to the adaptive cycles (Holling 1986) introduced to a planning in terms of socio-ecology: Â¨An adaptive cycle that alternates between long periods of aggregation and transformation of resources and shorter periods that create opportunities for innovation, is proposed as a fundamental unit for understanding complex systems from cells to ecosystems to societies. For ecosystem and social-ecological system dynamics that can be represented by an adaptive cycle, four distinct phases have been identified: 1. growth or exploitation 2. conservation 3. collapse or release 4. reorganization

ion

er vat

Cons

ion

nizat

a Reorg

s Relea th or Grow tion ita lo exp

Fig. 9.1â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Adaptive cycle interpretation of Holling

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

9.4 Conceptual Spatial interpretation for Bogotá If urban territories, such as Bogotá, are analysed through these concepts, it is possible to understand the relationships between the ecosystems that surround them, in addition to this, ecological capacities and interdependencies are valued. Therefore Bogotá is placed as a specific case study in this thesis to reveal a singular socio ecological condition that comes from the Andean Páramos and its urban interpretation that are determines along the path of water, making of this water an special urban river of the city. Ecosystems depend largely on their ability to relate in complex ways but with a clear determination in their processes. Every time a different dynamic is presented, there is a modification of interacting elements or organisms. But at the same time elements or organisms are affected. This diversity is stimulated at the points of exchange, where the modifications of the character of the river are generated in this case. This is known as ecotones, the places where the tension between the ecological components is at its highest point of tension where you must assume modifications such as, provide food, live, coexist, extinguish, interact, produce food. For the above it is necessary to take the following definitions (S. Kark, 2013): Ecotone :A transition zone between two or more different ecological communities or regions. Ecotone effect: The pattern of increased species richness (number of species) and abundance in ecotones and the occurrence of unique ecotonal species. Edge effect: The effect of the juxtaposition of contrasting environments on an ecosystem. The concept of ecotone will allow us to identify the possibilities of ecosystem inegration that can be generated in the analysis of Bogotá and its relationship with unique ecosystems such as the Páramo and its rivers.

Conceptual approach

Fig. 9.3 Medellín River, Latitud office. Source: Taken from:https://www. plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/02-320551

Fig. 9.2 Madrid Río. Source: Taken from:https://www.madrid.es/ portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Actualidad/Noticias/Nuevo-galardon-

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Fig. 9.4 Kogui Settlements, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Colombia. Source: Taken from http://www. revistacredencial.com/credencial/historia/temas/ arquitectura-kogui Fig. 9.5 The territory as a home for cultures. Kuku Seránkua. The God the creator

9.5 Cases of study - Referents Medellín River: Urban regeneration from urban river. From spatial strategies this project is an integration of a metropolitan plan to reconnect the ecological infraestructure if the city. -Manzanares River: ¨ territorial and environmental rebalancing of the city with criteria of “sustainability, urban landscape, gender perspective, social integration and inclusive accessibility”. -Kogui settlements: Ciudad perdida, Colombia. Indigenous community who recognize them selves as part of the ecosystem.

Conceptual approach

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Hypothesis

Conceptual approach

Problem Statement

- Human as nature - Self recognition of human as part of natural processes and community interactions - A conscious level of urban planning to reconsider the model of development of the territories

Biologist - Ecologist Humanties

Natural Science Philosophy

Cases of study

Analysis

Urban planning

Geographers - Sociologist Urbanist- Landscape Politicians

Local Knowledge

Human site and taditional knowledge of the territory

-Site location and ancestral intepretation of the territories. -Adaptability of humans from socioecological sense of cooperation

-Territories for Policies -Technical interpretation of the ecosystems -Human interpretation of ecology -Human and non human planning examples

Strategy

Bio-Diversity as a strategy for socio ecological planning

Ecotone design

Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade

Ecozones

Qualitative approach and quantitative approach

Diversity of habitats

Coexistence of processes

Agroecology waterfront

Research trough design

Principles

Socio ecological economy cycles

Accesibility and connectivity

Size and fragmentation

Dynamic and planning for landcape changes

Interaction

Reflections

Application

Socio Ecological integrity

Culture Development Ecological adaptability Industrialization

Conclusions for an urban agenda

PART 3

Analysis / Case study application Entre tu pueblo y mi pueblo

Between your people and my people

hay un punto y una raya.

there’s a dot and a line.

La raya dice no hay paso,

The line says there is no step,

el punto : via cerrada.

the point : via closed.

Y asi entre todos los pueblos,

And so on between all the villages,

raya y punto, punto y raya.

dot and dot, dot and dot.

Con tantas rayas y puntos,

With so many stripes and dots,

el mapa es un telegrama.

the map is a telegram.

Caminando por el mundo

Walking around the world

se ven rios y montañas,

you see rivers and mountains,

se ven selvas y desiertos

you see jungles and deserts

pero ni puntos ni rayas.

but no dots or stripes.

Porque esas cosas no existen

Because those things don’t exist

sino que fueron trazadas

but they were traced

para que mi hambre y la tuya

so that my hunger and yours

estén siempre separadas.

are always separated.

Soledad Bravo

Analysis / Case study application

Fig. 9.6 Tunjuelo´s River as the continuity of the Paramo of Sumapaz

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

10 – The city of rivers and Páramos Between the Páramo of Sumapáz and the Tunjuelo´s River, the city of Bogotá determines socio-ecological processes in which Biodiversity enables interactions between ecosystems and their balance. 10.1 What is the Páramo for Bogotá? The term Páramo comes from the Latin Paramus, which means barren terrain, flat and unclothed, extremely cold and helpless. This definition comes after the time of the conquest, where the Spaniards call the high mountains Páramos. In contrast today and thanks to the multiple expeditions along the Páramos and the human life that has safeguarded this ecosystem, we have the following definition: A socio-ecosystem characteristic of the equatorial high mountain, located predominantly between the upper limit of the Andean forest and, if applicable, with the lower limit of glaciers and snow borders, with a predominance of cold climate and relief modelled predominantly by the accumulation and retreat of glacial masses.... It is also a pluri-ethnic and multicultural territory to the extent that it is recognized that the moors in general have been inhabited, intervened and transformed, shaping the pre-existing patterns. (Sarmiento, 2013) Besides this definition the paramos are commonly known for being the water factory in the particular case of Bogotá, the Páramos that are located in the mountain range that limits the city are factories of species and generators of water. Thanks to its variety of plant species and endemisms captures the humidity of the air, with a high capacity of retention, which becomes mountain lakes that connect to the rivers, which later cross the city. Bogotá then has the Páramo of Sumapáz, with which it limits the south of its urban area. Being the largest Páramo in the world has an area of 1,780 km2, while Bogota has an area of 1,775 km2. It then connects with the city from the reservoir watering can and then follows its course connecting to the Tunjuelo River, which with a total extension, counting its mountainous route has a length of 76m2, which identifies it as the largest urban river in the city. According to Gulh, the Paramo of Sumapáz is then the horizon of the life of the city of Bogotá But that at the level of development of the ecological infrastructure of the city is an isolated and delimited ecosystem. By limits that diminish the ecosystemic capacities of the same for the ecological processes of the city. In addition to diminishing the interaction of biodiversity through adaptive cycles. In conclusion, although Páramo is an ecosystem on which the ecological balance of city life depends, it is a limit that is integrated through its treatment of a protected national park

The city of rivers and Páramos

Bogotá’s River

Salitre River

Fucha River

Tunjuelo´s River

Páramo of Sumapaz

Fig. 10.1 Páramo as water production ecosystem for Bogotá

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Fig. 10.2 Páramo of Sumapáz vegetation

Fig. 10.5 Lakes of the Páramo

Fig. 10.3 National Park of Sumapáz

Fig. 10.4 Tunjuelo’s River in Usme, before Bogotá

Fig. 10.6 Páramo’s human communities

The city of rivers and Páramos

Main ecological Contributions: Water balance retention and distribution for the city: Vegetation and humidity Biodiversity niche: Habitat of endemic vegetation, and diversity of potential communities of animal, such as: Bears, diversity type of fowls, reptiles, insects etc.. that contributes to the regulation of different ecosystems functions. Example of human coexistence and protection: Small human communities as the habitants of the Páramo, who protect and take as a socio-ecologycal settlement that arrived to this areas as a consequence of the armed conflict in Colombia Ecosystem balance. Iconic Landscape for the city: Proud of the Andean Cordilleras, and Mountain of the Capital Landscape.

Socio ecological transitions and gradients from the Páramo to the city

Fig. 10.7 The Páramo across the city

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

The city of rivers and Pรกramos

Exploitation industry Indoor industry Residential Industry deliver logistic

Fig. 10.8 The Páramo across the city and is main use

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

10.2 How is the city transforming the Páramo and conforming an urban river? The water produced by the Paramo is connected to different tributaries, one of which belongs to the Tunjuelo River. With a name originating from the muisca culture, it means Anthropomorphic Gold Figure. It determines how the city continues the ecological processes that are born in the Paramo, and transforms the conditions of the ecosystem. The Tunjuelo River crosses the towns of Sumapaz, Usme, Ciudad Bolívar, Tunjuelito, Kennedy and Bosa in the urban area of Bogotá. Passing through different types of urban realities and processes of transformation of the Páramo water and its biological interactions. This also represents a transformation according to the type of biodiversity it shelters.(FIG. 10.7). In addition, the Páramo as river defines the city and its ecological transitions from the type of ecosystems that passes through the city: - Páramo - Sub-Páramo - High Andean forest - Low Andean Forest Fig. 10.9 The Páramo across the city

- Urban Ecosystem - Wetlands - Agricultural land The Páramo, which becomes an urban river, is mainly characterized by being a border river, which interacts with the informal city on its southwestern side and with a city that defines its infrastructure towards mobility and public space on its northeastern side. The Tunjuelo River is an industrialized river, which flows into the Bogora River after passing through different types of activities and serving as the city’s sewage dump. Today, the Tunjuelito River at the height of the low forest where the Paramo’s conditions disappears, affected by (Fig. 10.8) : - The doña juana sanitary landfill - Cement Industry -Brick Industry -Extensive mono-crops

The city of rivers and Páramos

Fig. 10.10 The Páramo across the city 70

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Fig. 10.12 Contrast between the river before an after the city

Fig. 10.11 Tunjuelo´s river urban context

These types of activities represent making the Tunjuelo River the river with the highest level of pollution in the city. The Páramo then becomes a river of urban edge that coexists with the surroundings of an informal city and makes the river a dividing line. But just as it entails ecological processes in the upper part of the Páramo, it also determines them in the urban part. Where urban biodiversity has a specific role to interact along both the river corridor and transversally. Although the levels of exploitation and pollution prevent the inclusion of socio-ecological processes. In this way the river is transferred through an extensive use of urban exploitation by the city, which along the river is affected by pollution of the river and in turn defines an urban structure which is supported by a distribution of mostly industrial land uses. These serve as a barrier to socio ecological integration processes. As a conclusion from the ecological conditions of the paramo to the urban course of the river, an entire cycle of ecological adaptability is generated that depends on the treatment of the river and the processes that take place along it. (FIG. 10.10)

The city of rivers and Páramos

Bogota´s River

Tunjuelo´s River

This appearance of the Paramo in the city in the form of a river, is showing how the rives is being a boundary however the river serves as articulator of multiple city dynamics. Allowing the water to be than a line,and be an area of relations or negations established by an urban ground and its context.

Fig. 10.13 Tunjuelo´s river as urban water

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Bogota´s River

Tunjuelo´s River

The river´s context also defines a series of urban typologies that are supported in their land uses, which, despite the isolation of the river by its limited area of protection and preservation generate multiple externalities for the hydraulic corridor and its ecosystem balance.

Fig. 10.14 Land uses as part of water edge

The city of rivers and Páramos

Land uses

High river socio ecological procesess

Páramo ecosystem processes

Land cover vegetation

Non human interactions

Low Urban river socio ecological processes

10.3 What kind of biodiversity is interacting between the Páramo and the city? Fig. 10.15 Conceptual and practical approach to create a bio-diverse research process

As previously defined, biodiversity is the diversity of interactions between species and processes. In this case bio-diversity is generated between coexistence and its alterations between human and non-human habitat along the hydraulic corridor. In the first measure by the degree of contamination that represents the urban uses and on the other hand by the capacities of ecological support. Therefore, three specific sections are identified for its analysis, conforming the river as the structuring axis of socio-ecological interaction processes. - Low river -High river - Páramo

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Low Urban river socio ecological processes

Residential 45% Educational Facilities 1% Industrial 40%

Others 4% Parks 10 % Fig. 10.16 Low urban river context

Length 13km/76km

High river socio ecological processes Residential 35% Educational Facilities 1% Industrial 60% Others 2%

Parks 2%

Length 9km/76km Fig. 10.17 High river context

Páramo ecosystem processes

Residential 1% Protected Area and national park 98%

Fig. 10.18 Páramo and river

Length 54km/76km

The city of rivers and Páramos

Silvester vegetation in the city

Ornamental Vegetation from the residential city

Páramo vegetation

Fig. 10.19 Biodiversity actors 76

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

¨Maps showed different habitats which were not restricted to remnants of pre-urban nature but provided a differentiated picture of nature in the city. Different land-use types had characteristic assemblages of species that could be related to human influence, sometimes expressed as ‘hemeroby’¨ Niemelä, J. (2011).

The previous interpretation of the river, establishes the biological integrity capacity that the river can assume, under the following conditions Again, biological integrity, on the other hand, is totally dependent on the processes and the changes generated between them. Assuming it this way, the development of an urban territory, from a socio-ecological perspective must be interpreted from the processes in which biodiversity communicates and generates ecosystem conditions at different scales. Human intervention is continuously generating modification in natural processes, and consequently altering these eco tones. These transformations in the case of Rio Tunjuelo suffer stress points that at the moment are not being addressed. These points of tension are the contrasts between uses, or even ecosystems that have the risk of affecting the cycles of ecological adaptation, and therefore affect both the urban ecosystem and the Páramo. However, as an opportunity it is revealing to see that the social and ecosystem diversity of the city of Bogotá allows for a complexities in which the role of biodiversity is determinant, and which in turn gives rise to a contrast to the lard of a single territory in which such contrasts can manifest as tensions between ecosystems. From a holistic analysis of the socio-ecological processes along the river, it is understood that the complexity of the eco-dependencies are milestones and that they represent continuous processes of adaptability and transformations.

The city of rivers and Páramos

Phenomena

Alienation

Exploitation

Isolation Fig. 10.20 Socio ecological adaptive cycles between the Páramo and the City Scheme

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Key Strategy 10. Which and where are the main challenges in terms of socio ecological processes and biodiversity effects?

Low Urban river socio ecological processes: The river during the city Phenomenon: Alienation Urban planning alienation as the main condition of the river during the city, where the river is protected by boundaries and policies but ignored by the development of socio ecological processes of the city. Provoking biodiversity loss, increasing of pollution, and damage of the Opportunities: diversity of human´s typologies of habitat and urban bio-diversity Key strategy: Urban ecotone design

Urban ecotone design High river socio ecological processes The industrial river

Phenomenon: Exploitation Concentration of industrial processes associated with practices that affect the ecological stability of the ecosystem. Interrupting the ecological cycles that come from the Páramo and generating a mono-functionality in terms of concentration of exploitation of the resource for a single benefit. Opportunities: diversity of human´s typologies of habitat and urban biodiversity. The periferia settlement of the city and its local knowledge

Coexistence of processes

Key strategy: Coexistence of processes

Páramo’s ecosystem The boundaries of the ecosystem Phenomenon: Isolation Conservation as a process of boundaries which reduces the interaction between ecosystems Opportunities: Diversity of human´s typologies of habitat and urban bio-diversity. Water production. Continental ecosystems interactions. Key strategy: Diversity of habitats Diversity of habitats

The city of rivers and Páramos

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Hypothesis

Conceptual approach

Problem Statement

- Human as nature - Self recognition of human as part of natural processes and community interactions - A conscious level of urban planning to reconsider the model of development of the territories

Biologist - Ecologist Humanties

Natural Science Philosophy

Cases of study

Analysis

Urban planning

Geographers - Sociologist Urbanist- Landscape Politicians

Local Knowledge

Human site and taditional knowledge of the territory

-Site location and ancestral intepretation of the territories. -Adaptability of humans from socioecological sense of cooperation

-Territories for Policies -Technical interpretation of the ecosystems -Human interpretation of ecology -Human and non human planning examples

Strategy

Bio-Diversity as a strategy for socio ecological planning

Ecotone design

Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade

Ecozones

Qualitative approach and quantitative approach

Diversity of habitats

Coexistence of processes

Agroecology waterfront

Research trough design

Principles

Socio ecological economy cycles

Accesibility and connectivity

Size and fragmentation

Dynamic and planning for landcape changes

Interaction

Reflections

Application

Socio Ecological integrity

Culture Development Ecological adaptability Industrialization

Conclusions for an urban agenda

PART 4

Design intervention/ Case study application Yo soy un río, voy bajando por

I’m going down

las piedras anchas,

the wide stones,

voy bajando por

I’m going down

las rocas duras,

the hard rocks,

por el sendero

on the trail

dibujado por el

drawn by the

viento.

wind.

Hay árboles a mi

There are trees to my

alrededor sombreados

around shaded

por la lluvia.

by the rain.

Yo soy un río,

I am a river,

bajo cada vez más

under more and more

furiosamente,

furiously,

más violentamente

more violently

bajo

lowly

cada vez que un

every time a

puente me refleja

bridge reflects me

en sus arcos.

in their arches.

Javier Heraud, 1960. Lima.

I’m a river,

Design intervention/ Case study application

Javier Heraud, 1960. Lima.

Fig. 10.21 Model of Páramo ecosystem integration through the river

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

11 – Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s River 11.1 General Strategy

Generate a socio-ecological integrity between the transitions of the ecosystems of the Sumapaz Páramo and Tunjuelo’s River, through strategic operations such as; urban ecotone, coexistence of processes and diversity of habitat where the cycles of biodiversity adaptability can implemented by design principles. Urban ecotone: Treatment between urban gradients where the ecosistemic conditions of the river favour the integration of ecological processes along and across the river. Coexistence of processes: Allowing the interaction between uses, where the local knowledge of those who live with the conditions of the river and the industrual externalities are balanced in the implementation of principles and strategic operations. Diversity of habitats: Treatment of borders to protected ecosystems as a measure of ecological conservation and inclusion of human and non-human habitat. From line to edge: The river as a water line, and the river as an integral ecosystem that is born from the Páramo and assumes characteristics of urban biodiversity in the city area.

Fig. 11.1 The river from the Páramo as an edge for biodiversiy processes

Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s River

Key areas intervention

Fig. 11.2â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Key areas for socio ecological intervention

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Conclusions for an urban agenda

Research trough design

Accesibility and connectivity Agroecology waterfront

Interaction

Ecotone design

iversity as a strategy for io ecological planning

Coexistence of processes

Dynamic and planning for landcape changes

Ecozones

Diversity of habitats

Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade

Culture Development Ecological adaptability Industrializatio

Application

Socio Ecologica integrity

Size and fragmentation Socio ecological economy cycles

Fig. 11.3â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Principles for Bio-diversity inclusion -

Strategy

Principles

Each area of intervention facilitates the integration of the river into the urban ecosystem, where the implementations are based on socio ecological contrasts or transitions. Strategic operations allow the establishment of a series of principles in which biodiversity and its interactions are the determining factors of a socio-ecological urban design. Qualitative approach and These principles establish in turn the design parameters that from the policies must quantitative approachand supported as BIO-diverse regulation and control measures. Reflections be incorporated

The importance of the inclusion of these design principles is that they determine the continuity of the adaptive cycles as illustrated below

Ecotoning TunjueloÂ´s River

General Strategy

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

11.2 Physical implications throughout design principles

- Accessibility and connectivity

- Interactions

- Dynamics and planning for landscape changes

- Sizes and fragmentation

- Economy from socio ecological activation

- The eyes of the river

To allow continuity for human and non-human processes around the river where hard and soft infrastructures are integrated.

Food as management of nodes where biodiversity coexists. From the inclusion of plant species that serve as attractors and public space with low environmental impact. To design spaces for durable ecosystems processes. Design for change, and climate adaptation. As flood zones and drought zones Intervening in the fragmentation design as an opportunity for socio ecological transitions in the territory by the inclusion of biodiversity natural interactions.

The inclusion of facilities related to the opportunities of the river as infrastructure. And enabling economies associated with the education, cooperation and employment of care and conservation of the ecological integration of the river, and ecological economies The facade of the buildings as facades of the river in order to generate senses of appropriation, ecological inclusion and naturally public spaces.

- Ecozones

The conservation of some species requires isolation in order for them to accomplish their cycles. This is achieved through river islands.

- Urban agroecology waterfront

The design of urban agroecology, as a base for the treatment of urban river edges and the integration of humans and nonhumans in exchange processes from the opportunity of the local knowledge.

Ecotoning TunjueloÂ´s River

Urban design for bio-diversity

A B

The urban ecotones from an integration of processes that ensure the diversity of urban typologies and the diversity of human and non-human lifestyles.

Through the inclusion of public facilities associated to the environmental education, Integration of local knowledge into connectivity and accessibility infrastructures. Mobility corridors as axes of ecological connectivity through processes of vegetation, adaptation and treatment of water collectors. Water as urban development areas for biodiversity processes A B

Fig. 11.5â&#x20AC;&#x201A; River as a edge

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Fig. 11.6â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Main urban uses of the river

A. The Veins of the PĂĄramo - Industrial area: 42.28 hectares - Residential area: 6.5 hectares - Green open space: 2.64 hectares - Environmental protection zone: 14.63 hectares Project application The urban area comprises the strategies that introduce the concept of ecotones along the river, which is achieved by integrating the river into the urban infrastructure of the built city. Making use of existing land uses and also allowing the inclusion of activities associated with socio-ecological processes.

Ecotoning TunjueloÂ´s River

200

100

400

300

600

500

Fig. 11.7â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Ecotone proposal

A. The Veins of the Paramo - Industrial area: Productive gardens regulating biodiversity: 15 hectares Flood zones: 8 hectares Rain gardens for water management: 7 hectares Public market space : 12 hectares - Residential area: Community gardens 5 hectares Collection and treatment of water : 2 hectares - Green open space: The river as a public space: 3 hectares - Places of agro ecology and public space: 15 hectares

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Definition and implementation of design principles

Monofunctional blocks Isolated river Deterioration of subsoil conditions

Interactions: Squares such as urban agroforestry forests. Urban agro ecology water front: Areas adapted to agriculture as a public space.

Sizes and fragmentation: Parcelling determined by ecological opportunities

Dynamics and planning for landscape changes: Water collection and treatment systems in public squares The eyes of the river: Fronts of facades and accesses to the river. Connectivity: Green roofs for the generation of biodiversity connectivity spaces in the city

Economy from socio ecological activation: Itinerant markets for production Dynamics and planning for landscape changes: Forest areas that allow urban landscape to change over time The eyes of the river: Fronts of facades and accesses to the river. Building control along the river Fig. 11.8â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Principles application

Ecotoning TunjueloÂ´s River

Principles application

- Public market areas

-Public spaces for agroecology productivity

- Industry as accelerator for biodiversity interactions Fig. 11.9â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Insdustrial water treatment of the river

- Sizes and fragmentation as a profit for the utility of the surfaces.

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Principles application

- Housing as a determinant of inclusive human life along the river -Architectural design destined to the coexistence of the process from the materials and the integration with the ecosystems. - Urban Argoecologia and definition of diversity of productive Forests in the urban river

- Ecological mobility corridors as transfer connectors of biodiversity and pollution control

Fig. 11.10â&#x20AC;&#x201A; The habitability of the river

Ecotoning TunjueloÂ´s River

Roofs as urban gardens

Agro-ecological forest

Artificial urban Wetlands

Ecological paths

Soil nutrient improvement

Sidewalks rainwater collectors

Eco zones

Zones of floodability

Sustainable waste collectors

Zones adapted to pollination

Soil nutrient improvement Sustainable drainage systems

Urban composting

Fig. 11.11â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Physical interventions of the principles

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Fig. 11.12â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Industrial uses of the river

B. The Human river - Industrial area: 304 hectares - Green open space: 24 hectares - Landfill: 40 hectares Project application An industrial cluster that defines the industrialization of the river and the processes of extraction that contaminate its course. A strategy of coexistence of processes which accept its economic capacity and empower it to establish the socio-ecological opportunity it offers. Through the collectivity offered by public facilities at a point where socio-economic segregation interacts with the knowledge of the countryside in the city from the self-management and use of natural resources. The design of coexistence from a planning for change and adaptability. This results in naming adaptive cycles with interventions such as:

Ecotoning TunjueloÂ´s River

500

1000

Fig. 11.13â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Diversification of the processes proposal 250

B. The Human river - Ecological Industrial area/ Public facilities: 340 hectares South Botanical Garden: 53 hectares Technological university for environmental control: 72 hectares Biomass plan: 42 hectares - Residential area: 780 hectares Collective spaces for urban gardens and self-management: 270 hectares Pollination zones: 2 hectares Public Community Markets:14 - Green open space: 114 hectares Ring of orchards processors and public regulators: 60 hectares

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750

Definition and implementation of design principles Sizes and fragmentation: To increase the activities around the river from the adequacy of public equipments around the qualities of the Tunjuelito river and its connectivity with the Paramo de Sumapaz.

Dynamics and planning for landscape changes: Zonas de inundabilidad adaptadas al aprovechamiento del agua en la produccion de comida y regulacion del cambio climatico Cycles of climatic adaptability from water management Public water treatment and collection centers that allow educational interaction of socio-ecological processes.

Interactions: Recognition of urban biodiversity for ecosystem equilibrium and interaction with human habitability conditions and needs. Taking advantage of the dynamics of biodiversity, such as pollination, self-control of the vegetation, aquifer cleaning, improvement of air conditions, etc

The eyes of the river: Design oriented to the river and a direct accessibility to the naturally public spaces offered by the river.

Fig. 11.14â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Principles application

Ecotoning TunjueloÂ´s River

Fig. 11.15â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Water management for biodiversity processes

The coexistence between processes allows to establish a position in the disorder in which the balance between social, economic and environmental aspects can have a balanced role from a socio-ecological perspective. The main conclusion of this area around coexistence defines that biodiversity establishes mutikpkes levels of processes in which co-deeds also benefit local economies, which are supported by the care and appropriation of community activities around the river. It also establishes urban development guidelines, which define a development oriented to environmental justice and the responsible use of natural resources and their benefits. This intervention demonstrates the opportunities that exist in the critical points of urban rivers, where industrialization processes have modified nature but in turn have created opportunities for re-intervention from local knowledge and ecosystem restoration through the recognition of water flows and biodiversity that taking into account or not. In this case, being the gateway of the river into the city, in other words, the PĂĄramo into the city is a transition from for biodiversity in which the strategic definition of public facilities will allow the treatment of the ecotone from the coexistence of processes.

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

C. The Páramo in the city From boundary to the strategy of diversity of habitats restoring the ecosystem an generation socio ecological processes of adaptability between the city from the river infrastructure and the Páramo as a singular ecosystem.

Fig. 11.16 Páramo boundary restoration proposal

Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s River

Current situation

As mentioned above, the conditions of the river and its dynamics reflect a major industrial and residential treatment, but do not interact with the opportunities and conditions of the river at socio ecological level. In this way, the interventions define a treatment in the transversality of the river, with the objective to increase to establish treatment in the gradients where the principles of design from the biodiversity determine the urban design with a socioecological perspective. The main opportunities from an informal city with capacity for self-management of resources and generation of patterns of coexistence with the river, and a centre for industrial extraction, can be determined a story where the most critical point integrates strategies and design principles.

100

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Current situation

Fig. 11.17 Current situation- Section of industrial area. Tunjuelo´s river

101

Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s River

Proposal - A biodiverse territory

Fig. 11.18 Biodiverse intervention for socio ecological processesSection of industrial area. Tunjuelo´s river

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Proposal - A biodiverse territory

103

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Fig. 11.19 Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s river

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Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Finally, and as a strategic measure of installation in a global urban area, the proposed project is analyzed by complying with the SDGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goals, which allow to relate to socioecological development project guided by biodiversity as an example of development and in turn ensuring the achievement of objectives in a comprehensive manner and directed towards social and environmental justice for all species.

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106

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Hypothesis

Conceptual approach

Problem Statement

- Human as nature - Self recognition of human as part of natural processes and community interactions - A conscious level of urban planning to reconsider the model of development of the territories

Biologist - Ecologist Humanties

Natural Science Philosophy

Cases of study

Analysis

Urban planning

Geographers - Sociologist Urbanist- Landscape Politicians

Local Knowledge

Human site and taditional knowledge of the territory

-Site location and ancestral intepretation of the territories. -Adaptability of humans from socioecological sense of cooperation

-Territories for Policies -Technical interpretation of the ecosystems -Human interpretation of ecology -Human and non human planning examples

Strategy

Bio-Diversity as a strategy for socio ecological planning

Ecotone design

Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade

Ecozones

Qualitative approach and quantitative approach

Diversity of habitats

Coexistence of processes

Agroecology waterfront

Research trough design

Principles

Socio ecological economy cycles

Accesibility and connectivity

Size and fragmentation

Dynamic and planning for landcape changes

Interaction

Reflections

Application

Socio Ecological integrity

Culture Development Ecological adaptability Industrialization

Conclusions for an urban agenda

PART 5

Conclusions and reflections

Research goal: To determine strategic design principles that integrate socio ecological processes guides by bio-diversity in Bogotรก, Colombia.

107

Conclusions and reflections

Eco dependencies

108

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12 – Conclusions Ecotoning the urban river General learnings Biodiversity defined as the durability of processes establishes territorial pacts in which it is necessary to include it in urban planning. Ecotoning the urban river, determines a strategy based on any type of urban ecosystem, able to support socio-ecological processes; to relate to. By relating one of the main needs is to intervene in the transitions, in the limits where natural processes are modified, and therefore deserve special treatment that allows them to have lasting socio-ecological processes. The above defines a transdisciplinary analysis that allows establishing ancestral knowledge as a strategy for territorial development. In the case of Bogotá, the recognition of its unique ecosystems, such as the Páramo, allowed the city to be defined as an eco dependent settlement of the territory to which it belongs, and at the same time of the processes that are generated. Both of its environmental matrix and of the green infrastructure. By identifying the relationship of the Páramos as an ecosystem on which depends the life of the human and not human of the continent as well as multiple species that travel the world and benefit from the existence of this unique ecosystem capable of generating water and endemics species. An adaptive coordination and cooperation is guaranteed in the processes of interaction between the city and the moors. In addition, to being a unique and unique ecosystem in Latin America, it is one of the ecosystems affected by the process of exaction and excessive pollution by the accelerated changes in the processes of urban settlements. We stop them, as well as other unique and vulnerable ecosystems in the world deserve an international treatment. That in this case is defined from the water and urban water management of the Páramo, as is the Tunjuelo River. The main benefits of these relationships are evidenced in a balance ecosystem that supports life. It is capable of being introduced into public policies based on the management of natural resources from a socio-ecological perspective. Ecodependencies and territory-based livelihood planning for human and non-human life

109

Conclusions

Main benefits and lessons learned from Bogotá and its Páramo River The urban ecotone defines the continuity of processes through socio-ecological thinking in urban development. Where the urban rivers acts as strategic mechanisms of the integration for socio-ecological processes, that must be analysed in an extended connection from its birth to the modifications that are generated in its flows by the city. The integration of biodiversity as a territorial planning tool needs to be related to: Sustainable development

Contributions of Biodiversity - Secured food as an axis for the development of eco-social economies.

Social: Socio-economic segregation as an opportunity for learning in the self-management of natural resources, and currently determines a necessary alternative for the development where the diversity of the inhabitants is a fundamental part of the culture and in that order for the cohesion between humans and nature

- Improvement of environmental conditions as contributions to a human and non-human quality of life. -Environmental justice as a determining factor in the construction of an urban landscape.

-Decrease in maintenance since the implementation of diversity and species that from ecosystem functions are regulated autonomously.

Economical: The capacity of socio-ecological integration from the public facilities creating new jobs from activities that belongs to economies of care Urban land uses are the catalysts of ecological processes defined by human activities, the regulation of those urban uses provide benefits to the urban planing g of the region and the regulation of logistic processes in the city.

- Increased local economies and sustainable care, less dependency - Use of local materials that reduce external costs of urban development - Control of industrial extraction processes and their externalities

Environmental: The ecological infrastructure is should be defining by it interactions, not only by boundaries. Environmental conservation an restoration are possible through the synergism between the elements of the territory where biodiversity determines the continuity of the processes. The water management in going to be interpreted as an complex design that integrates the public space, the states of ecological interaction, and the climatic uncertainties to which the landscape is subjected. In addition to the need for public policies to determine its relevance. The use of local materials for urban development which, as long as they are durable, ensure benefits for ecological processes and increase the territorial identity between the city and the countryside on which it depends.

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Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

-Carbon footprint reduction -Ensure the design of the Páramo and its ecosystem functions and services through the intervention of the urban river as part of the urban edge of the Páramo. -Biodiversity stimulation that has the capacity to regulate the capacity to slow down climate change. - Recognition of the scales of ecosystems and their contributions from ecosystem services. - Control and use of water and its capacity to host aquatic life and be ecological corridors

The design principles are those who make possible the implementation of a territorial development based on biodiversity, which are possible through the contribution of the public sector, private and civil society, who are getting benefits from the intervention, for example:

Accesibility and connectivity Agroecology waterfront

Interaction

Surface of public urban facilities:

Ecotone design

From 430 as metropolitan parks

-Diversity as a strategy for Coexistence of processes to 3200 as: Southern Botanical Garden, ocio ecological planning

Dynamic and planning for landcape changes

Ecozones

energy plants, Agroforestry Squares, DiversityCrops of habitats Universities, Agro ecological parks Surface area of environmental areas for pollination, creation of habitats for regulatory species

River’s facade

Culture Developmen Ecological adaptability Industrializa

Applicatio

Socio Ecologi integrity

Size and fragmentation Socio ecological economy cycles

from 0 to 15.000 hectares Ecosystem transition area from the moor to Strategy the city

Principles

from 0 to 780 hectares Self-supply markets that are defined by 0km food From 2 markets along the river to 27 with the capacity to feed the local population of the river and create alternative economies for the rest of the region Industrial extraction surface: From 600 hectares to 350 ensuring its production and mechanisms of economic Qualitative approach and collaboration.

quantitative approach

Reflection

Total area intervened 20,000 hectares approx (of a total of 41,427 hectares of Rio Tunjuelo benefited ) Total human population directly benefited approx. 4’ 000.000 inhabitants Benefited Ecosystems: Páramo, Andean Cordillera in Colombia, Tunjuelo River, Bogotá River, Magdalena River, etc.

111

Conclusions

Fig. 12.1 Ecotoning Tunjuelo´s river from the Páramo of Sumapaz. An intervention for socio ecological

Fig. 12.2 Current spatial situation

Fig. 12.3 Biodiverse intervention

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Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Fig. 12.4 Current spatial situation

Fig. 12.5 Biodiverse intervention

113

Conclusions

Fig. 12.6 Current spatial situation

Fig. 12.7 Biodiverse intervention

114

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

From challenges to a Paradigm of Urban Planning from Biodiversity Processes and their Relevance to Human and Non-Human Life 1. Human extraction of natural resources for a socio economic urban development. 2. The relationship between humans and their natural conditions and context is isolating and controlling by an over regulation of natural processes for only human benefits. 3. Bio-diversity loss as one of the main indicator that reveals the future collapse of human life. 4 .The separation in between social development and ecology as a model of urban alienation of human and non human dependencies. 5 .The meta level of the solutions are not enough to implement socio ecological Each of the challenges are now transformed into opportunities, where they are the ones that give rise to a narrative of Biodiversity in the management and development of territories around human and non-human life. This is supported by three basic concepts of socio-ecological development according to the framework of this research. The inclusion of socio-ecological processes in urban planning, the recognition of adaptive cycles to face and regulate accelerated changes in the conditions of nature and a permanent socio-ecological integrity that defines human and non-human as constant ecodependents throughout the ecosystems in which they coexist. 1. Human and non-human co-existence, through the generation of development economies based on ecological infrastructures and their local management opportunities. 2. Holistic treatment in the boundaries of the ecosystems, through the acceptance of the diversity of habitats as an understanding of the adaptive cycles which determine the continuity of ecological restoration in the transitions defined by the boundaries. 3. Urban planning based on the principles of biodiversity which determine ecosystem transitions, and identify biodiversity as all that is part of the alteration of natural processes, where the value of urban biodiversity is recognized. In this way, they define their importance and need in the development of territories, through the inclusion of public policies capable of establishing biodiversity as the main driver of environmental and territorial management. 4 Socio-ecological development, capable of supporting the global economy. Supported by global indicators of sustainability (ODS). Cities as ecosystems for environmental justice 5. Solutions based on strategic recommendations and capable of recognising local knowledge in order to establish feasible and determining design principles for a modification in urban planning and in the spatial configuration of interventions. Where the beneficiaries are both human and non-human. 115

Conclusions

116

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

13 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Reflections and recommendations

Learning from BogotĂĄ, Colombia

117

Reflections and recommendations

Fig. 13.1 Wetland of Tunjuelo watersheed, by 118

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119

Reflections and recommendations

Fig. 13.2 Riverfront as terrace ecozones Fig. 13.3 Detail of urban tree and its ecological functions from soil to the surface

Fig. 13.4 Ecological drainage paths for rain gardens

Fig. 13.5 Complete river section exploring local materials to design for landscape changes

Fig. 13.6 River ecozones

Schematic details of implementation techniques using local materials. Generation of technologies for transitions between ecosystems and biodiversity management mechanisms.

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Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

An urban planning based on life, considers a holistic analysis of territories. Determining design principles for defining biodiversity-based interventions is a consequence of a detailed understanding of the processes in which urban settlements are the habitat of urban biodiversity which in turn depends on the externalities of the surrounding ecosystems. Give back to the territory the nature of coexistence. And recognize the richness of the territories from their capacity to support life from a socio-ecological aspect. This will allow the development economies to be oriented to life, and to the ocean existence of the human being as nature in nature. Understanding that those places in the world defined as developing countries sustain a particular and singular development characterized by their ecosystems and biodiversity as socio-ecological capital that protects and enhances the life of the entire planet. Â¨The economy, born in this context, reasons exclusively in the monetary world and expels from its field of study the complex processes of natural regeneration, the infinitude of resources and the works of care, which, at best, it considers a burden. This short glance has ended up generating a very deep ecosocial crisis that threatens to take life for granted. (...) If we look even more closely, we will see that those who lead these struggles and sustain their communities are women. The territory and the body of the women are the field of battle and resistance... Our priority is to put life at the center, not only our own, but those of a humanity that is shipwrecked. (Herrero. Y. 2018)Â¨ To rename now, the existence of territorial knowledge and traditions as an integral part of urban planning is to establish tools of territorial analysis from scientific methods that legitimize ancestral and local knowledge as a legitimate and valid method. To quote a midwife, Maria Concepcion Parra and a wise woman in curing plants like Maria del Carmen Arango my grandmothers, are a personal example of a knowledge transmitted by generations, by the knowledge of the territory that refers to the care of life, from the dialogues with nature and eco-dependencies that in this thesis is defended and defined in an academic context and with the intention of continuing, from scientific approaches to validate the planning from life in urban development, where biodiversity is understood as a tool for territorial planning in the sense that Bio-diversity matters for humanity. To conclude, spatial planning from a socio-ecological perspective is a planning aimed at care, planning for life , which we all depend.

121

Reflections and recommendations

Herbarium collection area of 5000m2

122

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

14 – Appendixes The memories of a process of exploration of the territory of the city, Bogotá

Narratives of Bogotá, its biological diversity as evidence of the ecodependency of the territory of the Páramo, the river and its inhabitants.

123

Appendixes

Sangregado, Euphorbiacea

Nogal, Juglans regia

Ciruelo, Prunus domestica

Falso pimiento, Schinus molle

Alcaparro, Capparis spinosa

Cayeno, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Sauco, Sambucus nigra

Caucho, Ficus

Carbonero, Calliandra sp

Arrayan, Luma apiculata

Alcaparro, Capparis spinosa

Roble, Quercus

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Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Tilo, Tilia

Sauce, Salix

Vincas, Catharanthus roseus

Brevo, Ficus carica

Cerezo, Prunis serotina

Olmos, Ulmus

Aliso, Alnus glutinosa

Caucho, Ficus

Sauce, Salix

Duranta, Duranta repens

Aliso, Alnus glutinosa

125

Appendixes

Tunjuelo´s river in the city

The techniques of territorial recognition through design. Researching from design also defines the understanding of the elements that the territory offers. In this case to understand the trips of a river during the city its natural dynamics in an infrastructure ¨artificializada¨ for the development of the city. And a paramo inhabited by humans and bears, who tell the secrets of city life told by non-humans and safeguarded by the guardians of the paramo, small communities of humans who inhabit the paramo, who define an economy of care defined by ecology and the biological diversity on which they depend.

126

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

The Pรกramo

127

Appendixes

Tunjuelo´s river in the city

128

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

TunjueloÂ´s river in the city

129

Appendixes

Aicas, and main green critical areas of Bogotá according to the Ministry of the Environment

Aicas

Aicas, It is an international standard that refers to an ‘Important Bird Area’. In Colombia and the world, AICA are identified according to technical criteria that consider the presence of bird species that are a priority for conservation. (Biological Resources Research Institute. 2018)

130

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

65 km

Precipitation of Bogotรก

E I

131

Appendixes

LandUses and watersheed proposal for Bogotá

W u

132

Ecotoning Tunjuelo’s River

Ecological infrastructure proposal for Bogotรก

E I

133

Appendixes

A holistic vision of urban planning, from the potential of socio-ecological transitions. The whole planet corresponds to relations of ecological dependencies characterized by the recognition of the transitions of its ecosystems. Speaking of urban ecotones provides the possibility of interaction between multiple dynamics even in those areas where ecological interest is less but its ecosystem relevance allows a transition of processes between species.

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15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Glossary PĂĄramo: A socio-ecosystem characteristic of the equatorial high mountain, located predominantly between the upper limit of the Andean forest and, if applicable, with the lower limit of glaciers and snow borders, with a predominance of cold climate and relief modelled predominantly by the accumulation and retreat of glacial masses.... It is also a pluri-ethnic and multicultural territory to the extent that it is recognized that the moors in general have been inhabited, intervened and transformed, shaping the pre-existing patterns. (Sarmiento, 2013) Biodiversity: The diversity of durable interactions among species. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, it includes all organisms, species, and populations; the genetic variation among these; and their complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems. Cultural diversity and biodiversity are intimately related to each other. If we lose one, we risk losing the other. The diversity of societies, cultures and languages that (United Nations. Environment Programme, 2010) Adaptative cycles: The adaptive cycle is a conceptual model intended to expose the degree to which a complex system is resilient. (Holling 1986) Ecotone: A transition zone between two or more different ecological communities or regions. Biological integrity: The ability to support and maintain a balanced, integrated adaptive assemblage of organisms having species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitat of the region (Karr and Dudley 1981) Tunjuelo: from the muisca culture, it means Anthropomorphic Gold Figure

135

Glossary

Problem Statement

-Territories for Policies -Technical interpretation of the ecosystems -Human interpretation of ecology -Human and non human planning examples

Urban planning

Conceptual approach

Geographers - Sociologist Urbanist- Landscape Politicians

Bio-Divers socio ec Local Knowledge

Natural Science Philosophy

Human site and taditional knowledge of the territory

Biologist - Ecologist Humanties

Analysis

- Human as nature - Self recognition of human as part of natural processes and community interactions - A conscious level of urban planning to reconsider the model of development of the territories

-Site location and ancestral intepretation of the territories. -Adaptability of humans from socioecological sense of cooperation

Cases of study

Hypothesis

136

Ecotoning Tunjueloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Conclusions for an urban agenda

Research trough design

Accesibility and connectivity Agroecology waterfront

Interaction

Ecotone design

sity as a strategy for cological planning

Coexistence of processes

Dynamic and planning for landcape changes

Ecozones

Diversity of habitats

Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade

Culture Development Ecological adaptability Industrialization

Application

Socio Ecological integrity

Size and fragmentation Socio ecological economy cycles

Strategy

Principles

Qualitative approach and quantitative approach

137

Glossary

Reflections

Cooperation and external academic support: AmĂŠzquita Camilo. Architect, Colombia Cerinza Adriana. Forest Engineer, Colombia Garcia Miriam. Urban and Landscape planner designer, Spain Roos Marco. Researcher Urban Biodiversity, Netherlands Zahonero Anna. Biologist, Spain

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