11ο Δημοτικό Σχολείο Ηλιούπολης Καινοτόμο πρόγραμμα στο μάθημα των Αγγλικών
Σχολικό έτος 2013-2014 “Getting to know England better through Halloween and Bonfire Night”
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Many hundreds of years ago, a people called the Celts lived in Europe and on the British Isles. The Celts believed that the souls of the dead visited Earth on the last day of October. They had a festival in honor of these souls of the dead, and they called it Samhain which means "summer's end".
In time, the Roman Empire conquered the Celts and took over some of their beliefs as well. This included Samhain. The Romans combined it with their own festivals. And since the Roman Empire spread across a great part of the known world, the idea that the souls of the dead visited Earth on the last day of October spread far and wide.
Later on Christianity became a powerful religion with lots of followers. In the Christian world Halloween initiates the triduum of Hallowmas, the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed believers.
Hallowmas, also known as the Triduum of All Hallows (Triduum of All Saints),is the triduum encompassing the Western Christian observances of All Hallows' Eve (Hallowe'en), All Saints' Day(All Hallows') and All Souls' Day, which last from October 31 to November 2 annually.
So Halloween is a holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. Halloween is on the eve of a major Catholic festival, All Saints (1st November) and the eve of the pagan Celtic festival known as Samhain. It is thus seen to bring some form of intertwining of celebrations between paganism and Christianity in a way that depicts the perfect example of superstition struggling with religious belief. The word Halloween is a shortening of All Hallows' Evening also known as Hallowe'en or All Hallows' Eve.
Halloween only became popular in America in the early 1900's although it dates back almost 2,000 years. It became popular in America when many Irish fled their country to escape the potato famine of 1846.
Halloween is usually celebrated amongst family, friends and, sometimes, co-workers. However, some areas hold large community events. Parties and other events may be planned on October 31.
• http://www.history.com/topics/halloween/jackolantern-history/videos/halloweens-origins
Halloween is the celebration of evil spirits and monsters, of witches and wizards, elves and goblins, vampires and werewolves, the Dracula and Frankenstein.
It’s…….
• http://www.history.com/topics/halloween/halloweenaround-the-world/videos/makeup
Halloween customs
Traditional activities include trick-or-treating, bonfires, costume parties, visiting "haunted houses" and carving jack-o-lanterns. Irish and Scottish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Other western countries embraced the holiday in the late twentieth century including Ireland, the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom as well as of Australia and New Zealand.
Jack-o-lantern
A jack-o'-lantern is a carved pumpkin, or turnip, associated chiefly with the holiday of Halloween, and was named after the phenomenon of strange light flickering over peat bogs, called will-o'-thewisp or jack-o'-lantern.
In a jack-o'-lantern, the top is cut off to form a lid, and the inside flesh then scooped out; an image, usually a monstrous face, is carved out of the pumpkin's rind to expose the hollow interior.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cudw2faobPA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUVNHh2hkGU
To create the lantern effect, a light source is placed within before the lid is closed. This is traditionally a flame or electric candle, though pumpkin lights featuring various colors and flickering effects are also marketed specifically for this purpose. It is common to see jack-o'-lanterns on doorsteps and otherwise used as decorations during Hallowe'en.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtCYHYo7-G4
The Legend of “Stingy Jack”
People have been making jack-o’-lanterns at Halloween for centuries. The practice originated from an Irish myth about a man nicknamed “Stingy Jack.” According to the story, Stingy Jack invited the Devil to have a drink with him. True to his name, Stingy Jack didn’t want to pay for his drink, so he convinced the Devil to turn himself into a coin that Jack could use to buy their drinks. Once the Devil did so, Jack decided to keep the money and put it into his pocket next to a silver cross, which prevented the Devil from changing back into his original form. Jack eventually freed the Devil, under the condition that he would not bother Jack for one year and that, should Jack die, he would not claim his soul. The next year, Jack again tricked the Devil into climbing into a tree to pick a piece of fruit. While he was up in the tree, Jack carved a sign of the cross into the tree’s bark so that the Devil could not come down until the Devil promised Jack not to bother him for ten more years.
Soon after, Jack died. As the legend goes, God would not allow such an unsavory figure into heaven. The Devil, upset by the trick Jack had played on him and keeping his word not to claim his soul, would not allow Jack into hell. He sent Jack off into the dark night with only a burning coal to light his way. Jack put the coal into a carved-out turnip and has been roaming the Earth with ever since. The Irish began to refer to this ghostly figure as “Jack of the Lantern,” and then, simply “Jack O’Lantern.”
In Ireland and Scotland, people began to make their own versions of Jack’s lanterns by carving scary faces into turnips or potatoes and placing them into windows or near doors to frighten away Stingy Jack and other wandering evil spirits. In England, large beets are used. Immigrants from these countries brought the jack o’lantern tradition with them when they came to the United States. They soon found that pumpkins, a fruit native to America, make perfect jack-o’-lanterns.
Haunted houses
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HJZI-t3vDE • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAXMtUCcp7o • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZhce2oEGBA
Halloween sweets
Because many Western Christian denominations encourage, although no longer require, abstinence from meat on All Hallows' Eve, the tradition of eating certain vegetarian foods for this vigil day developed, including the consumption of apples,colcannon,cider,potato pancakes,and soul cakes.
Another traditional food eaten on Halloween is barnbrack, a kind of fruitcake that can be bought in stores or baked at home. A muslin-wrapped treat is baked inside the cake that, it is said, can foretell the eater’s future. If a ring is found, it means that the person will soon be wed; a piece of straw means that a prosperous year is on its way.
“Trick or treat”
Trick-or-treating or guising is a customary practice for children on Halloween in many countries. Children in costumes travel from house to house in order to ask for treats such as candy (or, in some cultures, money) with the question "Trick or treat?". The "trick" is a (usually idle) threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given to them. In North America, trick-or-treating has been a customary Halloween tradition since the late 1940s. It typically happens on October 31, although some municipalities choose other dates.
An early reference to wearing costumes at Halloween comes from Scotland in 1585, but they may pre-date this. There are many references to the custom during the 18th and 19th centuries in the Celtic countries (Scotland ,Ireland,Mann and Wales).
Ancient, Early Christian and Medieval Origins of Trick-or-Treating
It is unknown precisely where and when the phrase “trick or treat” was coined.The custom had been firmly established in American popular culture by 1951, when trick-or-treating was depicted in the Peanuts comic strip. In 1952, Disney produced a cartoon called “Trick or Treat” featuring Donald Duck and his nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie.
It seems that during the Celtic celebrations of Samhain, villagers disguised themselves in costumes made of animal skins to drive away phantom visitors; banquet tables were prepared and edible offerings were left out to placate unwelcome spirits. In later centuries, people began dressing as ghosts, demons and other malevolent creatures, performing antics in exchange for food and drink. This custom, known as mumming, dates back to the Middle Ages and is thought to be an antecedent of trick-or-treating.
By the ninth century, Christianity had spread into Celtic lands, where it gradually blended with and supplanted older pagan rites. In 1000 A.D. the church designated November 2 as All Souls’ Day, a time for honoring the dead. Celebrations in England resembled Celtic commemorations of Samhain, complete with bonfires and masquerades. Poor people would visit the houses of wealthier families and receive pastries called soul cakes in exchange for a promise to pray for the souls of the homeowners’ dead relatives. Known as souling, the practice was later taken up by children, who would go from door to door asking for gifts such as food, money and ale.
A SOUL CAKE, A SOUL CAKE PLEASE, GOOD MISSUS, A SOUL CAKE AN APPLE, A PEAR, A PLUM OR A CHERRY ANY GOOD THING TO MAKE US ALL MERRY A SOUL CAKE, A SOUL CAKE PLEASE, GOOD MISSUS, A SOUL CAKE ONE FOR PETER, TWO FOR PAUL AND THREE FOR HIM THAT MADE US ALL A SOUL CAKE, A SOUL CAKE PLEASE, GOOD MISSUS, A SOUL CAKE AN APPLE, A PEAR, A PLUM OR A CHERRY ANY GOOD THING TO MAKE US ALL MERRY GOD BLESS THE MASTER OF THIS HOUSE AND THE MISTRESS ALSO AND ALL THE LITTLE CHILDREN THAT ROUND YOUR TABLE GROW THE CATTLE IN YOUR STABLE THE DOGS AT YOUR FRONT DOOR AND ALL THAT DWELL WITHIN YOUR GATES WE'LL WISH YOU TEN TIMES MORE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu8H5rA9HuA
In Scotland and Ireland, young people took part in a tradition called guising, dressing up in costume and accepting offerings from various households. Rather than pledging to pray for the dead, they would sing a song, recite a poem, tell a joke or perform another sort of “trick� before collecting their treat, which typically consisted of fruit, nuts or coins.
Halloween parties
Ducking/Bobbing for apples
Apple bobbing, also known as bobbing for apples, is a game often played on Halloween. The game is played by filling a tub or a large basin with water and putting apples in the water. Because apples are less dense than water, they will float at the surface. Players (usually children) then try to catch one with their teeth. Use of arms is not allowed, and often are tied behind the back to prevent cheating. In Scotland, this may be called "dooking" (i.e., ducking). In northern England, the game is often called apple ducking or duck-apple.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41ODipTfZDg
Pin the tail on the donkey
Pin the tail on the donkey is a game played by groups of children. It is common at birthday parties and other gatherings. A picture of a donkey with a missing tail is tacked to a wall within easy reach of children One at a time, each child is blindfolded and handed a paper "tail" with a push pin or thumbtack poked through it. The blindfolded child is then spun around until he or she is disoriented. The child gropes around and tries to pin the tail on the donkey. The player who pins their tail closest to the target, the donkey's rear, wins. The game, a group activity, is generally not competitive; "winning" is only of marginal importance.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ww9b7kqmVNo
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyRqR56aCKc • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnzH75FlwvU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gs3yvsqmhZA
• http://www.history.com/to pics/halloween/halloween -around-the-world • https://www.youtube.com/ • https://www.google.gr/ • google εικόνες • http://resources.woodland sjunior.kent.sch.uk/custom s/halloween.html • http://fun.familyeducation. com/history-ofhalloween/72770.html • http://www.socialstudiesf orkids.com/articles/holida ys/halloweenhistory.htm
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx2j4DeLerk