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Task 01 Knowing the First Principles This task explores Tiktok from a first principles approach, through the system itself and its effect on human being. A network is simply a library of information that are recalled in different combinations which are immensely complex. The drawings will be produced by breaking down the elements into parts and document what exactly is taking place on the network based on how it operates from a fundamental structural level.

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Task 02

Task 03

Thinking in Pictures

An Analogue Artefact

Understanding a network through its analogy is another effective way to explain how the network works and how it changes through time. Through the translation of our first principles understanding into visual analogies, we are able to reintroduce our network from another point of view.

The task is to represent our network, Tiktok, through recognisable visual analogies. It will come in a form of a narrated digital slide show or video.

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After analysing the network through first principles and analogies, the final task will be developing an artefact.

The artefact will not be a pure representation of the network itself nor a direct translation, however, it will be a fictional artefact inspired

by Tiktok. It will propose a future network system where it is grounded in a critique of our contemporary lives where the artefact will help us understand the present world.

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Year: 2021 Project Name: Morphological City Team: Charensia Pricilla Rompis Studio Leaders: Kate Finning & Andrew Power

TikTok. Not sure if you are familiar with it, but it’s okay. Let me explain it to you :) Tiktok is a social media platform that focuses on short-form videos. It is known for its meme, duet features, dance and comedy. Tiktok is one of the most popular apps with many active users within the time frame of one year since it launched worldwide in 2018.

Using TikTok as a network of principles, I analysed how it works as a social media platform through its algorithm, users, features, and limitation. As a user myself, I used my experience with the app to draw multiple diagrams as reasoning that contributes to the final proposal.The knowledge that I have learnt brought me to understanding this social media platform through several visual analogies. Controversial, yet, I could say, TikTok is rather a viral phenomenon. It is analogous to how viruses propagate over time. It evolves. It mutates.

It may sound scary, however, it is real. It is happening.

The final project consists of an analogue artefact, in this case, a Morphological City. Inspired by the duet feature in TikTok, the city itself is a critique. It is fictional, yet, present in the sense of how social media predominantly occupy our daily life. The city’s history is embedded in architecture and inherited through urban mutation. What is currently missing is the relationship between the architecture and the city. The lack of critical ideology that forms the basis of the city.

The proposed theoretical framework of the Morphological City is imposed within a gridded limit and architectural typology that turns into a development of a “spontaneous” city. The city is forever growing. It contains several typologies with different forms and arrangements that are designed to reflect the urban mutations based on the political nature of this social context and also, the way flexibility and growth form “informal urbanism”.

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Task 01 Knowing the First Principles TikTok. For the past year, since the pandemic starts, I started playing around with TikTok at home and even until now, I could say that I am an active user. I am not trying to hide anything, however, I know for a fact that a lot of people hates TikTok because it is cringe and lame.

I, myself, thought so, and I tried to avoid using TikTok. However, lockdown brought me to become a TikTok addict.

When we were tasked to choose a network and analyse it, I willingly chose TikTok as I am genuinely interested in this platform.

I started by narrowing down the elements of TikTok, starting from its user, algorithm, psychological effect, features and limitations. When you first sign up for TikTok, you don’t have to follow anyone, nor tell the app about your interest. It shows you a video, and the only decision you have to make is how long you watch it. This feature is called the ‘for you page’, which is the home page of TikTok. The ‘for you page’ or FYP is AI-generated content that automatically sorts out videos based on your interaction, likes, and search. When I was doing this analysis, it comes to my realisation that this feels like a pyramid scheme, where everyone sorts of competing in tackling the algorithm of TikTok to appear in multiple audience’s FYP. Why? Of course, to be popular, to be an influencer. Tiktok has proven that you do not have to be a public figure to be popular on TikTok. You just have to be unique and creative, and then the other TikTok users will be the judge of whether you deserve a position in the FYP or not.

It sounds very political, but it is just how it is.

On the mind-map that I drew on the left, I decided to focus on TikTok’s unique features, such as its FYP algorithm, duet features, and its limitation that is actually a part of their marketing strategy.

Figure 1:1: TikTok Mind-Map.

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1.1 FYP Algorithm Iterations For You Page (FYP).

Average TikTok users spent hours in their FYP every single day.

Like, me...

At the beginning of the task, I decided to analyse multiple types of users and how long their content remains on the FYP. I started by drawing a bubble diagram to represents each different type of

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user. The size of each bubble represents their exposure in the FYP. A large bubble represents trending video content (i.e. influencers, public figures, etc.), meanwhile, a smaller bubble represents less popular content (i.e. general people). Influencers tend to gain a large exposure on the for you page due to the number of interactions they with general people. It is quite difficult for them to remain on the exposure page, and therefore, they rely on the Algorithm (i.e. likes, hashtags, filters, etc.). TikTok’s Algorithm contributes to the exposure of different content on the for you page.

What is successful?

Drawing the network on day to day basis shows the evolution of each content. It reminds me of Cellular Automata, where at some point, the content could grow depending on its interaction and also die at the same time.

What is not successful?

After discussing with Kate and Andrew, I realised that I was probably too caught up with the aesthetic of the diagram that I need a stronger basis for this diagram to work. The “push and pull” effect on the diagram did not affect the overall network size.

It is still too ambiguous. It lacks depth.

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Figure 1:2: FYP exposure of different type of users analysed on a day to day basis.

receive from their followers. However, it is not the same context

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1.1 FYP Algorithm Final Diagram Refining from the previous diagrams, I decided to add a diagram that would help explain how the Algorithm works on the FYP. The exposure of your uploaded content to other user’s FYP

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is predetermined by several variables such as likes, hashtags, comments, favourites, etc. There has been no concrete data in terms of how effective each of these variables contributes to your exposure. Therefore, taking my experience into account, I concluded that receiving more likes within a short period helps boost your exposure to the FYP. Also, I found that using trending hashtags is

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Figure 1:3: FYP exposure diagram and Algorithm analysed on a day to day basis (Final Diagram).

more effective than trending music nor filter.

The following four diagrams show the growth of the uploaded content observed daily through multiple types of TikTok users. I have located each specific user on the FYP network depending on what variable seems to boost their exposure the most. From my analysis, I found that top influencers tend to gain the largest exposure on FYP compared to the rest of the users, meaning that they remain consistent on the FYP throughout days due to the number of interactions they receive. Furthermore, the evolution of the FYP network shows how one person could blow up the FYP with just one interesting content, meanwhile for other users, they hardly get to reach the amount of exposure that influencer would get.

Although there is room for improvement, overall, I think the diagrams are successful in that it shows the evolution of the network based on multiple users, and also, the Algorithm diagram made the overall drawing looks more coherent and solid. Personal opinion, though the diagrams may not look as convincing as the previous diagrams, I feel like it has successfully accomplished the depth that I intended to show in this task. It is indeed a very complex system.

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1.2. Limitation TikTok’s limitation? or gain?

Figure 1:5: Tiktok’s sharing options (Iteration).

What is not successful?

The previous iteration of the diagram is too literal in the sense that it lacks critical value. I feel like there has been a missing connection to the entirety of the diagram. Also, the identification of other social media platforms are too vague, hence, it needs more analysis and Figure 1:4: Tiktok’s sharing options (Final Diagram).

One thing that I found quite troublesome with TikTok is the direct

depth in relation to TikTok itself.

message feature. TikTok only allows sharing a direct message with just one other person, not groups. The only way you can share

What is successful?

it with other people or your friends is through the copy link or

After taking suggestions from Kate and Andrew, I simplified the

download video options. The downloaded video content will then

diagram and tried to tie back the connections to TikTok. The arrows

be watermarked and saved into your album. On a surface level,

on the final diagram represent how the other social media platforms

people would see this as a limitation, but is it, though? It does not

have been influenced rapidly by content from TikTok.

stop people from using TikTok. They become unwillingly forced to

I acknowledge that it has worked much better compared to the

do so for the purpose of entertainment. Back to the question again.

previous diagram. The connections are a lot clearer and defined.

Is it really a limitation? No. It is not. The watermarked video is a

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marketing strategy to promote TikTok to a wider audience across

Conclusion

multiple social media platforms. I have encountered so many people

The diagram started with a person trying to share content from

that do not even use TikTok that knows all of the trends in TikTok.

TikTok. Its direct message limitation forces the user to bring the

These little things could trigger and bring new users down to the

content outside of TikTok, and the content itself promotes TikTok as

rabbit hole - TikTok.

a brand that indirectly encourages people to use TikTok.

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1.3 Duet Feature “TikTok’s specialty in duet” If you are familiar with TikTok, you may have seen a split-screen video produced through TikTok that they call a “duet”. Duet is unique and interesting. Why? No other social media platform has done this before. A more accurate representation of understanding the duet would be flashmob. Duet allows creators to build on other creators’ video content on TikTok by recording their videos alongside the original content. It is an interactive way of collaborating with creators across the platform without limits.

In Figure 1:7 - 1:9, I explored the duet through its literal translation. In Figure 1:6, however, I decided to go deeper into this idea of phenomenal transparency. The planes are superimposed with one another, suggesting outer space. Nothing is left to the imagination due to the transparency that allows you to see through. With TikTok itself, it is indeed impossible to keep up with all the current trends these days. It seems so ambiguous. There is always a contradiction between discrete input of interaction with the continuity of the content itself. The transcension of content through intersecting planes often occurred in an unsolicited manner. There is a simultaneity of ‘happenings’ despite discrete interactions or inputs.

TikTok’s duet, I would say, is conceived and indefinite. Creative content is everywhere in TikTok. You can not tell who started the trend. When we think, “oh, that influencer started it”, maybe it was actually started by someone else. Even in the duets, it is all choreographed. It is a critique of how there is no “original idea”.

People get inspired by every single thing in life. It lies in how the user perceives things. We have always been asked about our position on this project I struggled with previously. The answer is, it is not good nor bad. It is just is.

Figure 1:7: Understanding TikTok’s duet feature.

Let’s talk about “duet”.

Duet usually started from a single video produced by a creator that gained a large exposure on the FYP. From this, the popular content would grow and become a new trendsetter.

Following a hashtag, other creators tend to follow along and collaborate through a “duet”. As more people join in, all the duet contents are grouped within the hashtags. The maximum number of collaborators in a single duet is 5. Though, the majority of popular TikTok’s duet only lasts up to a two-person duet. As a new collaborator joins in, the original content slowly diminishes/ gets pushed to the side.

From Figure 1:7, I wanted to expand the diagram and relate it to a pyramid scheme. Why pyramid scheme? I feel like TikTok users collaborate with influencers to gain fame. They use all of these hashtags to gain exposure to the FYP. It sounds very political, but it is real.

This additional drawing helped me translate the duet phenomena in TikTok into a theoretical framework used in a later phase of this project.

Figure 1:6: Phenomenal transparency in TikTok’s duet feature.

Figure 1:8: Duet feature (Iteration).

In Figure 1:8, I enlarged the original content to exaggerate the idea of influencers compared to the collaborators. I couldn’t really tell whether it works as it is or not. However, I know for sure that the network loop that I did was confusing. It just made it look more complex but not really necessary.

After a discussion with Kate and Andrew, we decided to go for a simpler diagram. I believe that this diagram works a lot better than the previous diagram. Though there is a lack of hierarchy, this diagram explained the duet feature as it is.

It shows how the original content starts to diminish as there are more collaborators and grouped within a context of hashtags.

Figure 1:9: Duet feature (Final Diagram).

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I want to keep this diagram as literal as possible because I wish to use this as the basis of the theoretical framework of my final project.

Therefore, to develop it further, I need to start with the roots.

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Task 02 Thinking in Pictures Andy Warhol’s Chelsea Girls (1966).

Kate and Andrew suggested me into looking at Andy Warhol’s Chelsea Girls. When I looked it up on Youtube, I was surprised by how the movie depicts this documentary through a split-screen.

It is a duet. Relating to my diagram of phenomena transparency, I feel like this movie is the perfect fit for it.

This documentary relies on how the viewers perceive the movie. Why did I not use it as my reference? I want the viewers to be directed into something else in a “literal” way that shifted their mind from the original meaning behind it through visual analogies.

Figure 2:1: A scene from Andy Warhol’s Chelsea Girls (1996).

Human Cells.

I struggled a lot in finding analogies for the task. One of my friends kept mocking me and said how “TikTok is cancer”. It pisses me off that it made me think that it is somehow related to how human cells work. For cells to grow, it needs nutrients to pass through the membrane. In the case of TikTok, single video content needs a large number of interactions to grow and receive exposure into the FYP. While other cells would continue to grow, some cells would die. It is a loop of birth, growth, and death.

Analogous to video content that gets uploaded - FYP’s exposure - dies.

Figure 2:4: Task 02 Brainstorming Part 1.

Figure 2:2: Cells from Google Picture.

Contagion (2011).

Moving on from human cells, I feel like it lacks psychological effect. I spent some time scrolling through my Netflix and Youtube to get some ideas. As I came across Contagion, I realised that I could use this idea of a virus analogous to a human’s viral behaviour instead of human cells.

I get most of my inspiration for this task from Contagion. It is a movie about discovering a deadly virus.

Duet challenges are made for people to replicate and recreate. In a similar sense of how the virus replicates and mutates. Controversial, yet, it’s real.

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Figure 2:3: A scene from Contagion (2011).

Figure 2:5: Task 02 Brainstorming Part 2.

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2.1. behind-the-scene Viral phenomena in “duet” I spent a long time deciding on my concept, which took up most of the time, considering we were only given three days to work on this.

When I decided that I wanted to do something about viral phenomena in duet, I searched up some articles regarding how TikTok viral trends spread rapidly across the globe. Within the FYP, you can see different creators across the globe, which makes it easier to gain exposure internationally. I used to follow up this small business from TikTok. It started only a few months, however, with the rapid spread of TikTok, this small business became very popular, and all of a sudden, she would get a lot of orders internationally. It proves how strong is the influence from TikTok itself.

Going back to the idea of viral phenomena, it is a pattern that can replicate and mutate when it is being exposed to a certain object.

Analogous to how a virus propagates, the term viral refers to the spread of content to multiple users within a short period. The viewers that are metaphorically seen as experiencing ‘infection’, and ‘contamination’ plays as passive carriers in terms of interaction (likes or views) and active carriers in terms of the duet (direct reaction), resulting in the content going viral.

While listening to the crits as I presented this video, it did give them a strong impact. I admit that it is very controversial in a way that it might be difficult for others to agree with. However, this analogy works the best in depicting TikTok, especially with duet memes. Some people hate TikTok for the fact that it gives them entertainment, however, it is very difficult to make them admit that they actually ‘enjoyed’ watching TikTok memes. They call this denial. Again, controversial, but it is a fact that once slammed me.

Shameful to say, however, I am one of the ‘infected’ individuals.

Figure 2:6: Visual Analogies made in Adobe Premiere.

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part one

At the beginning of the video, I captured content from the documentary Spanish Flu that shows how a virus replicates and mutates. In this scene, I was trying to show how this idea of viral phenomena has existed before through other social media platforms, and it never actually disappeared. It has always been there, however, more influential than ever - this idea refers to how meme has spread all over different social media platform, however, now, with the duet feature on TikTok, it becomes a lot easier for people to produce and share such creative and unique content. In the following scenes, I capture some scenes from Contagion where it shows how direct contact from humans can travel through easily - similar to how meme spreads.

part two Day by day, more people start to get ‘infected’ with this viral phenomenon.

The location does not influence TikTok’s Algorithm as it always tries to connect you to the creators across the globe. This idea is analogous to the way people travel around the world while not realising that they are active carriers. This phenomenon is not really something that you can control easily, especially with the rapid change of globalisation. In the following scene, I added a protest image regarding freedom. Even until this day, people still protest about the current pandemic situation. Even some still believe that it is not real. With how fast the media can travel through, people can get influenced easily.

part three At the nearing end of the visual analogies, I showed how the ‘viral phenomena’ had originated from and how it spreads from animal to human to human interaction. People is a social being. They need to interact with each other to survive, analogous to the way the virus mutates. From close contact itself, the ‘viral phenomena’ could spread to a wider range of populations. The origin needs a collaborator to grow. This scene explains how it is similar to the way TikTok’s duet works. In the last scene of the visual analogies, I reversed a scene where someone is trying to put on a mask to avoid such a ‘virus’, however, rejected by the individual. This scene is analogous to the way people spread memes for the sake of entertainment.

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Task 03 An Analogue Artefact The proposed city is called a Morphological City.

Inspired from the duet feature of the network, the city itself is a critique. It is a fictional city, yet present, in how social media predominantly occupy our daily lives.

The city’s history is embedded in architecture and inherited through what is called an urban mutation. The lack of connection between architecture and urbanism that form a city becomes a strong basis of the proposed city.

The drawing of the Morphological City has gone through multiple iterations. Kate and Andrew were really helpful in giving me constructive feedback. At the beginning of the project, I started by drawing squares that “replicates” and “mutates”, similar to how Cellular Automata works. I decided to figure out the form of the building that could represent this idea of replication and mutation in a plan form. Refinement after refinement, the plan drawing has developed a lot compared to the first iteration. With the time constraints of the intensive schedule, I had to move on to the next drawing.

For the perspective view, I tried to draw the vibe within the city where it shows how each building differs following the origin/ host as drawn on the plan drawing.

At that time, I tried to think of a very straightforward and local example of building typology, and the Victorian Style of Terrace Housing popped up into my mind. In comparison to that, I searched European Apartment Style with similar style and lastly, I drew a Bungalow house. To create the perspective, I had to draw each building separately and combine them in photoshop. In the end, the drawing was unsuccessful. From the perspective drawing, I think the drawings became very unclear and vague. I realised that I should have drawn a more explicit differentiation in the Victorian Style to make it clearer. Also, after receiving the feedbacks during the final presentation, I feel like I should try to collage it instead of drawing it. Also, to zoom in on an elevation view instead of a perspective view.

Figure 3:2: Stop City by Dogma (2007).

Figure 3:1: City Plan and Perspective Iterations.

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Figure 3:3: City Walls by Dogma (2005).

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Figure 3:4: Concepts and Analogy.

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The Stop City by Dogma is one of the references I used in developing my project. It proposes an absolute limit of the city, which formed the city itself. It uses repetition of basic units made of eight slabs. I used this reference to create similarity in proposing repetitive units and contradiction in breaking the city boundary. Analogous to the way TikTok’s duet works, it knows no boundary. It replicates and mutates without control. There is always a discrete input of interaction with the continuity of the content itself. The theoretical framework is based on the idea of phenomenal transparency, as explained in figure 1:6.

Another reference by Dogma is their City Walls project. Popular with the cruciform buildings, the walls are designed to act as a framing system.

It is a boundary that creates this relationship between urbanism and architecture producing a city. This relation is what was missing in the contemporary city. The similarities between City Walls and Stop City are the gridded form that serves as a rule-based typology. It removes this idea of hierarchy and reinforces their communality. Analogous to TikTok’s meme, it is a form of entertainment that brings the community together.

Though it is very subjective, it is real and is happening.

Developing from my previous tasks, I drew some quick concept diagrams to form the basis of my theoretical concept. First of all, the gridded form of the city plan as a rule-based typology that reflects this notion of Algorithm. Second, duet morphology that replicates and mutates following its origin. Third, an open boundary in the form of a landscape that acts as unseen city walls. These three concepts will generate the idea of the complexity of a real-time city as a shifting morphing complex system. Furthermore, the notion of phenomenal transparency will be used as an abstraction to the analogue artefact.

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Morphological City not a TikTok city The proposed city is called a Morphological City, not a TikTok city.

Inspired from the duet feature of the network, the city itself is a critique. It is a fictional city, yet present, in how social media predominantly occupy our daily lives. The city’s history is embedded in architecture and inherited through what is called an urban mutation. The lack of connection between architecture and urbanism that form a city becomes a strong basis of the proposed city.

Gridded, yet, emergent, the theoretical framework of the city is imposed on a 30 by 30-metre grid that acts as a boundary between each unit. The gridded nature of the city is able to remove the idea of hierarchy to reinforce the sense of community. Additionally, unbuilt areas within the grid will be used as open communal space.

Analogous to the way viral phenomena propagates, the city aims to replicate and mutate. The development will introduce a new architectural typology that creates a “spontaneous” city within this Morphological City. The typology contains different forms and arrangements that reflect the political nature of this “duet phenomena” referred to as the host or origin. From the host itself, the unit can replicate and mutate into recognisable forms.

The city contains an open boundary in the form of a mountain Figure 3:5: Morphological City Plan.

landscape that acts as unseen city walls. It is analogous to the way an Algorithm is controlling social media. Though there are no concrete data behind it, we all know that the Algorithm plays a big factor in restricting how much exposure we can get. As the city continues to grow, new housing typology either gets replaced or grow into the landscape, blurring the unseen boundary of the city.

The flexibility and growth from the typology mutation produce an “informal urbanism” within the city itself.

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an analogue artefact untitled artefact “Differences such as inside and outside, landscape and city, production and consumption, living and working were collapsed into one neutral yet totalising surface, extendable in all directions on an underlying grid representing the most generic order possible.”

- Stop City, Dogma (2007).

After the final presentation, I decided to work on this collage as the final analogue artefact (in relation to the network and city). From my previous attempt in which I had failed, I decided to work this out through collage instead of hand-drawing.

Following the city plan, the analogue artefact depicts a moment representing a building typology that evolves and mutates under one singular roof element. The roof represents the host/ the viral content. Meanwhile, the configuration of elements such as windows and doors represent the mutated contents. By saying contents, it is quite ambiguous. Therefore, the phenomenal transparency explains how the discrete input of interaction with the continuity of the content itself produces this ambiguity that is left to the viewer’s subjectivity. There is no true origin of the contents, it just is.

The cropped out collage shows that the unit is still evolving and mutating. It represents the complexity of the real-time city as a shifting morphing complex system.

Compared to the previous iteration of the analogue artefact, this attempt on collaging has successfully translated my idea.

The ambiguity and subjectivity of this network has brought me to title this project, untitled artefact.

Figure 3:6: Untitled Artefact.

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Conclusion

References

I was questioned before that the final drawings that I had produced for the final review captured a ‘utopian’ city that contradicts the ‘dystopian’ analogue in Task 02. As mentioned previously, I had a

American Underground Film Archive. (2020, October 20). Chelsea Girls (1966) by Andy Warhol. Youtube. https://youtu.be/M7-ukkcGmek

friend who always mentions that TikTok is cancerous. I can see how some people dislike TikTok and

Architectural Association (Great Britain). (2013). Dogma: 11 projects.

treat it as if it is a disease. It even resulted in some banning and controversial issues across the globe.

Cambridge University. (2018, November 30). Spanish Flu: a warning from history. Youtube. https://youtu.be/3x1aLAw_xkY

Some people have this bias towards their hatred of TikTok, which I believe is very subjective. I am not trying to defend TikTok. However, since I previously disliked TikTok myself, I get the idea of how TikTok haters see it the way they see it. I believe that the ‘dystopian’ visual analogies in Task 02 had successfully translated how TikTok works, especially with duet memes. Imagine what a meme city would be. It would be an entertainment fantasy. Is it a dystopian? or utopian?

Overall, although there is room for improvement, I believe that I had successfully carried out the project

Dogma. (n.d.). City Walls. http://www.dogma.name/project/city-walls/ Flickr. (2020, February 21). Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. https://www.flickr.com/photos/nihgov/49565892377 Frac Centre. (n.d.). Stop City. https://www.frac-centre.fr/_en/art-and-architecture-collection/dogma/stop- city-317.html?authID=259&ensembleID=832

well. I had a lot of fun and learning from Unit 05, all thanks to Kate, Andrew, Samuel, and the rest of the

Helmers, Caden. (2020, July 11). The TikTok phenomenon: What is it? https://www.theadvocate.com.au/story/6829115/the-tiktok-phenomenon-what-is-it-and-why-the- backlash/

teaching team at AA. At last, I am confident to state my position that the city/artefact is not dystopian

McGlew, M. (2021, June 23). This is How the TikTok Algorithm Works. https://later.com/blog/tiktok-algorithm/

nor utopian. It is just is. It is subjective to the way you see it, and I will leave it to your interpretation.

Vox. (2020, August 29). The problem with banning TikTok [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/BAsXGN2OX0c

Thank you.

Warner Bros Pictures. (2011, July 15). Contagion Trailer [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/I5VfNKCQF60

Figure 3:7: Unit 05 while doing work + listening to Mond’s TEDtalk.

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MORPHOLOGICAL CITY