2 0 1 8 | 2 0 1 9
Thesis Research
tell a story through design
a boutique hotel charlie krawczel
Table of Contents
thesis + problem statement
04
site introduction
06
site and building analysis
08
case study: hostal ritoque
11
case study: dream hotel
13
case study: michelberger hotel
15
list of spaces + prototypes
16
thesis research
18
goals + objectives
20
colors + materials
21
indoor quality concerns
22
research + codes
24
consultants
26
credits + bibliography
27
03
Problem
Most hotels are not memorable. Hotels that aim to be remembered are usually focused on how to make the interior grandiose. However, places with a grand design aren’t necessarily that memorable either just because they are seen as luxurious. The impact and the feelings that linger when we are reminded of the experience years later is what matters more. Designing for a US based company striving to bring design to all, this boutique hotel in Vinohrady, Prague will provide a memorable and affordable experience for travelers by focusing on cultural immersion. Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic and is known for its rich culture and history in art and architecture. Located in the district of Vinohrady, a growing neighborhood just outside of Old Town Prague, the 20,988 ft2 hotel will become a hub for visitors and the local community alike. It will provide two types of lodging for travelers. Most of the hotel will be dedicated to private rooms, with the rest of the guest space dedicated to hostel portion of the hotel. Vinohrady, Prague is one of the more affordable places for travelers to visit in Europe, but nowadays, what is affordable usually lacks in design. This hotel will strive to become an example that design can be affordable and still make an impact.
Thesis
Design doesn’t have to be expensive to make a big impact. Immersion into the local community by incorporating a hostel portion in the hotel can add to the experience of the user. The more efficient use of materials will decrease construction waste, and the re-purposing of flea market finds will add a local flair.
04
PRAGUE
05
Vinohrady
peace
Located east of New Town, Prague, Vinohrady is a residential district not far from the city’s famous Old Town. Pastel buildings line the streets, housing lively cafes and shops. The Church of St. Ludmila in Náměstí Míru, which translates to Peace Square, is the district’s hub.
e squar
s
arket
flea m
site transport
Prague has the largest streetcar system in the Czech Republic. There are almost 1,000 trams in operation. There are 3 tram stops within a minutes walk from the site. Each stop is used by multiple lines, which allows users to travel all over the city. On the opposite side of the street, there is a bus stop. Additionally, there’s a metro station just 2 blocks west. 06
The site is located on the corner of Jugoslávská and Bělehradská where Hotel Tyl currently stands. The building faces Tyl square, which is home to a small park and a daily farmer’s market. Just a few blocks away is Náměstí Míru, or Peace Square. The Church of St. Ludmila, a 19th century neo-gothic cathedral, stands tall, overlooking the park. The square also hosts an annual Christmas market during the winter months. The National House of Vinohrady and the Vinohrady Theater are on the side of the street opposite the square and face the back of the cathedral. 07
Demographics POPULATION BY SEX AND AGE AS OF 161231
CITIZENS
age
Czech Republic: 10.63 million Prague: 1.3 million Men: 48% Women: 52% Foreigners: 5% Average Age: 42
90+ 80-84 70-74 60-64 50-54 40-44
TOURISTS
30-34
Popular Age Range: 20-27 Men: 52% | Women: 48% From Europe: 58%
20-24 10-14 0-4 500
250
0
250
500
# of persons (thousands) unmarried
married
divorced
widowed
Weather CLIMATE 100
5.0
80
4.0 66
60
40
56 46 35 26
38
32
47
70 52
74
56
55
65 48
3.0 55 41
38
42 33
26
2.0 36 28
20
1.0
0
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
temperature
08
Jul
Aug
precipitation
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Precipitation (in)
Temperature (°F)
6.8
75
Building Analysis
SUN STUDIES 9AM
SUMMER
N
N
vertical
WINTER
The stairwell and elevators are located against a wall which may be an issue when dividing private and public space.
AUTUMN
columns The building is four-stories high and can be divided up into 8 sections using the three interior columns.
N
exits
There is one exit on either side of the building, but not on the main facade
SPRING
N
windows The bay windows on the short sides of the building do not match up with one another.
09
HOSTAL CASE RITOQUE STUDY 1
Hostal Ritoque
Quintero, Región de Valparaíso, Chile Hsu-Rudolphy, Gabriel Rudolphy + Alejandro Soffia The cost of Hostal Ritoque was about $525 per square meter. The project used locally sourced and readily available sawn pine for construction. The architects based their design on standard dimensions of timber for the optimal use of materials. Lower transportation costs from the use of local materials also lead to the project’s success. The atmosphere of the interior is driven by the pine’s strong presence. It creates a tree-house like effect that is strengthened by the height of the building and the surrounding site. 5 BUILDINGS: 3 guest houses 1 amenity building 1 owner apartment
AMENITY BUILDING: living half bath dining laundry kitchen terrace
Each guest house includes just the necessities: a bathroom, bed and terrace. The amenity building provides a space for community and other needs.
PLAN:NTS 11
DREAM CASE HOTEL STUDY 2
Dream Hotel Tampere, Finland Studio Puisto Architects
The Dream Hotel is an extension of the Dream Hostel that combines traditional hotel design with the new hotel concept. Each room has the essentials: a bed and a bathroom, as well as a side chair. In the shared space, amenities including a mini kitchen and lounge area are open to the all hotel guests. The design uses Finnish wood throughout the hotel as a sustainable material solution.
1. room type a 2. room type b 3. meeting room 4. terrace Total Rooms: 20 Access to the kitchenette in Avotila Lounge areas located in areas outside the room PLAN : NTS 13
MICHEL CASE BERGER STUDY 3
Michelberger Hotel
Berlin, Germany Studio Aisslinger
The Michelberger Hotel caters to travelers on a budget, bringing East Berlin’s rich culture inside. The hotel was designed to create a welcoming atmosphere similar to staying the night at a friend’s house. To bring in the local culture, many items in the hotel were re-purposed from flea markets finds. Along with minimal renovation, this helped keep this project on a low budget.
Total Rooms: 119 Can accommodate up to 6 people per room. “Hideout” room has a kitchenette and sauna. Amenities: 1 passage to the courtyard 2 hotel entrances 3 reception areas 4 bars 5 breakfast rooms 6 backstage areas for gathering 1 restaurant PLAN : NTS
15
Adjacency Matrix Square
N
Y
Y
800 1. Lobby
M
M
N
Y
Y
500 2. Lounge
eeds
cess
eN Footag
iew
Ac Public
M
Y
N
N
N
Y
150 3. Elevator Lobby
N
Y
Y
Y
N
650 4. ADA Rooms
Y
N
Y
M
N
200 5. Admin
Y
N
Y
M
N
200 6. Accounting
N
Y
Y
M
Y
300 7. Restrooms
Y
Y
Y
N
N
100 8. Janitor’s Closet
Y
Y
Y
N
N
500 9. Kitchen
N
Y
N
Y
Y
1500 10. Restaurant
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
900 11. Cafe
N
N
Y
N
N
25
Y
Y
N
M
M
125 13. Gym
Y
Y
Y
N
N
150 14. Housekeeping
Y
Y
N
M
M
800 15. Pool
12. Coat Room
Y
Y
Y
N
N
200 16. Mechanical
N
Y
Y
Y
N
350 17. Guest Rooms
Y
Y
N
N
Y
25
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
150 19. Meeting Rooms
must
16
t/V Dayligh
g
Privacy
in Plumb
ment
l Equip Specia
M
should
18. Ice + Vending
would be nice
1
Prototypes 36' - 8"
44' - 10"
restaurant scale: 3/32” = 1’ - 0”
15' - 0"
office scale: 3/32” = 1’ - 0”
king scale: 3/32” = 1’ - 0”
15' - 0"
Prototypes
14' - 8" Project number Project Number Issue Date Date Drawn by Author Checked by Checker Scale 3/32" = 1'-0"
A101
33' - 8"
25' - 0"
25' - 0"
17' - 11"
10' - 11" 10' - 11"
25' - 0"
Project Name
www.autodesk.com/revit 10' - 11"
17' - 11"
14' - 8"
33' - 8"
14' - 8"
33' - 8"
Owner
15' - 0"
12/2/2018 5:09:46 PM
double scale: 3/32” = 1’ - 0”
44' - 10" 44' - 10"
44' - 10"
17
Luxury is not synonymous with design, and good design doesn’t necessarily lead to spending a lot of money. Connection with the surrounding community to create memorable experiences will have more of an impact on travelers in the long run. It’s important to change the common mind-set that design is simply the aesthetics of a space, and that it can be overlooked if needed. Design has the ability to affect not only our emotions, but also our physical well-being. Aesthetic needs may change along with the needs of the user, but that shouldn’t decrease the quality of the design itself.
THESIS RESEARCH
Hotels are residential spaces where the user is transient in nature (IBC §310). Since the mind-set on types of housing is similar, the information on affordable housing can be useful in evaluating how the public views different types of hotels. According to a study funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, evaluating the Affordable Housing Design Advisor, “good design” is essential, not an amenity that can be cut to reduce costs. It is more than just aesthetics and is a process rather than a product. It also states that design can be argued to be the most enjoyable aspect of the affordable housing process. However, quality design is often times one of the first components cut from a project. For hotels on a budget, the amount allocated for design will be present, but, profit efficiency and meeting minimum 3 or 4-star standards is often prioritized (Evans, 2014). When comparing budget hotels to luxury hotels, the visual difference is great enough that one could say good design is expensive. However, what’s important is to remember to separate costs of design from the actual design itself. Chandeliers and marble surfaces do not equate to good design. Good design can be aesthetically pleasing to the eye and affordable. Hostal Ritoque is a five-building hostel in Chile. Designed with a low budget, the architects not only looked to the local architectural typology (Arch Daily), but also on the typical dimensions of lumber, to inform their construction. The use of local resources lowered transportation costs. The optimization of the use of the materials allowed them to cut down on construction waste and use more material for their money (Soffia, n.d.). Although this type of design doesn’t directly apply to every project out there, the mindset of the project does. This is just one project that disproves the general assumption that design costs more and is not worth the money, time, or effort (Evans, 2014). A common stance is that creative design is often expensive and affordable design is typically bland and unadventurous. However, there was a time when affordability indicated excellent design. In Belgium during the 1950s, social and economic factors like postwar scarcity led the public to appreciate designs of all types that were made on a budget (Gimeno-Martinez, 2014). In order to achieve this, materiality can make a big impact. When thinking of designing a hotel, there are many factors to consider, but one of the biggest ones is the life cycle of a hotel. Tais Xavier, AIA, LEED AP has over 10 years of experience in hotel design from both an architectural and interior design standpoint. In an interview with her, she states that hotels get renovated every seven to nine years, with a major renovation happening every 12 years, depending on the state of the economy. Although the hotel business is relatively static compared to the restaurant business, it’s an ongoing and essential need to stay competitive in the market (Hassenein, 2002). With this in mind, it’s important to strategize the choice of materiality and quality of furnishings and finishes. Since renovation happens about once every 10 years, there isn’t a need to spend money on something that is made and priced to last 30 years if it will only be used until the next renovation (Xavier, T.). When designing affordably, it’s important to prioritize creating a strategy on where and what to invest in and where to compromise. Things that add to the structural integrity of the building should not be compromised, but the finishes and furnishings don’t always have to be the most expensive or well-known brand to achieve the desired look, feel and quality (Xavier, T.). The use of materials should be considered in early stages of the design process to use them as efficiently as possible and cut on material waste.
19
1.
Design affordably by using local materials and re-purposed items • • •
Dedicate 50% of materials to be from local manufacturers Find at least 5 manufacturers/companies that can provide furniture, textiles, etc. Look into regional flea markets to bring in local flair
2.
Create a space unique to Vinohrady
3.
Provide different lodging styles for various types of travelers
4.
Become a local hub for both residents and visitors
5.
Prove that design doesn’t have to be expensive to make a big impact
• Find at least 3 areas of Vinohrady to translate into hubs within the hotel • Take inspiration from the colors of the neighborhood • Take at least 3 cues from the materiality of the city
• Incorporate hostel living into the hotel, maintaining privacy • Reserve about 50% of the first floor to hostel living • Have at least 1 common area or feature piece on each floor
• Include a restaurant and cafe that are open to the public • They should be connected to the hotel, but slightly separate from the hotel for guests’ privacy • Use an open bar concept with games to encourage activity
• Research about construction costs from at least 2 sources • Create an experience-based design by including at least 1 interactive area in the lobby space • Include a space for events like concerts and art shows
GOALS OBJECTIVES
Colors Vinohrady is one of the more residential neighborhoods in Prague. Its buildings are known to be pastel colors including pink, green, yellow, blue, and orange. Most of the roofs in Prague are a rich, firey orange. White: Peace + the sky (Bohemia) Red: Blood shed for freedom (Moravia) Blue: Impartiality + sovereignty (Slovakia)
Materials
Created in 1920, the Czech flag’s combination of colors reflects the country’s history.
locally available materials
FINISHES
The exit enclosures, lobbies, and corridors should all be non-combustible materials. The presence of sprinklers will allow for more flexibility. Since this is a commercial application, materials and finishes should be of high abrasion resistance. Upholstery should be at least 100,000 double rubs.
Norway Spruce softwood uses: lumber, millwork
Scots Pine hardwood uses: posts, flooring
European Beech softwood uses: flooring, boats
Porcelain “onion” pattern uses: dishware, vases
FURNITURE Check material specifications to reduce the possibility of flame spread Curtains and foam most susceptible to the increase of fire spread Interior finishes should comply with Chapter 8 of the International Building Code
21
Acoustics
REVERBERATION: the sound field parameter in a certain room; the spread of sound waves and reflections across the room until it dies.
3 FIELD TYPES IN HOTEL PUBLIC SPACES: Dry Reverberation: • • • • •
short reverb time new waves don’t overlap with decaying reflections can cause stress and anxiety if exposed for too long typical reverb time is 1.5s
Short Reverberation: • • • • • •
short reverb time new waves don’t overlap with decaying reflections heard sound not masked not shown to expose users to psychological stress typical reverb time is 1.5s
The NoMad Hotel Los Angeles, California
Long Reverberation: • • • •
long reverb time reflections mask newly emitted sounds can cause disorientation reverb time can reach 12s
ACOUSTICAL SOLUTIONS • • •
ribbed or coffered ceiling drop ceiling soft materials and plush furniture to offset reflections on hard surfaces
dry reverberation
22
Drop Inn Tottori, Japan
short reverberation
long reverberation
corridors
cafes
restaurants
conference rooms
music venues
stairwells
bars
meeting rooms
ballrooms
sacred spaces
elevators
tea rooms
casinos
gyms
sports halls
meditation rooms
spa + wellness
game rooms
fitness rooms
pools
Indoor Air Quality Issues • • • • • • •
excessive CO2 concentration in guest rooms during occupancy due to insufficient ventilation high particle concentration from dispersion of dust in carpet, caused by housekeeping maintenance contamination of the hot water circuit by non-pathogenic, freshwater bacteria called Legionella signs of fungi growing on the inner surface of the wall degradation of the wall’s inner surface from the condensation tray, or poor filtration of outdoor air poor filtration in all air handling units deterioration and filth in condensation trays of room units due to bad drainage and poor maintenance access
Solutions • • • •
keep mechanical exhaust working in bathrooms increase frequency of cleaning and washing carpets ensure the sanitation of hot water networks through the use of stainless steel ducts install an efficient filtration section at fresh air connections to all air handling units
Thermal Comfort TEMPERATURE Winter: 73 °F - 75 °F Summer: 68°F - 70°F
HUMIDITY Winter: 30% - 35% Summer: 50% - 60%
SAVINGS Decreasing temperature by about 2°F can decrease overall heating costs by about 10% To save energy, install occupancy sensors that determine when to turn HVAC systems on and off
TEMPERATURE (°F) TYPE OF SPACE
HEATING
COOLING
Guest Rooms
75
68-71
Restaurants
70
71
Conference
68-70
71
Lobby, Foyer
65-68
80
68
73
Corridors, Stairs Activity Areas
54-60
Changing Areas
79-82
Pool Areas
81-82
Mechanical
65-68
80
Kitchens
59-65
73 23
The Well Building Standard FOUNDED ON 6 PRINCIPLES 1. Equitable: Provides the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people, inclusive of all demographic and economic groups and with special consideration of groups of the least advantage or vulnerable populations 2. Global: Proposes interventions that are feasible, achievable and relevant across many applications throughout the world. 3. Evidence-based: Undergirded by strong, validated research yielding conclusions that can reasonably be expected to receive acceptance by the scientific community. 4. Technically robust: Draws upon the industry’s best practices and proven strategies, offering consistency in findings across the relevant field or discipline. 5. Customer-focused: Defines program requirements through a dynamic process, with multiple opportunities for stakeholder engagement, as well as the expertise of established leaders in science, medicine, business, design and operations. 6. Resilient: Responds scientific knowledge and technology advances, continuously adapting and integrating new findings in the field.
10 CONCEPTS Air, Water, Nourishment, Light, Movement, Thermal, Sound, Materials, Mind, Community
Interview Takeaways Ken Rodgers Manager at the Hyatt Place in Blacksburg, Virginia • • • • • 24
The presence of a living space separate from the bed area allowed the room to serve more than one purpose Dividing the bathroom into two parts, one with just a sink and one with the toilet and shower, was helpful to users The bed in the corner king layout faced the window, which was different from the typical room Glass sliding door to bathroom was a nice idea, but was troublesome in reality. Too much light leaks into the guestroom since the doors are transparent, and the noise ended up being greater than that of a traditional door A “T” hallway design can simplify the guests’ path to their room by only giving them two options: left or right
Hotel Codes FOR GUESTROOMS • • •
Location of tactile signs at doors
Every habitable space must have one window Lighting for corridors to have at least one 60W bulb per 200 ft2 Bathroom window not required if a mechanical ventilation system is present
SIGNAGE • • • • •
Must have raised and braille letters or numbers Needs to be mounted from 48”-60” above the floor, centered on the tactile characters Font should be uppercase and sans serif The letter “O” should be 55%-110% of the height of the letter ”I” Character height should be between ⅝”-2”
Height of tactile characters A.F.F.
BATHROOMS • • • •
Shower seats required in accessible tubs and roll-in showers Grab bars not allowed on the wall where the seat is also attached 5’ minimum between the wall and the edge of the sink closest to the toilet Toilet must be 17”-19” from the floor
Bathroom with roll-in shower
ACCESSIBLE ROOMS •
Rooms must be dispersed among the various types (standard, deluxe, suite, etc.) first, before dispersed according to number of beds, which is followed by dispersion by amenities # OF ROOMS
w/ TUB
w/ SHOWER
w/ COMM.
1-25
1
0
2
26-50
2
0
4
51-75
3
1
7
76-100
4
1
9
101-150
5
2
12 Sink height
25
CONSULTANTS
Maria Scarpa Currently a Junior at Virginia Tech studying Hospitality and Tourism Management, Maria has 3 years of experience interning a the Quirk Hotel in Richmond, Virginia. She plans to work in the lodging industry upon graduation
Brandon Kim Currently a Junior at Virginia Tech studying Building Construction, Brandon interned with Branscome where he learned scheduling, estimating, time management, and how professional construction companies operate. After graduation, he plans to be a Project Manager or work in the virtual design side of the construction industry.
Tais Xavier
AIA LEED AP BD+C
Currently an Associate working for Hickok Cole Architects, Tais has over 10 years of experience in the hotel design industry as both an architect and as the Project Manager for the interior design. She will provide valuable insight from a designer’s perspective.
THANK YOU 26
Credits
2012 International Property Maintenance Code §401-404. (2013). Retrieved from https://codes.iccsafe.org [ADA Compliant Bathroom Sink Depth and Height Requirements, Photo]. Retrieved from apptivate.co Americans With Disabilities Act. (2001, January). Guide for Places of Lodging: Serving Guests Who Are Blind or Who Have Low Vision. Retrieved from https://www.ada.gov Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 § 224, (2010). Retrieved from https://www.ada.gov Arch Daily. (2014, April 30). Hostal Ritoque / Alejandro Soffia + Gabriel Rudolphy. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com Arch Daily. (2014, February 16). Dream Hotel / Studio Puisto Architects. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com Asadi, E. (2011). Indoor air quality audit implementation in a hotel building in Portugal. Building and Environment, 46(8), pp. 1622-1623. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.027 [Bathroom with Roll-in Shower Compartment, Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.harborcitysupply.com Bohdanowicz, P. (2002). Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving in the Hotel Industry. 15th Conf. on Biometeorology/ Aerobiology and 16th International Congress of Biometeorology. 16A.8. Retrieved from https://ams.confex.com Brown, P. (2015). Good Design. In How Real Estate Developers Think: Design, Profits, and Community (pp. 120-121, 285, 295). University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14btgrt.8 Cahill, T. (2017, April 5). Prague neighbourhood guide: Venturing through Vinohrady. Retrieved from https://www.urbanadventures.com Cahill, T. (2017). To market, to market [Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.urbanadventures.com Czech Statistical Office. (2016). (Population by sex and age and marital status as at 32 December 2016). Gender: Demography. Retrieved from https://www.czso.cz Czech Statistical Office. (2017). Distribution of the population by age group as at 31.12.-territorial comparison. Retrieved from https://vdb.czso.cz Czech Statistical Office. (2017). Foreigners by citizenship as at 31 December - territorial comparison. Retrieved from https://vdb.czso.cz DB Archive. (2012, September 30). The Michelberger Hotel in Berlin. Retrieved from https://www.db-bauzeitung.de [Drop Inn Kitchen, Photo]. Retrieved from www.dropinn-tottori.com Embassy of the Czech Republic in The Hague. (n.d.). The State Symbols of the Czech Republic. Retrieved from https://www.mzv.vz Embassy of the Czech Republic in The Hague. (n.d.). Traditional and Famous Czech Products. Retrieved from https://www.mzv.vz Evans, D. (2014). Bringing the Power of Design to Affordable Housing: The History and Evolution of the Affordable Housing Design Advisor. Cityscape, 16(2), 88-97. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26326885 [Flag of the Czech Republic, Photo]. Retrieved from https://hiveminer.com Freeman, C. (2018). NoMad Hotel Los Angeles [Photo]. Retrieved from https://hisugarplum.com Gimeno-Martinez, J. (2011). Redefining Social Design in 1970s Belgium: Affordable Design vs. Elite Design. Design/ Architecture/Culture, 2(2), 149-150. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com Gold, D.C. (n.d.). Vinohrady’s pastel-colored buildings [photo]. Retrieved from https://www.halfhalftravel.com Good Practice Note. (n.d.) IFC Life and Fire Safety: Hotels. Retrieved from https://www.ifc.org Hassanien, A. (2002). Hotel Innovation Through Property Renovation. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 3(4), 6-7, 11, 13. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com Height and Location of Tactile Signs at Doors [Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.asisignagelatimergroup.com International Building Code § 310, (2015). Retrieved from https://codes.iccsafe.org Jablonska, J. (2018). In Charytonowicz, J., & Falcão, C. (Eds.), Advances in human factors, sustainable urban planning and infrastructure: Proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Human Factors, Sustainable Urban Planning and Infrastructure, July 17-21, 2017, The Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles, California, USA (pp 216-225). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Johnston, R. (2018, January 24). Over 524,000 Foreigners in the Czech Republic. Retrieved from https://prague.tv [Královské Vinohrady I., photo]. Retrieved from www.unesco-czech.cz [Line 23, Photo]. Retrieved from hesed.info Mical, B. (2017, February 15). Prague Tram Transport: Map, Tickets, Lines & Airport. Retrieved from www.praguego.com [Michelberger Hotel, Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.urbanpixxels.com [Overlooking Vinohrady, Photo]. Retrieved from https://nottoshrinktheearth.wordpress.com Parra Dias, C. (2017). Námĕstí Míru [Photo]. Retrieved from abroparentese.blogspot.com Prague Climate (2015, November 29). Weather Averages for Prague. Retrieved from https://www.prague-guide.co.uk Rastenberger, P. Dream Hotel [Photos]. Retrieved from https://studiopuisto.fi Richards, H. (2016). A Place to Call Home [Photo]. Retrieved from www.thefreespiritedforeigner.com Schwartz, M. (2014). Peace Square (Námĕstí Míru) [Photo]. Retrieved from https://pragagid.ru Siebenthal, A. (2018). Sweet & Pepper Days [Photo]. Retrieved from https://miss-sophies.com Soffia, A. (n.d.). Hostal Ritoque. Retrieved from www.alejandrosoffia.cl Studio Puisto Architects. Dream Hotel. https://studiopuisto.fi The Wood Database. (n.d.). European Beech. Retrieved from https://www.wood-database.com The Wood Database. (n.d.). Norway Spruce. Retrieved from https://www.wood-database.com The Wood Database. (n.d.). Scots Pine. Retrieved from https://www.wood-database.com Turner, B. (2009, September 9). The Michelberger Hotel by Werner Aisslinger. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com WELL v2 Pilot. (n.d.). Principles of WELL v2. Retrieved from https://v2.wellcertified.com WELL v2 Pilot. (n.d.). The Architecture of the Standard: Ten Concepts. Retrieved from https://v2.wellcertified.com Wheelchair Travel. (n.d.) ADA Design Requirements for Hotels. Retrieved from https://wheelchairtravel.org Xavier, T. (2018, November 26). Phone Interview. Young People in European Forests. (n.d.). Forest characteristic and forest types - Czech Republic. Retrieved from ypef.eu
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