SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) PROJECT 1 Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems Tutor: Mr Rizal
Group Member Anis Nabila Cheah Ee Von Dayang Puteri Syahirah Gennieve Lee Hiew Kin Vui Imann Azzuddin
Student ID 0311662 0308719 0310500 0311622 0312424 0310102
ABSTRACT This paper is based on the research conducted on a commercial building, The Curve NX. This research draws upon mostly a complete collection of reviews, published articles and journals, observations and individual analysis. The fundamental purpose of this study is to identify the relationships between the components of a functional system in a building, which is relevant to electrical supply, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning, fire protection system and mechanical transportation. This research is mainly for educational purpose.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the engineer Mr. Faizal and the charge man Mr. Rajib whom kindly assisted us during the site visit and provided relevant information for this report. Without his help, we would not be able to have full understanding on every systems in the building. Thank you too to both of our tutors which are Mr. Siva as well as Mr.Rizal for guiding us through upon completing this research. We would also want to say thank you to the architect of The Curve NX, Ar. Hajeedar whom willingly to spend some of his time explaining thoroughly about this building. Deepest gratitude to everyone who helped to make this study successful be it directly or indirectly.
Figure I. Meeting with Dato Ar. Hajeedar at His Own Office
Figure II. With Mr. Faizal and Mr. Rajib ; the building management authorities of Curve Nx
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INTRODUCTION
Figure III. Perspective View of Curve NX (Extracted from Attractions. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from http://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/attractions/kidzania-kuala-lumpur-the-curve.htm)
Curve NX nestled in the heart of thriving Damansara, Mutiara Damansara. It was built by a renowned architect name Dato Ar. Hajeedar and developed by Boustead Weld Court Sdn. Bhd. It is connected to The Curve Shopping Mall which is located opposite across the road. Curve NX consist of 10 floors including 2 basement floors and 1 rooftop. It is a composition of carparks as well as public spaces. Originally, this building only consisted with carparks and Mc Donalds which is located on the ground floor of the building. However, later on, Kidzania which is better known as education and entertainment indoor theme park that allows children to role-play adult activities in a replica city designed to simulate real-life and a functioning economy took over and became the biggest tenant of this building. Mc Donalds then remains on the ground floor as it was before with incorporation of the driving thru system. This building is designed in a way that it maximizes the usage of spaces especially by the implementation of the ramp carparks that did not have to compromise the public spaces on every floor.
The aim or this assignment is to get a better understanding and a clearer picture of what we are taught in the classroom and to evaluate our understanding on the systems that we have observed. Through the site visit, we had our first-hand experience regarding all the systems that they have in Curve NX. We also able to develop understanding of the basic principles of main services found in this contemporary building which will help in the coordination of future designs that require such services.
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LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & INTRODUCTION Figure I: Meeting with Dato Ar. Hajeedar at His Own Office Figure II: With Mr. Faizal and Mr. Rajib ; the building management authorities of Curve Nx Figure III: Perspective View of Curve NX
1.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Figure 1.1: Potential hazardous agents in water Figure 1.2:Treatment process Figure 1.3:Drinking Water Quality Standard Figure 1.4: Suction tank (highlighted in red) & fire extinguishing system reservoir (highlighted in yellow) location at ground floor, suction tank room size approximately 64m²; fire extinguishing system reservoir room approximately 36m² Figure 1.5: Storage tank location at roof, storage area approximately 130m² Figure 1.6: Rough down feed water distribution diagram of Curve NX Figure 1.7:Positions of each water distribution components of Curve NX at lower ground floor Figure 1.8: Positions of each water distribution components of Curve NX at roof top Figure 1.9: Details for water bulk meter and valve, size of water main GI pipe: 100mm Figure 1.10: Section figure of suction tank Figure 1.11: Suction tank at lower ground Figure 1.12: Storage tank at roof top Figure 1.13: Fire protection tank at lower ground Figure 1.14: Section figure of jet pump Figure 1.15: Venturi tube section
2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM Figure 2.1: The Electrical Transmission Diagram (Pixshark.com, 2015) Figure 2.2: Household fuse board (851964, 2015) Figure 2.3: Bigger scale building fuse board (Indiamart.com, 2015) Page | iii
Figure 2.4: ELCB (Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker) (Midgley, 2013) Figure 2.5: Single Switch Wiring Diagram (Officelightconstruction.com, 2015) Figure 2.6: Power Plug (Cyprus holiday Villa In Pervolia, 2015) Figure 2.7: Circuit Wire (Pixshark.com, 2015) Figure 2.8: Electrical Meter (Wikipedia, 2015) Figure 2.9: Electricity Generation in Steam Power Plant (Sge.com.sa, 2015) Figure 2.10: General Electrical Distribution System ('Power Distribution System Basics', 2015) Figure 2.11: Building Electrical Distribution System Figure 2.12: The Location of Electrical Distribution Rooms on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX Figure 2.13: Zoomed in of the Location of TNB Substation on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX Figure 2.14: TNB Substation on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX Figure 2.15: Zoomed in of the Location of LV Room on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX Figure 2.16: Interior of the LV Room Figure 2.17: The Main Switchboards with Circuit Breakers in the LV Room Figure 2.18: The First Main Switch Board (MSA-1A) for Normal Electrical Systems Figure 2.19: The Second Main Switch Board (MSA-1B) for Essential Electrical Systems Figure 2.20: The Third Main Switch Board for Back-up Purposes Figure 2.21: The Circuit Breaker on the Switch Boards Figure 2.22: Meters that Records the Electricity Used Figure 2.23: Rubber Mats near the Main Switch Boards Figure 2.24: Zoomed in of the Location of Gen-Set Room on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX Figure 2.25: Interior of the Gen-Set Room Figure 2.26: The Electric Generator Set Figure 2.27: The Diesel Fuel Tank Figure 2.28: Nickel Cadmium Batteries Figure 2.29: Radiator Cooling Generator Set Figure 2.30: Fresh Air Intake Page | iv
Figure 2.31: Cable Tray System which Located Near the Ceiling Figure 2.32: Entrance of Electrical Riser Room on Every Floor of The Curve NX Figure 2.33: Wiring inside the Distribution Board Figure 2.34: Bust Duct Figure 2.35: The Schematic Diagram of Electrical Distribution in The Curve NX Figure 2.36: CPR Board Located inside Each Electrical Room
3.0 SANITARY, SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE Figure 3.1: Water Closet (WC) Figure 3.2: Water Closet (WC) Figure 3.3: Urinals Figure 3.4: Basins Figure 3.5: Bottle Trap Figure 3.6: Gully Traps Figure 3.7: Gully Inlets Figure 3.8: Manhole Figure 3.9: Source: http://www.rooterplus.com/septic-tank-pumping
4.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Figure 4.2.1: Service Elevator Figure 4.2.2: A cut-away view of a geared elevator installation showing the essential components Figure 4.2.3: Components of a door-opener system Figure 4.2.4: Elevator Doorsill Arrangement Figure 4.2.5: Single and Double Door Figure 4.2.6: Frame adjusts automatically to door configuration (Single / Double Door) Figure 4.2.7: Door Panels with different materials (i.e. Metal, Glass) or with Frame and Glazing Figure 4.2.8: Control button panel components Figure 4.2.9: Control button panel in Curve NX Lift Page | v
Figure 4.2.1: Traction machine Figure 4.2.11: Traction machine Figure 4.2.12: Gearless Machine-Roomless Elevator Figure 4.2.13: Side view of the Traction Machine Figure 4.2.14: Side view of the Traction Machine Figure 4.2.15: Traction motor Gear Figure 4.2.16: Traction motor Gear Figure 4.2.17: Elevator pit Figure 4.2.18: Roba-Stop Silenzio elevator brake Figure 4.2.19:Elevator Shaft Figure 4.3.1: Step dimensions and construction of escalator Figure 4.3.2: Escalator Step Figure 4.3.3: Escalator section and main components Figure 4.3.4: Side and End elevations as well as plan views of Crisscross escalator arrangements Figure 4.3.5: Side and End elevations as well as plan views of Parallel escalator arrangements Figure 4.3.6: Escalator at Curve NX Building Figure 4.4.1: Basement 2 plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators Figure 4.4.2: Basement 1 plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators Figure 4.4.3: Ground floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator Figure 4.4.4: Level 1 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator Figure 4.4.5: Level 2 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator Figure 4.4.6: Level 3 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator Figure 4.4.7: Level 4 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator Figure 4.4.8: Level 5 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator1
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Figure 4.4.9: Level 6 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators Figure 4.4.10: Rooftop plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators Figure 4.4.11: Zoning of the Ground floor plan Figure 4.4.12: Main visitors circulation Figure 4.4.13: Main staff circulation Figure 4.4.14: Interior view of elevator Figure 4.4.15: Outside View of Elevator Figure 4.4.16: View of component details in the Lift at Curve NX Figure 4.4.17: Lift Control Buttons Figure 4.4.18: Lift Control Buttons Figure 4.4.19:Load capacity, Lantern shows travel direction of lift car Figure 4.4.20: LV Room Figure 4.4.21: Main control panel in LV Room Figure 4.4.22: Traction Machines Figure 4.4.23: Side view of Traction Machine
5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING Figure 5.1: Functional diagram of a typical HVAC system Figure 5.2: A Balanced Ventilation System Figure 5.3: A Typical Chilled Water Central System Figure 5.4: Split System Unit Figure 5.5: Exhaust Fan in LV Switch Room, Curve NX. Figure 5.6: Exhaust Fan in Lift Motor Room, Curve NX. Figure 5.7: Exhaust Fans at car park basement, Curve NX. Figure 5.8: Ventilation Silencer Figure 5.9: Ventilation Silencer in Genset Room, Curve NX. Figure 5.10: Filter in the Ventilation Silencer Figure 5.11: Pressurize Fan Duct in Basement Car Park, Curve NX.
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Figure 5.12: Shutters which control the flow of outside air into the distribution duct are operated by the exhaust fan thermostat. Figure 5.13: Pressurization System Figure 5.14: Fire Escape Route Figure 5.15: Damper at level 7 in Emergency Exit Door, Curve NX Figure 5.16: Damper in at the Staircase Area, Curve NX. Figure 5:17: Jet Fan at Car Park, Curve NX. Figure 5.18: Kruger Jet Fan at Car Park, Curve NX Figure 5.19: Jet Fan System in Car Park Figure 5.20: Centralized Air-conditioning System Cycle, Curve NX Figure 5.21: District Cooling Plant from The Curve. Figure 5.22: Top view of The Curve Area Figure 5.23: Link Bridge connecting The Curve and Curve NX Figure 5.24: Chill Water Supply and Return Pump in HEX Room, Curve NX. Figure 5.25: CHWS and CHWR Piping in HEX Room, Curve NX Figure 5.26: Heat Exchange Pump in HEX Room, Curve NX Figure 5.27: Heat Exchanger in HEX Room, Curve NX Figure 5.28: Heat Exchange Room located at Level 2 of Curve NX Figure 5.29: Location of Heat Exchange Room in Curve NX (Second Floor Plan) Figure 5.31: Supply Duct in AHU Room, Curve NX Figure 5.32: Air Handling Unit, Curve NX Figure 5.33: Return Duct in AHU Room, Curve NX Figure 5.34: Air Handling Unit Diagram Figure 5.35: AHU Room located on top of the Roof of Curve NX Figure 5.36: Location of AHU Room in Curve NX. (Roof Plan) Figure 5.37: Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit in Curve NX Figure 5.38: FCU located at the Ground Floor Reception Figure 5.39: Ceiling Mounted Fan Coil Unit Diagram Figure 5.40: Total Area Covered Using Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit (Section B-B) Page | viii
Figure 5.41: Split Unit Air-conditioning System Figure 5.42: Split Unit System Indoor Unit in Curve NX Figure 5.43: Split Unit System Outdoor Unit in Curve NX Figure 5.44: Location Of Split Unit System in Curve NX. (LG Floor Plan) Figure 5.45: Location of Split Unit System in Curve NX. (G Floor Plan)
6.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Figure 6. 1: The 5 Classes of Fire. (Fire Classification, 2008) Figure 6. 2: The Fire Protection System elements in the Ground Floor of Curve NX. Figure 6. 3: Smoke Detectors located on the ceiling of the Curve NX's Ground Floor. Figure 6. 4: The EST International Smoke Detector used in Curve NX. Figure 6. 5: The smoke detectors (Labeled S in the Circle) are found mostly on Level 6 where Kidzania is located. Figure 6. 6: EST International Heat Detector found in the kitchen of McDonalds at the Ground Floor. Figure 6. 7: Two Heat Detectors (indicated in the red box) found in the Kitchen of McDonalds on the Ground Floor. Figure 6. 8: Specifications of a DEMCO bell according to universal regulations. Figure 6. 9: A DEMCO Fire Alarm Bell found in the staircase path in Curve NX. Figure 6. 10: Fire Alarm Bells located on Basement 1 which comprises of parking lots. Figure 6.11: The Fire Break Glass Call Point located in the emergency staircase at Level 1. Figure 6.12: Diagram of the DEMCO Break Glass Call Point specifications. Figure 6. 11: The placement (indicated in the red box) of the Break Glass on the Basement Level 1. Figure 6. 12: Manual Pull Station located outside the Genset room. Figure 6. 13: Manual Pull Station, DEMCO specifications. Figure 6. 14: Horn Loudspeaker located in the car park at Ground Floor. Figure 6. 15: Remote Handset Station Figure 6. 16: Master Control Panel located in the Fire Control Room. Figure 6. 17: Fireman's Switch located in the emergency staircase. Figure 6. 18: Fire Control Room entrance located on the Ground Floor of Curve NX. Figure 6.21: Manual Control Panel with all the fire detectors and locations layout. Page | ix
Figure 6. 19: CCTV monitors in the Fire Control Room. Figure 6.23: Control Switches seen in the Fire Control Room. Figure 6. 20: The location of the Fire Control Room on the Ground Floor of Curve NX. Figure 6. 21: The Fire Pump Room with its pumps and water storage tank. Figure 6. 22: Jockey Pump Figure 6. 23: Duty Pump Figure 6. 24: Standby Pump Figure 6. 25: Water Storage Tank for the Sprinkler & Hose Reel System. Figure 6. 26: The Sprinkler System distribution from the water storage tank and is pumped by the 3 pumps up to the sprinkler valves. Figure 6. 27: Diagram showing the components of a typical Wet Pipe System. Figure 6. 28: Readings of pressure switches for the 3 pumps. Figure 6. 29: The components of a sprinkler head. Figure 6. 30: Upright Sprinkler head found in the car park area. Figure 6. 31: Upright Sprinkler Head diagram. Figure 6. 32: The Recessed Pendent Sprinkler head found on the ceiling of the basement office. Figure 6. 33: Recessed Pendent Sprinkler Head Diagram. Figure 6. 34: Pyrogen Aerosol Fire Suppression System. Figure 6. 35: Total Flooding with Pyrogen. Figure 6. 36: How Pyrogen functions. Figure 6. 37: Dry Riser Inlet found in the ground floor car park area. Figure 6. 38: Dry Riser Landing valve in a hose reel closet. Figure 6. 39: Typical Installation of the Dry Riser. Figure 6. 40: Locations of Dry Riser Landing Valves on Level 3 of Curve NX. Figure 6. 41: The Hose Reel closet or cabinet with the sign on the door. Figure 6. 42: The Hose Reel closet on the Roof of Curve NX. This Hose reel does not have the drum holding hose. Figure 6. 43: The Hose Reel with the drum holding hose Figure 6. 44: The pressure readings of the 2 pumps for the Hose Reel System. Figure 6. 45: Distribution of water from the storage tank to the hose reels through the pumps. Page | x
Figure 6. 46: Location of the Hose Reels on the 4th floor of Curve NX. Figure 6. 47: The Fire Hydrant water distirbution. Figure 6. 48: Typical two-head fire hydrant located outside. Figure 6. 49: Locations of the Fire Hydrants located in Curve NX premises. Figure 6. 50: 5 Classification of Fire types. Figure 6. 51: Dry Powder Extinguisher components. Figure 6. 52 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher components. Figure 6. 53: ABD Dry Powder Extinguisher found in Curve NX. Figure 6. 54: Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher found in Curve NX. Figure 6. 55: How to use the Fire Extinguisher. Figure 6. 56: Locations of the Extinguishers on the 4th Floor of Curve NX. Figure 6. 57: Fire Curtain in the Genset Room. Figure 6. 58: Solenoid tripping device which holds the fire curtain in place. Figure 6.63: Double Swing door in the emergency staircase. Figure 6.64: Single door swing. Figure 6. 59: Signage on all the fire resistant doors. Figure 6. 60: Fibre Reinforced Plastic Door located outdoors. Figure 6. 61 :Emergency route plan. Figure 6. 62: The vertical fire escape - staircases. Figure 6. 63: KELUAR emergency light signage located above doors. Figure 6. 64: Emergency Lights placed all over the ceiling.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
INTRODUCTION
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
iii- xi
CONTENTS 1.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
1- 16
1.1 Literature review
2
1.1.1
2
Water treatment process 1) Coagulation 2) Sedimentation 3) Filtration 4) Disinfection
1.1.2
Water Quality
1.2 Findings & Analysis 1.2.1
Introduction & function
3- 4 7 7- 8
1) Water use & quality a) Consumed b) Circulated c) Generally static d) Controlled 2) Water distribution system 1.2.2
Operation of system
8- 10
1) Down feed distribution 2) Low pressure supplies 1.2.3
Components of system
10- 15
1) Water mains 2) Standard water tank components 3) Fire protection tank 4) Pipe sizing 5) Jet (or ejector) pumps
1.3 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (LICENSED TO MALAYSIA STANDARDS) Requirements
16
1) Water Supply System Law 89 2) Water Supply System Law 123 3) Water Supply System Law 247
2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 2.1 Overview
17- 10 18
2.2 Literature Review
19- 22
2.3 Understanding of Electrical Supply System 2.3.1 Tenaga Nasional Berhad Electrical System
23 23
2.3.2 General Electrical Distribution
24- 25
2.3.3 Building Electrical Distribution
25
2.4 Case Study: Curve NX 26 2.4.1 Introduction and Function 2.4.2 Components and Systems i) TNB Substation ii) Low Voltage Room (Main Switch Room) a) Main Switchboards b) Circuit Breaker c) Electric Meter d) Rubber Mats iii) Generator Set Room a) Electric Generator Set b) Diesel Fuel Tank
26 27- 37
c) Nickel Cadmium Batteries d) Radiator Cooling Generator Set e) Fresh Air Intake f) Cable Tray System iv) Electrical Riser Room a) Sub-distribution Board b) Bus Duct 2.4.3 Operation of System in The Curve NX
38
2.5 UBBL Requirement or Related Regulations
39
2.6 Analysis and Conclusion
40
3.0 SANITARY, SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE
41- 53
3.1 Introduction
42
3.2 Literature Review
43
3.3 Sanitary and Sewage System
44
3.3.1 Sanitary Appliances
44- 45
3.3.2 Traps
45- 47
3.3.3 Stacks
47
3.3.4 Septic tank
48
3.4 Drainage System
49
3.5 Case Study
50
3.5.1 Sanitary and Sewerage System 3.5.1.1 Findings & Analysis 3.5.2 Drainage System 3.5.2.1 Findings and Analysis 3.6 Uniform Building by Law (Licensed to Malaysia Standards MS 1532:2003 and MS 1525)
50 50 51 51 52
4.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
53- 85
4.1 Literature 4.1.1 Elevators
54 54- 55
4.2 Types of Elevators And Function 4.2.1 Traction Elevators
55- 57 58- 60
4.2.2 General Components Of Elevator System 4.3 Escalator 4.3.1 Components 4.3.2 Escalator Arrangements 4.4 Site Specification 4.4.1 Statistics
60- 66 67- 68 68 69-70 71 71- 76
4.4.2 Zoning
77- 78
4.4.3 Main Circulation Patterns
78- 79
4.4.4 Observation And Analysis
80- 82
4.5 Uniform Building By Law (Licensed To Malaysia Standards Ms 1331:2003) 4.5.1 Lift 4.5.2 Lift Door 4.5.3 Lift Controls 4.5.4 Lift Indicators 4.5.5 Handrails 4.5.6 Lift Pit
5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
83 83 83 83- 84 84 84- 85 85
86- 110
5.1 Overview
87
5.2 Literature Review
88
5.2.1 Mechanical Ventilation 5.2.2 Air Conditioning System 1) Centralized Air Conditioning System 2) Split Air Conditioning System
88 89- 90
5.3 Case Study: Curve NX
91
5.3.1 Mechanical Ventilation System in Curve NX
91- 96
1) Exhaust Fan 2) Genset Room Ventilation Silencer 3) Pressurize Fan Duct 4) Escape Stairs Pressurization System 5) Damper 6) Jet Fan 5.3.2 Air Conditioning System in Curve NX
97- 107
1) District Cooling Plant 2) Link Bridge 3) Heat Exchange (HEX) 4) Air Handling Unit (AHU) 5) Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit (FCU) 6) Split Unit System 5.4 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
108
5.5 Licensed to Malaysian Standards MS 1331:2030 (Uniform Building by Law)
108
5.6 Licensed to Malaysia Standards MS 1525:2007
109
5.7 Conclusion
110
6.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
111- 156
6.1
Literature Review
6.2
Active Fire Protection System
114
6.2.1
114
Fire Detection Systems & Alarm Devices
1) Detectors 2) Heat Detectors 3) Fire Alarm Bell 4) Fire Break Glass Call Point 5) Manual Pull Station 6) Fireman Intercom System 7) Fireman’s Switch
112- 113
6.2.2
Fire Control System
124- 144
1) Fire Control Room 2) Fire Pump Room 3) Fire Sprinkler System 4) Aerosol Fire Suppression System 5) Dry Riser System 6) Hose Reel System 7) Fire Hydrant System 8) Portable Fire Extinguisher 6.3
Passive Fire Protection System 6.3.1
Compartmentalization
145 145- 146
1) Fire Shutter 2) Fire Curtain 6.3.2
Opening Protection
147- 148
1) Fire Resistant Door 2) Fibre Reinforced Plastic Door 6.3.3
Fire Escape
149- 150
1) Vertical Escape 2) Horizontal Escape 6.3.4 Emergency Lighting & Signage 6.4
UBBL by Law Requirements
6.5
Conclusion
7.0 REFERENCES
151 152- 156 156
157- 161
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM CHEAH EE VON 0308719
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1.0
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
1.1
Literature
Malaysia Cold and Hot Water Supply System conforms to the British Standard Code of Practice CP 310 1965. Aqueducts and pipes installed in a residence, at public wells and water features such as fountains make up a water supply system. According to Water.org, more than 840,000 people die of water borne diseases, which is bigger than the entire city of San Francisco. Thus, it is crucial to supply clean water as water is prone to carry hazardous agents and could adversely affect the health of the public. The following chart displays the potential hazardous agents water might contain:
Figure 1.1 Potential hazardous agents in water Source: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/WSH-distribution_system-20141114.pdf?ua=1
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1.1.1 Water treatment process First of all, water sourced from rivers, lake or reservoirs will be treated before it reaches the public. The diagram below sketches out the treatment process.
Figure 1.2 Treatment process Source: http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/kids/watertreatmentplant/images/image_watertreatmentcycle.gif
Coagulation The process of removing dirt and other particles suspended in water is called coagulation. Tiny sticky particles called "floc" are formed when alum and other chemicals are added to water which draw the dirt particles. The weight of dirt and the alum (floc) combination become heavy enough to sink to the bottom during sedimentation. (Water.epa.gov, 2015)
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Sedimentation Water is retained for at least 24 hours using simple basins, ponds, or tanks. Water flow are slowed down with baffles. Water is diverted to an identical second basin while the first is being cleaned when cleaning sediment. (Grondzik, 2010)
Filtration There are several type of filters, such as slow sand filter, diatomaceous earth filter, direct filtration, membrane filtration, cartridge filtration, activated carbon filter, porous stone, ceramic or unglazed porcelain filter etc. This process generally traps finer dirt and degrade organic compounds in water.
Disinfection The disinfection stage is considered as one of the most important stages in the treatment process. This is due it plays the role of destroying harmful microorganisms that causes diseases in humans. There are three levels of disinfection. The first (primary level) clears major microbes; while the second (secondary level) preserves a disinfectant residual in the treated water which stops microorganism growth. Lastly, the third (tertiary level) comprises of pH adjustments, carbon treatment to remove odour and taste, and other minor treatments.
1.1.2 Water quality In general, water has to be clean, colorless, and free from suspension, smell and harmful bacteria. (Kuppusamy, 2015) Malaysia’s water supply quality conforms to the National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (Second Version, January 2004) issued by Engineering Services Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia which is adopted from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. (SYABAS, 2011) WHO has set the standard for quality drinking water as shown below:
Parameter
Group
RECOMMENDED RAW
DRINKING WATER
WATER QUALITY
QUALITY STANDARDS
Acceptable Value
Maximum Acceptable
(mg/litre (unless
Value (mg/litre (unless
otherwise stated))
otherwise stated))
Total Coliform
1
5000 MPN / 100 ml
0 in 100 ml
E.coli
1
5000 MPN / 100 m
0 in 100 m
Turbidity
1
1000 NTU
5 NTU
Color
1
300 TCU
15 TCU
pH
1
5.5 - 9.0
6.5 - 9.0
Free Residual Chlorine
1
-
0.2 - 5.0
Combined Chlorine
1
-
Not Less Than 1.0
Temperature
1
-
-
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Clostridium perfringens (including spores)
1
-
Absent
Coliform bacteria
1
-
-
Colony count 22째
1
-
-
Conductivity
1
-
-
Enterococci
1
-
-
Odour
1
-
-
Taste
1
-
-
Oxidisability
1
-
-
Total Dissolved Solids
2
1500
1000
Chloride
2
250
250
Ammonia
2
1.5
1.5
Nitrat
2
10
10
Ferum/Iron
2
1.0
0.3
Fluoride
2
1.5
0.4 - 0.6
Hardness
2
500
500
Aluminium
2
-
0.2
Manganese
2
0.2
0.1
Chemical Oxygen Demand
2
10
-
Anionic Detergent MBAS
2
1.0
1.0
Biological Oxygen Demand
2
6
-
Nitrite
2
-
-
Total organic carbon (TOC)
2
-
-
Mercury
3
0.001
0.001
Cadmium
3
0.003
0.003
Arsenic
3
0.01
0.01
Cyanide
3
0.07
0.07
Plumbum/Lead
3
0.05
0.01
Chromium
3
0.05
0.05
Cuprum/Copper
3
1.0
1.0
Zinc
3
3
3
Natrium/Sodium
3
200
200
Sulphate
3
250
250
Selenium
3
0.01
0.01
Argentum
3
0.05
0.05
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Magnesium
3
150
150
Mineral Oil
3
0.3
0.3
Chloroform
3
-
0.2
Bromoform
3
-
0.1
Dibromoklorometana
3
-
0.1
Bromodiklorometana
3
-
0.06
Fenol/Phenol
3
0.002
0.002
Antimony
3
-
0.005
Nickel
3
-
0.02
Dibromoacetonitrile
3
-
0.1
Dichloroacetic acid
3
-
0.05
Dichloroacetonitrile
3
-
0.09
Trichloroacetic acid
3
-
0.1
Trichloroacetonitrile
3
-
0.001
Trihalomethanes - Total
3
-
1.00
Aldrin / Dealdrin
4
0.00003
0.00003
DDT
4
0.002
0.002
Heptachlor & Heptachlor Epoxide
4
0.00003
0.00003
Methoxychlor
4
0.02
0.02
Lindane
4
0.002
0.002
Chlordane
4
0.0002
0.0002
Endosulfan
4
0.03
0.03
Hexachlorobenzena
4
0.001
0.001
1,2-dichloroethane
4
-
0.03
2,4,5-T
4
-
0.009
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
4
-
0.2
2,4-D
4
0.03
0.03
2,4-DB
4
-
0.09
2,4-dichlorophenol
4
-
0.09
Acrylamide
4
-
0.0005
Alachlor
4
-
0.02
Aldicarb
4
-
0.01
Benzene
4
-
0.01
Carbofuran
4
-
0.007
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MCPA
4
-
0.002
Pendimethalin
4
-
0.02
Pentachlorophenol
4
-
0.009
Permethrin
4
-
0.02
Pesticides
4
-
-
Pesticides - Total
4
-
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
4
-
-
Propanil
4
-
0.02
Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene
4
-
-
Vinyl chloride
4
-
0.005
Gross alpha (α)
5
0.1Bq/l
0.1Bq/l
Gross beta (β)
5
1.0 Bq/l
1.0 Bq/l
Tritium
5
-
-
Total indicative dose
5
-
Figure 1.3 Drinking Water Quality Standard Source: http://kmam.moh.gov.my/public-user/drinking-water-quality-standard.html
1.2
Findings & Analysis
1.2.1 Introduction & Function Water use & quality Water use and quality differs in a building. There are:
1. Consumed Consumed water includes water for drinking, cooking, bathing, laundering and irrigation. Flow of water in this category has to be continuous, soft (neutral) and potable (drinkable).
2. Circulated Circulated water includes hot water for heating, chilled water for cooling, condenser cooling water, and steam for heating & later condensation. Flow of water in this category has intermitted or at a relatively slow rate, soft (neutral) and potable (drinkable). This type of water is called makeup water. Curve NX does not supply this type of water, they bought it over from the building next to them –The Curve instead through a suspended link bridge which also acts as a services bridge supplying this type of water.
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3. Generally static Generally static water includes water for fire protection, fire standpipes and sprinkler piping. Flow of water in this category has adequate in emergencies.
4. Controlled Controlled water includes vapor condensed to reduce relative humidity of air. This type of water relates only to moisture condensed out of the air and involves no design for supply. (Grondzik, 2010) As a whole, Curve NX only supplies two types of water which are consumed and generally static water in its building.
Water distribution system There are two types of water distribution systems: direct and indirect system. Curve NX is of the latter, utilizing a combination of gravity and pumped system. Normally, this system has its advantages. 1. It provides a reserve against failure of the mains supply. 2. Sudden demands are met from cistern which fills slowly thus reducing the demand on the water main and the size of the incoming pipe. 3. Runs at a lower pressure which minimize noise and wastage and allows particular appliances to be used. 4. Heating and hot water supply apparatus can be vented to the storage cistern, minimizing safety valve requirements. (Kuppusamy, 2015) In Curve NX, no hot water services is available as there is no demand for it since it is a parking lot building, houses a kids theme park and fast food chain. Curve NX building mainly uses 381,360 liters (based on 1 UK Gallon=4.545 liter) of water daily as compared to a single family home which only uses about 262 liters of water per day. In general, the water consumption of Curve NX is of 1455 times a normal residential including toilets, washing machine, showers, baths and tap water. The suction tank stores 122,580 liters of water; while the storage tank contains 258,780 liters of water.
1.2.2 Operation of System Down feed distribution Down feed distribution in a tall building usually consists of one elevated tank serving all of the lower floors. In Curve NX (as shown in the plans below), a water tank (highlighted in yellow) is located around the lower ground car park and other utilities room, serving as a reserve space to hold a supply of water for a fireextinguishing system; suction tank (highlighted in red) facing the main road acts as a buffer zone between the system and the street mains. It usually holds enough reserve to allow pumps to make up the periodic depletion in the storage tank. It refills automatically by flow from the street main that, so will not suffer as much of a drop in pressure as it would if it were connected directly to the suction side of the house pumps; Page | 8
while a storage tank is placed at the roof top which is available for use as domestic (service) water. The amount stored is enough to supplement what the pump will deliver during the several daily peak hours (Kidzania’s opening hours: from 10am to 5pm daily) of high demand which is around 240,000 liters of water. The suction tank pumps water up to the storage tank above and distributes it back to six floors below through a series of pumps and pipes.
Figure 1.4 Suction tank (highlighted in red) & fire extinguishing system reservoir (highlighted in yellow) location at ground floor, suction tank room size approximately 64m²; fire extinguishing system reservoir room approximately 36m² Souce: Hajeedar & Associates SDN BHD
Figure 1.5 Storage tank location at roof, storage area approximately 130m² Souce: Hajeedar & Associates SDN BHD
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Low-pressure supplies By keeping water at numerous levels, static water pressure in high rises could be reduced. In Curve NX’s case, the storage tank distributes its water supply to the first, second and third floor by gravitational forces; while the fourth, fifth and sixth floor water supply are distributed by a booster pump.
Figure 1.6 Rough down feed water distribution diagram of Curve NX
1.2.3 Components of System 7 ○
8 ○
9 ○
10 ○
3 ○ 1 ○ 4 ○ 2 ○ 5 ○
6 ○
Figure 1.7 Positions of each water distribution components of Curve NX at lower ground floor
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11 ○
12 ○
13 ○
14 ○
Figure 1.8 Positions of each water distribution components of Curve NX at roof top
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1 &○ 2 ○
Service pipe Water meter
Main shutoff valve
Towns main
Strainer
Communicating pipe to Curve NX
Gate valve
Stop valve
Figure 1.9 Details for water bulk meter and valve, size of water main GI pipe: 100mm
3 ○
Figure 1.10 Section figure of suction tank Souce: http://www.deweywaters.co.uk/products/water-tanks/sectional-tank/
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Standard suction tank components: 1. Tank Options: Insulated, suitable for storage of wholesome water (potable water). Un-insulated for storing of water for non-wholesome applications such as process water for factories, rain water harvesting.All panels are fabricated to withstand harsh climatic conditions. 2. Bolts Tanks are assembled using 316 grade S/S bolts internally and galvanized bolts externally, complying with current British Standards BSEN 13280:2001. If required, grade 316 S/S bolts may be placed throughout the tank. 3. Access Hatch An access hatch is supplied as standard for tank maintenance and access. 4. Screened Vent Screened vent with all tanks for ventilation. 5. Raised Float Valve Housing Permits the float valve to be mounted at a higher level on the tank, therefore increasing the usable volume of water. 6. Tank Division All buildings requiring un-interrupted water supply should install a divider in the tank. The divider allows one side of the tank to be drained down for maintenance, while water supply is maintained from the second segment of the tank. 7. Ladders Where the tank height is greater than 1.5m, an internal and external ladder is recommended. 8. Condensation Trays Available for every size tank if required. Condensation trays are supplied in sections and bonded into a single unit on site. A condensation tray can only be supplied with tanks that have an internally flanged base. (Deweywaters.co.uk, 2015)
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Figure 1.11 Suction tank at lower ground
Figure 1.12 Storage tank at roof top
Fire protection tank To ensure optimum performance and compliance with regulations, the following ancillary items are usually fitted to fire protection tanks:
Figure 1.13 Fire protection tank at lower ground
1. Hydrostatic contents gauge to measure the level of water in the tank. 2. AB Air gap to prevent water siphoning back into the mains water supply. 3. Internal Ladder for safe tank access. 4. External aluminum ladder complete with
safety cage to safely gain access to the man-way cover for maintenance purposes. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Tank overflow and warning pipes. Drainage facility to completely drain down the tank for maintenance work. Access man-way to enable testing, maintenance etc. Side access hatch. Vortex inhibitor eliminates air circulation through the water when large volumes of water are extracted from the tank. (Deweywaters.co.uk, 2015) 5 &○ 14 Pipe sizing: ○
From water meter to tank -38mm (GI Pipe) Over flow pipe – 38mm (UPVC pipe) Scour pipe – 30mm (UPVC pipe) From water tank to distribution pipe – 38mm (UPVC pipe) From distribution pipes to appliances -25mm (UPVC pipe)
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4 â—‹
Figure 1.14 Section figure of jet pump Souce: http://www.deanbennett.com/duramac-city-water-pressure-boost.jpg
Jet (or Ejector) pumps
Figure 1.15 Venturi tube section
In a jet pump, a venture tube is added to the centrifugal pump. A portion of the water that is discharged from a centrifugal pump at the wellhead is forced down to a nozzle and the venture tube as shown in Figure 1.13. The lower pressure within the venture tube induces well water to flow in, and the velocity of the water from the nozzle pushes it up toward the centrifugal pump, which can then lift it more easily by suction. (Grondzik, 2010)
When a booster pump is used on a water pressure booster system, it shall be supplied through a surge tank or if supplied through a direct connection, a low pressure cutoff switch (10 psi) and a vacuum relief valve or tank shall be installed on the suction side of the booster pump to prevent the creation of a vacuum or a negative pressure on the suction side of the pump. If installed below grade it shall be installed in a normally occupied area and on a pedestal at least 24 inches above the floor. (Revisor, 2015) Souce: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ejector _or_Injector.png
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1.3 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (LICENSED TO MALAYSIA STANDARDS) Requirements Water Supply System Law 89 A chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the wall at the back of the chase not less than 100mm thick in external walls and not less than 100mm thick in a party wall and shall not be wider than 200mm.
Water Supply System Law 123 Where ducts or enclosure are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be – 1) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all the services accommodated.
Water Supply System Law 247 1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws. 2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. 3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
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ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM ANIS NABILA 0311662
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2.0
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
2.1
Overview
Figure 2.1 The Electrical Transmission Diagram (Pixshark.com, 2015)
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2.2
Literature Review
Energy has historically been made available for useful work by burning a fossil fuel such as coal or oil. Electricity constitutes a form of energy itself, which occurs naturally only in unusable forms such as lightning and other static discharges. The primary problem in the utilization of electrical energy is that, unlike fuels or even heat, it cannot be stored and, therefore, must be generated and utilized in instant. This is the reason on why electricity is prominent in our daily lives as a main source in providing mechanical ventilation and artificial lightings in every buildings be it in a small scale or big scale. There are 3 different branch of electrical supply companies in Malaysia that provide electrical supply namely Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) for Sabah and Sarawak Energy (SE) for Sarawak. These companies play vital role as they are the main power in providing and managing the daily electrical supply to all the household and commercial buildings. The electrical distribution system starts from the electric generating station, thermal power plant and hydro-electric power plant. The electric will then be distributed according to the ‘power distribution grid’. The amount of voltage distributed is depending on the amount of electrical appliances used by the building. In the process of delivering the electricity for the users, which is known as the power distribution grid, the voltage is expected to rise or drop depending on the function and location. The electric from the power generating station will subsequently pass through the step up transformer to increase the power. This is to save the use of limited source and to cover back the energy loss due to resistance between the lines. The high current produced enables the voltage to be transformed up to 132, 275 or 400kV for national transmission. Later on, the current will pass through the step down transformer where the current is brought down as the incoming cyrrent is too high for domestic purposes. Right after that, the current is distributed to the facilities in the area around the substation based on the needs and requirements of that certain building. The electrical equipment and systems installed in the building are known as electrical distribution equipment. It is necessary to do a thorough analysis and calculations on the amperage load and short circuit values of each individual part of the distribution system in order to achieve an efficient electric distribution system in the building.
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Electrical is very prominent in our everyday lives. In order for electricity to function, the circuit must be completed. Here are the main electrical equipment that can be found in a building : a) Distribution Board Distribution board or a panel board is a component that divides the electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits. Distribution board can be also known as fuse board, breaker box or electrical panel.
Figure 2.2 Household fuse board (851964, 2015)
Figure 2.3 Bigger scale building fuse board (Indiamart.com, 2015)
b) Electricity Circuit Breaker Circuit Breaker is an operated electrical switch that is designed to protect the circuit from being overloaded or getting damaged due to short circuit. Circuit breakers can be reset to resume normal operation which is unlike fuse which cannot be done.
Figure 2.4 ELCB (Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker) (Midgley, 2013)
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c) Switch The switch is an electrical component that breaks the circuit. This component interrupts the current or diverts it from a conducting component to another conducting component. There are 2 gang switch types, 3 gang switch types and other combinations of gang switch types. Gang switch means more than 1 switch is used on single fitting.
Figure 2.5 Single Switch Wiring Diagram (Officelightconstruction.com, 2015)
d) Power Plug and Socket This is a device that allows the electricity-operated equipment to be connected to the (AC) Alternate Current Power Supply. Electrical plugs have various voltages and current ratings, types of connectors and sizes as well as shapes.
Figure 2.6 Power Plug (Cyprus holiday Villa In Pervolia, 2015)
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e) Circuit Wire/ Electrical Wiring Circuit wire is a component that carries the electric current from one point to another point.
Figure 2.7 Circuit Wire (Pixshark.com, 2015)
f) Electrical Meter Electrical Meter or Power Consumption Meter is a meter that shows the amount of electrical energy in a particular household has consumed.
Figure 2.8 Electrical Meter (Wikipedia, 2015)
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2.3
Understanding of Electrical Supply System
2.3.1 Tenaga Nasional Berhad Electrical System The voltage network in all of the states in Malaysia including Selangor, (which is relevant to our case study) are 500kV, 275kV, and 132kV while the distribution voltages are 400/230 volts, 11kV and 33kV. However, Johor and Perak voltage differ spotting a voltage rating of 22kV and 6.6kV. As for the electrical supply frequency, it is 5Hz plus minus 1%. The Earthing System High Voltage and Extra High Voltage
3 configuring phased
Solidly Earthed
Over head lines and underground cables are used extensively Low Voltage 400/230v
3 phase 4 wire system
Neutral point solidly earthed
Mixture of underground cables, overhead lines and aerial insulated cables
The electricity is basically generated by mechanical energy that is converted into electrical energy. For instance, the spinning turbine that spins to generate the electricity.
Figure 2.9 Electricity Generation in Steam Power Plant (Sge.com.sa, 2015)
The Power Station also acts as a generator to generate electricity. After the electricity is produced, it is sent to the electrical substation to generate, transmit and distribute the electrical energy. The function Page | 23
of the substation is to convert voltage from high to low ratings or the other way round. Different substation has different voltage levels of electricity flowing through it. 2.3.2
General Electrical Distribution
Figure 2.10 General Electrical Distribution System ('Power Distribution System Basics', 2015)
Figure 2.10 showcases the TNB customers are connected with power at generating station from hydroelectric and thermal plants through a network system made up of transmission lines, substations and distribution lines. Generation Generating station which is also known as power station produce large quantities of electricity to supply electric power system. Heat of fuel (gas, coal, oil) and hydraulic energy (falling water) is converted to electricity through generating station. These power plants normally generate current in generating station at high voltage and (11-25kV) to be distributed to consumers. Transmission The function of transmission division is to take care of and operates the 132 kV, 275 kV and 500 kV transmission network of TNB known as the National Grid. At this stage, the voltage is ominously increased by passing it through step-up transformers. The electricity is then routed onto a network of high-voltage transmission lines which is capable of efficiently transporting electricity over long distances. Distribution At the electric distribution substation that serves your home, the electricity is detached from the transmission system and passed through step-down transformers to decrease it to the lower
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voltage (33kV and 11Kv). The electricity is then conveyed onto your local electric co-op's network of distribution lines and delivered to your home.
2.3.3
Building Electrical Distribution
Transformer (Step Down) 11kV
Sub-Switchboard (SSB)
TNB Room (HV Room)
Consumer Room
Main Switchboard (MSB/ LV Room)
Transformer (Step Down) 415V
Gen-Set Room
Distribution Boards 240V
Power Points
Figure 2.11 Building Electrical Distribution System
The current will then be transmitted to the High Tension Room from the TNB substation, or in some cases the High Voltage Room, to be further distributed to several step down transformers in order to lower the voltage according to usage and consumption in buildings. From there, the current which has previously lowered is transferred to the Low Voltage Room. The Low Voltage Room, also known as the Main Switchboard Room or Low Tension Room, houses the main switches of different facilities in a building. The transformers will then transfer the respective currents to each panel. Circuit breakers are installed in the Low Voltage Room to prevent any excessive power surges that may potentially harm the electrical appliances within the room. Next, current from main switch boards are transported to distribution boards. This transfer is assisted by electrical risers located at every level of a building, using bus ducts. A sub switch board is installed in each riser room. The sub switch board is to regulate the electrical supply using meters to that particular level by the main switch board. This could prevent power surges that may result in an electricity trip and to ensure that only the level affected will have its electricity supply cut off. On the other hand, Gen-Set Room is connected to the Main Switch Room (LV Room) which has a back-up generator in case TNB fails to supply electricity.
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2.4
Case Study
2.4.1
Introduction and Function
The Curve NX is a relatively big commercial building consisting of 7 levels, as well as two basement car parks. Commercial buildings necessitate a much greater supply of electricity compared to residential buildings. The electrical supply is produced from the main power plant, supplied by Electric Utility Company Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). It is then delivered to the district transmission substation and further transmitted to the TNB substation located within the building.
Figure 2.12 The Location of Electrical Distribution Rooms on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX
Figure 2.12 displays the main electrical distribution rooms on ground floor The Curve NX, which includes: TNB Substation Low Voltage Room (Main Switch Room) Gen-Set Room Page | 26
2.4.2 Components and Systems i) TNB Substation (High Voltage Room)
The TNB substation also known as High Voltage Room receives the direct supply of electricity from the transmission lines or underground cables to be supplied to The Curve NX. Like most shopping malls or commercial buildings, it is located at the back of the building, with a relatively safe distance away from the public. Figure 2.13 Zoomed in of the Location of TNB Substation on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX
Figure 2.14 TNB Substation on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX
Like most TNB substations, it is slightly elevated and have a slight ramp in front of the entrance to drain and prevent water from flooding into the room. It is located at the Ground floor, and is easily accessible by authorized personnel from TNB. High Voltage Room has a voltage of 11kV. However from here, voltage is stepped down by transformers to be passed to the Consumer Low Voltage (LV) Room that will then distribute the electricity to various parts of the building. Only TNB electrical engineers and the likes are have the Page | 27
access to enter the room due to safety reason. ii) Low Voltage Room (Main Switch Room)
Figure 2.15 Zoomed in of the Location of LV Room on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX
Figure 2.16 Interior of the LV Room
a) Main Switchboards The stepped down current from the TNB Room (HV Room) is then transferred to the Low Voltage Room (LV Room). In this room, the electric supply goes through the step down transformer. The voltage of the electric supply is reduced from 11kV to 415V through the transformer. The electric supply is now ready to be conveyed to other parts of the building. At The Curve NX, the LV Room houses all the Main Switch Boards with Circuit Breakers. The Main Switch Boards are the main power switches of the entire building. Circuit breakers are also found in this room to prevent damages to the appliances when there is a sudden surge of electricity.
Figure 2.17 The Main Switchboards with Circuit Breakers in the LV Room
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A switch board segregates the power distribution system into units. In general, it supplies power to panel boards throughout the building. Electrical disconnect switches and circuit breaker controls and protects each switch board. There are three Main Switch Boards in The Curve NX namely MSA-1A 1, MSA-1B and third main switch board. MSA-1A supply normal electricity such as to the air conditioners, cold water supply, escalators, lightings and switches. Meanwhile, MSA-1B supplies the essential electricity such as firefighting, CCTV, PA system and basement carparks lighting in case of emergency. The step down transformers distribute electricity through under floor cables to their respective switch boards. The third Main Switch Board is only functioned when the second Main Switch Board (Essential) is fail to function.
Figure 2.18 The First Main Switch Board (MSA-1A) for Normal Electrical Systems
Figure 2.19 The Second Main Switch Board (MSA-1B) for Essential Electrical Systems
Figure 2.20 The Third Main Switch Board for Back-up Purposes
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b) Circuit Breaker A circuit breaker is one of the most prominent safety components on switch boards. These simple machines cut the power whenever electrical wiring in a building has too much current flowing through it until someone can fix the problem. In The Curve NX, motorized air circuit breakers are used. Motorized air circuit breakers are generally spring changed type and therefore very fast in closing operation.
Figure 2.21 The Circuit Breaker on the Switch Boards
c) Electric Meter The electric meter is an instrument that measures the amount of electric energy used by a consumer in a building. It is calibrated in kilowatt-hours. One kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy required to provide 1,000 watts of power for a period of one hour. For most domestic electric meter, it is usually enclosed in a transparent case which is glass that contains a revolving disk. The disk rotates a series of numbers or dials. The disk rotates to measure the exact amount of kilowatts used whenever there is electric current passes through the meter. The speed of rotation varies depending on the amount of electricity used. It is vital to know that different electric appliance gives different amount of electrical energy.
Figure 2.22 Meters that Records the Electricity Used
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d) Rubber Mats Based in Electrical Supply Act 1990 and Electricity Regulation 1994, rubber mats must be placed on the floor beside the Main Switch Boards as a safety measure for the maintenance crew or MSB users. This is to avoid human bodies to become a conductor for earthling during high voltage current leak thus minimizing chances of fatal electric shocks.
Figure 2.23 Rubber Mats near the Main Switch Boards
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iii) Generator Set Room
Figure 2.24 Zoomed in of the Location of Gen-Set Room on the Ground Floor of The Curve NX
Figure 2.25 Interior of the Gen-Set Room
When there is a breakdown in power supply system from the TNB, the generator in Generator Set Room will be generating electricity for the building until the power supply has been regained. When there is an electrical shortage from the main power supply from TNB, the generator acts as a backup electric source. However, this power supply is only enough for the essential needs such as firefighting system, cctv, p.a system, and lightings for carpark.
a) Electric Generator Set The engine generator set comprises of three components namely fuel systems, the body set and the exhaust facilities. The sound produced by the generator during maintenance and regular testing might be extremely loud. However, the big fan located at the back of the set acts to cool the generator.
Figure 2.26 The Electric Generator Set
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b) Diesel Fuel Tank Battery has much lower specific energy than the fuel such as gasoline. Therefore, the diesel fuel is needed for the workout for the generator in addition of using batteries to operate. However, the disposal of the gasolines might be a bit challenging and it can only be stored for a year at most. At this stage, the dynamo will generate electric field and current will be directed to the LV Room followed by the distributing areas.
Figure 2.27 The Diesel Fuel Tank
c) Nickel Cadmium Batteries The core of the generator is nickel cadmium batteries. It is the starter of the machine and it is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide as well as metallic cadmium as electrodes.
Figure 2.28 Nickel Cadmium Batteries
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d) Radiator Cooling Generator Set Since the generator will be producing heat while generating electricity, precautions of preventing overheating and fire from occurring must be taken. The radiator is used to cool down the diesel engine generator set and being placed right next to the generator. This is to extract heat from the engine and pumped it outside. The radiator cooling system is made up of tubes surrounded by fins.
Figure 2.29 Radiator Cooling Generator Set
e) Fresh Air Intake Above the entrance of the generator set room, there is an air fin to allow the fresh air to enter the room consequently filtering out the unwanted dust through the mesh. This is also functions to increase the ventilation for cooling the room. Ventilation is very vital in this room especially when the generator is operating due to the heat it produces.
Figure 2.30 Fresh Air Intake
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f) Cable Tray System These are fire resistance cable. The functions are to hold and prevent the wiring from melting for an average time per hour. To connect the generator to the Main Switch Board Room during fire emergency, Mineral Insulated Copper Clad (MICC) cables which are special wirings are being used.
Figure 2.31 Cable Tray System which Located Near the Ceiling
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iv) Electrical Riser Room
Figure 2.32 Entrance of Electrical Riser Room on Every Floor of The Curve NX
Electric Rooms are located at every level in the building, from Lower Ground to Level 3. The electric rooms are situated at each level to provide electricity directed from the Transformer Room for usage at each level. This is where bus ducts come into play as well. The power supply runs along the bus duct system up the electrical risers at every level and power is supplied to every electric room to the Sub Switch Boards and Distribution Boards.
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a) Sub- Distribution Board A sub- distribution board is a part of an electricity supply system that functions to divide an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit, in a common enclosure. A sub- distribution board is a smaller panel board that has a similar function to the main switch boards that but it only supply electricity from the main switch board to a specific level in The Curve NX. If one of the units in that particular floor needs any repairing in electrical matter or even experiencing electricity failures, the units on that particular floor will not be affected. Within the distribution boards are switches which again sub divide the unit into smaller division where electricity is supplied, each switch is fitted usually with a fuse. Therefore, if there any power surge happens, the electrical appliances will not be damaged.
Figure 2.33 Wiring inside the Distribution Board
b) Bus Duct Conductor bars are assembled with insulators in grounded enclosures. This is known as bus duct which can be used for connections to large switchgear or for bringin the main power feed into the building. A form of bus ducts known as plug-in bus is used to conveyed power down the length of a building. The usage of bus duct saves more space because it require less space than the normal cable.
Figure 2.34 Bust Duct
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2.4.3 Operation of System in The Curve NX
Figure 2.35 The Schematic Diagram of Electrical Distribution in The Curve NX
TNB Substation (High Voltage) Low Voltage (Main Switch Boards) Generator Set (In case of emergency) Normal Distribution Boards Essential Distribution Boards Risers Page | 38
2.5
UBBL Requirement or Related Regulations
Section 240 1. Every floor zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. 2. The switch shall be a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Section 241 1. In places where there are deaf persons and in places where native if the occupancy audible alarm system us undesireable, visible indicator alarm signals shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.
Whereas according to Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P.U (A) 38/94 Electricity Regulations 1997, it is listed that:
Regulation 15 ; Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc. 1. Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.
Regulation 16 ; Switch, switch fuse, fused switch, circuit breaker, contractor , fuse, etc. Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be : 1. Constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a given values for such a sufficient time to prevent danger. 2. Constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating, arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure.
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2.6
Analysis and Conclusion
Figure 2.36 CPR Board Located inside Each Electrical Room
The cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) board is placed in each electrical room for safety purposes. The board provides information to prevent apparent death from electric shock as emergency procedure can be performed in effort to manually preserve intact brain function in case that a person is unresponsive with abnormal breathing. Even though there is a board in ever electrical room to guide the people during emergency situation, the board seems not practical and in considerate for the OKU people. According to UBBL, visible indicator alarm signals are not being used in The Curve NX and could cause danger to the deaf visitors. Although deaf visitors are not the main group among the users, their safety should really be taken into consideration since The Curve NX is a public building thus having them as the visitors is much likely to happen. However, The Curve NX electrical supply system fulfil most of the UBBL Requirements and therefore it can be considered as satisfying. In a nutshell, this case study gives us an opportunity to observe and analyse a building in The Curve NX. We have used several means to complete the case study, which are through site visits, interviews, referenced from books as well as online sources. Generally, through this case study we are able to understand better the systems inside the building, the spatial requirements and the component of each system. Page | 40
SANITARY, SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE SYSTEM HIEW KIN VUI 0312424
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3.0
SANITARY, SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE
3.1
Introduction
Sanitary and sewerage system is one of the most important systems in every building. Sewerage system is a system that process wastewater. Wastewater is then separated to black water and grey water. Black water in another word, brown water, is a product from sanitary appliances such as urinal and WC which consist of feces. However, grey water is the wastewater which is produced from domestic activity such as laundry and washing and it can be reused. The system can be divided into two types, which is the combined sewage (conventional sewage) and separate sewage. Combined sewerage transfers both surface run-off and wastewater, while separate sewage carries surface run-off and wastewater separately. Connected sewage systems are involved of a complex of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities. The efficiency of the system is depending on gravity. As a result, sewage treatment are usually located at drainage catchment outlets so that they can capture all the sewage easily, reducing the reliance pumps. Since they carry so much volume, conventional gravity sewers are only appropriate when a centralized treatment facility able to collect the wastewater is obtainable. Sufficient water needs to be available to carry the wastewater material in the sewer and therefore such systems are only applicable where enough water is available. There are many benefits to this system. Besides convenience, it has a lower operation and maintenance cost than the separate sewerage system. Black water, grey water and storm water can be managed together at the same time. We have 3 types of underground piping which is service line, mainline and access point. Service line is piping, which connects building sewers, and transport wastewater to the wastewater mainline. Mainline is collection point of wastewater system and transport wastewater to the treatment plant. Access point is connected to wastewater service line, is a cleanout or access point located in the floor. The following subtopics will further discuss how the system works in The Curve NX. The sanitary, sewerage and drainage systems are related because of the combined sewerage used.
Sanitary Appliances -> Traps -> Stacks -> Public Sewer
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3.2
Literature Review
Sewage waste can be divided into two categories, which are organic and inorganic waste. Both of these waste come in different types of form, toxic chemicals, harmful bacteria, and unwanted solid waste. When waste enters water bodies without treatment, it will most probably increase the growth of bacteria that may affect marine life and also people who use water that sourced from the same polluted water body. In order to reduce pollution and to provide a hygienic environment, a proper sewage system has to be introduced. A sewerage system consists of four main components;
Sanitary appliances, Drainage system, Main sewer pipes, Sewer treatment plant
Pipes are a crucial part in the sanitary, sewerage and drainage systems. Materials of the pipes should be resistant to chemical and microbial contamination. A high resistance to abrasion and temperature is also required. Furthermore, maintenance must be regular to make sure it’s leak-tight to avoid any exfiltration of sewage water into the soil. Materials most commonly used in the piping system nowadays are (Polyvinyl chloride) PVC, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC), Polypropylene (PP) or Polyethylene (PE). These are flexible plastics pipes, which are long-lasting and durable. The components for the three systems are varying. In a sewer treatment plant, waste water is collected and treated before it is released back into a nearby open water body such as river or sea.
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3.3
Sanitary and Sewage System
3.3.1
Sanitary Appliances
Primary parts found in The Curve NX’s sanitary system are the Water Closet (WC), Urinal Basin and Traps. a) Water closet (WC) The Curve NX uses the floor-mounted WC with a hidden water tank. It is suitable to be used in office and commercial building because it is simple, efficient and economic. Blockage rarely happens. Plastic connectors are commonly used for joining the outlet to the soil branch pipe. The flush pipe joint is usually made with a rubber cone connector, which fits tightly between WC and pipe. Soil waste from WC outlet is connected to the soil stack, which will be further elaborated later.
Figure 3.1: Water Closet (WC)
Figure 3.2: Water Closet (WC)
b) Urinal The urinals are manual flushing system in The Curve NX. Each urinal is equipped with a button or short lever to activate the flush. The flushing cistern will discharge 4.5L of water per flush to wash at the intervals of the urinal. Such a directly controlled system is the most efficient, provided that users remember to use it. These types of urinals are easily maintained. This is connected to waste pipe.
Figure 3.3: Urinals
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c) Basins The plumbing lines for the wall-mounted skins run directly into the wall and are therefore more aesthetically pleasing. Maintenance is easy as the design opens up the space underneath the sink. Whenever the blockage happens, it provides the convenience for repairing.
Figure 3.4: Basins
3.3.2 
Traps Bottle Trap Traps are devices that contain a water-seal of about 50mm to 70mm to prevent gases escaping into sanitary fittings like sinks, water closets, and washbasins. This trap is used below sinks and washbasin to prevent entry of foul gases. The benefits of using bottle traps features with thin and long shape and will not take up so much room than the P/S trap. It can be hidden behind a pedestal although proprietary traps are a little longer.
Figure 3.5: Bottle Trap
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
Trap water seal Most of the fixtures and sewer pipes will have a trap water seal in the building. These seals play an important role as they stop the gases which form in sewer pipes from coming into the building. Sometimes fixtures will have an IO at the base of the water seal pipe which allows it to be cleaned. a. Floor Traps Floor traps are designed to collect waste water from washbasin, sink, shower, and bathroom etc. in the floor. These are available in cast iron or UPVC material. Both of these materials are removable grating (JALI) in the top of the trap. Traps should be convenient for cleaning. A good trap should maintain an efficient water seal under all conditions of flow. The minimum depth water seal should be 50mm. b. Gully traps These traps are constructed inside or outside the building to carry wastewater discharge from washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc. and are connected to the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases from sewer do not come to the building. These are deep seal traps; the depth of water seal should be 50mm minimum. It also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to waste pipes carrying wastewater.
Figure 3.6: Gully Traps
c. Intercepting Trap Intercepting trap is provided at the last main hole of building sewerage to prevent entry of foul gases from public sewer to building sewer. It has a deep-water seal of 100mm. d. The disconnector trap The pipe that coming out of the ground which is sealed off with a grate to stop rubbish getting into it. This pipe is very important because it allows the wastewater to escape if the plumbing system not functioning. The disconnector trap can always be found outside the building, it is because all the overflow water would be released outside from the building. Page | 46
e. Vent Pipe Vent pipes are a vital part of a plumbing system. Most importantly it stops all vacuum or siphon caused by moving water. Vacuums in the system from improper venting can suck the water right out of your traps causing a bad smell and loud and noisy drain pipes. Vent pipes usually come out of the most buildings as well by roof. It carries out all the sewer smell circulating out of the building.
3.3.3
Stacks Soil Stack Soil stack pipe carries waste from toilet to the house trap and connect to the sewer line, which will convey to the public sewer line. Soil stack pipe is vertical waste pipe, which has larger diameter also the main drain in the building. Soil stack pipe normally extended outdoor to the rooftop.
Waste Stack Waste stack pipe carries typical waste drainage away from shower, tube, and sinks. This type of piping does not carry soil sewage from sanitary fixtures.
Gully inlets Gully inlets are inlets where surface water from paved areas and road are entering the sewer system. Gullies consist of a grating and usually underlying sump to collect heavy materials in the flow. A water seal is incorporated to act as an odor trap for those gullies connected to combined sewers. Gullies are connected to the sewer by lateral pipes.
Figure 3.7: Gully Inlets
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3.3.4 
Septic tank
Manhole A manhole is a maintenance inspection hole that is used for maintenance purposes for the pipes that are buried usually 1000mm underground. Manhole are the largest chambers providing access to give access to buried pipes for maintenance and inspection. It is usually used for connecting two or more sanitary sewer lines which can come with different diameters. The manhole is sealed with precast iron to prevent trespasser from entering.

Septic tank
Figure 3.8: Manhole
The main function of the septic tank is to remove and store the solid material and waste produced from the building. It is made of concrete and is resistant to decay. Septic tank should be maintained and pumped in order for the system to function properly. Wastewater from the house usually flows by gravity through the building sewer pipe. Septic tank store the wastewater for a day to discharge it to the disposal field before it proceeds for further treatment. During this time, the waste will discharge and form: - Scum layer: On the top layer formed by lighter solid wastes such as fats, greases and oils - Middle layer: Partially clarified liquid wastewater - Sludge layer: Heavier sewage solids settle to the bottom
Septic tank hold sewage long enough for bacteria to break down and for sewage to settle and float. Function for baffle is prevents scum layer from entering the drain field.
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Figure 3.9: Source: http://www.rooterplus.com/septic-tank-pumping
3.4
Drainage System
The primary purpose of the above ground drainage pipework is getting the used water and other waste products away from sanitary appliances. To ensure no smells enter the building from the pipework and all waste products are disposed of safely, the pipework must be professionally designed and installed. Generally, the drainage system in a building was made from metals such as lead, copper, or cast iron but for the last 40 years PVC plastic has been used as the main drainage pipe material. All the pipes are laid out to a slope or ‘fall’ to allow the water to drain away without leaving behind any dirt or debris in the pipe. All appliance connections to the drainage system must have a trap on them to prevent smell or gasses entering the building. Drainage system consist of four main components, a) b) c) d)
Gutter Downspouts Perimeter Drain Drain Sump
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3.5
Case Study
3.5.1
Sanitary and Sewerage System There is one centralized manhole on site to collect the waste, after which the leads to the public manhole. Some brown piped lead directly to the public manhole.
3.5.1.1 Findings & Analysis According Law 43th noted the minimum dimension of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms. In all buildings, the sizes of latrines, water-closet and bathrooms shall be: (a) In the case if latrines or water-closet with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5m by 0.75m; (b) In the ease of water-closet with fittings other than pedestal-type fittings not less than 1.25m by 0.75m; (c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 sqm with a width of not less than 0.75m; (d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2 sqm with a width of not less than 0.75m
According Law 123th noted that requirement of piped and service ducts: (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be; (a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables, or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing and; (b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other controls there 10 enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. (2) The access, openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of the pipe to be installed or removed.
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3.5.2
Drainage System Storm water drainage is the process of draining excess water from streets, sidewalks, roofs, buildings, and other areas. The systems used to drain storm water are often referred to as storm drains, but they are also called storm sewers and drainage wells. Storm water collects because of precipitation. Some of this water soaks into the ground, but without proper drainage, excess water may collect and present dangers to both people and physical property.
3.5.2.1 Findings and Analysis Components of System 
Gutter
The main purpose of the rain gutter is to protect The Curve NX foundation by channeling water away from its base. The gutter also helps to reduce erosion, prevents leaks in basements and crawlspaces, protects painted or stained surfaces by reducing exposure to water, and provides a means to collect rainwater for later use. The rain gutter in The Curve NX is made from aluminum. Aluminum is the most popular metal used for gutters. It is easily maintained and low cost. It will not rust and has a life expectancy of approximately 30 years. Water collected by the rain gutter is fed to a downspout, from the roof edge to the base of the building where it is either discharged or collected. 
Downpipe
Rainwater downpipes are important in the gutters system. When it rains run-off flows down the roof, into the gutters and then is channeled down and away from the building’s foundation. The buildings can settle or shift, causing the gutter system to sag and misalign the downspout. Material: nPVC Size: 150 mm Advance plastic pipe systems offer major advantages over traditional materials for storm water applications including corrosion resistance, installation economics, operating efficiencies, and significant reductions in maintenance costs.
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3.6 Uniform Building By Law (Licensed to Malaysia Standards MS 1532:2003 and MS 1525) UBBL 84. (1) Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the penetration of dampness and moisture into a building. (2) Damp proof courses where provide shall comply with BS743 (materials for horizontal D.P.C)
Perimeter drains are primarily used to prevent ground and surface water from penetrating or damaging building foundations. Alternatively, French drains may be used to distribute water, such as a septic drain field at the outlet of a typical septic tank sewage treatment system. French drains are also used behind retaining walls to relieve ground water pressure.
UBBL 83. (1) All air-wells and open spaces in and around buildings shall be suitable protected against soil erosion. (2) All ground under raised buildings shall be suitably finished and graded to prevent the accumulation of water or the growth of unwanted vegetation or for the breeding or vermin. The manhole system is used to collect and remove excessive water from roof situated at basement of The Curve NX. It is cast in polymer concrete units which offer solutions to many applications.
UBBL 82. (1) wherever the dampness or positions of the site of a building renders it necessary, the subsoil of the site shall be effectively drained or such other steps shall be taken as will effectively protect the building against damage from moisture 83. (1) All air-walls and open spaces in and around buildings shall be suitable protected against soil erosion.
3.7
Conclusion
In conclusion, sewerage system plays an important role in the building. The aim is to keep the cleanliness and hygienic of the building away from the human wastes and odors. We have clearly analyze and studied about each components with its own functions. Besides that, through our observation of the services in The Curve NX, they obeyed accordingly to Law of Malaysia. Page | 52
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM GENNIEVE LEE 0311622
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4.0
VERTICAL MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
4.1
LITERATURE
Vertical transportation is transportation within a building that provides means of travel between floors. The types of vertical mechanical transportation around modern buildings can be classified into elevator and escalators. 4.1.1
Elevators
Elevator is a type of vertical mechanical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston-like jack. A multi-storey building with more than four stories is require in making the selection of mechanical vertical transportation, which comprises of passenger, service and freight elevators. These equipment not just consume a large portion of building expenditure but can also take up to approximately 10% of the building construction cost depending on the number of levels placed in a high rise building. An elevator specification must include: Elevator type, rated load and speed Maximum travel Number of landings and openings Type of control and supervisory system Details of cars and shaft doors Signal equipment Characteristics of power supply Finishes Ideal performance of an elevator installation will provide: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
Minimum waiting time at any floor level Comfortable acceleration Rapid transportation Smooth and rapid breaking Accurate, automatic leveling at landings Rapid loading and unloading at all stops Quick, quiet operation of doors Travel direction indication Comfortable lighting Reliable emergency and security equipment Page | 54
Elevator types are classified to the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Hoist mechanism Building height Building type Elevator location Special uses
Types of Hoist mechanism used by various types of elevators are: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Traction elevators Hydraulic elevators Climbing elevators Pneumatic elevators
Elevators are classified to the building height as well. For example: A. Low rise building (1-3 storeys) normally uses hydraulic elevators because of the lower initial cost B. Mid Rise building (4-11 storeys) normally uses the Geared-Traction elevators C. High-rise building, more than 11 storeys high uses the Gearless-Traction elevators.
4.2
TYPES OF ELEVATORS AND FUNCTION
Elevators or lifts are typically used for three main purposes - passengers, goods and services. There are two main elevators found in our case study building, known as the Curve NX, which are the passenger elevators and freight elevator, operated using the traction elevator. There are several types of elevators that employ the hoist mechanism: i. Hydraulic Elevators ii. Traction Elevators iii. Climbing Elevators iv. Pneumatic Elevators Performance of elevators are affected by the following factors: Acceleration Retardation Car speed Speed of door operation Stability of speed and performance with variations of car load
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Passenger Elevator Passenger elevators or lifts are designed primarily for moving people up or down to any floor levels. Passenger elevator’s capacity is related to the available floor space. A typical passenger elevator will have:
Space to stand in and guardrails Sliding automatic doors, with built-in safety interlock to prevent the sliding doors to open when lifts are moving. Overload sensor — prevents the elevator from moving until excess load has been removed. It may trigger a voice prompt or buzzer alarm. This may also trigger a "full car" indicator, indicating the car's inability to accept more passengers until some are unloaded. Electric fans or air conditioning units to enhance circulation and comfort. A control panel with various buttons. In the United States and other countries, button text and icons are raised to allow blind users to operate the elevator; many have Braille text besides. Buttons include: a. Call buttons to choose a floor. Some of these may be key switches (to control access). In some elevators, certain floors are inaccessible unless one swipes a security card or enters a passcode. b. Door open and Door close buttons. c. An alarm button or switch, which passengers can use to warn the premises manager that they have been trapped in the elevator.
A set of doors kept locked on each floor to prevent unintentional access into the elevator shaft by the unsuspecting individual. The door is unlocked and opened by a machine sitting on the roof of the car, which also drives the doors that travel with the car. Door controls are provided to close immediately or reopen the doors, although the button to close them immediately is often disabled during normal operations, especially on more recent elevators. Objects in the path of the moving doors will either be detected by sensors or physically activate a switch that reopens the doors. Otherwise, the doors will close after a preset time. Some elevators are configured to remain open at the floor until they are required to move again. Elevators in high traffic buildings often have a "nudge" function, which will close the doors at a reduced speed and sound a buzzer if the "door open" button is being deliberately held down, or if the door sensors have been blocked for too long a time. A stop switch to halt the elevator while in motion and often used to hold an elevator open while freight is loaded. Keeping an elevator stopped for too long may set off an alarm. Unless local codes require otherwise, this will most likely be a key switch. Security camera
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Freight Elevator A freight elevator is designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice that states the use by passengers is prohibited except certain freight elevators, which allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators have manually operated doors and often has rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting. Factors to be considered in Service lift selection are: Tonnage Movement per hour Size of load Method of loading Travel Type of load Type of door Speed Capacity The type of elevator use in the Curve NX building is the traction elevator. Given that the building consist of 9 levels including the rooftop and two car park basements.
Figure 4.2.1 Service Elevator
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4.2.1
Traction Elevators
The car, cables elevator machine, control equipment, counterweights, hoist-way, rails, penthouse, and pit are the principal parts of a traction elevator installation.
Figure 4.2.2 A cut-away view of a geared elevator installation showing the essential components
Tractions elevators are divided into three types, which are: a) Geared Traction Elevator Geared elevator has a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. The capable travel speed is up to 500 feet per minute. b) Gearless traction elevator Gearless elevator has a wheel that is attached directly to the motor. The capable is speed is up to 2000 feet per minute. c) Machine Room-less elevator
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Machine Room-less elevators are designed so that most of the components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car.
Geared-traction machine are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave, which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s or 500 ft/min. Gearless traction machines are low-speed (low-RPM), high-torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 10 m/s or even higher. A brake is mounted between the motor and drive sheave or gearbox to hold the elevator stationary at a floor. This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and held open electrically; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from falling. The benefits of using Machine Room-less elevator are:
Creates more usable space Use less energy (70-80% less than hydraulic elevators) Uses no oil All components are above ground similar to roped hydraulic type elevators (this takes away the environmental concern that was created by the hydraulic cylinder on direct hydraulic type elevators being stored underground) Slightly lower cost than other elevators Can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics but not normal traction units.
The disadvantages of using Machine Room-less elevator are:
Equipment can be harder to service and maintain. No code has been approved for the installation of residential elevator equipment.
During emergency: When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. A key or strip switch in the lobby can manually override the car selected to run under emergency power. In order to help prevent entrapment,
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when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.
4.2.2
General Components of Elevator System
Lift doors Lift doors are essential, as they keep people from down an open shaft. The choice of a car and hoist way door affects the speed and quality of elevator service. Doors for passenger elevators are power-operated and are synchronized with the leveling controls so that the doors are fully open by the time a car comes to a complete stop at a landing. The closing time of a lift door varies according to the type of door and size of opening. For safety reasons, the kinetic energy of an automatic door is limited to 7ft-Ib and its closing pressure to 30Ib. To provide the fastest closing within this energy limitation, a center opening door is used. Elevators use two different sets of doors: i. ii.
Doors on the cars Doors opening into the elevator shaft
Lift door system
Figure 4.2.3 Components of a door-opener system
The diagram above shows how a typical door-opener system works. Doors on the cars are operated by an electric motor, which is hooked up to the elevator computer. The electric motor turns a wheel, which is attached to a long metal arm. The metal arm is linked to another arm, which is attached to the door. The door can slide back and forth on a metal rail. When the motor turns the wheel, it rotates the first metal arm, which pulls the second metal arm and the attached door to the left. The door is made of two panels that close in on each Page | 60
other when the door opens and extend out when the door closes. The computer turns the motor to open the doors when the car arrives at a floor and close the doors before the car starts moving again. Many elevators have a motion sensor system that keeps the doors from closing if somebody is between them. The car doors have a clutch mechanism that unlocks the outer doors at each floor and pulls them open. This way, the outer doors will only open if there is a car at that floor (or if they are forced open). This keeps the outer doors from opening up into an empty elevator shaft.
Figure 4.2.4 Elevator Doorsill Arrangement
Figure 4.2.5 Single and Double Door
Figure 4.2.6 Frame adjusts automatically to door configuration
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(Single / Double Door)
Figure 4.2.7 Door Panels with different materials (i.e. Metal, Glass) or with Frame and Glazing
Cars and signals A typical elevator specification is functional and describes the intended operation of equipment. The type and functions of signal equipment are also specified. Besides, the car and hallway signals should be designed to fulfill their basic functions, taking into consideration of the needs for the handicapped and coordinate with the dĂŠcor of the cars as well. The hall buttons should indicate the desired direction of travel. The hall lantern located at each car entrance must also visually indicate the direction of travel of an arriving elevator as well as its arriving location.
Figure 4.2.8 Control button panel Components
Figure 4.2.9 Control button panel in Curve NX Lift
The following are the possibilities of an elevator control arrangements: a. b. c. d.
Operator Automatic Down collective Directional collective Page | 62
e. Group collective f. Programmed control
Machine/Motor Room The machine/motor room of an elevator is usually placed above the elevator and contains the following:
Winding gear Traction Sheave Control panel Over-speed Governor
Figure 4.2.10 and Figure 4.2.11 Traction machine (From left to right)
Figure 4.2.12 Gearless Machine-Roomless Elevator
Noise from motors and winding gear must be contained with adequate insulation and absorbent bedding for machinery. Adequate daylight and supplementary artificial light as well as fan assisted ventilation to remove heat from electric plant is required for this room. A locked Page | 63
door provides the only access to the machine room. Machine room-less elevators are designed so that most components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car, and small cabinet that house the elevator controller.
Figure 4.2.13 and Figure 4.2.14 Side view of the Traction Machine (From left to right)
Figure 4.2.15 and Figure 4.2.16 Traction motor Gear (From left to right)
Elevator pit
Figure 4.2.17 Elevator pit
Located at the lowest landing level, these pits container buffers operate differently as following:  
Spring type buffers: For slower lifts Oil loaded buffers: For higher speed lifts Page | 64
Elevator brake
Figure 4.2.18 Roba-Stop Silenzio elevator brake
Elevators are made up of electromagnetic brakes that engage when the car comes to a stop. The electromagnets keep the brakes in an open position. With this, the brakes will automatically clamp shut if the elevator loses power. Elevators also have automatic braking systems near the top and bottom of the elevator shaft. If the elevator moves too far in either direction, the brake brings it to a stop.
Elevator Shaft
Figure 4.2.19 Elevator Shaft
An elevator shaft is a vertical shaft in a building to permit the passage of an elevator from floor to floor. The elevator shaft contain features of:  
Water tightness Means of drainage Page | 65
Plumb, vertical sides Smooth, painted finish Ventilated Void for smoke emission Permanent inspection lights
Elevator Load Sensor An elevator load sensor prevents the elevator from moving until excess load has been removed. It may trigger a voice prompt or buzzer alarm. This may also trigger a “full car” indicator, indicating the car’s inability to accept more passengers until some are unloaded.
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4.3
ESCALATOR
An escalator is a continuous moving, inclined stairway which conveys passengers upward and downward. Escalators are used in commercial buildings, department stores and railway and underground stations, to guide a stream of people in a confined route from one level to another.
Figure 4.3.1 Step dimensions and construction of escalator
An escalator is a mechanical staircase with moving treads that transport standing pedestrians. Escalators also occupy a fifth of the space, as they require transporting comparable amounts of people. Escalators are typically 800 mm or 1,000 mm wide between handrails. However, most escalators today are built according to manufacturers’ and industry standards. Therefore, they are available in standard designs.
Figure 4.3.2 Escalator Step
Escalators consist of a continuous chain of steps moved by a motor-driven machine by means of two roller chains, one at each side. The steps are guided by rollers on tracks, which keep the step treads horizontal in the usable area. At the entrance and exit, guides ensure that over a distance of 0.80 to 1.10 m, depending on the speed and rise of the escalator, some steps form a horizontal flat surface. On the top of each balustrade, a handrail should be provided at a
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height of 0.85 to 1.10 m above the nose of the steps running parallel to the steps at substantially the same speed. 4.3.1
Components
Figure 4.3.3 Escalator section and main components
The major components of a standard escalator can be seen in figure 4.3.1. The truss is a welded steel frame that supports the entire apparatus. The tracks are steel angles attached to the truss on which the step rollers are guided, thus controlling the motion of the steps. The sprocket assemblies, chains, and machine provide the motive power for the unit, somewhat similar to the chain drive of a bicycle. The handrail is driven by sheaves powered from the top sprocket assembly. It is synchronized with the thread motion to provide stability to riding passengers as well as support for entering and leaving passengers. Handrails disappear at inaccessible points at the newels. The balustrade assembly is designed for maximum safety of persons stepping on or off the escalators. Transparent balustrades are made of tempered glass and are frequently referred to as crystal balustrade. The handrail is pinch-driven within the truss. Besides, various materials can be used for it, for example, metal, glass, fiberglass, wood, and plastics. The control cabinet, which is located near the drive machine, contains malfunction indicators in addition to the drive controls. The cabinet also contains a microprocessor malfunction analyzer and communication means for transmitting escalator-operating conditions to a central control point. Operation of an emergency stop button that is wired to the controller and placed on the escalator housing at both ends, stops the drive machine and applies the brake. Key-operated control switches at the top and bottom newels start, stop, and reverse the stairway. Page | 68
4.3.2
Escalator Arrangements
Moving Stairs can be constructed three ways, two of which are parallel arrangements and one a crisscross arrangement. The crisscross can be operated in two modes – spiral and walkaround, whereas the parallel arrangement defines usage by physical arrangement of stairs.
a) Crisscross Arrangement This layout is simpler to visualize and more common. The stair construction in both options is identical; the difference occurs in the direction of operation of the second level of stairs.
Figure 4.3.4 Side and End elevations as well as plan views of Crisscross escalator arrangements
The possibility of a negative reaction to the separation of escalators, which can be reinforced when: i. ii.
Insufficient floor space is provided for the transit between escalators, causing crowding, pushing and delay. Insufficient elevator service is provided for passengers wishing to travel at least three floors. This forces people to make a multistory escalator trip, which can be wearying, particularly when carrying parcels.
b) Parallel Arrangement This escalator design requires more floor space than the crisscross arrangement. Thus, it used less often. The principal advantage of parallel arrangement is its impressive appearance. The stacked arrangement must be used with caution due to inconvenience to the rider of an
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enforced long walk-around to continue the trip. This arrangement is found most often in mass purchased type facilities and in malls.
Figure 4.3.5 Side and End elevations as well as plan views of Parallel escalator arrangements
In our case study building, the Curve NX, escalators are only available starting from the ground floor to the 5th floor only. The type of escalator used in the building is known as the Parallel escalators, with stacked arrangement. The stacked parallel escalators uses exposed truss and drive elements, combine with transparent balustrade to add considerable visual interest to the installation.
Figure 4.3.6 Escalator at Curve NX Building
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4.4
SITE SPECIFICATION
4.4.1
Statistics
THE CURVE NX building contains four passenger elevators and one freight elevator. Hence, in total, the entire building consist of only five lifts which can be link from the lowest level, which is Basement 2 all the way up to the highest floor, which is on the rooftop. The position of elevators on each floor is located at the same area based on the shown plan. However, the placement of the escalators only exists from the ground floor to level 5 only. The travel speed of the elevator is 1m/s. The load capacity per lift is up to 20 people per car. Besides, the elevator brand used in the building is known as Fujitec. These Fujitec elevators use Permanent Magnet Gearless (PMGL) machine that is designed, engineered and manufactured at global facilities. The Fujitec elevator reduces overall energy consumption and offers flexible installation. The elevators used in the building are traction machines driven by AC or DC electric motors. During emergency, lifts will also automatically move to the ground floor for passengers to exit.
Figure 4.4.1 Basement 2 plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators
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Figure 4.4.2 Basement 1 plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators
Figure 4.4.3 Ground floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator
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Figure 4.4.4 Level 1 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator
Figure 4.4.5 Level 2 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator
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Figure 4.4.6 Level 3 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator
Figure 4.4.7 Level 4 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator
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Figure 4.4.8 Level 5 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators. The highlighted green area on the plan is the parallel escalator
Figure 4.4.9 Level 6 floor plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators
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Figure 4.4.10 Rooftop plan showing the location of Lift A, as the freight elevator as well as Lift B and C as passenger elevators
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4.4.2
Zoning
Figure 4.4.11 Zoning of the Ground floor plan
Zoning area McDonald Ticketing Counter Main Entrance & Gathering area Side Entrance Back Entrance (Loading Area) Elevators Escalator
i. Elevators/Lifts Based on Figure 4.4.11, the plan shows the various areas or spaces in the building highlighted by different colors, which also represent respective functions carried out by each space. From Page | 77
the observation and analysis done on site, we have come to understand that the human flow of circulation and hierarchy of the interior space in the Curve NX building does have an influence to the positioning of the elevators and escalators. For instance, the placement of the freight elevator in the storage area and at the back of the building, which prohibits visitors or outsiders to enter. Another example is also the placement of the passenger elevators near to the main entrance, which can be seen by the visitors once they enter the main entrance. Thus, this helps the visitors to find the elevators easily as well as easy access.
ii. Escalators Escalators are constantly moving and generally part of a horizontal and vertical trip. Therefore, they must be placed in the main line of traffic or in the area served, often with a dominating presence. This allows user to locate the escalators, move easily and comfortably towards the escalator.
4.4.3
Main Circulation Patterns
Figure 4.4.12 Main visitors circulation
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Figure 4.4.13 Main staff circulation
Understanding the flow of human circulation in the Curve NX building is crucial, as it provides a clearer idea or image on how the lifts cater for different people such as children, adults, students, and staff members.
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4.4.4
Observation and Analysis
The figure 4.4.14 and figure 4.4.15 below shows the lift lobby on the ground floor level of the Curve NX building. From the floor plan view, we can observe that the passenger lifts are placed right next to each other to cater for more people and allowing a more smooth flow of circulation without congesting the space when they visitors are ascending or descending the building’s interior spaces.
Figure 4.4.14 Interior view of elevator
Figure 4.4.15 Outside View of Elevator
The figure 4.4.16 illustrates the interior of a lift car. The interior of an elevator consists of guardrails that wrap around the interior perimeter of the wall for support and safety reasons. In addition, the ceiling of the lift is made of perforated metal sheet and semi see through sheet of glass to allow subtle penetration of artificial lighting into the space. The elevator ceiling is design so as to help in hiding the services or fixtures of the electrical and lighting system within the lift car.
Figure 4.4.16 View of component details in the Lift at Curve NX
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The figure 4.4.17, figure 4.4.18 and figure 4.4.19 shows the lift control buttons that are placed on the left hand side of the wall next to the interior side of the automatic sliding door. The control buttons indicate the floors the lift is able to access to, the opening and closing buttons as well as the emergency lock on the lift control panel. Besides, the top part of the left wall above the control button panel shows the indication of the maximum load capacity that can be withstand by the elevator, which is 1365 kg or 20 persons per car, and the brand of the elevator, known as Fujitec as well as the certified code given under the Malaysia license of Uniform Building by law. All these indications and buttons are the main requirement needed for every lift.
Figure 4.4.17 and Figure 4.4.18 Lift Control Buttons (From left to right)
Figure 4.4.19 Load capacity, Lantern shows Travel direction of lift car
Below figure 4.4.20 and figure 4.4.21 are images of the main control room, also known as the LV Room that controls the electricity of all the electrical services in the Curve NX building including the mechanical transportation services.
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Figure 4.4.20 LV Room
Figure 4.4.21 Main control panel in LV Room
Figure 4.4.22 and 4.4.23 are the traction machines and motor that controls the movement of the lift ascending and descending the building.
Figure 4.4.22 Traction Machines
Figure 4.4.23 Side view of Traction Machine
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4.5 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (Licensed to Malaysia Standards Ms 1331:2003) 4.5.1
Lift
1. Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less then 1800mm. 2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated load.
3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less then 600 mm long at 1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel. 4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to all the subclauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be turned through 180째 inside the lift.
4.5.2
Lift Door
Installation should provide the following: i.
The lift doors should be power operated
ii.
A clear opening of not less than 1000 mm should be provided.
iii.
Sensor devices should be provided to ensure that the lift car and landing doors would not close while the opening is not obstructed, subject to the nudging provisions which operate if the door should not be less than 5 seconds and the closing speed should not exceed 0.25 m/s.
4.5.3
Lift Controls
Should comply with the following: i.
Controls should be clearly indicated and easily operated in accordance with Clause 27 of MS 1184-2002.
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4.5.4
ii.
Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the caroperating panel. The width or diameter of the buttons should not be less than 20 mm.
iii.
Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control buttons in lift cars and lobbies should not be higher than 1400 mm above finished floor level. The hearing impaired can use an alarm button and not the emergency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided, and preferably of a design, which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those trapped inside.
iv.
All buttons should be designed such that the visually impaired can identify them by touch. Buttons, which are not designed as such are best modified by fixing embossed or braille numbers or letters next to the lift buttons.
Lift Indicators
Should be provided in accordance with the following: i.
‘Lift coming’ indicators should be provided at each landing.
ii.
Indicators should be provided at each lift lobby to show the position and direction of motion of the lift car. Alternatively, an audible indicator should be provided indicate in advance the arrival of the lift car and its direction of travel.
iii.
An indicator inside the car should signal clearly the direction of travel and the floor at which the lift car is situated.
iv.
Embossed braille numbering indicating each floor level should be provided beside the outside call button.
4.5.5
Handrails
Handrails should be: a) Fixed not les than 840 mm or more than 900 mm from finished floor level, extended in the case of ramp or stairway by 300 mm. b) Fixed securely with its ends turned away or turned downwards for not less than 100 mm. Page | 84
5.4.6
Lift Pit
i.
Pits must be fire-resistive as should be the partitions between elevator pits.
ii.
Permanent provisions must be made to prevent accumulation of water in the pit. Pits should be waterproofed and/or sealed.
iii.
Drains and pumps must comply to the plumbing code and steps should be taken to prevent water, gas and odors from entering the pit.
Also, according to UBBL Clause 153, a smoke detector is to provide at the lift lobby. The lift lobby should be large enough to accommodate traffic that moves in two directions. Referring UBBL Clause 124, a lift shall be provided for a non-residential building, which exceeds 4 storeys and above or below the main entrance. It is also essential for a building with less than 4 storeys to provide an elevator for the elderly and disabled. Minimum walking distance to the lift should not exceed 45 m and the lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal travel distance.
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM IMANN AZZUDDIN 0310102
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5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING SYSYTEM 5.1
Overview
HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems refers to the different systems, machines and technologies used in indoor settings and transportation systems that needs environmental regulation to improve thermal comfort and provide satisfactory indoor air quality through adequate ventilation with filtration. Malaysia being in a hot and humid climate does not require heating systems as it is inappropriate due to the surrounding temperature of 22째C and 32째C. HVAC systems are a crucial building service in medium to large scale industrial and commercial buildings, where safety and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, manipulating fresh air from outdoors. The choice and design of the HVAC system can also affect many other high performance goals, including water consumption and acoustics. (Epa.gov, 2015) Common Components in a HVAC system:
Figure 5.1: Functional diagram of a typical HVAC system Source: http://eex.gov.au/technologies/heating-ventilation-and-airconditioning/technology-background-heating-ventiliation-and-air-conditioning/ Boilers (1) produce hot water (or sometimes steam) to distribute to heat exchangers in the working space. This is done either by heating coils (2) which heat air as part of the ventilation system, or through hot water pipes to radiators (3). Cooling equipment (4) chills water for pumping to cooling coils (5) (or cooling coils can be supplied with refrigerant, i.e. direct expansion, DX cooling, not shown). Treated air is then blown over the chilled water coils into the area (6) to be cooled through the ventilation system. As part of the refrigeration cycle in the chiller, heat must also be expelled (7) from the system via a cooling tower or condenser. Pumps are used to circulate the chilled and hot water to the required areas throughout the building. Stale air is extracted, usually using a fan, via separate ducts (8) and expelled outside. Controls (9) are used to make components work together efficiently.
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5.2
Literature Review
5.2.1
Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is suitable for applications where natural ventilation is not applicable for the situation at hand. It is a system for controlling conditions in individual zones can move a constant or variable supply of conditioned air to handle all or some of the heating and cooling loads. They are classified as all- air, air- water, and all- water systems. All air systems include single duct, dual duct and multi zone. The systems can be designed to operate at Constant Air Volume (CAV) or Variable Air Volume (VAV). Air- water and all- water systems are categorized as two-, three-, and four- pipe. (Balaras, n.d.) The main air conditioning and treatment equipment is the Air Handling Unit (AHU). It is also known as ‘air handlers’ from part of the HVAC system that supplies, circulates and extracts air from buildings. A typical AHU consist of a single volume unit with a supply fan, heating coil, humidifier where necessary, filters, mixed air economizer dampers and sound attenuator. The key element for the successful operation of central systems to deliver the air to the conditioned spaces in an efficient way is the air distribution which satisfies the indoor environmental conditions as sparingly as possible. The air is then distributed by the ductwork and is delivered by the air diffusion outlets. Indoor environmental quality is complimented by proper circulation and exhaust. When properly designed, installed, commissioned, operated and maintained, mechanical ventilation systems can provide great flexibility for controlling the indoor conditions, also improving energy efficiency and optimizing their use through the usage of proper controls. In contrary to that, poor design, installation and performance can lead to serious Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) problems, and cause thermal and acoustical discomfort, with a high energy cost. (Balaras, n.d.)
Figure 5.2: A Balanced Ventilation System Source: http://uol-ventilation.weebly.com/mechanical.html
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5.2.2
Air Conditioning System
The main function of an air conditioning system is to is alter the properties of air mainly temperature and humidity to more comfortable conditions, usually with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. In particular to maintain a cool and comfortable condition in a warm atmosphere, especially in a country of hot and humid climate like Malaysia. Air conditioning system also supply a constant and adequate supply of ventilation and efficiently remove micro-organisms, dust, soot and other foreign bodies
Centralized Air Conditioning System Centralized systems are those in which the chilled water is generated in a chiller at one base location and distributed to air-handling units (AHU) or fan coil units (FCU) located through the building spaces. The air is cooled with a secondary media (chilled water) and is transferred through the air distribution ducts. Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls, floors, or ceilings covered by grills) carry cooled air from the air conditioner to an occupied space. This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the occupied space; then it flows back to the central air conditioner through return ducts and registers. A typical chilled water central system is depicted in the figure below. The centralized system is divided into three major subsystems mainly: 1. Chilled Water System 2. Condenser Water System 3. Air Delivery System.
Figure 5.3: A Typical Chilled Water Central System Source: http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf
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Split Air Conditioning System The split air conditioner involves two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit is fitted outside the room, it houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises of the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. The indoor and outdoor units are linked by refrigerant pipe that transfers the refrigerant. Flexibility is the overriding advantage of a split system. Because a split system is connected through a custom designed refrigerant piping system, the engineer has a large variety of possible solutions available to meet architectural and physical requirements particularly for buildings with indoor and/or outdoor space constraints. (Bhatia, n.d.) The most obvious benefit of a split system unit is its quiet performance. The components of an air conditioner that makes the most noise are the compressor and the fan that cools the condenser. In a split system, the compressor and fan for the condenser are located outside of the room and thus minimizing the major sources of noise.
Figure 5.4: Split System Unit Source: http://growershouse.com/blog/mini-split-air-conditioner-ac-reviews-overview-for-indoor-growrooms/
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5.3
Case Study: Curve NX
5.3.1
Mechanical Ventilation System in Curve NX
Exhaust Fan Exhaust fans are used to eliminate stale, humid and contaminated air within an occupied space, since it supplies the energy necessary to cause air movement. Exhaust fans are usually just installed in a wall or a ceiling without duct work. The exhaust fans in Curve NX are mainly installed in a wall, thus propellertype axial flow fans are used due to the nature of airflow where it is parallel to the axis of fan rotation. This means the air does not have to change direction in passing through the fan (Burgess, Ellenbecker & Treitman, 2004). Propeller-type axial fans are designed to move large volumes of air against low resistance using propellers or blades to provide airflow parallel to the shaft.
Figure 5.5: Exhaust Fan in LV Switch Room, Curve NX.
Figure 5.6: Exhaust Fan in Lift Motor Room, Curve NX.
Figure 5.7: Exhaust Fans at car park basement, Curve NX.
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Genset Room Ventilation Silencer Noisy Genset motors and radiators require airflow for cooling. To enclose the generator for noise control and still provide sufficient airflow for cooling the genet and reduce noise concurrently, the application of acoustical silencers and louvers offers superior noise reduction while accommodating the specified CFM for motor and radiator cooling of the generator. By housing generators in an enclosed space, this poses a challenge from ensuring the engines are well ventilated in order for them to run efficiently. The ventilation silencers serve the purpose of ensuring the correct level of ventilation is achieved, whilst minimising the effect of noise in areas adjacent to the plant room. Moreover, it is also able to provide a suitable level of filtration, ensuring the air entering the combustion chamber is as pure as possible.
Figure 5.9: Ventilation Silencer in Genset Room, Curve NX.
Figure 5.8: Ventilation Silencer Source: http://istiqnoisecontrol.trustpass.alibaba.com/product/126340097103925121/DUCT_SILENCER.html
Figure 5.10: Filter in the Ventilation Silencer
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Pressurize Fan Duct The purpose of a pressurize fan duct is to introduce fresh air into the specified area required. The run and standby fans and control equipment should be housed in a separate plant room or outdoors and the inlet should be protected from smoke. The system consists of the installation of a fan with an electric motor mounted in an insolated compartment. The outside air is captured through a shutter that has a particle filter. The insufflating of air to the escape stair occurs through the air release pipe generated by the fan. The ductwork and Outlet Grilles, to provide distribution of air exactly where it is needed. Air is automatically released to prevent unwanted pressure build up in the adjacent spaces. This may be automatic vents, natural shafts or mechanical extract systems.
Figure 5.11: Pressurize Fan Duct in Basement Car Park, Curve NX.
Figure 5.12: Shutters which control the flow of outside air into the distribution duct are operated by the exhaust fan thermostat. Source: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ae/ae-96.html
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Escape Stairs Pressurization System The escape stair pressurization system is form of mechanical ventilation system, where it maintains positive pressure in critical state areas to prevent smoke from entering the stairs. A pressurization system have three main components: (I)
Supply Air – air is injected into the area that is protected
(II)
Pressure Relief – to prevent overpressure when door are closed
(III)
Air Release – smoke is released from the adjoining fire area
In commercial buildings pressurization is normally carried through up to the final door to the accommodation, with air release provided from the accommodation. Stairs and lobbies are usually pressurized with air release from the corridor. This system is expected to run in the event of fire outbreak and so it must be triggered on by the same system that starts the automated fire alarm system and fire fighting system. It must also be powered by a dedicated power source that operates the fire fighting system as general power system shuts down in the event of fire. (Odusina & Odusina, 2014)
Figure 5.13: Pressurization System Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2014111918 3548-23740981-pressurisation-system-forfire-escape-route
Figure 5.14: Fire Escape Route Source: http://www.smh.com.br/en/?pg=escape-stairs-pressutization-system
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Damper A damper is a device used to control the flow of air in a ventilation system. The control of airflow is accomplished by varying the resistance to flow created by the damper much as a valve does in a water system. Pressure relief dampers are used to release internal excess air pressure in the closed-door condition from the stairs area. They usually have adjustable open pressure, which is capable of maintaining a relatively constant pressure at various airflows and closes upon a decrease of diffential pressure. This should be ducted to discharge directly to the atmosphere independent of the wind direction. Damper are set to a start opening of 50 Pa pressure differentials.
Figure 5.15: Damper at level 7 in Emergency Exit Door, Curve NX.
Figure 5.16: Damper in at the Staircase Area, Curve NX.
ASHREA – 6.2.3.4 Ventilation System Controls (2) Damper Control All outdoor air intake and exhaust system shall be equipped with motorized dampers that will automatically shut when the systems or spaces served are not in use. Ventilation outdoor air and exhaust relief dampers shall be capable of automatically shutting off during building warm up, cool down and setback. When ventilation reduce energy cost or when ventilation must be supplied to meet code requirements
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Jet Fan In an enclose car park basement or the level above normally require ventilation system to help the firefighting operations. This system also helps to prevent carbon monoxide build up during emergency situation like fire outrage where the jet fans propels the smoke out of the car park area. The jet fan ventilation system is also known as the impulse ventilation system. It is based on a number of small, strategically located high velocity jet fans mounted directly beneath the ceiling.
Figure 5:17: Jet Fan at Car Park, Curve NX.
Figure 5.18: Kruger Jet Fan at Car Park, Curve NX
Figure 5.19: Jet Fan System in Car Park Source: http://www.smh.com.br/en/?pg=escape-stairs-pressutizationsystem
ASHRAE – 6.4.3.4 Ventilation System Controls Enclosed Parking Garage Ventilation, Enclosed parking garage ventilation system shall automatically detect contaminant levels and stage fans or module fan airflow 50% of levels of design capacity provided acceptable contaminant level are maintained Page | 96
5.3.2
Air Conditioning System in Curve NX
Curve NX utilizes mainly a centralized control system for its air conditioning system. A centralized airconditioning system is controlled in one control room, where everything will be routed back to a single device. Curve NX does not have its own cooling tower. They buy chill water from the district cooling plant situated at The Curve. Chill water is supplied to the heat exchanger through a link bridge, pumping chilled water to AHU (air handling unit) or FCU (fan coil unit) and then to the equipment that supplies cooled and refreshing air to the occupied spaces. The system goes vice versa such that it has a constant supply of fresh air and extract of contaminated air from spaces. AHU which is bigger and more complex than FCU, it is used to ventilate the entire building whereas the latter will only be used in smaller and local spaces only. Neither AHU nor FCU is located at the car park as these areas do not require chilled air supply.
Figure 5.20: Centralized Air-conditioning System Cycle, Curve NX
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District Cooling Plant District cooling systems comprises of collective equipment to produce and distribute chilled water. Chilled water is produced by production plants and distributed by water pipes (the distribution network) to buildings equipped with energy transfer stations (sub-stations). The chilled water then supplies some of its cooling properties to the building’s installations (Climespace.fr, 2015). It is located at the Curve which is situated opposite of Curve NX. Each building has specially designed units to use this water to lower the temperature passing through the building’s air conditioning system. The output of the district cooling plant is sufficient to meet the cooling-energy demand of dozens of buildings. It can replace any type of air conditioning systems but primarily serving large buildings which consume large amount of electricity similar to Curve NX. District cooling can be run on electricity or natural gas, and can use either regular water or seawater. Along with electricity and water, district cooling constitute a new form of energy service.Instead of using a Chiller, district cooling plant is used to conserve and minimize electricity usage.
Figure 5.21: District Cooling Plant from The Curve.
Figure 5.22: Top view of The Curve Area. Source: google map
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Link Bridge Curve NX is a supplementary building of The Curve, therefore it is possible for Curve NX to buy chill water from the district cooling plant due to its substantial amount of chill water supply. The district cooling systems therefore involve three key components: the production plants, the distribution network and the energy transfer stations.The chill water is delivered via a link bridge through insulated pipelines to cool the indoor air of the building within a district. The cooling system operates in closed-circuit and includes at least two water pipes; one of which carries the chilled water to the end-user, and the other which carries it back towards the production plant. The chilled water is pumped from the district cooling plant, through the link bridge and in to the heat exchanger room located at level 2 of Curve NX.
Figure 5.23: Link Bridge connecting The Curve and Curve NX
Figure 5.24: Chill Water Supply and Return Pump in HEX Room, Curve NX.
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Heat Exchange (HEX) The heat exchanger is used to convert water temperature from approximately 2°C - 7°C, then transfer the chilled water from the high pressure pipeline (district cooling plant) to the lower pressure internal system (AHU or FCU). After its usage in the AHU or FCU, the warmer water returns (12°C – 18°C) to the heat exchanger for cooling again like a cycle. The type of heat exchanger used in NX is the plate heat exchanger. The plate type heat exchanger is the most efficient type of HEX with its low cost, flexibility, easy maintenance, and high thermal transfer. The HEX is composed of multiple, thin, slightly separated plates that have very huge surface areas and small fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement normally has lower volume and cost than the shell and tube heat exchanger. The plate-type heat exchanger has now been increasingly practical due to the advances in gasket and brazing technology have made. In HVAC applications, large heat exchangers of this type are called plate-and-frame; these heat exchangers are normally of the gasket type to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection, when used in open loops. There are many types of permanently bonded plate heat exchangers, such as dipbrazed, vacuum-brazed, and welded plate varieties, and they are often specified for closed-loop applications such as refrigeration. Plate heat exchangers also differ in the types of plates that are used, and in the configurations of those plates.
Figure 5.25: CHWS and CHWR Piping in HEX Room, Curve NX
Figure 5.26: Heat Exchange Pump in HEX Room, Curve NX
Figure 5.27: Heat Exchanger in HEX Room, Curve NX
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Figure 5.28: Heat Exchange Room located at Level 2 of Curve NX
Figure 5.29: Location of Heat Exchange Room in Curve NX (Second Floor Plan)
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Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air handling units (AHUs), sometimes referred to as ‘air handlers’ from part of the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC) that are used to supply and circulate air around a building, or to extract stale. Fundamentally, an AHU system can be supplied in a range of sizes, and with a variety of capabilities, but typically they comprise of a large insulated box that houses a fan, heating and/or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators and dampers. In most situations, the AHU is connected to an air distribution ductwork; alternatively, the AHU can be open to the space it occupies. Supplied air passing through the AHU is filtered and is either heated or cooled, depending on specified duty and the ambient weather conditions. Generally, air handling units will be connected to the ductwork within the building that supplies air to and extracts air from the interior, but they can be used to supply and extract air direct to a space, or they may be located on a roof (rooftop units or RTU). (Designingbuildings.co.uk, 2015) For heating or cooling, AHU may be connected to central plant such as boilers or chillers, receiving hot or chilled water for heat exchange with the incoming air. Alternatively, heating or cooling may be provided by electric heating elements or direct expansion refrigeration units built into the air handler. Air handling units can be used to re-circulate a certain amount of ‘stale’ air within a building, mixing this with fresh air to reduce the amount of air conditioning that is required. They can also include heat recovery, recovering heat from return air and using it to warm the supply air.
Figure 5.31: Supply Duct in AHU Room, Curve NX
Figure 5.32: Air Handling Unit, Curve NX
Figure 5.33: Return Duct in AHU Room, Curve NX
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Figure 5.34: Air Handling Unit Diagram Source: http://printablecolouringpages.co.uk/?s=air+handling+unit
Figure 5.35: AHU Room located on top of the Roof of Curve NX
Figure 5.36: Location of AHU Room in Curve NX. (Roof Plan)
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Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Curve NX utilizes a commercial based Chilled water cassette fan coil unit. There is at total of 172 FCU in the building and which uses chilled water as a cooling medium. FCU consist of only a fan and a heating or cooling element, are located within the space they are serving, and are generally not connected to ductwork. They may either just recirculate internal air, in which case a separate ventilation system is required, or may introduce s proportion of ‘fresh’ air that is mixed with the recirculated air. (Designingbuildings.co.uk, 2015) The principal advantage of installing a fan coil unit system that solely employs water as the cooling medium is that there is no need for the specific checking and maintenance demanded by the F Gas regulations pertaining to those installations that necessitate the presence of refrigerant within the building envelope. Fan coil units are more economical to install than ducted air handling units due to their simplicity. However, they might have bad acoustic qualities and can create vibrations because the fan is in the occupied space.
Fan coil units are supplied with chilled water and hot water from central boilers and chillers they are generally referred to as two pipe (either heating or cooling) or four pipe (both heating and cooling) units. Each Chill Water Cassette fan coil unit temperature can be adjusted to user requirements and adjustable louvers allows efficient distribution throughout the entire building itself.
Figure 5.37: Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit in Curve NX
Figure 5.38: FCU located at the Ground Floor Reception
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Figure 5.39: Ceiling Mounted Fan Coil Unit Diagram Source: http://www.ref-wiki.com/technical-information/159-air-conditioning/31342-fan-coil-units.html
Figure 5.40: Total Area Covered Using Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit (Section B-B)
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Split Unit System Several areas of the curve NX have split unit air conditioning because these areas may still have occupants during off-hours. It is mandatory to have full ventilation in the occupied spaces, split units are placed in the office and the security where the occupied space appear to be smaller than the commercial open spaces. Air- condition ledges were also designed to place the compressors for the split units. In split air-conditioning unit, the amount of cold air entering the room is controlled by thermostat or a remote control. This is to elongate lifetime of mechanical device such as transformer or the genset and also to maintain optimum thermal comfort. Split unit system has the advantage of being more compact in comparison to a centralized air-conditioning system.
Figure 5.41: Split Unit Air-conditioning System Source: http://www.samsung.com/au/air-conditioning/smart-zone/
Figure 5.42: Split Unit System Indoor Unit in Curve NX
Figure 5.43: Split Unit System Outdoor Unit in Curve NX
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Figure 5.44: Location Of Split Unit System in Curve NX. (LG Floor Plan)
Figure 5.45: Location of Split Unit System in Curve NX. (G Floor Plan)
According to MS1525 8.3.1 Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hour per year should be serve by separate air distribution systems. As an-alternative-off-hour controls should be provided in accordance with 8.4.4. 8.4.4 Systems that serve zones, which can be expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year, should include isolation devices and controls to shut off the supply of cooling to each zone independently. Isolation is not required for zones expected to operate continuously Page | 107
5.4 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) ASHRAE – 6.3.2 Criteria. The HVAC system must meet ALL of the following criteria: a. The system serves a single HVAC zone. b. The equipment must meet the variable flow requirements of section 6.4.3.10 c. Cooling (if any) shall be provided by the unitary packaged or split-system air conditioner that is either air-cooled or evaporative cooled with efficiency meeting the requirements shown in Table 6.8.1A (airconditioners). Table 6.8.1B (heat pumps) or table 6.8.1 D (packaged terminal and room air conditioners and heat pumps) for the applicable equipment category. d. The system shall have an air economizer meeting the requirements for Section 6.5.1 e. The system shall meet the exhaust air energy recovery requirements of Sections 6.5.6.1
5.5
Licensed to Malaysian Standards MS 1331:2030 (Uniform Building by Law)
UBBL – SECTION 41. Part III Space, Light and Ventilation Mechanical ventilation and Air-conditioning. (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. (2) Any application for the of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the airconditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these by-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. (4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Scheduled to these by-laws, the provisions of these by-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms and corridors.
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5.6
Licensed to Malaysia Standards MS 1525:2007
MS 1525: 2007 8.10 ACMV system equipment ACMV system equipment provides, in one (single package) or more (split system) factory assembled packages, means for air-circulation, air-cleaning, air-cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification/ the cooling function may be either electrically or heat operated, and the refrigerant condenser may be air, water or evaporative-cooled. Where the equipment is provided in more than one package, the separate packages should be designed by the manufacturer to be used together. 9.91 Energy management System (EMS) The Energy Management System (EMS) is a subset of the building Automation system ( BAS ) function. It should be considered for buildings having area greater than 4000m2 of air-conditioned space. Generally, a building automation system has three function: I) II) III)
Control of equipment; Monitoring of equipment; and Integration of equipment sub-system
9.2 Control of equipment The purpose of the control of equipment is to save energy. This is performed by the EMS function of the building automation system. 9.3 Monitoring of equipment The purpose of monitoring the equipment is to improve the efficiency of the operations by: I) II) III) IV)
Providing centralized information of the current equipment conditions; Providing historical information of equipment conditions; Providing a “management by exception� function to alert the operator of any abnormal equipment conditions; and Providing analysis tools to aid the study of the equipment operations.
9.4 Integration of equipment subsystem Equipment subsystem are integrated for the purpose of improving: I) II) III) IV)
Safety/security; the example, in the event of a fire, air-handling units can be used to create a sandwich system for smoke control; Indoor air quality; for example, by utilizing the smoke purging the system for periodic air purging to achieve good indoor air quality; Information management; by allowing information from multiple equipment subsystems to be stored and reported in a consistent formant; and Overall system reliability; the intelligent controller of an equipment subsystem may be configured to provide redundancy as a standby unit for another systems without incurring additional cost
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5.7
Conclusion
Based on our observation, the architect and the engineer of Curve NX has taken adequate action to ensure the efficiency of the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning system (MVAC). The use of air conditioning system in this building is appropriate for the function of the building. It is fully utilised in order to conserve energy while providing thermal comfort to occupants. The placement of equipment and number of units are appropriate to serve specific areas so that maximum comfort level can be sustained and achieved while the building is in operation. Moreover, the spatial and zoning arrangement of the building is superbly done as it fulfilled the aesthetic criteria while covering the pragmatic aspect. The zoning of each floor allow the ductwork to reach every corner of the building accordingly and proficiently. Other than that, the use of equipment in the building has been properly thought over and has been selected to be the most practical to serve the specific areas. Overall, the MVAC system in Curve NX has achieved optimum usage and timely maintenance has been provided to up keep the building in a healthy operational cycle.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM DAYANG PUTERI SYAHIRAH 0310500
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6.0
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
6.1
Literature Review
Fire is a very important process that affects ecological systems all around the world. Fire results from the combination of 3 important elements, namely Fuel, Oxygen and Heat. Fire will occur only in the presence of these 3 elements at the same time.
FUEL
OXYGEN
HEAT
Fire Protection systems are one of the most crucial systems to be included in every building’s design and construction. In the event of a fire outbreak, the fire protection system will ensure that the building is equipped and capable of controlling and extinguishing the fire. The fire protection system is divided into two major components known as the Active Fire Protection System (AFPS) and the Passive Fire Protection System (PFPS). These components are further divided into their individual sub-components, each with different characteristics and functions.
Fire Protection System
Active Fire Protection System
Passive Fire Protection System
The Fire Protection System serves a few purposes in its operation. According to Nullfire (2014), both active and passive fire protection systems share the same fundamental purposes which are: To prevent the passage and spread of smoke and fire, from one area of the building to another To allow for the safe escape of the building occupants To prevent or to reduce the amount of damage to the building structure & neighboring structures To reduce the risk of collapse for the emergency services Page | 112
The Active Fire Protection system is a system which is activated either mechanically or electronically during a fire outbreak in a building. It is basically the manual or automatic fire fighting system that is installed in a building. For example, this includes fire alarms, detectors, rising mains, hose reels, sprinklers, etc. that functions to give a warning on a fire outbreak. The active fire protection system functions to: Detect the early stages of a fire To give fire emergency warning To help occupants evacuate To give early stages of help The Passive Fire Protection system is needed in every building. It provides safety for users during the evacuation of a fire. An effective passive fire protection system can be done by putting good consideration on the type of building, function of building, height of building and the users of the building. Occupants require protection within the building during the process of evacuation. Generally, the escape out of a building is possible with the escape routes, emergency access, uses of materials with high fire resistance and not depending on the operation of the mechanical device. Many careful considerations have to be incorporated in the implementation of the passive fire protection system. Fire is categorized into 5 Classes as shown in the diagram below:
Figure 6. 1: The 5 Classes of Fire. (Fire Classification, 2008) Source : http://photos.imageevent.com/powerwagon/extrastuff/fire_types_all.gif
Class A may occur anywhere as the materials are in abundance and is common in commercial and residential areas. The fires from Class B and Class K often spread rapidly and unless properly secured, it can easily relight even after the flames have been extinguished. Class C can be caused by a spark, short circuit of power surge and typically happen on places difficult to see and reach. Class D fires are unique industrial hazards which will require special dry powder agents in order to contain. Page | 113
6.2
Active Fire Protection System (AFPS)
The Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a very important and integral part of any fire safety strategy which is activated either mechanically or electronically during the event of a fire outbreak. The AFP basically consists of the manual or automatic fire fighting system installed in a building with the function to give warning in the case of a fire. The AFP System is further divided into different categories; fire detection, smoke and heat extraction system, fire suppression and sprinkler system. Below are further explanations on the active systems found in the Curve NX: 6.2.1 Fire Detection Systems and Alarm Devices Fire Detection systems are critical components in a basic building as they are designed to provide warning of a fire outbreak before the situation worsens, hence allowing the appropriate fire fighting actions to take place. There are specifically two ways as to how a fire detection system works; automatically or manually. The automatic activation is carried out by detectors such as the smoke and heat detectors whilst the manual activation is by breaking the glass at the call point unit or fire alarm pull station. The primary objective of a fire detection system is to alert the users of the building through audio and visual means. After a fire has been detected, this will activate the fire suppression and control systems so that fire fighting actions will be carried out. Figure 6.1 shows the layout of the fire detection systems on the ground floor of the Curve NX.
Figure 6. 2: The Fire Protection System elements in the Ground Floor of Curve NX.
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Smoke Detectors Smoke Detectors are a requirement in every building. In a fire, smoke spreads very fast and they are able to overcome humans in a matter of seconds. The inability to breathe as well as damaged sight due to smoke can lead to the incapability of a person’s escape out of the building. Hence, the smoke detectors play a very important role in the fire detection system. In the Curve NX, the smoke detectors used are of the EST brand. EST or Edwards Systems Technology describes the detector as Intelligent Addressable Photoelectric Smoke Detectors which gathers analog information from its smoke sensing element and converts it into digital signals (Edwards Systems Technology International, 2012).
Figure 6. 3: Smoke Detectors located on the ceiling of the Curve NX's Ground Floor.
The photoelectric smoke detectors are incorporated with a light beam that shines into a receptor inside the devices. If smoke interrupts the beam in any way, the alarm will be triggered.
Figure 6. 4: The EST International Smoke Detector used in Curve NX. Source : http://www.bas-is.com.ar/info_tec/pdf/detector_sigaps.pdf
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The smoke detectors are placed very strategically all over the building and there are approximately 333 smoke detectors within the whole of Curve NX not inclusive of the 16 detectors on the connecting bridge to The Curve. The smoke detectors are found most abundantly on the ceilings of Level 5 and 6 of the building as these two levels house Kidzania, the children’s amusement park, where most occupants of the building will be. Below is the layout of the smoke detectors placement in Kidzania itself:
S
Figure 6. 5: The smoke detectors (Labeled S in the Circle) are found mostly on Level 6 where Kidzania is located.
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Heat Detectors Heat detectors function best in fires that involve high flames, intense heat and little initial smoke. They provide a more reliable fire detection device in environments where false alarms can be triggered on smoke detectors. Thus, it is encouraged to install heat detectors in areas that pose a higher likelihood of high flames and intense heat, such as storage rooms with chemicals or fuels. In Curve NX, there are only 2 heat detectors. They are located in the kitchen of McDonalds which is on the ground floor of Curve NX. The heat detectors are also Intelligent Addressable Heat Detectors by EST.
Figure 6. 6: EST International Heat Detector found in the kitchen of McDonalds at the Ground Floor. Source : http://www.edintel.com/pdf/siga-hrs.pdf
Figure 6. 7: Two Heat Detectors (indicated in the red box) found in the Kitchen of McDonalds on the Ground Floor.
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Fire Alarm Bell Fire alarm bells are important components in the Fire Detection system as the sounds generated are usually the first warnings that make users aware of the fire threats in the building. The fire alarm bells are activated by the fire detectors. Curve NX’s alarm bells are DEMCO branded. Designed professionally to meet the needs of fire fighting and the detection systems with central control equipment, the simplicity of the design incorporates fewer working parts, thus encourages easy installation and high level of effieciency capable in operating under the most adverse conditions (Demco Industries Sdn Bhd, n.d).
Figure 6. 9: A DEMCO Fire Alarm Bell found in the staircase path in Curve NX.
Figure 6. 8: Specifications of a DEMCO bell according to universal regulations. Source : http://www.demcoalarm.com/pdf/DomeBell.pdf
Figure 6. 10: Fire Alarm Bells located on Basement 1 which comprises of parking lots.
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Fire Break Glass Call Point The Fire Break Glass Call Point is a manually actuated device which has to be activated by the occupants of the building. In every building, the call point should be placed strategically and visible to all the users so that it would be much easier to activate in the event of a fire. Call points are used to initiate an alarm signal and operate by means of a simple button press. Connected to a central alarm system in the building, they are usually linked to a local fire brigade dispatcher as well. To activate via the call point, occupants are just required to break the glass and this will trigger the alarm system. It is very easy to break as the glass is a very fragile element. The call points used in the Curve NX is of the DEMCO brand as well.
Figure 6. 11: The Fire Break Glass Call Point located in the emergency staircase at Level 1.
Figure 6. 112: Diagram of the DEMCO Break Glass Call Point specifications. Source : http://www.demcoalarm.com/products_call_point_d108.html
As mentioned earlier, the fire break glass call points require careful placing and positioning. Below are some guidelines on the correct placement in accordance to the Fire Action LTD (2014): 1. It should be placed on the exit routes and in particular on the floor landings of staircase and at all exits to the open air. 2. It should also be located so that no person needs to travel more than 45m from any position within the premises in order to give an alarm (30m if layout is unknown). 3. Call points should usually be fixed at a height of 1.4m above the floor, at easily accessible, wellilluminated and conspicuous position free from obstruction. 4. The method of operation of all call points in an installation should be identical unless there is a special reason for differentiation.
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Below shows the positioning of the break glass call points on the Basement 1 floor of Curve NX.
Figure 6. 12: The placement (indicated in the red box) of the Break Glass on the Basement Level 1.
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Manual Pull Station The manual pull and key switch box is also a manually actuated device, and functions similarly to the break glass call point. It is usually found near the HT Sub Station and Genset Room, as well as emergency exits. When a user activates the manual pull station, it sends data message to the system control panel for processing and once the pull station is reset, it sends a data message to the control panel, indicating if it is in a normal condition (Honeywell International Inc, 2012). The manual pull stations in Curve NX are of the DEMCO brand, similar to the call points and fire alarm bells.
Figure 6. 13: Manual Pull Station located outside the Genset room.
Figure 6. 14: Manual Pull Station, DEMCO specifications. Source : http://www.demcoalarm.com/products_manualKeySwitch.html
Horn Loudspeaker The horn loudspeaker is used as a fire alarm signaling device. It is found all throughout the car park of Curve NX. Aside from housing Kidzania, Curve NX’s main function is to provide parking lots to accommodate the customers of The Curve. Therefore, it can be said that the horn loudspeaker is widely found throughout every level of the building. The horn loudspeaker uses a large diaphragm which supplies periodic pressure to a small entry port of a long horn. The large diaphragm system is known as a ‘compression driver’ as its large air displacement that feeds into a small port causes a larger pressure variation in comparison to other ordinary loudspeakers.
Figure 6. 15: Horn Loudspeaker located in the car park at Ground Floor.
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Fireman Intercom System The Fireman Intercom System provides a reliable two-way emergency voice communication system between the Master Console handset at Fire Command Centre and the remote handset stations which is located around the building. This system is comprised of the Remote Handset Station and the Master Control Panel. The master control panel comprises of a Master Handset, a System Control Module and Zone Control Modules. During a fire break out, a call alert lamp will flash with audible signals at the master control panel whenever there is an incoming call. As the handset is lifted to answer the incoming call, the audible signal will be silenced. The master control panel is also equipped with a fault indicator unit which enables an easier identification of the fault at hand. The master control console is located in the Fire Control Room of Curve NX’s Ground Floor, next to Kidzania’s Ticketing Counter.
Figure 6. 16: Remote Handset Station
Figure 6. 17: Master Control Panel located in the Fire Control Room.
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Fireman’s Switch A Fireman switch functions to switch off or isolate the power supply of certain power systems in the building. This switch is only operable by a fireman during an emergency situation. The firemen switch is located in every level of a building and is categorized into a few switches depending on the type of electrical supply to be switched off. To be specific, it is mostly used by the firemen to turn off neon lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment in the case of a fire breakout. It can also be used to run the under voltage release or shunt trip in the main incoming breaker. If there is a fire in the building, the fireman uses an insulated rod to pull the handle which isolates the utility supply to the building (ABB, 2012). In the Curve NX, the Fireman Switches are mostly found in the emergency staircase areas so that it is easily visible for immediate action.
Figure 6. 18: Fireman's Switch located in the emergency staircase.
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6.2.2
Fire Control System
Fire Control Room The Fire Control Room plays a very important role in a building. It could be described as the centre or heart of the building as this room houses all the controls for the building’s fire protection systems, fire pumps, secondary water supply, air-handling systems, stairwell door controls, communication systems and the elevator controls. The key cabinet which has access to all keys in the building is also located in the fire control room. This is to make it easier for the fire fighters to move around if an emergency were to occur. The fire control room in Curve NX is located on the ground floor, next to the mail room and the Kidzania Ticketing Counter.
Figure 6. 19: Fire Control Room entrance located on the Ground Floor of Curve NX.
According to Cosumnes Fire Department (2014), the exterior access door should be full sized and clearly marked “Fire Control Room� with a minimum of 3 letters contrasted in color from the background. The general requirements of a fire control room include; 1. Have a minimum floor area of 10 meters square and may be larger depending on the required equipments. 2. Located near the main entrance of the building. 3. Preferably adjacent to a lift lobby or any other location as designated by the relevant authority. 4. Be accessible via 2 travel paths. One from the front entrance and the other from a public place for a fire isolated passageway, which leads to a public space and has a two hour fire rated door. 5. Have an independent air handling system if mechanical ventilation is provided throughout the whole building. 6. Be adequately illuminated to not less than 400 lux. 7. Provide the ease of communication (through telephones and loudspeakers) with all parts of the building, and with other fire emergency services. 8. Be provided with insulation from ambient building noise. 9. Be under the control of the Chief Fire Warden or a similarly appointed person. Page | 124
Figure 6.21: Manual Control Panel with all the fire detectors and locations layout.
Figure 6. 20: CCTV monitors in the Fire Control Room.
Figure 6.23: Control Switches seen in the Fire Control Room.
Any fire control room must contain the following details: 1. Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards with facilities for sounding and switching off alarms and visual status indication for all relevant pumps, smoke control fans, air handling systems, generators and other required fire safety equipments installed in the building depending on the circumstances and system present in a building. 2. A telephone directly connected to an external exchange. 3. The control Console of the emergency warning and Intercommunication system. 4. A blackboard or whiteboard not less that 1200mm. 5. A pin board not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high. 6. A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plan. 7. A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board. 8. A switch to isolate background music when required. 9. Remote switching controls for gas or electrical supplies. 10. Building security, surveillance and management systems if they are completely segregated from all the other plans.
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Below shows the location of the Fire Control Room on the Ground Floor Plan of Curve NX:
Figure 6. 21: The location of the Fire Control Room on the Ground Floor of Curve NX.
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Fire Pump Room The fire pump room plays a crucial part in order for a fire fighting system to actually work during a fire breakout. The fire pump room houses all the pump systems and water storage tanks. The main systems that function through the fire pump room are the sprinkler and hose reel system. The fire pumps can be powered by diesel, electric or steam.
Figure 6. 22: The Fire Pump Room with its pumps and water storage tank.
(a)
Pumps Pumps are required in order to provide adequate supply of water to each riser at all times. All the pumps are connected in parallel, with their suctions permanently ‘wet’ when the tank is filled. There are three main pumps known as the Jockey Pump, Duty Pump and Standby Pump.
Figure 6. 23: Jockey Pump
Figure 6. 24: Duty Pump
Figure 6. 25: Standby Pump
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The Jockey Pump is an apparatus that works alongside a fire pump as a part of the fire protection system. It functions to maintain the pressure in the sprinkler piping system. It also assists in the prevention of drainage when a fire breaks out and water starts rushing into the pipes. Jockey pumps are only used for the sprinkler systems. If a fire sprinkler is activated, a pressure drop will be sensed by the fire pump’s automatic controller, which stimulates the fire pump to start working. The Duty Pump functions when the pressure in the pipe goes down to 35 PSI, and supplies enough pressure of water in order to maintain the system and make sure it is running well. However, if the duty pump encounters any form of problems which prevents its proper operation or goes down to 25 PSI, the standby pump will automatically be activated by the system and take over the duty pump’s role. The duty pump can be switched off manually from the master control panel if required. The Standby Pump shares the exact function as the duty pump. As mentioned above, it replaces the duty pump when it is not functioning or needs to be switched off manually. (b)
Water Storage Tank The Water Storage for the sprinkler system and the hose reel system is located in the fire pump room as well. The same tank is used to provide water to the sprinklers and hose reels. The quantity of water plus the amount required in order to satisfy daily peak demands is available in the fire water storage tank. The material used to construct the storage tank is pressed steel.
Figure 6. 26: Water Storage Tank for the Sprinkler & Hose Reel System.
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Fire Sprinkler System The fire sprinkler system consists of a water supply system which provides pressure to a water distribution piping system where the fire sprinklers are connected. Burberry (1997) states that a sprinkler system requires a central control and test gear, usually arranged in the basement. There are four types of sprinkler systems; Wet Pipe, Dry Pipe, Deluge and Pre-action. An automatic sprinkler system comprises of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Pipe works & valves Pumping systems Sprinkler water tank Control valve set Sprinkler heads Flow & pressure switches
Figure 6. 27: The Sprinkler System distribution from the water storage tank and is pumped by the 3 pumps up to the sprinkler valves. Source : http://www.firefightingindia.com/fire-sprinkler-system.jpg
The sprinkler system in Curve NX is the wet pipe fire sprinkler system which is considered as one of the most common ones implemented in today’s buildings. The system employs automatic and closed type sprinkler heads connected to a piping system which is always pressurized with air in order for the sprinklers to discharge water immediately after activation. The sprinkler system is connected to the pump system consisting of the Jockey, Duty and Standby pumps mentioned in the previous sub-topic. All 3 pumps are activated automatically upon the activation of the sprinkler system.
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Advantages of using the wet pipe sprinkler system in accordance to VFP (2014); 1. System is simple and reliable. This system has the least number of components thus it has the lowest number of items to experience malfunctions. 2. Relative low installation and maintenance expense. Wet pipe sprinkler system requires the least amount of time for installation due to their overall simplicity. Maintenance cost savings are also realized since less service time is required in comparison to other systems. 3. Ease of modification. This system is advantageous since the modifications involve shutting down the water supply, draining pipes and making alterations. Following the work, the system is pressure tested and restored. 4. Short term down time following a fire breakout. Wet pipe sprinkler system requires the least amount of effort to restore. Sprinkler protection is reinstated by replacing the fused sprinklers and turning the water supply back on.
Figure 6. 28: Diagram showing the components of a typical Wet Pipe System. Source : http://www.wmsprinkler.com/blog/2012/02/what-is-a-wet-pipe-sprinkler-system/
Below are the readings on the pressure switches for the 3 pumps to cut in and out:
Figure 6. 29: Readings of pressure switches for the 3 pumps.
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The sprinkler water outlets in the Curve NX are located at ceiling level and a good distance of about 2.5 meters is in between. The sprinkler itself is the spray nozzle which will distribute water over a defined fire hazard area. The components of a sprinkler include frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and deflector (NEDCC, 2014).
Figure 6. 30: The components of a sprinkler head. Source : http://www.sarian.ir/images/head-components1.jpg
Below are the functions of the specific components; 1. Frame The frame provides the main structural component which holds the sprinkler together. Water supply piping is connected to the sprinkler at the base of the frame which holds the thermal linkage and cap in place and supports the deflector during discharge. Frame styles include standard and low profile, flush and concealed mount. Special coatings are also available for areas subject to high corrosive effect. 2. Thermal Linkage Thermal linkage is a component that controls water release. The linkage holds the cap in place and prevents the water flow under normal conditions. If the link is exposed to heat, it will weaken and release the cap. Common linkage styles include soldered metal levers, frangible glass bulbs and solder pellets. Each link style is equally dependable. 3. Cap The cap provides the water tight seal. It is held in place by the thermal linkage, and falls from position after linkage heating to permit the flow of water. Caps are constructed solely of metal or a metal with a Teflon disk. 4. Deflector Its purpose is to break up the water stream discharging from the orifice into a more efficient extinguishing pattern. Deflector styles determine the way the sprinkler is mounted, with common mounting styles known as upright (mounted above the pipe), pendent (mounted below the pipe), and sidewall sprinklers which discharge water in a lateral position from a wall. The sprinkler requires proper mounting as it is designed to ensure proper action. Page | 131
The sprinklers used in Curve NX are Upright and Recessed Pendent sprinklers.
Figure 6. 31: Upright Sprinkler head found in the car park area.
Figure 6. 32: Upright Sprinkler Head diagram. Source : http://www.incontrolfp.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/sprinklers.jpg
The Upright sprinkler stands above a pipeline connected to it and its head is projected upwards. It is widely found in mechanical rooms and other inaccessible areas to provide better coverage between obstructions. It also has a water deflector on the top so that the water coming out of the orifice shoots upward spread in a circular pattern like a pattern sprinkler.
Figure 6. 34: The Recessed Pendent Sprinkler head found on the ceiling of the basement office.
Figure 6. 33: Recessed Pendent Sprinkler Head Diagram. Source : http://www.incontrolfp.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/sprinklers.jpg
Source : http://www.incontrolfp.com/wpThe recessed pendent sprinklers head hangs down from the ceiling connected to the pipe which is hidden content/uploads/2011/05/sprinklers.jpg beneath the ceiling. Its water deflector is placed at the bottom and its spreads water in a circular pattern. Recessed pendent sprinklers have a higher water flow speed than the upright sprinkler as the radial water pattern flow begins between the sprinkler orifice and deflector in comparison to the upright sprinkler which is between the orifice and somewhat above the deflector.
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Aerosol Fire Suppression System Condensed Aerosol Fire Suppression is a particle based form of fire extinction, similar to gaseous fire suppression or dry chemical fire extinction. The aerosol employs a fire extinguishing agent which comprises of very fine solid particles and gaseous matter with the sole function of extinguishing fire. In comparison with gaseous suppressants which emit gas only, and dry chemical suppressants which are powder-like particles of a large size, condensed aerosols are defined by the National Fire Protection Association (2013) as releasing finely-divided solids of less than 10 micrometers in diameter. Condensed aerosols are flooding agents and this makes it effective regardless of the location and height of the fire. The condensed aerosol agent may be delivered by means of mechanical or electric operation, or combined electro-mechanical operation.
Figure 6. 35: Pyrogen Aerosol Fire Suppression System.
The aerosol fire suppression system used in the Curve NX is Pyrogen. Pyrogen offers a choice of applications; Direct-to-Source and Total Flooding. Direct-to-Source means that it will cover protection of individual enclosures within the premises and Total Flooding means the protection of the entire premises. Curve NX uses the drum units which are meant for larger enclosures and room Total Flooding. The drum units are made out of mild steel with corrosion resistant epoxy powder coating.
Figure 6. 36: Total Flooding with Pyrogen. Source : http://my.pyrogenfire.com/our-products/product-range/exa-exa-m/how-it-works/
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Before being released into a protected area, the aerosol propels itself through a unique physical coolant, which absorbs and re-distributes heat, thus ensuring flameless discharge and uniform distribution of the aerosol within the area (Pyrogen, 2015).
Figure 6. 37: How Pyrogen functions. Source : http://my.pyrogenfire.com/our-products/product-range/exa-exa-m/how-it-works/
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Dry Riser System The dry riser system comprises of a vertical pipe with the functions of distributing water to multiple levels of a building. It plays a very important role in the fire suppression system. Dry risers are normally installed in fire escape staircases with an Infill (Breeching Valve) at the building’s ground floor and Landing Valves which are usually located on every floor (JP Fire Protection Systems Ltd, 2009). When a fire is caught in a building, the Infill will be connected to the fire brigade and this will transfer water up to each landing in the building. Dry risers are somewhat a form of internal hydrants which is used by the firemen in a fire outbreak. Usually dry, they depend on the fire engines to pump water into the system.
Figure 6. 38: Dry Riser Inlet found in the ground floor car park area.
Figure 6. 39: Dry Riser Landing valve in a hose reel closet.
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Figure 6. 40: Typical Installation of the Dry Riser. Source : http://www.dcmfireprotection.com/SiteAssets/Pages/Services/dry-riser-diagram.jpg
Below show the locations of the dry riser landing valves on the 3rd level of Curve NX:
Figure 6. 41: Locations of Dry Riser Landing Valves on Level 3 of Curve NX.
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Hose Reel System The hose reel system is designed for the occupants or firemen to use during the early stages of a fire breakout. It normally serves as an initial fire fighting aid. It consists of a series of pipes where high pressure water is connected to hoses. In the Curve NX, the hose reel systems can be found on each level, mostly in the lift lobby area, as well as other strategic locations including the car park. This system is spread out evenly throughout the building but found to be more abundant in spaces of higher risk such as the electrical rooms. They are also allocated in all the dry riser systems nearby the staircases. The hose reel system typically consists of a hose reel pump, hose reels, water storage tanks, pipe works and valves. The hose reel system is a very easily operated system for immediate use. The hose is usually wound onto a drum known as a drum holding hose (Chadderton, 2000). A drum holding hose is normally of 18 to 30 meters in length. The hose reel is also inclusive of a drive motor which rotates the reel in a specific direction to wind a hose onto the reel and a clutch which permits the free rotation of the reel when the hose is pulled out.
Figure 6. 42: The Hose Reel closet or cabinet with the sign on the door.
Figure 6. 43: The Hose Reel closet on the Roof of Curve NX. This Hose reel does not have the drum holding hose.
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Figure 6. 44: The Hose Reel with the drum holding hose.
As the water tank that provides the water to the hose reel is located on the ground floor, specific pumps are required to push the water upwards for the usage on the upper floors. The two basic pumps that are required in enabling this are the Duty Pump and Standby Pump. The hose reel pump system operates automatically when a drop of pressure or a flow of water is detected. Both pumps are to be automatically prepared at all times, also with the capability of being started or stopped manually. In the event of a failure by the Duty Pump, the Standby Pump must take immediate action.
Figure 6. 45: The pressure readings of the 2 pumps for the Hose Reel System.
These pumps can be found on the ground floor of Curve NX, located in the Fire Pump Room. Page | 138
Figure 6. 46: Distribution of water from the storage tank to the hose reels through the pumps. Source : http://dynoklang.com.my/site/data/images/item/img_49_Hose%20Reel%20System.JPG
The location planning of the hose reel system is very important and there are certain standard requirements to adhere to, in accordance to the UBBL. The plan below shows the locations of the hose reel systems on the 4th level of Curve NX.
Figure 6. 47: Location of the Hose Reels on the 4th floor of Curve NX.
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Fire Hydrant System A fire hydrant is a source of water which is provided in the most urban, suburban and rural areas with public water services to enable the fire fighters to tap into the water supply easily in attempts of extinguishing a fire. The fire hydrant system consists of a system of pipe works connected directly to the water supply to provide water to all the surrounding hydrant outlets. To use the fire hydrant, the firefighter would only need to attach a hose to the hydrant and open a valve located on it to provide a powerful flow of water. Normally, the hose is attached to the fire engine which has a booster pump to enable an increment in water pressure.
Figure 6. 48: The Fire Hydrant water distirbution. Source : http://202.67.224.135/sgimage/85/154485_fire_hydrant.jpg
The fire hydrant found in Curve NX is a two-way fire hydrant made up of cast iron that could withstand high water pressure. The positioning and placement of a fire hydrant is very important so that the path will not obstruct the hose’s movement. Fire Hydrants are also required to be visible to the occupants of the building; therefore it must comply with the local authorities rule.
Figure 6. 49: Typical two-head fire hydrant located outside.
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Below shows the positioning of the fire hydrants in Curve NX;
Figure 6. 50: Locations of the Fire Hydrants located in Curve NX premises.
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Portable Fire Extinguisher Portable fire extinguishers are manually operated appliances used to stop or limit the growth of small fires. These appliances require regular maintenance by the suppliers. Staff of the building is trained to be able to use fire extinguishers, in case a fire breaks out. A fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel which contains an agent that will discharge to extinguish a fire. Different types of fire further divide the fire extinguishers into 5 categories which are:
Figure 6. 51: 5 Classification of Fire types.
In Malaysia, the 2 most common type of fire extinguishers used are the ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguisher (Fire Extinguisher Malaysia, 2012). In Curve NX, both these extinguishers are used as well.
Figure 6. 53: Dry Powder Extinguisher components. Source : http://www.marineinsight.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/04/cutaway.jpg
Figure 6. 52 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher components. Source : http://www.marineinsight.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/04/co2cross.jpgPage | 142
Figure 6. 54: ABD Dry Powder Extinguisher found in Curve NX.
Figure 6. 55: Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher found in Curve NX.
The ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher is suitable for a mixed fire risk environment and are very suitable for flammable liquid and fire involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, methane, etc. It is safe for the use of Class A, B, and C fires and is very ideal for home and vehicle usage. The Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguisher is more suited for Class B, C and E fires involving flammable liquids and electrical hazards. CO2 is harmless when it comes to electrical equipment, thus it is ideal for modern offices. CO2 vapor displaces air around the fire and combustion ceases. However, there is a minimal cooling effect, so there are higher chances for the fire to restart if the temperature increases. It is deemed unsafe in the presence of wood, cloth and paper.
Figure 6. 56: How to use the Fire Extinguisher. Source : http://apocalypseprep.blogspot.com/2010_03_01_archive.html
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The plan below shows the locations of the ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher (Red Triangle) and the Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher (Blue Triangle). As seen below, it is concluded that the CO2 Extinguishers are less implemented in comparison to the Dry Powder Extinguishers as there is only 1 on this floor, whilst there are about 9 dry powder extinguishers on this level alone.
Figure 6. 57: Locations of the Extinguishers on the 4th Floor of Curve NX.
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6.3
Passive Fire Protection System (PFPS)
Passive Fire Protection systems are known as building materials that are always present and available within the building, and is placed and located evenly within every floor of the building to be easily accessible by its occupants. These materials do not rely on the operation of any mechanical or electrical device in order to be triggered and activated. They are used manually by the building occupants in order to take immediate action in a case of any fire emergency or situation. 6.3.1 Compartmentalization Compartmentalization is implemented in many commercial buildings. It is the component which separates parts of the building into compartments to help the prevention from a rapid spreading fire. Fire Shutter Fire shutters are actually just steel dividers ideally employed for applications where there are high risks of fire or where open areas are able to channel the fire out of control. In its idle state, the fire shutter is rolled up and hidden from view. When activated, it will automatically close down to prevent the fire from spreading into the adjacent area. Fire shutters are used where flammable materials are present. Fire shutters are controlled by the control panel which is able to pick up a signal from a fire alarm or smoke detector. When this is triggered, it will drive the shutter down. Fire shutters are also built with a failsafe to ensure maximum safety and this works by having a volt free closed circuit which in the event of a power failure or fire alarm, the shutter will automatically closed. Fire Curtain A fire curtain comprises of a fire resistant fibre glass material to slow the advances of fire. It is less resistant when compared to a fire shutter. Its sole purpose is to contain the smoke rather than to contain the fire. Therefore, it only has a 1 hour fire rating. This fire curtain can be found above the entrances to high risk rooms such as the genset room.
Figure 6. 58: Fire Curtain in the Genset Room.
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The rolled up fire curtain is held up by a solenoid tripping device that is connected to the fire alarm and smoke detector. When a signal from the detectors is transmitted, the curtain will be released from its tripping device and will roll down using its own weight, thus compartmentalizing the space and containing any harmful smoke in the area.
Figure 6. 59: Solenoid tripping device which holds the fire curtain in place.
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6.3.2
Opening Protection
Fire Door Fire doors are equipped with fire ratings that functions to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between compartments and enable safe path for users to escape from a burning structure. This includes the door leaf as well as the doorframe. The doorframe must be inclusive of fire or smoke seals and a mechanical door closer. The fire rating is dependent on the thickness of the door. The fireproof doors in Curve NX are made of wood. It is also painted red with a fire resisting paint that should be about 2mm thick. The thickness of the door and the materials used to fire proof it play a large role in resisting the heat and pressure accumulated in the room. Fire resistant doors are located in all technical, mechanical and IT rooms as wells as office areas and the fire escape staircase doors.
Figure 6.63: Double Swing door in the emergency staircase.
Figure 6.64: Single door swing.
The door frame uses intumescent seals that lays dormant during normal circumstances. The material that has the intumesecent property expands dramatically upon reaching a high temperature thus it is able to seal the gaps that exist around the edges of the fire door leaves. This holds the door in place and prevents the spread of smoke and hot gases.
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Figure 6. 60: Signage on all the fire resistant doors.
Fibre Reinforced Plastic Door Another type of fire door in the building would be the Fibre Reinforced Plastic Door. This door is located outdoors at high risk areas such as the High Temperature switch room. This type of door has louvers for air ventilation but only has a half hour fire rating in accordance to Unifiber, 2014. Therefore, the door has to be protected by the fire curtain.
Figure 6. 61: Fibre Reinforced Plastic Door located outdoors.
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6.3.3 Fire Escape Fire escape comes in the form of vertical and horizontal escapes. Indicated in the emergency plan below, are the vertical escapes in red (emergency staircases) and the horizontal escapes in yellow (pathway).
Figure 6. 62 :Emergency route plan.
Vertical Escape Vertical fire escapes are emergency staircases designed to be easily accessible by occupants in order to escape throughout every floor and to enable fire fighters to enter the building in an event of a fire or any other emergency.
Figure 6. 63: The vertical fire escape - staircases.
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The type of building material used to construct the fire resistant emergency staircases was reinforced concrete. This material contributes more in terms of its characteristics which makes it more suitable: Strength: Concrete is one of the few materials that gain strength over time, therefore it is able to provide strength and stability to the building and the stairs in case of an unexpected natural or fire disasters. It is able to withstand the massive weight focused on a small area which is being exerted by the users in a rush and frantic mode of evacuating. Fire Resistant: Concrete is a natural resistant to fire and heat, therefore it forms a highly effective barrier between different rooms and floors within the building that prevents the spread of fire through the building while withstanding the extremely high heat from the fire for a long time. Thermal Mass: Concrete slows down the passage of heat that moves through the building, hence reducing the thermal heat gain and temperature changes within the small fire escape area and prevents the overheating of the enclosed area which may cause difficulty in breathing during the evacuation process. Horizontal Escape The horizontal escapes are generally the designed pathways that are considered the fastest routes that users of the building can take when escaping a fire. Designated pathways are to conform to the travel distance set by laws which differ in the building type. Curve NX’s escape pathway is very direct and it allows for the occupant evacuation at greater distances to exits and with large open floor areas. The pathway is more performance based rather than a prescriptive approach to design and it requires the cooperation between the designers and fire code enforcement.
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6.3.4
Emergency Lighting & Signage
Emergency Lighting is lighting for a emergency situation when the main power supply has been cut off or any failures arise. It is required to be fully operable automatically and give a sufficient and high level illumination so that occupants are able to evacuate the building safely. According to the Fire Safety Advice Centre, 2011, emergency lighting is a general term and is sub divided into emergency escape lighting and standby lighting. Emergency escape lighting provides illumination for the safety of the people leaving a location or attempting to terminate a potentially dangerous process. The emergency escape lighting can be found on every exit door in the building and its minimum duration for the emergency would not exceed an hour. Standby lighting enables the normal activities to continue substantially unchanged even when there is a fire. Standby lighting is not a legal requirement for fire fighting, but it depends on the use and occupancy of the premises. In Curve NX, it can be found on every floor of the walkways.
Figure 6. 65: KELUAR emergency light signage located above doors.
Figure 6. 64: Emergency Lights placed all over the ceiling.
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6.4
UBBL Bylaw Requirements
UBBL By laws – section 110 – No obstruction in staircases. 1. There shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing thereof and the exit discharge on the ground floor. 2. There shall be no projection other than handrails in staircases, in any corridor, passage of staircase at a level lower than 2 metres above the floor or above any stair.
UBBL By laws – section 137 – Floor in building exceeding 30 metres in height to be constructed as a compartment floor. 1. In any building which exceeds 30 metres in height, any floor which is more than 9 metres above ground level floor level which separates one storey from another storey, other than a floor which is either within a maisonette or a mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor.
UBBL By laws – section 147- Construction of separating wall. 1. Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of size shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall.
UBBL By laws – section 148 – Special requirements as to compartment walls and compartment floors. 1. No opening shall be made in any compartment wall or compartment floor with the exception of any one or more of the following: a. An opening fitted with a door which complies with the requirements of by-law 162 and has FRP which is not less thani. In the case of a wall separating a flat or maisonette from any space in common use giving access to that flat or maisonette, half hour; or ii. In any other case, the FRP required by the provisions of these By-laws in respect of the wall or floor.
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UBBL By laws – section 154 – Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure. 1. On failure of main power, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. 2. After all lifts are parked, the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation.
UBBL By laws – section 157 – Protected shafts consisting of staircases. 1. A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase or shaft.
UBBL By laws – section 162 – Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls. 1. Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. 2. Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall. 3. Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. 4. Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. 5. Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951
UBBL By laws – section 163 – Half hour and one hour doors. 1. Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below shall be deemed to meet the requirements of the specified FRP: a) Doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements for the doors having FRP of half-hour. i. Doors may be double swing provided they are mounted on hydraulic floors springs and clearances at floor not exceeding 4.77 millimetres and frame and meeting stiles not exceeding 3 millimetres.
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UBBL By laws – section 164 – Door closers for fire doors. 1. All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulic spring operated type in the proper sequence. 2. Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence. 3. Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.
UBBL By laws – section 166 – Exits are accessible at all times. 1. Except as permitted by by-law 16, not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. 2. The exits shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times.
UBBL By laws – section 168 – Staircases. 1. Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floors shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. 2. Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes, the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws. 3. The required width of a staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to maximum of 75 millimetres. 4. The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. 5. Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
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UBBL By laws – section 171 – Horizontal Exits. 1. Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. 2. Where horizontal exits are provided, protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exits widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.
UBBL By laws – section 172 – Emergency Exit Signs. 1. Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
UBBL By laws – section 198 – Ventilation of staircase enclosures. 1. All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor.
UBBL By laws – section 202 – Pressurised system for staircase. 1. All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.74 metres in height where there are no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization – a. Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open.
UBBL By laws – section 217 – Fire resistance of structural member. 1. Any structural member or overloading wall shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period required by these by-laws for any elements which it carries.
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UBBL By laws – section 222 – Fire resistance for walls. 1. Any structure, other than an external wall, enclosing a protected shaft shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire, having fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by this part. 2. Any compartment wall or separating wall shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire, have resistance for not less than the minimum period required by this part.
UBBL By laws – section 243 – Fire Lifts. 1. In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level, fire lifts shall provided. 2. A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be exempted from this measurement. 3. The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby. 4. Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point on the floor.
6.5
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is safe to say that Curve NX has got all the necessary Fire Protection Systems and the equipment for it. This shows that it is definitely a safe building that has abided by the law stated in the Malaysian Uniform Building Bylaw (UBBL). All the components in the active and passive fire protection system are following all the rules and requirements defined, thus it shows that Curve NX was planned and built very well in terms of fire safety.
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REFERENCES
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2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 851964, M. (2015). Stephen K Electrical Contractors Limited. Skmichellelectrical.co.uk. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.skmichellelectrical.co.uk/ Building Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=J_RSbj_KzAQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=all about electrical in a building&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oHZQVZqXMs2D8gXP8IHwCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=all about electrical in a building&f=false Cyprus holiday Villa In Pervolia,. (2015). Electrical Sockets and Appliance Information For Cyprus. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.pervoliavilla.com/faq/electrical/ Indiamart.com,. (2015). Distribution Board - TPN Horizontal Distribution Box Manufacturer from Nashik. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.indiamart.com/golden-crest/distribution-board.html Midgley, C. (2013). Circuit Breakers – All About Circuit Breakers. Circuitalert.com.au. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://circuitalert.com.au/2013/06/sunshine-coast/circuit-breakers-all-about-circuit-breakers/ Officelightconstruction.com,. (2015). Wiring Light Switch or Dimmer. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.officelightconstruction.com/switch_wiring.html
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Pixshark.com,. (2015). Pics For > Electrical Transmission Diagram. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://pixshark.com/electrical-transmission-diagram.htm Pixshark.com,. (2015). Pics For > Electrical Wires Png. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://pixshark.com/electrical-wires-png.htm Power Distribution System Basics. (2015). Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.haanhvu.com/photographqjvw/Power-Distribution-System-Basics.html Sge.com.sa,. (2015). Engineering, Procurement, & Construction (EPC). Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://sge.com.sa/en/?page_id=671 User, S. (2015). Electricity Regulations 1994. St.gov.my. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/policies/regulations/electricity-regulations-1994.html Wikipedia,. (2015). Electricity meter. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter
3.0 SANITARY, SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE Arca53.dsl.pipex.com,. (2015). DRAINAGE. Retrieved 12 May 2015, from http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/drain4.htm Inspectapedia.com,. (2015). How to inspect plumbing fixtures or plumbing traps in order to track down building odors and sewer or septic gas smells. Retrieved 12 May 2015, from http://inspectapedia.com/plumbing/Plumbing_Fixture_Traps.htm Rooterplus.com,. (2015). Septic Tank Pumping | Septic Services | Atlanta Plumber | RooterPLUS!. Retrieved 12 May 2015, from http://www.rooterplus.com/septic-tank-pumpingTreatments, T. (2009). SYSTEMS OF SANITARY PLUMBING. Water Treatment | Waste Water Treatment | Water Treatment Process & Plant Design. Retrieved 12 May 2015, from http://www.thewatertreatments.com/wastewatersewage-treatment/systems-design-sanitary-plumbing/ wiseGEEK,. (2015). What Is a Trap Seal? (with pictures). Retrieved 12 May 2015, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-trap-seal.htm#didyouknowout
4.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Fujitecamerica.com,. 'Viridian PMGL | Fujitec'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May 2015. Google Books,. 'Patent US5794746 - Door Sill Arrangement In An Elevator Car'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May 2015. Grondzik, Walter T. Mechanical And Electrical Equipment For Buildings. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2010. Print. Harris, Tom. 'Doors - How Elevators Work'. HowStuffWorks. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May 2015. Page | 159
Ilo.org,. 'Elevators, Escalators And Hoists'. N.p., 2015. Web. 11 May 2015. Mayr.com,. 'Torque Limiters, Safety Brakes And Shaft Couplings - Mayr'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May 2015. Phcjam.blogspot.com,. 'Facility Management: Conveyance Systems: Escalators, Elevators, Etc.'. N.p., 2011. Web. 11 May 2015. Revit-content.com,. 'Revit Elevator Family | Revit Family | Revit Families | Revit Content'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May 2015. TheFreeDictionary.com,. 'Elevator Shaft'. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 May 2015. 5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING Ashrae.org,. (2015). Top Ten Things About Air Conditioning | ashrae.org. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/free-resources/top-ten-things-about-air-conditioning Balaras, C. Mechanical ventilation and Equipment. Encyclopedia of Life Support System. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c08/e3-17-02-03.pdf Beard, A., & Carvel, R. (2012). The handbook of tunnel fire safety. London: ICE Bhatia, A. Centralized Vs Decentralized Air Conditioning Systems. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf Burgess, W., Ellenbecker, M., & Treitman, R. (2004). Ventilation for control of the work environment. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. Climespace.fr,. (2015). The fundamentals of district cooling systems » How does it work » District cooling systems » Climespace. Retrieved 11 May 2015, from http://www.climespace.fr/eng/Districtcooling-systems/How-does-it-work/The-fundamentals-of-district-cooling-systems Coltinfo.co.uk,. (2015). Pressurisation System - Colt International UK. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.coltinfo.co.uk/pressurisation-system-smoke-fire-ventilation.html Designingbuildings.co.uk,. (2015). Mechanical ventilation of buildings - Designing Buildings Wiki. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation_of_buildings Eex.gov.au,. (2012). Technology Background – Heating, Ventiliation and Air Conditioning | eex.gov.au Energy Efficiency Exchange. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from http://eex.gov.au/technologies/heatingventilation-and-air-conditioning/technology-background-heating-ventiliation-and-air-conditioning/ Empower.ae,. (2015). What is district cooling?. Retrieved 11 May 2015, from http://www.empower.ae/php/what-is-district-cooling.php?id=1 eNoiseControl,. (2015). Genset Silencers & Louvers | eNoise Control. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.enoisecontrol.com/applications/genset-silencers-louvers/Epa.gov,. (2015). Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems | IAQ Design Tools for Schools | US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2 May 2015, from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/hvac.html
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6.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Apocalypseprep.blogspot.com,. (2010). ApocalypsePrep.blogspot.com: March 2010. Retrieved 05 May 2015, from http://apocalypseprep.blogspot.com/2010_03_01_archive.html Marine Insight,. (2012). Different Types of Fire Extinguishers Used on Ships. Retrieved 05 May 2015, from http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/marine-news/headline/different-types-of-fire-extinguishersused-on-ships/ My.pyrogenfire.com,. (2015). How It Works | Pyrogen Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd.. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://my.pyrogenfire.com/our-products/product-range/exa-exa-m/how-it-works/ Wmsprinkler.com,. (2015). W&M Sprinkler Blog What is a Wet Pipe Sprinkler System? - W&M Sprinkler Blog. Retrieved 07 May 2015, from http://www.wmsprinkler.com/blog/2012/02/what-is-a-wet-pipesprinkler-system/ Chase, M. (2015). Smoke Detector Vs. Heat Detector | eHow. eHow. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from http://www.ehow.com/about_5419105_smoke-detector-vs-heat-detector.html Cornwall.gov.uk,. (2015). Passive and Active Protection - Cornwall Council. Retrieved 09 May 2015, from http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/community-and-living/cornwall-fire-and-rescue-servicehomepage/business-fire-safety/protecting-your-building/passive-and-active-protection/ Dry Riser Layout. (n.d.). Hydrants, Dry Risers & Sprinklers>. Retrieved October 11, 2014, from http://www.castlefire.co.uk/pages/hyspri/dryriser.html Page | 161