Lighting & Acoustic Analysis Integration with Design Studio 5 (Core Studies)

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]

Project 2: Lighting & Acoustic Analysis Integration with Design Studio 5

Name: Cheah Ee Von Student ID: 0308719 Tutor: Mr. Sivaraman Kuppusamy

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CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction

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1.2 Objectives 1.3 Project Description 1.4 Floor Plans 1.5 Sectional Perspective

2.1 Lighting 2.2 Day lighting Factor Analysis

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2.2.1 Courtyard Public Seating 2.3 Artificial Lighting Analysis

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2.3.1 Children Space 2.3.2 Discussion Room 2.3.3 PSALI analysis

3.1 Acoustic

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3.2 External Noise Calculation 3.3 Internal Noise Calculation 3.4 Discussion Room 3.5 Children Space

4.1 References

41

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1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 OBJECTIVES 

To be able to show understanding of lighting and acoustics principles in their final design.



To be able to solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues (natural lighting, site analysis).



To be able to design spaces incorporating lighting and acoustics (when necessary).

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The community library caters mainly for students, local residents, the blind and disabled in Brickfields. The central courtyard (usually found in traditional shop houses at peninsula Malaysia) is further experimented by segmenting the cuboid.

Thus, creating a courtyard with protruding & recessed cuboids intervening the void in between. Green terraces are interlaced in the void to create a vertical garden.

At ground level, the spaces are designed to suit the daily lives of the community here in Brickfields. Pedestrians has access from the back alley to the library after visiting the morning market, the spaces at the floors above has interwoven outdoor reading terraces and indoor reading spaces surrounding the courtyard, creating a visual communication between the floors.

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1.4 FLOOR PLANS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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THIRD FLOOR PLAN

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1.5 SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

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2.1 LIGHTING 2.2 DAYLIGHTING FACTOR ANALYSIS During the day, all artificial lights were switched off as the sun provides natural lighting throughout major spaces of the building. Artificial lights were only required after in certain spaces such as the children space (for reading and activities) and discussion rooms (for paperwork and discussion).

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2.2.1 COURTYARD PUBLIC SEATING The courtyard seating is located on the ground floor with an open four storey air well.

It’s one of the spaces that receive a great amount of direct sunlight during the day.

COURTYARD LOCATION AT GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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DF = (Ei/Eo) x 100% Average value of courtyard area = 1350lux DF= (1350/32000) x 100% = 4.20% According to MS1525, average daylight factor of 5% gives the impression of generous day lighting. The courtyard public seating area with the daylight factor of 4.20% has appropriate day lighting.

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

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2.3 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS 2.3.1 CHILDREN SPACE The children space is located at the ground floor. Sunlight could enter the space but is insufficient as the opposite and adjacent buildings cast huge shadows over the space throughout the day; hence artificial lighting is essential for this space.

CHILDREN SPACE LOCATION AT GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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MATERIAL FUNCTION

COLOUR

Concrete Finish Brick Anodised Aluminium Glass

Ceiling

Grey

Wall Window and door frame Door and window Floor Furniture(Table) Furniture(Chair)

Brown Black

Concrete Timber

AREA (m²) 51.66

SURFACE TYPE Reflective

REFLECTANCE VALUE (%) 15-40

145

Absorptive Reflective

30 75-95

Transparent 94

Reflective

6-10

Grey Brown Brown

Reflective Absorptive Absorptive

15-40 30 30

51.66 6.4 4.5

MATERIAL PROPERTIES TABLE FOR CHILDREN SPACE

LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR CHILDREN SPACE (from 1.5m height) Location Dimension of Room, LxW Total Floor Area (m²) Mounting Height, hm (m) Room Index, K

Children Space (Ground Floor) 6.3 x 8.2 51.66 5.0 – 0.5- 1.5 =3 [

[

Room Reflectance (%) Utilization Factor (UF) Maintenance Factor (MF) Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux) Number of Fittings Required, N

(

(

]

)

)

]

C= 0.4 W=0.3 F=0.4 0.44 0.80 500 [ [

] ]

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TYPE

SPECIFICATIONS

QUANTITY

LED Pendant Lamp

Wattage: 60W

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LUMINOUS FLUX (LM) 430 lm per lamp

Color Temperature:3000K Bulb Finish: Warm White

LIGHTING TYPE FOR CHILDREN SPACE Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, hm = 3m, therefore maximum spacing = 2m Width/ maximum spacing = 8.2/2 = 4.1 ≈ 4 rows of lamps 43/4 = 10.75 ≈ 11 lamps each row Therefore, a total of 44 lamps are needed.

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REFLECTED CEILING PLAN FOR CHILDREN SPACE

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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DIAGRAM FOR CHILDREN SPACE

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2.3.2 DISCUSSION ROOM The discussion room is located at the second floor. Sunlight could enter the space from the rear faรงade, however due to the western sun; glare would be evident in the space. Hence artificial lighting is vital for this space to correct glare.

DISCUSSION ROOM LOCATION AT SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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MATERIAL FUNCTION

COLOUR

Concrete Finish Brick Anodised Aluminium Glass

Ceiling

Grey

Wall Window frame

Brown Black

Door and window Floor Furniture(Table) Furniture(Chair)

Concrete Plastic

AREA (m²) 22.94

SURFACE TYPE Reflective

REFLECTANCE VALUE (%) 15-40

49.5

Absorptive Reflective

30 75-95

Transparent 49.5

Reflective

6-10

Grey 22.94 Transparent 1.85 Transparent 3.2

Reflective Reflective Reflective

15-40 10 10

MATERIAL PROPERTIES TABLE FOR DISCUSSION ROOM

LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR DISCUSSION ROOM (from 1.5m height) Location Dimension of Room, LxW Total Floor Area (m²) Mounting Height, hm (m) Room Index, K

Discussion Room (Second Floor) 6.2 x 3.7 22.94 5.0 – 0.5- 1.5 =3 [

[

Room Reflectance (%) Utilization Factor (UF) Maintenance Factor (MF) Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux) Number of Fittings Required, N

(

(

]

)

)

]

C= 0.4 W=0.3 F=0.4 0.44 0.80 500 [ [

] ]

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TYPE LED Recessed Down light

SPECIFICATIONS Wattage: 11W

QUANTITY

LUMINOUS FLUX (LM)

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1200 lm per lamp

Color Temperature:3000K Bulb Finish: Warm White

LIGHTING TYPE FOR CHILDREN SPACE Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, hm = 3m, therefore maximum spacing = 1m Width/ maximum spacing = 3.7/2 = 1.85 ≈ 2 rows of lamps 14/2 =7 ≈ 7 lamps each row Therefore, a total of 14 lamps are needed.

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REFLECTED CEILING PLAN FOR DICSUSSION ROOM

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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DIAGRAM FOR DICSUSSION ROOM

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2.3.3 PSALI ANALYSIS The discussion room is located at the second floor. There are two rows of LED down lights in the space. During day time, sunlight could enter the space from the rear faรงade, however glare would be evident. Hence one row of led down lights are needed to further lit the space and reduce glare. At night, both rows of down lights are lit to brighten the space.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING SWITCHES PLAN FOR DICSUSSION ROOM

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DAY TIME PSALI ANALYSIS Natural day light enters the room from the windows (left side of the section); one row of down light is lit to reduce glare.

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NIGHT TIME PSALI ANALYSIS Both rows of light are lit to brighten up the space at night.

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3.1 ACOUSTIC 3.2 EXTERNAL NOISE CALCULATION

EXTERNAL NOISE SOURCE

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External noise sources: Traffic Noise: 65dB Intensity: (

)

(

) (

(

) )

Total intensities,

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Back Lane Market Activity Noise: 30dB Intensity: (

)

(

) (

S )

(

)

( (

) )

The external noise with a combined SPL of 65dB generated from the vehicles and street activity travels right into the community library without passing through walls that will cause transmission lost in sound. Therefore, the combined SPL of the external noise of the back lane is approximately the total sound pressure level in the community library.

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According to the Acoustic Standard ANSI, a community library is required to have an acoustic tolerance level of between 40dB to 70dB. The combined SPL of external noises (external traffic noise and external back lane noise) of the community library is within the recommended acoustic noise level range, which is 65dB. The street level community library is said to have achieved the optimum Acoustic Standard of ANSI. 3.3 INTERNAL NOISE CALCULATION

INTERNAL NOISE SOURCE

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Internal noise sources: Cafe Noise: 65dB Intensity: (

)

(

) (

(

) )

Total intensities,

29

Lobby Noise: 60dB Intensity: (

)

(

) (

)

(

)

( (

) )

According to the Acoustic Standard ANSI, a community library is required to have an acoustic tolerance level of between 40dB to 70dB. The combined SPL of internal noises (cafĂŠ noise and lobby noise) of the community library is within the recommended acoustic noise level range, which is 66.19dB. The community library is said to have achieved the optimum Acoustic Standard of ANSI.

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3.4 DISCUSSION ROOM Reverberation time was calculated to determine the space quality in relation to human comfort. Hence, the discussion room was calculated because it is an enclosed space where occupants use it to have meetings and discussions.

Reverberation times are calculated based on Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz at peak hour.

DISCUSSION ROOM LOCATION AT SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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3.4.1 REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATION – DISCUSSION ROOM Room height: 5.0m Standard reverberation time for discussion room: 1s Peak hour capacity: 8 people Volume of office: [6.2 x 3.7] x 5.0 = 114.7 m³ MATERIAL

FUNCTION

AREA [A] (m²) 22.94

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT IN 2000 Hz [S] 0.04

SOUND ABSORPTION [SA] 0.92

Concrete Finish Brick Anodised Aluminium Glass

Ceiling Wall Window frame

49.5 10.4

0.05 0.01

2.48 0.10

Door and window

49.5

0.07

3.47

Concrete Plastic

Floor Furniture(Table) Furniture(Chair)

22.94 1.85 3.2 8

0.02 0.14 0.14 0.46

0.46 0.26 0.45 3.68

People

Total sound absorption coefficient at 2000 Hz

11.82

MATERIAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT AT 2000 Hz

RT= (0.16 × V) / A Where V = Volume of space; S = Total Absorption =

Reverberation time [Peak Hour] RT= (0.16 × V) / A = 0.16 × 114.7 /11.82 = 1.55s 32

The reverberation time for discussion room during peak hour is 1.55s. According to Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008), the reverberation time of the discussion room during non-peak hour exceeds the optimum reverberation time for discussion room which is 1s. To reduce the reverberation time, drapery curtains with 0.7 absorption coefficient are added/ placed against the glass wall.

MATERIAL

FUNCTION

AREA [A] (m²) 22.94

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT IN 2000 Hz [S] 0.04

SOUND ABSORPTION [SA] 0.92

Concrete Finish Brick Anodised Aluminium Glass

Ceiling Wall Window frame

49.5 10.4

0.05 0.01

2.48 0.10

Door and window

49.5

0.07

3.47

Fabric

Curtain

49.5

0.7

34.65

Concrete Plastic

Floor Furniture(Table) Furniture(Chair)

22.94 1.85 3.2 8

0.02 0.14 0.14 0.46

0.46 0.26 0.45 3.68

People

Total sound absorption coefficient at 2000 Hz

46.47

MATERIAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT AT 2000 Hz [updated] Reverberation time [Peak Hour] RT= (0.16 × V) / A = 0.16 × 114.7 /46.47 = 0.40s After adding in drapery curtain, the reverberation time for peak hour are successfully reduced, achieving the standard required reverberation time.

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3.4.2 SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS CALCULATION – DISCUSSION ROOM Wall type 1: Brick wall with insulation

(

) (

)

Wall type 2: Glass Panels/ Doors

(

)

(

)

SURFACE MATERIAL

SURFACE AREA (m²) [S]

TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT [Tcn]

Glass walls/ Doors Brick Wall Total

49.5 49.5 99

2.51 × 3.61 ×

SURFACE AREA × TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT [ST] 0.124245 1.787 × 0.12603195

STC CALCULATION TABLE

T

= (0.12603195/99)

=1.27305 × 34

( (

) )

dB As shown in calculations above, 31.05 dB of noise level can be reduce during transmission from the library interior space to the interior of the discussion room.

Therefore, the interior community library noise (66.19dB) during peak hour is reduced by 31.05 dB during transmission, resulting in a sound level of 35.14 dB when it reaches the interior of the discussion room.

35.14 dB is within the range of recommended level for discussion room. Hence, acoustical comfort can be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.

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3.5 CHILDREN SPACE

CHILDREN SPACE LOCATION AT GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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3.5.1 REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATION – CHILDREN SPACE Room height: 5.0m Standard reverberation time for discussion room: 1s Peak hour capacity: 20 people Volume of office: [6.3 x 8.2] x 5.0 = 258.3 m³ MATERIAL

FUNCTION

AREA [A] (m²) 51.66

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT IN 2000 Hz [S] 0.04

SOUND ABSORPTION [SA] 2.07

Concrete Finish Brick Anodised Aluminium Glass

Ceiling Wall Window frame

145 25.5

0.05 0.01

7.25 0.26

Door and window

94

0.07

6.58

Concrete Timber

Floor Furniture(Table) Furniture(Chair)

51.66 4.5 8.0 20

0.02 0.10 0.10 0.46

1.03 0.45 0.80 9.20

People

Total sound absorption coefficient at 2000 Hz

27.64

MATERIAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT AT 2000 Hz

RT= (0.16 × V) / A Where V = Volume of space; S = Total Absorption =

Reverberation time [Peak Hour] RT= (0.16 × V) / A = 0.16 × 258.3 /27.64 = 1.50s 37

The reverberation time for children space during peak hour is 1.50s. According to Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008), the reverberation time of the children space during non-peak hour exceeds the optimum reverberation time for office which is 0.6s. To reduce the reverberation time, drapery curtains with 0.7 absorption coefficient are added/ placed against the glass wall.

MATERIAL

FUNCTION

AREA [A] (m²) 51.66

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT IN 2000 Hz [S] 0.04

SOUND ABSORPTION [SA] 2.07

Concrete Finish Brick Anodised Aluminium Glass

Ceiling Wall Window frame

145 25.5

0.05 0.01

7.25 0.26

Door and window

94

0.07

6.58

Fabric

Curtain

94

0.7

65.80

Concrete Plastic

Floor Furniture(Table) Furniture(Chair)

51.66 4.5 8.0 20

0.02 0.14 0.14 0.46

1.03 0.45 0.80 9.20

People

Total sound absorption coefficient at 2000 Hz

93.44

MATERIAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT AT 2000 Hz [updated] Reverberation time [Peak Hour] RT= (0.16 × V) / A = 0.16 × 258.3 /93.44 = 0.44s After adding in drapery curtain, the reverberation time for peak hour are successfully reduced, achieving the standard required reverberation time.

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3.5.2 SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS CALCULATION – DISCUSSION ROOM Wall type 1: Brick wall with insulation

(

) (

)

Wall type 2: Glass Panels/ Doors

(

)

(

)

SURFACE MATERIAL

SURFACE AREA (m²) [S]

TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT [Tcn]

Glass walls/ Doors Brick Wall Total

94 145 239

2.51 × 3.61 ×

SURFACE AREA × TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT [ST] 0.23594 5.2345 × 0.2411745

STC CALCULATION TABLE

T

= (0.2411745/239)

=1.0 × 39

( (

) )

dB As shown in calculations above, 30 dB of noise level can be reduce during transmission from the library interior space to the interior of the children space.

Therefore, the interior community library noise (66.19dB) during peak hour is reduced by 30 dB during transmission, resulting in a sound level of 36.19 dB when it reaches the interior of the children space.

36.19 dB is within the range of recommended level for children space. Hence, acoustical comfort can be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.

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4.1 REFERENCES Architects' Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.

ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society Heating, Refrigerating &.

In Gibbs, B., In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in Building Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi- Science Publishing Co. Ltd. Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non- residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.

Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural accoustical materials. (1957). New York.

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