Rumah Encik Nazim | Kedah | Report

Rumah Encik Nazim ALOR SETAR, KEDAH

/methods of documentation & measured drawings

DECLARATION We, Team Rumah Encik Nazim, as a group from Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, hereby declare that all content within this report was obtained from certified sources and have been well referenced where necessary. All works produced in this report are solely for the use and submission of this module, Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings (ARC60305). All forms of data retrieval and research on site has been carried out from the dates, 23rd January to 27th January 2018 at Rumah Encik Nazim in Pantai Johor and surrounding buildings in Alor Setar, Kedah.

TEAM RUMAH EN NAZIM 0330914 0326497 0327780 0331464 0327651 0331583 0322334 0327378 0327635 0324486 0326470 0323219 0331335 0326468 0331858 0332045 0325090 0324408 0327550 0330959

| Lim Zhi Kang (Leader) | Chevally Lo Zhao Shyen (Assistant Leader) | Ahmad Nabil Bin Jimi (Treasurer) | Aw Jin Liang | Aw Zhi Xuan | Benjamin Lew En Pin | Chew Rui Bo | Chifundo Sapuwa | Chong Heen Nang | Haney Marsya Raimy | Khoo Sue Ling | Mohammad Harris Bin Haji Abdul Aziz | Muhamad Afiq Abdul Karim | Nurul Rihana Binti KK Sihabutheen | Phan Guang Lei | Rahma Nuru Hussein Kattanga | See Wen Han | Tan Chin Werng | Tan Yow Hue | Yeoh Han Joo

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture February 2018 Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus Supervised by | Mr. Khairool Aizat

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We, Team Pantai Johor as a group would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude towards our esteemed lecturer, Mr. Khairool Aizat. Our gratitude extends to the owner of the house and all parties involved in helping out during our trip to the site in Kedah.

First and foremost, we would like to thank Mr. Khairool for guiding us and providing us valuable advice as well as insight throughout the duration of this module.

Secondly, we would like to thank Encik Nazim Bin Hassan, the owner of the house we measured, as well as Cik Norlida Binti Hassan, the current tenant of the house. Additional people we would like to thank as well are Encik Rahman, Pak Cik Led, Dr. Noorhayati, and others that helped us out during our stay in Alor Setar.

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

ABSTRACT Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings (ARC 60305), is a module that emphasizes the principles of building preservation and methods of documenting measured drawings, written information and photographic evidence. This project’s focus is located in one of the villages in Alor Setar, a hidden heritage of Kedah, Rumah Encik Nazim. The main objective is to document the historical and architectural significance of Encik Nazim’s house in the form of as-built drawings using different measuring techniques to produce a collection of plans, sections, elevations,

details,

axonometric

views

and

models;

complemented with a report about the uniqueness and details about the building.

We, as a group of 20 people were given 5 days of on-site fieldwork to gather and record the significance of Rumah Encik Nazim, documenting them in the form of measured drawings, reports and model. The report includes written information and photos of the studied house to preserve its historical value with the most accurate documentations.

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

LIST OF FIGURES

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1

: 30 meter long tape.

6

Figure 2.2

: 7.5 meter measuring tape.

6

Figure 2.3

: 2 meter soft tape measure.

7

Figure 2.4

: Digital laser measuring tool.

7

Figure 2.5

: Spirit level.

8

Figure 2.6

: Extended ladder.

8

Figure 2.7

: On site measurement teams.

10

Figure 2.8

: Main job distributions of assignment.

11

Figure 2.9

: Taking note of significant parts.

13

Figure 2.10

: Sketching on site.

13

Figure 2.11

: Measuring the site boundary of the house.

14

Figure 2.12

: Measuring height of light bulb.

14

Figure 2.13

: Measuring Exterior Wall.

15

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1

: Flag of Kedah, Malaysia (“flag of Kedah”, 2014).

19

Figure 3.2

: Paddy Field of Kedah

19

Figure 3.3

: Ancient Writings of Sanskrit (Sabrizain, 2013).

20

Figure 3.4

: Ancient artifact from Kedah (“Kedah Sulatanate,” n.d.).

20

Figure 3.5

: Ancient ruin of Bujang Valley (Balakrishnan, 2017).

21

Figure 3.6

: The seafaring ship of Maharaja Derbar Raja (“Srivijaya,” 2018).

21

Figure 3.8

: Trading sea route and ports of Asia

22

Figure 3.7

: Drawing on arrival of traders to Bujang Valley (Pecinta Ilmu, 2015).

22

Figure 3.9

: Invasion of Siamese Kingdom (SabriZain,n.d.).

23

Figure 3.10

: Photo of Tan Sri Tunku Sallehuddin Sultan Badlishah (“Tunku Sallehuddin,” 2018).

24

Figure 3.11

: Pie chart above shows the percentage of different ethnics in 1980s

27

Figure 3.12

: Chinese as labourers, merchants and miners (“History,” n.d.).

28

Figure 3.13

: Indian worked as workforce on rubber state (Balakrishnan, 2017).

28

Figure 3.14

: Malay worked as farmers around their villages (Mujab, 2014).

28

Figure 3.15

: An old image of Alor Setar (“Alor Setar History,” n.d.).

29

Figure 3.16

: Trading activity at Pekan Rabu Tanjung Chali (“Trading Activity,” n.d.).

30

Figure 3.17

: Pekan Rabu Tanjung Chali (“pekanrabu,” n.d.).

30

Figure 3.18

: Alor Setar River (Tan, 2015).

31

Figure 3.19

: Pokok Setar/ Pohon Setar (lacasabiru, 2014).

31

Figure 3.20

: Alor Setar street (matahari, 2017).

32

Figure 3.21

: Statue of Captain Francis Light (Winter, 2016).

32

Figure 3.22

: Bugis (“Queen of Taneete,” n.d.).

32

Figure 3.23

: Taking picture after signing the contract (“Conference of Ruler,” n.d.).

32

Figure 3.24

: Tuanku Abdul Aziz (“Tunku Abdul Aziz,” n.d.).

32

Figure 3.25

: The proclamation of the transfer of suzerainty from Siam to the British in 1909.(“Balai Besar,” n.d.).

33

Figure 3.26

: Japan army (Lin, 2016).

33

Figure 3.27

: constitution of thailand (“Siam1946,” 2018).

33

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 3.28

: Protest against Malayan Union (MT. Webmaster, 2011)

33

Figure 3.29

: Sultan of Kedah in 1959 (“Agong”, 2014)

33

Figure 3.30

: An image of Kampung Pantai Johor’s neighbourhood pathway

34

Figure 3.31

: Kedah River and Padang Tahap River

35

Figure 3.32

: River Shores of the Kedah River

35

Figure 3.33

: Red area representing Kampung Pantai Johor

36

Figure 3.34

: Kedah River in Pantai Johor

36

Figure 3.35

: Paddy field with river drainage system

37

Figure 3.36

: Age breakdown of Kampung Pantai Johor Villagers

38

Figure 3.37

: Population & races of Kampung Pantai Johor in 1960s

38

Figure 3.38

: Front view of Rumah Encik Nazim

39

Figure 3.39

: North Elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim

39

Figure 3.40

: Construction of the house (1964)

41

Figure 3.41

: Moving in to the house (1965-1966)

41

Figure 3.42

: Passing of ownership (1999)

41

FIgure 3.43

: Expansion of the house (2003)

41

Figure 3.44

: Changes of material (2015)

41

Figure 3.45

: Current Appearance (2018)

41

Figure 3.46

: Strategic alignment shown connected relationship between Rumah Encik Nazim and royals

42

Figure 3.47

: Encik Nazim

43

Figure 3.48

: Family Tree of Encik Nazim

45

Figure 3.49

: Abdul Rahman

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ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1

: General Map of Kedah.

50

Figure 4.2

: Structure of Alor Setar.

51

Figure 4.3

: Structure of Sungai Petani.

52

Figure 4.4

: Map of Pantai Johor.

53

Figure 4.5

: Location Plan.

54

Figure 4.6

: Site Boundary.

55

Figure 4.7

: Ground Plan Deed.

55

Figure 4.8

: Northeast cornerstone.

55

Figure 4.9

: Southeast cornerstone

55

Figure 4.10

: Topography of Site.

56

Figure 4.11

: Zoning of the Site

57

Figure 4.12

: Surrounding buildings.

58

Figure 4.13

: Neighbouring houses.

59

Figure 4.14

: The Oldest house along Lorong Padi Emas.

59

Figure 4.15

: Masjid Halim Shah.

60

Figure 4.16

: Masjid Baru Pantai Johor.

60

Figure 4.17

: Dewan Sri Mentaloon entrance (Lillah, 2010).

61

Figure 4.18

: The minister’s house in front of Dewan Sri Mentaloon (Ikhwan, 2017).

61

Figure 4.19

: Interior of Dewan sri Mentaloon (“Seri Mentaloon,” 2012).

61

Figure 4.20

: Pasar Mini MCM trading.

62

Figure 4.21

: A local food outlet along Jalan Anak Bukit.

62

Figure 4.22

: Neighbouring houses.

63

Figure 4.23

: Neighbouring house.

63

Figure 4.24

: Surrounding softscape.

64

Figure 4.25

: Kachu Tree.

65

Figure 4.26

: Coconut Tree.

65

Figure 4.27

: Bamboo.

66

Figure 4.28

: Banana Plant.

66

Figure 4.29

: Harumanis.

67

Figure 4.30

: Starfruit Tree.

67

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 4.31

: Gravel.

68

Figure 4.32

: Fencing.

68

Figure 4.33

: Fencing.

68

Figure 4.34

: Asphalt road on Lorong Padi Emas.

69

Figure 4.35

: Neighbour’s House.

69

Figure 4.36

: Parit.

70

Figure 4.37

: Clothes rack.

70

Figure 4.38

: Water tank.

70

Figure 4.39

: Storage.

70

Figure 4.40

: Drainage Mapping

71

Figure 4.41

: Drainage.

71

Figure 4.42

: Parit.

71

Figure 4.43

: Drainage.

71

Figure 4.44

: Drainage.

71

Figure 4.45

: Drainage.

71

Figure 4.46

: Utility Locations.

72

Figure 4.47

: Main power source to Rumah Encik Nazim.

72

Figure 4.48

: Street light.

72

Figure 4.49

: Bus stop.

72

Figure 4.50

: Trash collection point.

72

Figure 4.51

: Circulation Around Pantai Johor.

73

Figure 4.52

: Neighbourhood Circulation.

74

Figure 4.53

: View 1.

74

Figure 4.54

: View 2.

74

Figure 4.55

: View 3.

74

Figure 4.56

: View 4.

74

Figure 4.57

: View 5.

74

Figure 4.58

: View 6.

74

Figure 4.59

: View 7.

74

Figure 4.60

: Accessibility to and from the site.

75

Figure 4.61

: Main access to the site.

75

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 4.62

: Pedestrian pathway along Jalan Anak Bukit.

75

Figure 4.63

: Vehicle movement pattern.

76

Figure 4.64

: Views and vistas seen from Rumah Encik Nazim.

77

Figure 4.65

: Vista 1.

77

Figure 4.66

: Vista 2.

77

Figure 4.67

: Vista 3.

77

Figure 4.68

: Vista 4.

77

Figure 4.69

: Vista 5.

77

Figure 4.70

: Vista 6.

77

Figure 4.71

: Graph of average temperature in Alor Setar.

78

Figure 4.72

: Graph of average rainfall amount in Alor Setar.

78

Figure 4.73

: Prevailing winds.

79

Figure 4.74

: Sun Path.

80

Figure 4.75

: Average Sun Hours in Alor Setar.

80

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1

: Masjid Zahir.

82

Figure 5.2

: A Malay Family (Rayer, 2007).

83

Figure 5.3

: Hari Raya Aidilfitri (Directleading, 2017)

88

Figure 5.4

: Feast after circumcision (dailymail, 2016)

88

Figure 5.5

: Adat Merisik (story.wedding, 2015)

89

Figure 5.6

: Adat Berinai (riauberbagi.blogspot, 2015)

89

Figure 5.7

: Adat Nikah (says, 2015)

89

Figure 5.8

: Batu Selambut (memorikedah,2018)

90

Figure 5.9

: Congkak (bp.blogspot,2018)

90

Figure 5.10

: Tuju Para (bp.blogspot, 2018 )

90

Figure 5.11

: Rebut Tiang (memori-kedah,2018 )

90

Figure 5.12

: Tarian Cinta Sayang (tariasli50webs,2018 )

91

Figure 5.13

: Mek Mulung (memorikedah,2018 )

91

Figure 5.14

: Tarian Canggung(memorikedah,2018)

91

Figure 5.15

: Jikey (memorikedah,2018 )

91

Figure 5.16

: Gambus (“Music World,” n.d.).

92

Figure 5.17

: Gong (genbano, 2017).

92

Figure 5.18

: Gedombak (“kegemilangan Kedah,” n.d.).

92

Figure 5.19

: Serunai (Kasturi, 2010).

92

Figure 5.20

: The wide interior spaces and long floor plan of Rumah En Nazim.

93

Figure 5.21

: Beranda on the First Floor Plan.

94

Figure 5.22

: Beranda.

94

Figure 5.23

: Anjung on the First Floor Plan.

94

Figure 5.24

: Anjung.

94

Figure 5.25

: Ibu Rumah on the First Floor Plan.

95

Figure 5.26

: Ibu Rumah.

95

Figure 5.27

: Selang on the First Floor Plan.

95

Figure 5.28

: Selang.

95

Figure 5.29

: Serambi on the First Floor Plan.

96

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 5.30

: Serambi.

96

Figure 5.31

: View from Bilik 1 to the Dapur.

96

Figure 5.32

: Dapur on the Ground Floor Plan.

97

Figure 5.33

: Dapur.

97

Figure 5.34

: Rooms on the Ground Floor Plan.

98

Figure 5.35

: The Master Bedroom.

98

Figure 5.36

: The toilets on the Ground Floor Plan.

98

Figure 5.37

: Toilet.

98

Figure 5.38

: Kolong on the Ground Floor Plan.

99

Figure 5.39

: Kolong area.

99

Figure 5.40

: Verandah of Rumah Encik Nazim.

101

Figure 5.41

: Master Bedroom at the main house.

101

Figure 5.42

: General specification of areas in Rumah Encik Nazim.

102

Figure 5.43

: Main Entrance.

103

Figure 5.44

: Side Entrance.

103

Figure 5.45

: Dapur of Rumah Encik Nazim.

103

Figure 5.46

: Anjung of Rumah Encik Nazim.

104

Figure 5.47

: Rumah Ibu of Rumah Encik Nazim.

104

Figure 5.48

: Zoning of the Anjung.

105

Figure 5.49

: Dapur of Rumah Encik Nazim

106

Figure 5.50

: Toilet of Rumah Encik Nazim.

106

Figure 5.51

: Orientation of Rumah Encik Nazim where the west side is facing the Qibla.

107

Figure 5.52

: The entrance of Beranda.

107

Figure 5.53

: Odd number of the height of the floor to ceiling of the exterior wall.

108

Figure 5.54

: Odd numbers of steps at the entrance of Rumah Encik Nazim.

108

Figure 5.55

: 9 slats on the louvres on top of the wall

109

Figure 5.56

: 13 wooden panels on the walls

109

Figure 5.57

: 3 rooms at the first floor of the house

109

Figure 5.58

: Red cloth wrapping the column of ‘Tiang Seri’.

110

Figure 5.59

: The motif of the sun on the Tebar Layar.

110

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.1

: A common ancient traditional Malay house found in Kedah (Herbertrocha, 2013).

115

Figure 6.2

: Traditional malay house with Nipah roof

116

Figure 6.3

: More intricate woodworking techniques applied

116

Figure 6.4

: Modern Kedah house

116

Figure 6.5

: Rumah panjang di Kampung Kodiang Lama Kedah (“Rumah Panjang,” n.d.).

117

Figure 6.6

: A traditional Malay House in Yan, Kedah (“rumah beranjung,” n.d.).

118

Figure 6.7

: Roof covered with wooden shingles (Khan, 2017).

118

Figure 6.8

: West facade of Rumah Encik Nazim.

119

Figure 6.9

: Post-Merdeka House in Kedah (“historical house,” n.d.).

119

Figure 6.10

: North Elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim.

120

Figure 6.11

: East elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim.

121

Figure 6.12

: West elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim.

122

Figure 6.13

: Plan of Rumah Encik Nazim.

123

Figure 6.14

: Traditional malay architecture is easy to be recognised due to its own unique characteristics (Araheem, n.d.).

124

Figure 6.15

: Rumah Encik Nazim.

125

Figure 6.16

: West Elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim.

126

Figure 6.17

: Architecture that respond to its tropical climate, local tradition and culture is Vernacular Architecture (Miller, 2014).

127

Figure 6.18

: Section of Rumah Encik Nazim.

128

Figure 6.19

: Axonometry of Rumah Encik Nazim.

130

Figure 6.20

: Distinctive features of Islamic Architecture (“Places Must Visit,” 2015).

131

Figure 6.21

: North Elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim.

132

Figure 6.22

: Location of the columns in Rumah Encik Nazim.

133

Figure 6.23

: Column and the footing.

134

Figure 6.24

: Rumah Serambi Pahang (“Rumah Serambi Pahang,” 2015).

134

Figure 6.25

: Rumah Tradisional Negeri Perak (Rayyan, 2017).

134

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.26

: Rumah Negeri Sembilan (Khan A., 2017).

134

Figure 6.27

: Tiang Seri.

135

Figure 6.28

: Location of Tiang Seri.

135

Figure 6.29

: Bamboo flooring used in other traditional malay house. (Suannechowtimes, 2017).

137

Figure 6.30

: Wooden plank used as flooring in other Traditional malay house (Chef Shukri’s House, n.d.).

137

Figure 6.31

: Quarry tile near the storage area.

138

Figure 6.32

: Plan showing location of tiles.

139

Figure 6.33

: Ceramic tile at storage area.

139

Figure 6.34

: Mosaic tile at pathway.

139

Figure 6.35

: Mosaic tile in Dapur’s bathroom.

139

Figure 6.36

: Quarry tile.

139

Figure 6.37

: Slate tile.

139

Figure 6.38

: Anjung, having more number of windows to allow visual relationship with the exterior.

141

Figure 6.39

: Serambi, a private spaces with lesser number of windows allocated to protect the privacy of the room.

141

Figure 6.40

: One of the space located at the ground floor, showing walls made of masonry bricks.

141

Figure 6.41

: Exterior of anjung.

142

Figure 6.42

: Number of windows in east elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim.

142

Figure 6.43

: Tingkap Labuh together with shutter at Anjung.

143

Figure 6.44

: Shutters found on the east side of the house.

143

Figure 6.45

: Shutter of Rumah Encik Nazim showing its 3 segmented parts.

144

Figure 6.46

: Shutter of other traditional malay house with carvings (Chef Shukri’s House, n.d.).

144

Figure 6.47

: Shutter of other traditional malay house with no carvings (perumal, 2015).

144

Figure 6.48

: Interior shutter located at ground floor level.

145

Figure 6.49

: Diagram of plan showing location of this shutter.

145

Figure 6.50

: Adjustable louvered window found in Rumah Encik Nazim.

146

Figure 6.51

: Adjusting device for the adjustable louvered window.

146

Figure 6.52

: Plan diagram showing where the adjustable louvered windows are located.

146

Figure 6.53

: Kayu bercorak jejala found at serambi.

147

Figure 6.54

: Plan diagram showing location of kayu bercorak jejala.

147

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 6.55

: Rumah Encik Nazim’s facade with jejala geometry.

148

Figure 6.56

: The infamous Masjid Ihsaniah Iskandariah Kampung Kuala Dal (Sapian, 2016).

148

Figure 6.57

: Diamond shaped ventilation holes.

149

Figure 6.58

: Plan diagram showing location of corak berlian.

149

Figure 6.59

: Kayu bersusun linear located on top of the Serambi R2 wall.

150

Figure 6.60

: Plan diagram showing location of kayu bersusun linear.

150

Figure 6.61

: Anjung of Rumah Encik Nazim where the sisik mati can be found on top of the window.

151

Figure 6.62

: Kerawang of other traditional malay house (Himanshu, 2015).

151

Figure 6.63

: Kerawang found on Malacca Malay House (Shanmelvon, 2011).

151

Figure 6.64

: Sisik Mati at the highest point of the kitchen wall.

152

Figure 6.65

: Sisik Mati found around Rumah Encik Nazim.

152

Figure 6.66

: Doors on the first floor and ground floor.

153

Figure 6.67

: Door to the Beranda.

154

Figure 6.68

: A neighbour’s house without a Beranda door.

154

Figure 6.69

: Ground Floor Entrance.

155

Figure 6.70

: Ground Floor Entrance Door.

155

Figure 6.71

: Back Entrance.

155

Figure 6.72

: Back Entrance Door.

155

Figure 6.73

: 6-panelled door viewed from the outside of a room.

156

Figure 6.74

: 6-panelled door viewed from the inside of a room.

156

Figure 6.75

: Door handle and lock.

156

Figure 6.76

: Upper Door Latch.

156

Figure 6.77

: Bathroom door on Ground Floor.

157

Figure 6.78

: Bendul at the door leading down to the kitchen.

157

Figure 6.79

: Staircase at side entrance leading up to Selang.

158

Figure 6.80

: Staircase at the Dapur leading up to the Serambi.

158

Figure 6.81

: Staircase at front entrance leading up to Beranda.

158

Figure 6.82

: Location of stairs on the first floor plan.

159

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 6.83

: Tebar Layar.

160

Figure 6.84

: Tebar Layar found on the north side of the house.

160

Figure 6.85

: Close up of Tebar Layar of Rumah Encik Nazim.

161

Figure 6.86

: Close up of Tebar Layar of Kedah State Museum (“State Museum,” n.d.).

161

Figure 6.87

: Close up of Tebar Layar of Balai Besar (Penbiru, 2016).

161

Figure 6.88

: Entrance of Istana Anak Bukit (Amri, 2014).

161

Figure 6.89

: Istana Anak Bukit (Maju, 2014).

161

Figure 6.90

: Houses in the neighbourhood.

162

Figure 6.91

: Houses in the neighbourhood.

162

Figure 6.92

: Houses in the neighbourhood.

162

Figure 6.93

: Cucur Atap blocking the direct striking of sunlight.

163

Figure 6.94

: Cucur Atap of Rumah Encik Nazim.

163

Figure 6.95

: Pelang Air.

164

Figure 6.96

: Attic opening of the house.

164

Figure 6.97

: Three layers of kubah stacking on each other to form a kind of ornamental facade for Rumah Encik Nazim.

165

Figure 6.98

: Inner view of kubah shaped ornament.

165

Figure 6.99

: Clearer view of the kubah shaped ornament.

165

Figure 6.100

: Railing of Rumah Encik Nazim.

166

Figure 6.101

: Baluster of same pattern with the railings.

166

Figure 6.102

: Clearer view of the exact railing in the house.

166

Figure 6.103

: Floral motif of the islamic feature with similar pattern (“Rectangular Floral Design,” n.d.).

167

Figure 6.104

: Diagram of the actual steel frame.

167

Figure 6.105

: Close up view of the steel frame pattern.

167

Figure 6.106

: Located at the ground floor extended space.

167

Figure 6.107

: Traditional local made couch in the anjung together with a small modern coffee table.

168

Figure 6.108

: A traditional dressing table on the right side in the Bilik Tidur 1.

168

Figure 6.109

: A similar traditional malay dressing table in other traditional malay house (Chong, n.d.).

169

Figure 6.110

: A modern dining table and chair in the kitchen area on the ground floor with simple forms and no ornaments.

170

Figure 6.111

: A modern kitchen Utensil cabin in the kitchen area on the ground floor with simple forms and no ornaments.

170

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 6.112

: A modern built in kitchen cabinet for storage purposes in the kitchen on the ground floor.

171

Figure 6.113

: An example of built in traditional kitchen cabinet (“House Design by Norma,� n.d.).

171

Figure 6.114

: Anjung interior to exterior view.

172

Figure 6.115

: Interior view of the anjung.

172

Figure 6.116

: Ibu rumah.

173

Figure 6.117

: East end of the T corridor of the serambi.

174

Figure 6.118

: West end of the T corridor of the serambi.

174

Figure 6.119

: DIning area of the kitchen.

175

Figure 6.120

: Difference between the ceiling height of the storage space and the dapur.

175

Figure 6.121

: Storage space.

176

Figure 6.122

: Storage room.

176

Figure 6.123

: Kolong below the anjung.

177

Figure 6.124

: View from the exterior of the kolong.

177

Figure 6.125

: Rumah Tok Su.

178

Figure 6.126

: Picture of Rumah Tok Su, (Sabri, 2018).

179

Figure 6.127

: Picture of Rumah Encik Nazim.

179

Figure 6.128

: Rumah Tok Su plan layout.

179

Figure 6.129

: Rumah En Nazim plan layout.

179

Figure 6.130

: Kerawang of Rumah Tok Su. (Sabri, 2018).

180

Figure 6.131

: Kerawang of Rumah Encik Nazim.

180

Figure 6.132

: Papan cantik of Rumah Tok Su. (Sabri, 2018).

180

Figure 6.133

: Papan cantik of Rumah Encik Nazim.

180

Figure 6.134

: Balusters of Rumah Tok Su. (Sabri, 2018)

181

Figure 6.135

: Balusters of Rumah Encik Nazim.

181

Figure 6.136

: Windows at Rumah Tok Su. (Sabri, 2018)

181

Figure 6.137

: Windows at Rumah Encik Nazim.

181

Figure 6.138

: Papan Pator Rumah Tok Su. (Sabri, 2018).

182

Figure 6.139

: Papan Pator Rumah Encik Nazim.

182

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CHAPTER 7 Figure 7.1

: An example of Rumah Bumbung Panjang, Pulau Pinang (Izzudin, 2011).

184

Figure 7.2

: Rumah Encik Nazim.

184

Figure 7.3

: A view of Rumah Encik Nazim.

185

Figure 7.4

: A type of joint found under the floor joists of the first floor.

186

Figure 7.5

: Another type of modular joint without the use of nails.

186

Figure 7.6

: Form of Rumah Encik Nazim

187

Figure 7.7

: Construction starts at the ibu rumah.

188

Figure 7.8

: The anjung is constructed.

188

Figure 7.9

: The beranda is constructed

188

Figure 7.10

: The serambi is constructed.

188

Figure 7.11

: The storage space is constructed using modern materials

188

Figure 7.12

: The dapur is constructed.

188

Figure 7.13

: The bathrooms are constructed last.

188

Figure 7.14

: Addition to Rumah Encik Nazim

189

Figure 7.15

: Addition to the kitchen

189

Figure 7.16

: Addition of roof and ornamentations

190

Figure 7.17

: Subtraction of the beranda

190

Figure 7.18

: Subtraction of the Kolong

191

Figure 7.19

: Directional Patterns of Rumah Encik Nazim

191

Figure 7.20

: Different textures of Rumah Encik Nazim

192

Figure 7.21

: Repetition elements

193

Figure 7.22

: Walls and openings

194

Figure 7.23

: Double shutters at the anjung

195

Figure 7.24

: Single shutter at the ibu rumah

195

Figure 7.25

: Half length shutter

195

Figure 7.26

: Adjustable louvred windows

195

Figure 7.27

: Horizontal openings in the form of air vents

195

Figure 7.28

: Grid formation on the floor plan.

196

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 7.29

: Allocation of spaces on the floor plan.

196

Figure 7.30

: Signs of Modularity

197

Figure 7.31

: Linear Spatial Organization.

198

Figure 7.32

: Pathway running through the Serambi all the way to Anjung.

198

Figure 7.33

: Hierarchy Through Spaces.

199

Figure 7.34

: A view of Dapur & Ruang Makan (More private).

199

Figure 7.35

: A view of Anjung (Less private).

199

Figure 7.36

: Visual connectivity between users in different spaces

200

Figure 7.37

: Entrances of the house.

202

Figure 7.38

: Entrance from the ground floor, leading to the tandas and dapur.

202

Figure 7.39

: The path configuration of Rumah Encik Nazim

203

Figure 7.40

: Sense of “forward motion” in the Serambi.

204

Figure 7.41

: Form of circulation space.

204

Figure 7.42

: Merging of spaces with path resulting in “pass-through spaces”.

205

Figure 7.43

: Table of Indicators of sustainability of Rumah Encik Nazim and their justifications

207

Figure 7.44

: Tanggam Skaf, a type of joint used in floor joists.

208

Figure 7.45

: Post and beam structural system.

208

Figure 7.46

: Overhang Roof shading the house.

Figure 7.47

: Ventilation joints “Ridge vent”.

210

Figure 7.48

: Ventilation Joints “Patah” or “Soffit Vent”.

210

Figure 7.49

: Ventilation Panels “Tebar Layar”.

210

Figure 7.50

: Overhang Roof shading the house.

211

Figure 7.51

: Glare control of Rumah En Nazim

211

Figure 7.52

: Lighting level in Rumah En Nazim

211

Figure 7.53

: Protection against exposed sunlight

211

Figure 7.54

: Steep Roof of Rumah En Nazim.

212

Figure 7.55

: Large overhang roof and gutter that protects the house from the rain.

212

Figure 7.56

: Air flow within the interior.

213

.

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209

Figure 7.57

: Steel wired ventilation grills

214

Figure 7.58

: Sisik mati

214

Figure 7.59

: Ventilation grilles and panels in Rumah En Nazim that provides ventilation of air in the house.

214

Figure 7.60

: Voids in walls of Rumah En Nazim at the kitchen area.

214

Figure 7.61

: Full-length Windows of the Anjung space at body-level.

214

Figure 7.62

: Ventilation grilles called Alang at the entrance of the house.

214

Figure 7.63

: Wooden panels to block excessive sunlight to the interior.

215

Figure 7.64

: Wooden panels located at the Beranda to prevent direct exposure of sunlight to the house.

215

Figure 7.65

: Landscape and the random position of houses in the site.

216

Figure 7.66

: Air flow under stilt floor.

217

Figure 7.67

: Stilts of Rumah En Nazim to maximise ventilation on the ground floor.

217

Figure 7.68

: Stilts underneath the Beranda.

217

Figure 7.69

: The high Stilts and “papan cantik” of Rumah En Nazim that protect the house from the water damage.

218

Figure 7.70

: Ornaments called “pisang- pisang” that diverts the flow of rainwater.

218

Figure 7.71

: Details of element used to protect the house from rainwater.

218

Figure 7.72

: West facade of the house showing the extensive use of different types of timber.

219

.

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 8 Figure 8.1

: Chisel set for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood. (“Carving Chisel Set,” n.d.).

221

Figure 8.2

: Axe to shape, split and cut wood. (“Dreamicus,” 2018).

221

Figure 8.3

: Beliung to shape and smoothen rough surfaces timber.

221

Figure 8.4

: Hacksaw to cut the wood.

221

Figure 8.5

: Measurement Unit Comparisons

222

Figure 8.6

: Columns of Rumah Encik Nazim.

224

Figure 8.7

: Tiang Seri.

224

Figure 8.8

: Interior of the ceiling.

227

Figure 8.9

: Meranti wall panels.

227

Figure 8.10

: Beam below the anjung.

230

Figure 8.11

: Beam across the kitchen.

230

Figure 8.12

: Kayu Jati (“Obat Anti Teter,” 2017).

233

Figure 8.13

: Use of Kayu Jati in Rumah En Nazim.

233

Figure 8.14

: Roofing material.

236

Figure 8.15

: Close up of the corrugated asbestos sheet.

236

Figure 8.16

: Ridge capping.

239

Figure 8.17

: Clay Ridge capping close up.

239

Figure 8.18

: Expanded part of the house made from concrete.

242

Figure 8.19

: Concrete footings of the columns.

242

Figure 8.20

: Floor ceramic tiles on the ground floor of Rumah En Nazim.

245

Figure 8.21

: Glazed ceramic wall tiles on the sink area near the bathroom and the toilet on the ground floor.

245

Figure 8.22

: Glazed wall ceramic tiles in the kitchen on the ground floor.

247

Figure 8.23

: Ceramic tiles on the floor of the room near the kitchen on the ground floor.

247

Figure 8.24

: Slate tiles on the floor of the toilet on the ground of Rumah En Nazim.

249

Figure 8.25

: Mosaic tiles on the bathroom hallway of Rumah En Nazim.

252

Figure 8.26

: Mosaic tiles used on the bathroom floor of Rumah En Nazim on the ground floor.

252

Figure 8.27

: Cement Plaster (“Application of Plaster,” n.d.)

255

Figure 8.28

: Oil-based Paint (“Hazardous Waste Warning,” n.d.).

258

Figure 8.29

: Coal-Tar Oil (“allbiz,” 2018).

261

Figure 8.30

: Recycled Motor Oil (“amazon,” 2018).

264

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CHAPTER 9 Figure 9.1

: The Erection of Basic Traditional Malay House Form (Yuan, 1987).

268

Figure 9.2

: Foundation structure.

270

Figure 9.3

: Concrete footing.

271

Figure 9.4

: Columns.

273

Figure 9.5

: Column seen below the anjung.

274

Figure 9.6

: Vertical stress supported by floor joists.

275

Figure 9.7

: Space underneath the Beranda.

275

Figure 9.8

: Floor structure underneath the Beranda.

275

Figure 9.9

: Floor Construction Detail.

276

Figure 9.10

: The use of baji (wedge).

277

Figure 9.11

: The use of baji (wedge).

277

Figure 9.12

: Tanggam skaf.

278

Figure 9.13

: Diagram of Tanggam skaf.

278

Figure 9.14

: Baji.

279

Figure 9.15

: Baji.

279

Figure 9.16

: Construction of lantai jarang.

280

Figure 9.17

: Lantai Jarang.

280

Figure 9.18

: An exterior wall of Rumah Encik Nazim.

281

Figure 9.19

: An interior wall at the serambi.

281

Figure 9.20

: Wall Construction Details.

282

Figure 9.21

: Wall components.

282

Figure 9.22

: Horizontal Plank Walls.

283

Figure 9.23

: Sill Plate of the Wall.

283

Figure 9.24

: Common Studs.

284

Figure 9.25

: Wall Plate.

284

Figure 9.26

: Duri Mengkuang.

285

Figure 9.27

: Papan Kayu.

285

Figure 9.28

: Vertical Plank Walls.

286

Figure 9.29

: The other side of the vertical plank wall.

286

Figure 9.30

: Double flush door of the front entrance.

287

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Figure 9.31

: Double flush door of the master bedroom at the ibu rumah.

288

Figure 9.32

: Door construction details diagram.

289

Figure 9.33

: Door of the front entrance.

289

Figure 9.34

: The use of Tanggam Mortard dan Tenon.

290

Figure 9.35

: The use of Tanggam Mortard dan Tenon.

290

Figure 9.36

: The use of Jambangan Sampingan.

291

Figure 9.37

: Hinge connected to the door jamb.

291

Figure 9.38

: The use of lock rail.

292

Figure 9.39

: Lock rail found on Rumah Encik Nazim’s door.

292

Figure 9.40

: Windows in Rumah Encik Nazim.

293

Figure 9.41

: Sisik Mati on windows of Rumah Encik Nazim.

293

Figure 9.42

: Window Construction Details.

294

Figure 9.43

: Window components.

294

Figure 9.44

: Sisik Mati.

295

Figure 9.45

: Use of sisik mati in Rumah Encik Nazim.

295

Figure 9.46

: Floor plan of Rumah Encik Nazim.

296

Figure 9.47

: Beranda Concrete Stairs.

297

Figure 9.48

: Staircase in kitchen.

298

Figure 9.49

: S2 Staircase components.

299

Figure 9.50

: Staircase at the serambi.

299

Figure 9.51

: S2 Staircase Construction Details.

299

Figure 9.52

: Stair gauge framing (Caroll, n.d.).

300

Figure 9.53

: The use of nails on risers to stringer.

301

Figure 9.54

: Stairs open stringer.

301

Figure 9.55

: Tanggam mortard dan tenon.

302

Figure 9.56

: Balusters on tread.

302

Figure 9.57

: Newel cap highlighted in red.

302

Figure 9.58

: Handrail fixed into newel through tanggam mortard dan tenon.

302

Figure 9.59

: S3 Staircase components.

303

Figure 9.60

: Ceramic clad concrete flight.

303

Figure 9.61

: S3 Staircase Construction Details.

303

Figure 9.62

: Tanggam lekap palang.

304

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Figure 9.63

: Balusters attached to midrail.

304

Figure 9.64

: Mortises on newel post.

304

Figure 9.65

: Newel post in the kitchen.

304

Figure 9.66

: Tanggam mortard dan tenon.

305

Figure 9.67

: Wooden cords through the skirt.

305

Figure 9.68

: Roof structure of the house.

306

Figure 9.69

: One of the few roof structure of the house.

306

Figure 9.70

: Roof Construction Details of Rumah Encik Nazim.

307

Figure 9.71

: Tanggam Sambung Jari.

310

Figure 9.72

: Sambung Jari joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

310

Figure 9.73

: Tanggam Paruh Burung.

311

Figure 9.74

: Paruh Burung joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

311

Figure 9.75

: Tanggam Lekap Penjuru Rencong.

312

Figure 9.76

: Lekap Penjuru Rencong joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

312

Figure 9.77

: Tanggam Lekap Palang.

313

Figure 9.78

: Lekap Palang joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

313

Figure 9.79

: Tanggam Sambung Lekap.

314

Figure 9.80

: Sambung Lekap joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

314

Figure 9.81

: Tanggam Puting.

315

Figure 9.82

: Puting joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

315

Figure 9.83

: Kasau Lintang.

316

Figure 9.84

: Kasau Lintang in Rumah Encik Nazim.

316

Figure 9.85

: Air vents above the walls at the ibu rumah.

317

Figure 9.86

: Air Vent Construction Details.

317

Figure 9.87

: Tenons of louvres.

318

Figure 9.88

: Mortises on frame.

318

Figure 9.89

: Tenons of louvres.

318

Figure 9.90

: Mortises on frame.

318

Figure 9.91

: Ornamentation Construction Details.

319

Figure 9.92

: Screening at the beranda.

319

Figure 9.93

: Screening at the side entrance.

319

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 10 Figure 10.1

: Concrete wall crack where the wall meet the column.

322

Figure 10.2

: The cracking of wood in the column and the pisang pisang.

323

Figure 10.3

: Rusting iron bar of adjustable louvered windows of Rumah Encik Nazim where the surface appears rust layers.

324

Figure 10.4

: Rusting iron connector at the column of Rumah Encik Nazim where the surface appears to be uneven with brown spots.

325

Figure 10.5

: Growth of mosses on the exterior wall of Rumah Encik Nazim where its paint is peeled.

326

Figure 10.6

: Growth of mosses on the column footing of Rumah Encik Nazim where porous concrete surface is exposed.

327

Figure 10.7

: Holes or deterioration caused by infestation of termites found on Beranda’s timber panels of Rumah Encik Nazim.

328

Figure 10.8

: Holes or deterioration caused by infestation of termites found on Beranda’s timber panels of Rumah Encik Nazim.

329

Figure 10.9

: Leakage of corrosive fertilizer corrodes timber surface.

330

Figure 10.10

: Degradation of concrete that is exposed to the environment.

331

Figure 10.11

: Degradation of concrete can be seen under the interior shutter inside the lower ground storage room.

332

Figure 10.12

: Holes on the asbestos roof sheet as the roof defect.

333

Figure 10.13

: Peeled paint can be seen on the wooden roof fascia surface.

335

Figure 10.14

: Hand railings at the Beranda experiencing the same defect of peeling paint called flaking.

336

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii

ABSTRACT

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

iv - xxiv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1.0

xxv - xxxiii

INTRODUCTION

1.1

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

2

1.2

LEARNING OUTCOMES

3

1.3

LIMITATIONS

4

CHAPTER 2.0

METHODOLOGY

2.1

EQUIPMENTS

6-8

2.2

JOB DISTRIBUTIONS

9 - 11

2.3

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

2.4

RESEARCH

16

2.5

INTERVIEW

17

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12 - 15

CHAPTER 3.0 3.1

3.2

3.3.

3.4

HISTORY INTRODUCTION TO KEDAH

19

3.1.1

ORIGIN OF KEDAH

20

3.1.2

HISTORY OF KEDAH

21 - 23

3.1.3

SULTANATE OF KEDAH

24 - 26

3.1.4

SOCIAL ECONOMY

27 - 28

INTRODUCTION TO ALOR SETAR

29 - 30

3.2.1

ORIGIN OF ALOR SETAR

3.2.2

TIMELINE OF ALOR SETAR

KAMPUNG PANTAI JOHOR 3.3.1

HISTORY OF KAMPUNG PANTAI JOHOR

3.3.2

DEMOGRAPHIC

31 32 - 33 34 35 - 37 38

RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

39

3.4.1

HISTORY OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

40

3.4.2

TIMELINE OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

41

3.4.3

LOCATION OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

42

3.4.4

ENCIK NAZIM’S BACKGROUND

3.4.5

ENCIK NAZIM’S FAMILY STRUCTURE

45

3.4.6

ENCIK NAZIM’S FAMILY BACKGROUND

46

3.4.7

BUILDER’S GENERATION

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43 - 44

47 - 48

CHAPTER 4.0 4.1

4.2

4.3.

4.4 4.5

SITE ANALYSIS SITE

50

4.1.1

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF KEDAH

50

4.1.2

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ALOR SETAR

51

4.1.3

COMPARISON BETWEEN ALOR SETAR AND SUNGAI PETANI

52

4.1.4

SITE LOCATION

53

4.1.5

LOCATION PLAN

54

4.1.6

SITE BOUNDARY

55

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT

56

4.2.1

TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITION

56

4.2.2

ZONING

57

4.2.3

SURROUNDING EXISTING BUILDINGS

58

4.2.4

IMPORTANT BUILDINGS

59 - 63

4.2.5

LANDSCAPE

64 - 71

4.2.6

UTILITIES

72

CIRCULATION

73

4.3.1

SITE CIRCULATION

73

4.3.2

NEIGHBOURHOOD CIRCULATION

74

4.3.3

OPTIMUM SITE ACCESS PATHWAY

75

4.3.4

VEHICULAR MOVEMENT PATTERNS

76

SENSORY

77

4.4.1

77

VIEWS AND VISTAS

CLIMATE

78

4.5.1

TEMPERATURE VARIATION

78

4.5.2

RAINFALL VARIATION

78

4.5.3

PREVAILING WIND DIRECTIONS

79

4.5.4

SUN PATH

80

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CHAPTER 5.0

CULTURE

5.1

CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF KEDAH

82

5.2

INTRODUCTION TO MALAY FAMILY CULTURE

83

5.2.1

DAILY ACTIVITIES OF OCCUPANTS

84

5.2.2

THE ROLES IN A HOUSEHOLD

85

5.2.3

CHILD REARING TECHNIQUES

86 - 87

5.2.4

CELEBRATIONS

88 - 89

5.2.5

ENTERTAINMENT

90 - 92

5.3

CULTURE IN A MALAY TRADITIONAL HOUSE

93

5.3.1

HUMAN SPATIAL ACTIVITIES

5.3.2

RELEVANCE OF CULTURE TO SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

100 - 106

5.3.3

RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS

107 - 110

5.3.4

RITUALS AND CUSTOMS

111 - 114

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93 - 99

CHAPTER 6.0 6.1

6.2

6.3

ARCHITECTURE KEDAH’S ARCHITECTURE

115

6.1.1

INTRODUCTION TO KEDAH’S ARCHITECTURE

115

6.1.2

EVOLUTION OF KEDAH’S ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN CONCEPT AND STYLE

116 - 119 120

6.2.1

DESIGN CONCEPT

121 - 123

6.2.2

TRADITIONAL MALAY ARCHITECTURE

124 - 126

6.2.3

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

127 - 128

6.2.4

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

129 - 130

6.2.5

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

131 - 132

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND FEATURES

133

6.3.1

COLUMN

133 - 135

6.3.2

FLOOR

136 - 139

6.3.3

WALL

140 - 141

6.3.4

WINDOW

142 - 152

6.3.5

DOOR

153 - 157

6.3.6

STAIRCASE

158 - 159

6.3.7

ROOF

160 - 164

6.3.8

ORNAMENT

165 - 167

6.3.9

FURNITURE

168 - 171

6.4

SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

172 - 177

6.5

COMPARISON WITH RUMAH TOK SU

178 - 182

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CHAPTER 7.0

DIAGRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS

7.1

TYPOLOGY

184 - 186

7.2

FORM AND SPACE

187

7.2.1

MASSING

188

7.2.2

ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE

7.2.3

FACADE

189 - 190 191

7.3

REPETITION

192 - 193

7.4

SOLID AND VOID

194 - 195

7.5

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

196 - 197

7.6

7.7

7.5.1

LINEAR ORGANIZATION

7.5.2

HIERARCHY

7.5.3

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP

198 199 - 200 201

CIRCULATION

202

7.6.1

ENTRANCES

202

7.6.2

PATH CONFIGURATION

203

7.6.3

FORM OF CIRCULATION SPACE

204

7.6.4

PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIP

205

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN RESPONSE

206 - 207

7.7.1

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

7.7.2

ROOF DESIGN

209 - 212

7.7.3

FENESTRATION DESIGN

213 - 216

7.7.4

STILTS DESIGN

217 - 219

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208

CHAPTER 8.0

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

8.1

CONSTRUCTION TOOLS

8.2

TRADITIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

8.3

TYPES OF MATERIALS

222 - 223 224

8.3.1

CHENGAL

224 - 226

8.3.2

MERANTI

227 - 229

8.3.3

JATI

230 - 232

8.3.4

MERBAU

233 - 235

8.3.5

CORRUGATED ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS

236 - 238

8.3.6

CLAY ROOF

239 - 241

8.3.7

CONCRETE

242 - 244

8.3.8

CERAMIC TILES

245 - 248

8.3.9

SLATE TILES

249 - 251

8.3.10 MOSAIC TILES 8.4

221

MATERIAL PRESERVATION

252 - 254 255

8.4.1

CEMENT PLASTER

255 - 257

8.4.2

OIL BASED PAINT

258 - 260

8.4.3

COAL-TAR OIL

261 - 263

8.4.4

RECYCLED MOTOR OIL

264 - 266

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CHAPTER 9.0

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

9.1

OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

268 - 269

9.2

FOUNDATION

270 - 272

9.2

COLUMN

273 - 274

9.3

FLOOR SYSTEM

275 - 280

9.4

WALL

281 - 286

9.5

DOOR

287 - 292

9.6

WINDOW

293 - 295

9.7

STAIRCASE

298 - 305

9.8

ROOF SYSTEMS

306 - 316

9.9

VENTILATION

317 - 318

9.10

GATEWAY

319 - 320

CHAPTER 10.0 DILAPIDATION AND DEFECTS 10.1

CRACKS

322 - 323

10.2

RUST

324 - 325

10.3

MOSS AND FUNGI GROWTH

325 - 327

10.4

TERMITE INFESTATION

328 - 329

10.5

CORROSION

10.6

DEGRADATION

331 - 332

10.7

ROOF DEFECTS

333 - 334

10.8

PEELING PAINT

335 - 336

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330

CHAPTER 11.0 CONCLUSION DRAWINGS PHOTOBOOK GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

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337

Add picture CHAPTER 1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.2

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.3

LIMITATIONS

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1.1

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to measure, document, draw and model a traditional house owned by Encik Nazim located in Kampung Pantai Johor, Alor Setar, Kedah.

This module, Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawing (ARC 60305) requires us as a group to measure Rumah Encik Nazim on site in Kedah as fieldwork. In addition, we were also tasked with documenting the features and significance of the house in a report format. The report encompasses the history, culture, architecture and construction of the house in detailed along with diagrammatic explanations, photographic evidence and research. In-depth analysis is also included in the report to give us an insight and understanding of the house.

Another part that is required in the project is a full set of scaled architectural drawings, such as site plan, floor plans, elevations and sections. Details of every element of the house are also well documented to precision. The drawings assist in the making of a scaled model of Rumah Encik Nazim.

2 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

1.2

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Throughout the duration of this project, we have learned how to measure a building with precision, and transferring the dimensions onto two dimensional drawings. Along with measuring on site, we have learned to take note of significant features and record them down for reference.

We have prepared an initial research prior to the site visit, and that helped us to have an idea of what to look forward to in Kedah. As soon as we were able to examine the house, we proceeded straight to breaking down the elements of the house and categorizing them into categories that we can easily distinguish and label.

We were briefed on the methods of measuring a building and the most efficient way to do so, enabling us to complete the objective of measuring the house in Kedah within the given time.

Job

distributions were implemented to ensure a smooth and efficient transfer of data between each sub group.

3 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

1.3

LIMITATIONS

Encik Nazim’s house had been repainted, renovated and

Another challenge that we encountered during the

repaired over the years. The house does not have detailed

measuring of the house was some portions of the house

documented record, hence information was primarily obtained

were hidden beneath the floorboards and above ceilings,

verbally from the owner himself Encik Nazim, and the

hence not accessible for measuring. We suspect that

surrounding locals. The exact date of when the house was built

some joints are hidden inside those spaces and we were

is approximated, as well as the full names of the architect and

unable to retrieve the dimensions for those.

builders. We had to piece together information obtained from multiple sources regarding the house.

Lastly, some parts of the house that we measured are broken off or chipped as the damages inflicted to the

Due to the old status of the house, it was not safe to venture into

house due to wear and tear. Over the years, the house

some areas to measure, specifically the attic and roof. The wood

has aged and it is not in its original state of form.

used for the ceiling frames were not strong enough to support

Therefore, the measurements obtained were based on its

human weight. Moreover, the attic space was very tight due to

current form inclusive of its defects and dilapidations.

the roof being quite low, which does not provide much headspace to measure, let alone explore. The same applies to the top of the roof as it is not stable for measurements to be taken from, we had to work with what we can observe from the interiors of the house.

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CHAPTER 2.0

METHODOLOGY

2.1

EQUIPMENTS

2.2

JOB DISTRIBUTIONS

2.3

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

2.4

RESEARCH

2.5

INTERVIEW

5 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

2.1

EQUIPMENTS

30 METER LONG TAPE The 30-meter long tape was used to measure the border and boundary of the house. It was more suitable than the shorter measuring tape as it covers more distance.

Figure 2.1 : 30 meter long tape.

7.5 METER MEASURING TAPE The 7.5-meter measuring tape was used to measure the majority of the house, such as columns, beams, doors and everything of medium distance. It is very easy to use, fast and reliable when it comes to quick measurements.

Figure 2.2 : 7.5 meter measuring tape.

6 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

2 METER SOFT TAPE MEASURE The 2-meter soft tape measure comes in handy when measuring curved surfaces or cylindrical objects such as balusters. It would wrap around the balusters to obtain the circumference.

Figure 2.3 : 2 meter soft tape measure.

DIGITAL LASER MEASURING TOOL Digital laser measuring tool was used to obtain measurements where it was not easily accessible or too far to reach. It obtains dimensions with accuracy in those situations.

Figure 2.4 : DIgital laser measuring tool.

7 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

SPIRIT LEVEL A spirit level was used to measure the angles found inside and outside the house. The spirit level comes together with the digital laser measuring tool as a pair. When the two tools are combined and used together, all angles of incline were obtainable.

Figure 2.5 : Spirit level.

EXTENDED LADDER The extended ladder came to our aid when it came to measuring parts of the house that were too high up and unreachable from ground level. It also was used to measure the ceilings inside the house, especially the double volume height in the kitchen.

Figure 2.6 : Extended ladder.

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2.2

JOB DISTRIBUTION

As a group, we were split into three subgroups dealing with report, drawings and model. However, these subgroups only took effect after the site visit to Kedah. Prior to that, everyone was involved with research for general information about Kedah.

During the site visit, measuring teams were also created determining each person’s role in measuring the given building.

We divided up the house into categories such as doors, windows, roof, interior and exterior walls. Each group is responsible for measuring and recording the dimensions down for translation into drawings.

After we were done with measuring, the initial subgroup that we created came into effect. Majority was focused on the technical report, while a small group were tasked with modeling the house in Revit and producing architectural drawings.

Finally, while the final touches are being done to the report and drawings, a large group was tasked with laser cutting and assembling the physical model of the house.

9 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

ON SITE MEASURING GROUP

A

TASK

-

MEMBERS

Plan (Interior Spaces) Interior Walls, Columns and Stairs

-

Haney Chifundo Nabil Sue Ling Rihana Chevally Heen Nang Yow Hue Zhi Kang Rosella

B

-

Roof (truss, rafters)

-

C

-

Exterior walls and staircase Exterior columns, joists and beams

-

Rui Bo Rahma Harris Afiq

D

-

Door details Ornaments Railings

-

Chin Werng Han Joo Ben

E

-

Window details Air Vents

-

Roy Jin Liang Wen Han

Figure 2.7 : On site measurement teams.

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MAIN GROUP

MEMBERS

REPORT

-

Zhi Kang Rihana Han Joo Sue Ling Harris Afiq Chevally Nabil

REVIT DRAWINGS

-

Rui Bo Chin Werng Wen Han Roy Jin Liang Yow Hue

MODEL

-

Haney Chifundo Rosella Rahma Benjamin Heen nang Chin Werng

Figure 2.8 : Main job distributions of assignment.

11 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

2.3

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

As a group, we were all assigned into smaller groups that focus on specific parts of the house. We followed the traditional method of measuring which is by using our individual measuring tapes and sketching down the measurements. We were all briefed beforehand on the techniques in measuring a building. We separated everyone into elements of the house, such as exterior walls, interior spaces, roof and details. Each team had at least one member who was in the Revit team, making it easier for them when transferring the dimensions from sketches into modeling it in 3D. For, the interior team, they had to work around the furnitures that exist in the house currently. In certain circumstances they had to move some of the furniture in order to measure before arranging them back in their original state.

In the case for the roof team, they utilized the extended ladder and took extra precautions when dealing with heights. They measured both exterior and interior of the roof. The interior of the roof which is the attic is a very tight space and restricted them from measuring it in detail.

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After subgroups were created for the measuring of Encik Nazim’s house, we came up with steps to follow during the site visit.

1.

The first step was to explore the house and understand how it works. Everyone was instructed to walk around and observe parts of the house that was considered significant. This was crucial for the analysis in the body of this report.

Figure 2.9 : Taking note of significant parts

2.

The second step is to sketch and draw significant parts of the house for the ease of recording dimensions. The sketches were kept simple and understandable for Revit team’s reference.

Figure 2.10 : Sketching on site

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3.

Before measuring the house, a measurement of the boundary of the house was conducted. To determine the location of the house on the site plan, we measured the distance of the house from the cornerstone to the corner of the house and the angle was recorded to determine the building orientation of Rumah Encik Nazim within its site boundary. Repeated measurements were taken to ensure the accuracy of data collected.

Figure 2.11 : Measuring the site boundary of the house

4.

The next step is to start measuring the house itself. When measuring the interior spaces, we started from one corner of a room and worked in a clockwise manner. We took note of the heights of doors and windows. We also made sure to obtain an overall length of the walls as well as the shorter lengths. Adding up the shorter lengths would have matched up with the overall length. When measuring the exterior facade, we started with one side of the house and worked clockwise from there. Measuring the roof required access into the attic and obtaining the dimensions of the rafters and trusses.

Figure 2.12 : Measuring height of light bulb

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5.

After we were done with measuring, we took photos of what we measured for documentation. This helped with the analysis portion of the report. The photos will serve as evidence and appendix at the back of this report.

Figure 2.13 : Measuring exterior wall.

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2.4

RESEARCH

Prior to the site visit in Kedah, we had started our research on

While we were in Kedah, we managed to gain more insight

traditional malay houses in Malaysia. As a group, we delegated

about the place and the house we are measuring. With this,

the work amongst ourselves to research chapters that we

we managed to extend our research by narrowing facts we

intend to put in the report. We were limited with just

obtained prior to the site visit. During the day, we would be

researching broad and general scopes about our topic due to

busy on site measuring the house. After a day of measuring,

not having visited the site yet. Hence, most of the info we

we would retreat to the hotel and have a discussion about

gathered were just general knowledge on Kedah and malay

the day’s progress while continuing our research for the

traditional houses.

report.

We separated the research into a few chapters, such as

During our visit, we met up with many important people that

culture, history and architecture. Our sources come from

were crucial to understanding the house we were measuring.

libraries and online articles. We compiled as much information

The owner, Encik Nazim bin Hassan, was very helpful in

as possible to get a better understanding about Kedah and its

explaining about the house, having grown up there. He was

unique traditional malay houses. This would prepare and equip

very kind to answer all our questions that we prepared before

us with basic knowledge for our site visit to Kedah.

the trip. The interview went smoothly and we managed to obtain valuable informations regarding the house.

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2.5

INTERVIEW

For primary research, we managed to interview three people who were significant to the house. The first interviewee is the owner himself, Encik Mohamed Nazim bin Hassan. The second person is the builder’s grandson, Encik Abdul Rahman bin Ahmad Bashah. The last interviewee is the previous head of village for that neighbourhood, Tuan Syed Ali bin Ahmad Adil. The interviews were conducted in Bahasa Malaysia to accommodate the interviewees. They were very cooperative and kind to answer all our questions.

We prepared a set of questions before the site visit, dividing them into chapters. The chapters include history, culture, site context, architecture and building materials. Some questions were asked twice to two different interviewees in order to obtain more information as well as multiple perspectives.

The answers obtained were in Bahasa Malaysia, therefore required translations into English for the sake of the report. The information obtained were translated carefully so that the original meaning was not lost. A full transcript can be found at the back of this report.

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CHAPTER 3.0 3.1

3.2

3.3.

3.4

HISTORY INTRODUCTION TO KEDAH 3.1.1

ORIGIN OF KEDAH

3.1.2

HISTORY OF KEDAH

3.1.3

SULTANATE OF KEDAH

3.1.4

SOCIAL ECONOMY

INTRODUCTION TO ALOR SETAR 3.2.1

ORIGIN OF ALOR SETAR

3.2.2

TIMELINE OF ALOR SETAR

KAMPUNG PANTAI JOHOR 3.3.1

HISTORY OF KAMPUNG PANTAI JOHOR

3.3.2

DEMOGRAPHIC

RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM 3.4.1

HISTORY OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

3.4.2

TIMELINE OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

3.4.3

LOCATION OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

3.4.4

ENCIK NAZIM’S BACKGROUND

3.4.5

ENCIK NAZIM’S FAMILY STRUCTURE

3.4.6

ENCIK NAZIM’S FAMILY BACKGROUND

3.4.7

BUILDER’S GENERATION

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3.1

INTRODUCTION TO KEDAH

Kedah is known as one of the oldest civilisations in the Peninsular Malaysia, producing half of the countries’ agriculture products ranging from paddy rice, rubber and oil palms. (“Kedah,” n.d.).

Used to be known as one the most famous trading port in Asia back in the old days. Kedah shifted its economic focus to agriculture, from here the availability of rivers and fertile soils enabled locals to use farming as a source of income.

Located in the Northwestern side of Peninsular Malaysia, known as the “rice bowl of Malaysia” to many Malaysian. Kedah

Figure 3.1 : Flag of Kedah, Malaysia (“flag of Kedah”, 2014).

introduces a wide range of rice cultural traditions and comes from a long history dating back to the common eras.

Figure 3.2 : Paddy Field of Kedah.

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3.1.1 ORIGIN OF KEDAH The name Kedah originates far back in time where there are two other famous reference materials namely ‘Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa’ written after 1643 and 'Al tarikh’ of the Kedah State genealogy in 1927. Information on early history of Kedah can be derived from Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit and Chinese elements.

Sanskrit writings refer to Kedah as "Kataha" or "Kadara" and Tamil writings as "Kadaram" or "Kalagam". (Tang, 2017) "Kadaram" means a large pan and "Kaliru" means black.

Figure 3.3 : Ancient Writings of Sanskrit (Sabrizain, 2013).

According to Wilkinson the name of Kedah is derived from the "Kheddah" which means an elephant trap. There is also an opinion stating that the name of Kedah is derived from Arabic literature. "Kedah" which means legged glass. In the olden days there were many Arab merchants who were selling their legged glasses there. They often shout the word "Kedah" to attract traders to their merchandise. From the writings of Chinese merchants and their shipping chronicles, there are Kedah references in various terms. Similarly, elements of Siam and Java also mention Kedah with its own style.

Figure 3.4 : Ancient artifact from Kedah (“Kedah Sultanate,” n.d.).

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3.1.2 HISTORY OF KEDAH The history of Kedah dates back to 170 common eras during ancient times. Kedah was founded by a group of Hindu refugees and natives when they landed on the shores of Langkasuka. (“History of Kedah,� n.d.). Back then, ancient Kedah went by the name of Langkasuka where Cham refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia formed a community and started the kingdom of Langkasuka.

In the year 650 CE, defeat in battle forced Maharaja Derbar Raja

Figure 3.5 : Ancient ruin of Bujang Valley (Balakrishnan, 2017).

from Gemeron of Persia to sail for Sri Lanka when he was taken off course by a storm and landed on the shores of Kuala Sungai Qilah instead. Upon arrival, he was greeted by the natives. After some time on the island, the natives regarded Maharaja Derbar Raja as a valiant and intelligent person. Because of this, they appointed him as the first king of Kedah in the year 634 CE. Since then, Kedah began under the rule of the Persian royalty.

Figure 3.6 : The seafaring ship of Maharaja Derbar Raja (Lowe, 2005). .

21 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

During the 5th century, the construction of the Bujang Valley harbor marked the establishment of Kedah. Bujang Valley, located in central Kedah was frequently visited by the Indians, Persians, Arabs and Chinese traders. (“My Kedah History,” n,d.).

Because of its strategic harbor location, Kedah developed into a promising and attractive place for traders and merchants. It also served as a navigational landmark for ships passing through the Malacca trading port

straits Malacca. Because of this, Kedah was largely influenced by surrounding countries that brought upon cultural influences

Bujang Valley trading port

to Kedah. Furthermore, religions such as Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism were introduced to the area.

Alor Setar trading Port

Figure 3.8 : Trading sea route and ports of Asia

The Bujang Valley Port’s accessibility established it as a economically and geographically crucial location to the holistic economical health of Kedah as it is conducive for both trade and temporary lodging. When the commercial hub was relocated to the more secluded Alor Setar port after the fall of Bujang Valley port, it’s economic performance suffered as it became superseded by the Figure 3.7 : Drawing on arrival of traders to Bujang Valley (“Port in Bujang Valley,” 2015).

Malacca port which is more accessible and therefore attracted more merchants.

22 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

The rise to prominence accompanying the rapid development of Bujang Valley established it as a prime target for invasion by multiple foreign nations. It eventually fell to the Srivijaya Empire of the Sumatran Kingdom which held power from the 7th to the 8th century. The Srivijaya Empire’s widespread political and economic dominance attracted a slew of Arabic and Islamic traders to the land of Kedah therefore propelling it further towards continental prominence attributed to its economic boom.

Kedah’s

prosperity

under

the

Srivijaya

Empire’s

dominance drew the Cholas’ attention, ensuing a power struggle culminating in the Cholas’ victory and subsequent rule of the

Figure 3.9 : Invasion of Siamese Kingdom. .

(Zain, n.d.).

state until their withdrawal in 1088.

This marked the commencement of The Sultanate of Kedah in

The fall of the Malacca Sultanate to Portuguese invading

1136 after the conversion of Hinduism to Islam by the ninth Raja

forces relinquished its grip on Kedah, thus resulting in

of Kedah, Maharaja Phra Ong Mahawangsa, who henceforth

Portuguese rule over both Malacca and Kedah. (“Malacca

adopted the name Sultan Mudzafar Shah. However, the reign of

Sultanate,” n.d.). Subsequent changes of power ensued

the Sultanate of Kedah was truncated by the invasion of the

as the Thai Kingdom wrested Kedah from the Portuguese

Siamese and their subsequent dominance until its reclamation by

in 1821 before cessation of sovereignty to the British in

the Malay Sultanate in Malacca which rose to power during the

1909,

15th Century. This led to the establishment of Islam in Kedah

independence.

which

remained

status

quo

until

Malaya’s

under the influence of Malacca.

23 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

3.1.3 SULTANATE OF KEDAH It is believed that the Sultanate of Kedah is the oldest sultanate

To this day, the late Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah

in Malaysia as well as the oldest sultanate in the world. (“Kedah

was the 28th Sultan of Kedah after succeeding his father,

Sultanate,” n.d.). The Kedah Sultanate began in 634 started by

Badlishah Sultan in 1958. The late

Durbar King from Persia. He ruled Kuala Sungai Qilah (Kedah)

Mu’adzam Shah ruled Kedah for 59 years. The longest

with its capital, Langkasuka until 1136. His heir, Durbar Raja II,

reign of Sultan of Kedah was Sultan Muhammad Jiwa

also known as Phra Ong Mahawangsa in official records, rose

Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah who ruled for 68 years from

to the crown and established the Sultanate of Kedah upon his

1710 to 1778. Tan Sri Tunku Sallehuddin Sultan Badlishah,

conversion to Islam under the influence of a Muslim scholar

is the 29th Sultan of Kedah replacing the late Sultan Abdul

from Yemen, Sheikh Abdullah Jaafar Quamiri, officially

Halim Mu'adzam Shah. He is the ninth of the 14 sons and

adopting the title of Sultan Mudzafar Shah. He held power

daughters of Sultan Badlishah Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim

from 1136 to 1179 before being succeeded by Sultan

Shah who ruled Kedah from 1943 to 1958.

Sultan Abdul Halim

Mu'adzam Shah (1179-1201) and subsequently Sultan Muhammad Shah (1201-1236).

The late Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah became the 28th Sultan of Kedah after succeeding his father, Badlishah Sultan in 1958 and ruled Kedah for 59 years before being succeeded by the present monarch, Sultan Tan Sri Tunku Sallehuddin Sultan Badlisha. The longest reign by a Sultan of Kedah was Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah who ruled for 68 years from 1710 to 1778.

Figure 3.10: Photo of Tan Sri Tunku Sallehuddin Sultan Badlishah (“Tunku Sallehuddin,” 2018).

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The following states of genealogy of the sultanate: 1- Sultan al-Mudzaffar Shah I (1136-1179)

16- Sultan Ataullah Muhammad Shah II (1687-1687)

2- Sultan Mu‘adzam Shah (1179-1201)

17- Sultan Abdullah al-Mu‘adzam Shah I (1698-1706)

3- Sultan Muhammad Shah (1204-1236)

18- Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I. [treasurer as the Regent of the Sultan ] (1706-1709)

4- Sultan Mazzil Shah (1236-1280) 5- Sultan Mahmud Shah I (1280-1321)

19- Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Azilin Mu‘adzam Shah II (1710-1778)

6- Sultan Ibrahim Shah (1321-1373)

20- Sultan Abdullah Mukarran Shah II (1778-1797)

7- Sultan Sulaiman Shah I (1373-1422)

21- Sultan Dziauddin (1797-1803)

8- Sultan Ataullah Muhammad Shah I (1422-1472)

22- Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II (1803-1843)

9- Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Azilin I (1472-1506)

23- Sultan Zainal Rashid al-Mu‘adzam Shah (1843-1854)

10- Sultan Mahmud Shah II (1506-1546)

24- Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah (1854-1879)

11- Sultan Mudzaffar Shah II (1546-1602)

25- Sultan Zainal Rashid al-Mu‘adzam Shah (1879-1881)

12- Sultan Sulaiman Shah II (1602-1625)

26- Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1881-1943)

13- Sultan Rijaluddin Muhammad Shah (1625-1651)

27- Sultan Badlishah (1943-1958)

14- Sultan Muhyiddin Mansor Shah (1651-1661)

28- Sultan Abdul Halim Mu‘adzam Shah (1958-2017)

15- Sultan Dziauddin Mukarram Shah (1661-1687)

29-Sultan Sallehudin (2017- present)

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This structure follows the guide of four manuscripts “kanun”

The Pembesar

namely Undang-Undang Pelabuhan 1650, Kanun Tambera

different regions of Kedah -granted by Sultan to use

Dato’ Paduka Tuan, Hukum Kanun Dato’ Kota Star and

different systems in running the administration. In 1905,

kanun on palace. In the hierarchy, the Sultan, who sits

local

on top, is assisted by Pembesar Tradisional. After the

pembesar jajahan and pegawai negeri, granting them the

Sultan, Raja Muda follows; his role akin to a vice president

Sultan’s mandate to utilize different systems in running the

and holds responsibility for the administration directly under

administration. As of current, Kedah’s monarchy goes

the Sultan.The Pembesar Tradisional breaks up to the roles

by the practice of System of Parliamentary Democracy

of treasurer, pembesar empat, pembesar lapan, pembesar

that is led by a Constitutional Monarch, His Highness

enam

the Sultan, who is at the same time, the head of

belas

and

pahlawan hulubalang. (“Melaka’s

Daerah

government

monitors the administration in

was modernized, introducing roles of

Glory,” n.d.). The pembesar empat holds the most power

state.

amongst them; comprises

(domestic

citizens’ symbol of loyalty and source of unity. This

affairs), laksamana (security inwater territory), penghulu

monarchy is often celebrated by the community as seen in

bendahari (financial affairs) and syahbandar (security of

the streets through decorations and banners as well as in

harbour).They were considered the central administration.As

their culture.

the

political

institutions

of

temenggung

developed,

roles

such

His Highness becomes the main focus and the

as

treasurer, minister and temenggung were dismissed.

26 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

3.1.4 SOCIAL ECONOMY Before the destruction of Bujang Valley port, its strategic location/accessibility

of

the

attracted

slews

of

foreign

merchants whose proliferate trading established Kedah as a commercial hotbed. Upon its destruction, the Kedahans’ relocation of their trading posts to the secluded Alor Setar ports failed to replicate the precedent commercial success due to geographic inconvenience, thus forcing a change in their niche from trading to agriculture.The change was followed by the transfer of administrative centre from the Muda Merbuk district to Alor Setar, under the reign of Sultan Mohammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II. Figure 3.11: Pie chart above shows the percentage of different ethnics in 1980s

During 1910, rice land colonization became prevalent as a result of political decision-making by a committee of individual entrepreneurs and wealthy entrepreneurs. Development of the rural areas due to the expansion of Kedah’s administrative

Also, during the late 1960s, establishment of muda irrigation

system resulted in the development of irrigation network as well

scheme generated the double cropping of paddy system and

as improvement of

had successfully increased the output of rice production by

road utilities. Therefore allowing the

optimization of paddy plantations and rice production.

50 %.

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In the 20th century, British colonizers brought in multi-layered ethnic groups to Kedah.

Figure 3.12: Chinese as labourers, merchants and miners (“History,� n.d.).

The Chinese were brought in as labourers, merchants, planters and miners. The Indians were assigned as workforce especially on rubber estates and the malays were asked to work as farmers and stayed in their villages. Thus most traditional Malay houses in Kedah were found around the paddy field areas as the rural Malay farmers from that era needed to be protected from economic and cultural change for the benefits of the colony. Most of the lower class Malays were asked to stay in their villages and work as farmers.

Figure 3.13: Indian worked as workforce on rubber state (Balakrishnan, 2017).

Figure 3.14: Malay worked as farmers around their villages (Mujab, 2014).

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

28

3.2

INTRODUCTION TO ALOR SETAR

Alor Setar is the capital of Kedah, boasting an older history than Washington DC, the largest city in the capital of the United States. It is the 8th Administrative State Center of Sultanate of Kedah and the Administrative District of Setar City in City Muadzam Shah and City of Anak Bukit. Situated in the north-western part of Peninsular Malaysia and bordered by Kubung Pasu, Pokok Sena and Pendang, it is surrounded by important river systems such as the Kedah River, Langgar River, Tajar River, River Anak Bukit, River Alor Malai and Alor Merah.

Alor Setar was formerly known as Kota Setar and founded on 31st December in 1735 by Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'azzam Shah II, the 19th Sultan of Kedah. (“Evolusi 268 tahun Alor Setar,” n.d.). Alor Setar had

Figure 3.15: An old image of Alor Setar (“Alor Setar History,” n.d.).

been abandoned for a long time after it was destroyed by the Bugis army in 1770 and Siamese army in 1821.

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Besides being the administrative city, Alor Setar was established as an agricultural city due to its strategic location surrounded by the river systems and was once the port for trading vessels for traders that sailed along the Kedah River through Kuala Kedah and the Straits of Melaka. (De Koninck, 2018).

Afterwards, The Limbung Kapal, a place to build and repair ships and barges and the name remains until now, while the Chinese and Malay towns near Tanjung Chali on the banks of the Kedah River

Figure 3.16: Trading activity at Pekan Rabu Tanjung Chali (“Trading Activity,” n.d.).

are the original town of Alor Setar. What was once a trading port became one of Malaysia’s most dominant agricultural hub and remained as the main source of rice production in Malaysia.

Figure 3.17: Pekan Rabu Tanjung Chali (“pekanrabu,” n.d.).

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3.2.1 ORIGIN OF THE ALOR SETAR

The name is believed to have originated from the Malay words 'alor' which means river channel and 'setar',which was derived from a tree called 'pohon setar' that grew along the banks of the river by the settlement of Alor Setar.

In old days visitors travelling by boat to Alor Setar would rest

Figure 3.18: Alor Setar River (Tan, 2015).

under these trees along the riverbanks,thus being christened as Alor Setar thereafter.

In 2009 the Kedah Government decided to change the name of Alor Setar to Alor Setar as the people pronounced it as 'Alok Stuck'.

Figure 3.19: Pokok Setar/ Pohon Setar (“Pokok Setar,� 2014).

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3.2.2 TIMELINE OF ALOR SETAR Formation of Alor Setar (1735)

Arrival of Captain Francis Light (1771)

Figure 3.20:Alor Setar street (“Alor Setar Street,” 2017).

Invasion of Alor Setar (March 1770)

Figure 3.21:Statue of Captain Francis Light (Winter, 2016).

Figure 3.22: Bugis (“Queen of Taneete,” n.d.).

December

Captain Francis Light made first

King

1735 by Sultan Muhammad

agreement with Sultan Abdullah

attacked

Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'azzam

Mukarram Shah to end the

destroyed the City Palace

Shah II.

influence of Bugis.

and the Great Hall.

Founded

on

31

First President of the council (1905) Establishment state

of

Haji’s

navy

(Bugis)

Kedah

and

Contract Agreement between Siam and Kedah (1897) Taking place

at

Central Hall, Siam

legislature

and Tuanku Abdul

agreed

to

Aziz appointed as

submission

first president of

resigned

the council.

and

Satun

the and Perlis to

Kedah.

Figure 3.24:Tuanku Abdul Aziz (“Tunku Abdul Aziz,” n.d.).

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Figure 3.23: Group photo after contract signing (“Conference of Ruler,” n.d.).

32

Invasion of Japanese Army

The ceremony of Kedah state’s submission (1909)

(13 December 1941)

Figure 3.25: The proclamation of the transfer of suzerainty from Siam to the British in 1909.(“Balai Besar,” n.d.).

Japanese handed authority to Siam (1946)

Figure 3.26: Japan army (Lin, 2016).

Figure 3.27: Constitution of Thailand (Phan, 1946).

Kedah state's submission from

During World War II, Alor Setar

Kedah was handed over to

Siamese to British in England.

had fallen into Japan’s domain.

the Siam by the Japanese. In October of the year, Kedah was handed back to the Kedah

administration

in

Padang Court.

Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Almarhum Sultan Badlishah (20 February 1959)

Opposing Malayan Union (Padang Court)

Sultan Abdul Halim

Tuanku

Muadzam Shah

Rahman

Almarhum Sultan

rally

Badlishah became

UMNO founders to

Figure 3.29: Sultan of Kedah in 1959 (“Agong”, 2014).

Kedah.

Figure 3.28: Protest against Malayan Union (MT. Webmaster, 2011).

led

with

oppose

the Sultan of

Abdul the other Malayan

Union.

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3.3

KAMPUNG PANTAI JOHOR

“Kampung” meaning village provided with a name Pantai Johor, is a village that keeps those traditional malay houses alive. Despite being an old tranquil village, it surprises people with all those heritage it treasured deep inside, surprising all those who walks along the village’s pathway with its luxurious vintage scene. Tagging along and bringing them back to the history where everything started. This is where Rumah Encik Nazim is located, somewhere you will keep an eye on, noticing as well as admiring the gorgeousness of the Malay’s traditional building.

Figure 3.30: An image of Kampung Pantai Johor’s neighbourhood pathway.

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3.3.1 HISTORY OF KAMPUNG PANTAI JOHOR According to Dato Haji Ismail Salleh, the name Pantai Johor originated from the fact that the local describes the area as a river shore where in the past many river turtle called “Tuntung” came to lay their eggs there. Which gave it the name “pantai”

Kedah River

meaning beach.

Then there exists a huge rock located in the middle of the Kedah river, this rock acts as a “meeting point” between two

Padang Tahap River

rivers, the water from Padang Terap and the water from Kedah river both clash at this point. This phenomenon is called as “air juak” by the locals which means clashing between upstream and downstream of both rivers. Hence it was named “Pantai

Figure 3.31: Kedah River and Padang Tahap River.

Juak” , but during the arrival of foreigners, they misinterpreted the name “Juak” as “Johor” which gave the name Pantai Johor.

There exists another history saying that the area used to be visited often by the people of Johor and as time past. The people of Johor started making their own accommodation in the Kampung which gave the name Kampung Pantai Johor to that area.

Figure 3.32: River Shores of the Kedah River.

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The name “Kampung Pantai Johor” was derived from pre-existing characteristics of the vicinity of Kedah River.

‘Pantai’, which translates to the beach, refers to the presence of the sandy area in proximity to the Kedah River. Jeras, which was used to describe the fast-flowing current along the Kedah River, was pronounced by the Kedahans as ‘Jouk’ but in turn misinterpreted by foreigners to be ‘ Johor’. Hence , the village was being named as Pantai Johor, instead of Pantai Jouk.

The history of Pantai Johor can be traced 1700 years back

Figure 3.33: Red area representing Kampung Pantai Johor.

since the dawn of the Malaccan Sultanate (1738), which was established during the reign of Sultan Md Jiwa when agriculture was first promoted and in Kedah. The subsequent encouraging growth of the agricultural landscape eventually convinced the farmers to establish their foothold in the state.

Figure 3.34: Kedah River in Pantai Johor.

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The agriculture started after discovering the drainage system from the river can contribute to the fertilized land that made agriculture suitable. Favoured by Kedah River, agriculture gone successful and local people started developing rice field business until it became their primary source of income .

The starting of plantation started the colonization where development of land as well as extension of land started progressing in a larger scale. As a result of enlarging the paddy plantation business, increasing population developed into a community and finally a village. The business eventually was continued by its next generation. The grandfather of En Nazim Ahmad Bin Haji Daud took over the business and became the Ketua Kampung of that village.

Figure 3.35: Paddy field with river drainage system.

To the local villagers, Kedah River played an important role, not just as their local identity but also a transportation media and daily water usage sources during back then, it is the heart of the village.

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3.3.2 DEMOGRAPHIC Kampung Pantai Johor, being one of Alor Setar’s oldest village, resembles more than just a residential area, it’s a living heritage that accommodates generations of people, passing down while witnessing the evolution of land. Till now, many villagers still live within and by studying the population it allows a deeper understanding of the current situation of the village.

An obvious fact, the village undergone a steady increase in population throughout the years due to the increasing job

1- 13

13-29

30-49

50-64

65+

Figure 3.36: Age breakdown of Kampung Pantai Johor Villagers.

opportunities, birth rate, higher income per family and etc. The data shown in Figure 3.36 will be an average percentage of the population of the village now, the elderly is in a larger percentage since that most of them lived in the village for a long time while most of the adults moved to the city for a living. This can be shown in the architecture style of their buildings, most of them are old and in a traditional style.

For further classification, the area was previously populated with Malays, Chinese whom established businesses, Indians as barbers and the Siamese (Thai) whom practised agriculture, mainly in rice fields during the 1960s. They started their own business in Kampung Pantai Johor after breaking free from the British colonization.

Figure 3.37: Population & races of Kampung Pantai Johor in 1960s.

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3.4

RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

Rumah Encik Nazim is a traditional Malay house in Alor Setar, Kedah. Unlike any other typical traditional Malay houses with intricate ornaments, Rumah Encik Nazim has almost no ornaments at all, the design of the house focuses more on the functional features of interior spaces. The house was known to be related to royalty as it resides in the midpoint between two royal buildings and was considered the biggest house in the kampung during those days. According to Encik Nazim, the relation between royalty and house was due to the influence of Encik Nazim’s Great grandmother Kak 'Ah/Tok' Ah who was the midwife of to the wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (26th sultan of Kedah). The house is just like other Malay houses uses

Figure 3.38: Front view of Rumah Encik Nazim.

Vernacular Architecture, since its construction till now. Everything remained in its original state with only the back part extended and changed to concrete materials from wood due to degrading and the growing number of family members.

The family initially lived elsewhere closer to the river (North-West of the current house) but over time the condition of the house began to degrade due to daily wear and tear, making it unsuitable for the family to live in. The family then moved to the current location in year 1966, with far advanced materials at the time.

Aside from materials, the layout of the house stays true to the traditional format of the common traditional Kedah house.

Figure 3.39: North Elevation of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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3.4.1 HISTORY OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM The history of Rumah Encik Nazim started with the

During 1965-1966, the family moved to the current new

development of the Kampung Pantai Johor where it began

house after its completion because the old house was too

as a plot of land used for paddy plantation business. With

degraded to live in. Encik Nazim’s grandfather eventually

the blooming of business, the population started to

pass down the house to his generation , Encik Nazim’s father

increase and locals started to gather together to form a

Hassan Bin Ahmad became the new owner of the house.

community. This community eventually became a kampung and the paddy field business was pass down to the next

In 1999, after the passing of his late mother, the house came

generation. The Great grandfather of Encik Nazim which is

to the ownership of Encik Nazim. His sister continued to live

Haji Daud Bin Isa and along with his wife Tok’ Ah who had

there ever since the passing. The house was added and

some royalty connections because of her being the midwife

extended soon after because of the growing family members

to the wife of the sultan of Kedah (Sultan Abdul Hamid

and this was made in the year 2003. The lower part of the

Halim Shah) eventually became part of this kampung.

house was constructed and the addition of tiles were added.

The kampung continues to develop throughout the year

During the year 2015, the ground floor where the Dapur is

and the grandfather of Encik Nazim “Ahmad bin Haji Daud”

located made changes from wooden materials to concrete

eventually became the next ketua kampung for the village.

along with expansions of interior spaces. In 2018, 54 years

Over the years, his family became larger with consecutive

after the completion of the project, the house still remains in

new members being added and in order to accommodate

its original state with only expansion of spaces. In a matter of

a bigger family, he started the construction of the house in

fact it is fascinating to see that the owner maintained this

1964 where It was built by Tok Wan, Ahmad Haji Daud,

original state in so many years, with only minimal flaws that is

Sha’ari Jaafar. Led by Tok Wan, they were able to manually

actually affecting the house.

complete the construction works in less than 1 year with only traditional construction tools, nails and glue.

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3.4.2 TIMELINE OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM

Figure 3.40: Construction of the house (1964)

Figure 3.41: Moving in to the house (1965-1966)

Encik Rahman is the grandson of

Family of Encik Nazim moved to

Ownership

the

the house due to deterioration of

Encik Nazim after his mother

old house.

passed away.

leader

among

the

three

builders that built the house, Tok

Figure 3.42: Passing of ownership (1999)

was

passed

to

Wan. (Tok Wan, Ahmad Haji Daud, Sha’ari Jaafar)

Figure 3.45: Current Appearance (2018)

Figure 3.44: Changes of material (2015)

FIgure 3.43: Expansion of the house (2003)

Site Visit by Group of students

Materials for ground floor was

Expansion on the Ground floor of the

from Taylor’s University.

changed from wood to concrete.

house was made and tiles are added.

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41

3.4.3 LOCATION OF RUMAH ENCIK NAZIM The position of Rumah Encik Nazim is considered to be unique due to it being situated at the midpoint between Istana Bukit (known as Anak Bukit) and Rumah Menteri Besar (known as Dewan Seri Mentaloon) at that time. It’s an interesting location because a lot of authority figures especially Tunku(s) lived within the area, meaning that the village is not just an ordinary location but an accommodation among the royal piece of land. Is it just a coincidence that the house being aligned with the two royal buildings or is there something else to be discovered remain unknown. The only connection that relates the house to the royalties is that Encik Nazim’s great grandmother was a midwife to the wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (26th Sultan of kedah), the house is located nearby to the istana allowed her to fulfill her duty easily, reaching out to the wife of Sultan anytime when needed.

Figure 3.46: Strategic alignment shown connected relationship between Rumah Encik Nazim and royals.

Legend Rumah Encik Nazim

Istana Bukit

Rumah Menteri Besar

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3.4.4 ENCIK NAZIM’S BACKGROUND ENCIK NAZIM (Owner) The current owner of the house, though that he is no longer living within the premises but still adamant in maintaining and preserving much of the house in addition to the fact that his younger sister, Norlida Binti Hassan, is still living there.

Prior to the studied house, Encik Nazim lived in a different traditional house much closer to the Kedah River (approximately North-West of the site). He lived in the house since birth till the age of 13, until the house can no longer be inhabited by the family, mainly due to the degrading conditions of the house and the constant worry that the house might collapse into the river, this in turn also addressed the issue of the potential increase in family members.

Then in year 1966, the family moved to the studied house. Encik Nazim lived in the house until it was passed down to him after his mother’s passing, and then moved to a different home in 2005.

Figure 3.47: Encik Nazim.

En Nazim is now 64 years old and retired, spending most of his time with his grandchildren. He used to work for the department of health in Alor Setar where he held the position of the Assistant of the Head of Public Health.

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OWNER’S RELATIONSHIP TO THE BUILDING The relationship between the building and Encik Nazim is

This house is part of Encik Nazim’s life, as it keeps him and

more than just an accommodation for his family. It was a

the kampung alive. By constantly creating new memories

responsibility brought down from generations as the building

and experiences for Encik Nazim to share. It also gives

was entrusted to him by his family. A role that allows Encik

Encik Nazim the opportunity to recall back old beautiful

Nazim to be labeled as the Ketua and the protector of the

memories, moments where family connects together or

building. The Ketua of the house that provides needs and

moments where the family solved their problems as one.

support to the family living within the house and the Ketua

The house itself accommodates the spiritual essence of his

that always does his best to provide for the family, supporting

ancestors from every corner, giving Encik Nazim a sense of

them with his all.

reminiscence

to

commemorate

his

beloved

elders,

protecting what they left is one of the bond between him To Encik Nazim, the building itself is more than just a

and this house.

responsibility entrusted by his ancestors. It is a place that expresses the family’s tradition, providing a media to keep the

Encik Nazim has the responsibility to preserve the house

whole family relationship together. Looking at all the cultural

so that the future generation may see the beauty within the

details and elements inside the house, it reminds Encik Nazim

house since the house is a gift from the past and his

and his family of their own cultural attribute that stresses on

ancestors. The house, as a heritage brought down from

bonding and family interaction, helping them to engage with

the old times is kept in its original state so that what is left

each other while reminding them to hold on to each other.

is to be knowledge and appreciated, especially the

This house acts as a focal point for families to gather during

hardworks of all the manually done construction of the

events and

house. It gives other the opportunity to appreciate how

a place for them to create their own special

memories.

beautiful Architecture is. It is a special house that Encik Nazim is proud to own.

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3.4.5 ENCIK NAZIM’S FAMILY STRUCTURE

Figure 3.48: Family Tree of Encik Nazim.

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3.4.6 ENCIK NAZIM’S FAMILY BACKGROUND HAJI DAUD BIN ISA (En Nazim’s great grandfather) Haji Daud Bin Isa owned large plots of land for paddy plantation as the main family business to sustain his family.

KAK ‘AH/TOK’ (En Nazim’s great grandmother, wife to Haji Daud Bin Isa) Kak ‘Ah/Tok’ was a midwife to the wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (26th Sultan of kedah).

AHMAD BIN HAJ DAUD (En Nazim’s grandfather) Ahmad Bin Haj Daud was the first generation to own the house. He owned livestocks, paddy fields, and trades rice. He also managed boats for people to pay to cross the Kedah river as another form of income. Having large control and influences around the area, he was promoted as the Ketua Kampung (head of the village) at the time.

HASSAN

BIN

AHMAD

(En

Nazim’s

father)

En Nazim's father was a padi farmer who also manages a bus station service under the company Gunong Transport Ltd. at Alor Setar.

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3.4.7 BUILDER’S GENERATION As a disclaimer for the lack of recorded data, the information

With the use of several months, he as a leader of three man

are solely based on the limited resources we have obtained

squad, together with Ahmad Haji Musa and Sha’ari Jaafar

from our interviews. Also to keep in mind, that the interviewee

successfully constructed a marvellous traditional malay

(En Rahman) himself cannot recall nor is he familiar with the

wooden house with details being exposed to the viewers in

builder (Tok Wan) of the house, as En Rahman himself was

the most careful way. He who hold principle of manual

not present during the time of construction.

construction method amazed the current architecture industry, without even a single use of technical machine he

HASHIM

BIN

(Builder

of

LEBAI

DIN

Rumah

@TOK Encik

WAN Nazim)

was still able to present a craftsmanship implemented with soul, culture, beliefs and tradition, to create a one of a kind vernacular traditional malay architecture.

Tok Wan was also skilled in observing and analyzing his

Tok Wan was a person from the generation of Encik Nazim’s

surrounding environment. Having deep knowledge and high

Grandfather who also lived in Kampung Pantai Johor, he was

experience in his surrounding nature, he constructed a

not only the person who built Encik Nazim’s house but also

traditional malay house full of features to counter unwanted

shared a certain relationship with Ahmad Bin Haji Daud.

elements from the nature. This knowledge allowed him to

Based on the interview from Encik Rahman (grandson of Tok

build a house with almost zero-energy efficient by fully

Wan),

good

utilizing the natural elements and implement them into the

construction skills as well as deep knowledge on the building

house itself, providing the most comfort space for living

of traditional houses. He helped with labelling various joints

even at that era.

he

as

a

full-time

carpenter

possessed

found in the house. The precision of cutting and adjustment was not an easy task.

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AHMAD

BASHAH

(Son

of

BIN the

HASHIM builder)

Even though Tok Wan has such an extraordinary house building skills, his son did not continue his career as a carpenter. Instead he had different jobs to sustain his income. Owned a coffee shop, worked as a farmer and lastly teaching in a driving school which is his current job.

ABDUL RAHMAN BIN AHMAD BASHAH, ENCIK RAHMAN (Grandson

of

the

builder)

Encik Rahman is the grandson of Tok Wan and is one of our interviewer, also works as a carpenter currently. Inherited with Tok Wan’s gift, Encik Rahman possessed a skilled craftsmanship just like his grandfather. Although being able to take part in the carpentry work, he preferred more to use his talent in making furnitures and is thus a carpenter for furnitures.

Figure 3.49: Abdul Rahman.

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CHAPTER 4.0 4.1

SITE ANALYSIS SITE 4.1.1

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF KEDAH

4.1.2

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ALOR SETAR

4.1.3

COMPARISON BETWEEN ALOR SETAR AND SUNGAI PETANI

4.2

4.3.

4.4

4.1.4

SITE LOCATION

4.1.5

LOCATION PLAN

4.1.6

SITE BOUNDARY

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT 4.2.1

TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITION

4.2.2

ZONING

4.2.3

SURROUNDING EXISTING BUILDINGS

4.2.4

IMPORTANT BUILDINGS

4.2.5

LANDSCAPE

4.2.6

UTILITIES

CIRCULATION 4.3.1

SITE CIRCULATION

4.3.2

NEIGHBOURHOOD CIRCULATION

4.3.3

OPTIMUM SITE ACCESS PATHWAY

4.3.4

VEHICULAR MOVEMENT PATTERNS

SENSORY 4.4.1

4.5

Add picture

VIEWS AND VISTAS

CLIMATE 4.5.1

TEMPERATURE VARIATION

4.5.2

RAINFALL VARIATION

4.5.3

PREVAILING WIND DIRECTIONS

4.5.4

SUN PATH

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4.1 SITE 4.1.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF KEDAH Kedah is the 8th largest state in Malaysia. It is located in the North Western part of Peninsular Malaysia and spans 9425 sq km. Kedah is commonly known as the “Rice Bowl of Malaysia” due to its vast paddy fields which produces more than half of the country’s rice supply.

KEDAH GENERAL STRUCTURE Paddy Field City Forest

Figure 4.1: A General Map of Kedah.

N

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4.1.2 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ALOR SETAR Alor Setar is the state capital of Kedah. It is the second largest city in Kedah after Sungai Petani. General operations of the city is usually from Sunday to Thursday.

The royal palace and official residence of the Sultan of Kedah is situated here. Some of the notable buildings of Alor Setar are the Alor Setar tower and the Zahir Mosque.

ALOR SETAR GENERAL STRUCTURE Paddy field City / residential River

Figure 4.2: Structure of Alor Setar.

N

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4.1.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN ALOR SETAR AND SUNGAI PETANI This is a comparison between Alor Setar where

our

site

is

located

and

the

neighbouring city of Sungai Petani. Sungai Petani is the largest city in Kedah by population size.

Agriculture is the main industry in Alor Setar as opposed to manufacturing in Sungai Petani. The city and residential areas in Alor Setar is also smaller compared to Sungai Petani. Alor Setar contains a larger area of Figure 4.2: Structure of Alor Setar.

Paddy fields while Sungai Petani have large

Figure 4.3: Structure of Sungai Petani.

masses of Palm Oil Trees plantation.

Paddy Field

Paddy Field

City / Residential

City / Residential

River

Forest / Palm Oil Plantation

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Kan c

Jln

usa Jln R

Ka

nc

il 3

The site is located in Pantai Johor, Alor Setar, Kedah,

ri Kota

e Lrg S

Malaysia. g2 ladan

Jln Se

Jalan

Jln Anak Bukit

4

Jln

il 2

4.1.4 SITE LOCATION

Pantai Johor is located just 10 minutes away from the

s Madra

Alor Setar city centre. It is a suburban city and the

ah

ei ng

Lrg Padi Em

im Hash

Lrg

unung

Su

Alor G

buildings in this town are generally low-rise.

Ke

Jln Kg

da h

Jln Gunung Keriang

as

Lebai Din

Jln Sri Men

Lrg Hj Hussin

Rumah Encik Nazim

Jln Suria 6

Jln Madrasah

Lrg Suria

Jln Suria 4

talon

talon

Jln Sri Men

Jln Suria 3

Rahman

Jln Anak Bukit

d Kecil

u to’ Abd

an l Rahm

N

nti

ena

aM

Suk

Rahman 1

Jln

Jln Da

k Sye Jln Datu

2

1/2

Jln Dato Abdul

Abdul Jln Dato

NTS

Figure 4.4: Map of Pantai Johor.

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4.1.5 LOCATION PLAN

ah d e

adi Emas

Lorong P

iK

e ng

Su

N NTS

Figure 4.5: Location Plan.

A kampung is defined as a cluster of Malay houses which are in close proximity to each other. The boundary of houses in Kampung Pantai Johor are marked with rocks or have none at all.

Rumah Encik Nazim

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h

4.1.6 SITE BOUNDARY i Keda

The legal piece of land property owned by Encik Nazim’s family in Pantai Johor spans 0.5149 hectares, which extends to the

Sunge

riverside of Sungai Kedah. Encik Nazim’s relatives’ houses occupy the land, and their houses were built alongside each other. The size of land owned by his family is shown in Figure 4.6.

Encik Nazim’s house is located at the Northeast corner of the

NTS

Figure 4.6: Site Boundary.

N

land. The site boundary of the house is marked by four cornerstones, two of which are shown in the diagram, with the other two already sunken. The cornerstone at the northeast corner (Figure 4.8) is the first stone set in the construction of the house, which then is used for reference for the positioning of the other three cornerstones, and subsequently used to determine the positioning of the entire structure of the house.

Figure 4.8: Northeast cornerstone.

Unlike modern houses with clear boundaries around their property, some kampung houses do not have site boundaries which enables the residents of the kampong to engage in social interaction with one another. This is dependent to the user’s preference to have enclosing boundaries (such as fences) or otherwise.

Figure 4.7: Ground Plan Deed.

Figure 4.9: Southeast cornerstone

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4.2 NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT 4.2.1 TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITION The topography of the site shows a plain with a river on the west side of the site and existing structures such as utility poles along

12m

11m

the roads, both old and new buildings and drainage leading into

10m

9m 2m

the river.

3m

4m 4m 5m

6m

9m

8m

In an entirety, the topographic condition of Pantai Johor is

5m

relatively flat, providing optimum opportunity for agricultural

5m

activities to take place. Pantai Johor has been a paddy plantation

4m

7m

6m

3m

6m

3m

in the past before certain areas developed into residential and

2m

commercial zones, thus the land is relatively flat, with major high points at the Istana Anak Bukit, at 12m above sea level. The

2m

3m

lowest points would be the paddy fields located on the east and west of the site which are only 2m above sea level.

8m 2m 3m

The contouring of the site on Lorong Padi Emas where the house

2m

9m

is located has negligible slope, with only a less than 1m difference 5m

between the house location and the neighbouring houses. Thus, the area has even contour and is convenient for the ease of

4m 100m

NTS

Figure 4.10: Topography of Site.

pedestrian and vehicular access.

N

Highest point Lowest points

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4.2.2 ZONING Pantai Johor is mainly a residential zone. It is

Su

ng ei

Emas

small area of commercial zones and a cultural

Madra

Lorong Padi

Jalan

Ke d

ah

surrounded by Agricultural areas. There is also a zone.

sah

LEGEND

Lebai Din

Jalan Madrasah

Bukit

Lorong Hashim

Ja

Rumah Encik Nazim

ia 4

Jalan Dato Ab

Jalan Dato

entalon

Jalan Sri M

1

ia 3 Jalan Sur

Commercial Zone an Abdul Rahm

dul Rahman

Jalan Anak

Jalan Sur Lorong Suria

Lorong HJ Hussin

lan Suria 6

Jalan Dato

2

Agriculture Zone Cultural Zone

an 2

Abdul Rahm

Residential Zone

N Jalan Dato’ Abdul

Recreational Zone

Rahman

1/2 NTS

Figure 4.11: Zoning of the Site.

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4.2.3 SURROUNDING EXISTING BUILDINGS LEGEND

as

Lorong Padi Em

bai Din

ashim Le

Pasar Mini MCM Utara Dua Trading Jalan Madrasah

Neighbouring Houses Jalan Suria

Jalan Anak

Lorong H

Local Restaurants

Bukit

Su

sah

ng ei

Madra

Ke d

ah

Jalan

Rumah Encik Nazim

Lorong Suria

Lorong Hj Hussin

Dewan Seri Mentaloon

4

entalon Jalan Sri M

Jalan Sur

Masjid Syed Muhammad Al-Bukhary Pantai Johor

ia 3

NTS

Figure 4.12: Surrounding buildings.

N

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4.2.4 IMPORTANT BUILDINGS OLDEST HOUSE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD This is the oldest house found within the neighbourhood has a 50 year-old history and was built even before Rumah Encik Nazim.

However, safety hazards posed by the lack of maintenance of the house

have discouraged human inhibition, therefore remaining

unoccupied until the present day.

NEIGHBOURING TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSES

Figure 4.13: Neighbouring houses.

Although Pantai Johor is a developing area, a number of traditional malay houses which was consisted of a blend of old and new still remain present around the area . At present,there are about 44 traditional malay houses within the area including Rumah Encik Nazim’s , ranging from 5 to 6 houses per street.

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: Traditional Malay Architecture / Vernacular Architecture The house is classified to have adopted the Traditional Malay Architectural style due the presence ubiquitous features such as the elevated floor, wooden facades, and pitched roof.

Figure 4.14: The Oldest house along Lorong Padi Emas.

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MASJID SYED MUHAMMAD AL-BUKHARY PANTAI JOHOR This is a mosque located along Jalan Anak Bukit, in Alor setar.

Masjid Syed Muhammad Al Bukhary is the largest mosque existing in the area making it one of the most visited mosques in the location. This mosque is also known as Masjid Baru Pantai Johor.

This is a recently built building, and it falls under the modern islamic architecture style so it was originally not there in the time when the House was being built.

MASJID HALIM SHAH This is another mosque found within the area but it is located

Figure 4.15: Masjid Halim Shah.

across the river, opposite to the house. To access the mosque one has to cross the river through the bridge that is located around Pantai Johor as well. Despite this mosque being new and is not as big as Masjid Syed Muhammad Al-Bukhary Pantai Johor, it is one of the most frequented around the location.

ARCHITECTURE STYLE : Modern Islamic Architecture

Figure 4.16: Masjid Baru Pantai Johor.

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DEWAN SRI MENTALOON This is the largest event venue around the area, which was used to host a variety of events that include weddings ceremonies, Religious narrations ( khutbah), conferences, as well as musical performances.

Therefore this makes the area one of the busiest locations due to the ceremonial activities that usually take place from time to time.

The building looks like an old building and has been there for some time.

Figure 4.17: Dewan Sri Mentaloon entrance (Lillah, 2010).

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE This style is a result of colonial rule in a country where the buildings tend to be designed in a way to resemble the architectural style of the administrative government in power at that time. This building falls under the colonial architecture style of the British since Malaysia was previously under the British colonial power.

Figure 4.18: The minister’s house in front of Dewan Sri Mentaloon (Ikhwan, 2017).

ARCHITECTURE STYLE : Colonial Architecture

Figure 4.19: Interior of Dewan sri Mentaloon (“Seri Mentaloon,” 2012).

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PASAR MINI MCM UTARA DUA TRADING This is a small trading center which hosts a series

of small

businesses which due to the commercial activities is heavily populated. Some of the shops available includes a daily grocery store , stationary hardware store , bakery and clinic. From the condition of the building it looks lt has existed for quite a long time but has been repainted and re-urbished, as it is most likely to be one of the buildings initially built when the city had started growing.

Figure 4.20: Pasar Mini MCM trading.

LOCAL FOOD OUTLETS Within the area near the location of the house, there are alot of local food outlets operated by the local malay villagers since most of them work as hawkers, serving a variety of delicious local dishes within the area. There are a number of outlets in the same area, meaning variety of food is available to the people who live in there as well as visiting tourists. Some of the food outlets including Gerai Hafiza Nasi Kandar, Nasi Kandar Ali and Pak Ya PJ corner

Figure 4.21: A local food outlet along Jalan Anak Bukit.

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NEIGHBOURING HOUSES The area is surrounded by a lot of houses, and that makes it a residential area thus explaining why the area is only surrounded by small businesses and not any large complex or large business. The area is also populated by people with different economic

Figure 4.22: Neighbouring houses.

backgrounds and this is vivid through the types of houses around the area, thus there are houses that are more modern-like and newly built most of them are from the 2000‘s and are mostly two storey high and these belong to the upper class society while the houses that are one storey with corrugated steel roofs belong to the lower-class society.

Figure 4.23: Neighbouring house.

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4.2.3 LANDSCAPE

h da e iK

ge

n Su

2

1

1

Yellow Coconut

2

Bamboo

3

Banana Plant

4

Harumanis

5

Starfruit Tree

3

4

5

N

NTS

Figure 4.24: Surrounding softscape.

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SOFTSCAPE KACHU (Senegalia catechu) The heartwood and the bark of the tree are used in traditional medicine. The wood can be used as charcoal and firewood and is highly valued for furniture. Not only that, the heartwood extract can be used in dyeing and leather tanning.

Figure 4.25: Kachu Tree.

YELLOW COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) These are high yielding precocious hybrids which are very common in tropical areas. Tall hybrid coconut trees are commonly found at the side of the road whereas dwarf type are usually used for harvesting its coconuts as dwarf hybrids has the potential to bear more coconuts compare to the tall ones. Some of the local used them as a natural shading features as can be seen around the neighbouring area or beside the traditional houses.

Figure 4.26: Coconut Tree.

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SOFTSCAPE BAMBOO Malaysia bamboo grow wild in Malaysia and are also cultivated by villagers in rural areas. The bamboo is located in front of Encik Nazim house and it has incorporated with Islamic teachings. The pucuk rebung ‘bamboo shoot’ represents Gunung Sari or the universe in a triangle shape.

Figure 4.27: Bamboo.

BANANA PLANT Originally wild and native to Southeast Asia, common in humid tropical regions.

Figure 4.28: Banana Plant.

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SOFTSCAPE HARUMANIS (Mangifera indica) This mango is known as Harum Manis or (Harumanis). In Malaysia, Harumanis is well known for its nice fragrance and its sweetness. It requires hot sunlight during the day and requires cool, windy night for 3 months to get the delicious fruits. It can be found in Kedah and Perlis as the climate is suitable for the tree to grow.

Figure 4.29: Harumanis.

STARFRUIT (Averrhoa carambola) Starfruit is common in Southeast Asia has been cultivated in Malaysia for over 300 years. The tree have to be planted in tropical and moist climate in order to grow fully. People with kidney problems should not consume the fruit as it contains neurotoxins that affects the brain and nervous system.

Figure 4.30: Starfruit Tree.

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HARDSCAPE GRAVEL Prevents accumulation of water within the house area. This is because it allows water to flow through quickly which prevents flash floods.

FENCING To set and indicate the boundary of the house. Only stretches to the east and south sides of the house. Concrete posts are laid out in a

Figure 4.31: Gravel.

continuous fashion, while steel wiring acts as the fencing.

N NTS

Figure 4.32: Fencing.

Figure 4.33: Fencing.

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HARDSCAPE ASPHALT ROAD Provide access to the vehicle to avoid land subsidence.

Figure 4.34: Asphalt road on Lorong Padi Emas.

NEIGHBOUR’S HOUSE Similar architecture style as the neighbours are relatives of Encik Nazim. Concept might differ as concept is based on the owner of the house but design is similar as it is a cultural neighbourhood.

Figure 4.35: Neighbour’s House.

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HARDSCAPE TRENCH (Parit) A shallow trench which guides the water into the ditch to prevent accumulation of water within the house area and then discharge the water into the river. This prevents flood from happening on the site.

DRYING RACK Figure 4.36: Parit.

Figure 4.37: Clothes rack.

Figure 4.38: Water tank.

Figure 4.39: Storage.

A wooden rack to allow users to hang wet clothes. An old handmade rack commonly found in old traditional houses CISTERN A tank that is built to store water for toilet uses.

STORAGE A place to store gardening tools such as shears, rake, wheelbarrow, and general garden hoe.

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DRAINAGE Drainage system prevents the flood when it is raining. Having a

N h

good drainage system is very important to tropical countries

da

such as Malaysia with high amount of rainfall. This is because

adi Emas

Ke

Lorong P

ei

the drainage system helps in the flood control by discharging

ng

the water into the river which is located near to Rumah Encik

Su

1

Nazim. Although the drainage system in the neighbourhood of Rumah Encik Nazim is an open drain, the open drain prevents

4

the breeding of mosquitoes as it does not accumulate stagnant water. Prior to Rumah Encik Nazim, shallow trench is digged to

2

5

guide the water to flow to the main drainage system so that 3 water will not accumulate around the foundation of the house

Figure 4.40: Drainage mapping.

NTS

which can damage the house.

1 Figure 4.41: Drainage.

2 Figure 4.42: Parit.

3 Figure 4.43: Drainage.

4 Figure 4.44: Drainage.

5 Figure 4.45: Drainage.

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4.2.6 UTILITIES da h

LEGEND

Su ng

ei

Ke

Main power source to Rumah Encik Nazim Power Pole

adi Emas Lorong P

Street Light Bus Stop Trash Collection Point

N Figure 4.46: Utility Locations

Figure 4.47: Main power source to Rumah Encik Nazim.

Figure 4.48: Street light.

Figure 4.49: Bus stop.

Figure 4.50: Trash collection point.

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4.3 CIRCULATION 4.3.1 SITE CIRCULATION Users enter the neighbourhood through the major road: Jalan Anak Bukit, which provides access to the feeder roads along it, to access neighbourhoods

ah ed

ng

Su

located within the area . This is to disperse the heavy

K ei

loads of vehicle numbers, decreasing them before

adi Emas

Lorong P

entering into the neighbourhood to ensure the peaceful ambience of the neighbourhood. The separation of main roads and neighbourhoods shows

Lebai Din

good management in separation of functional spaces

Jalan Anak

Bukit

ashim Lorong H

according to their usage.

Jalan Madrasah

LEGEND Lorong Suria

Primary Circulation

Lorong Hj Hussin

Secondary Circulation entalon Jalan Sri M

Rumah Encik Nazim

N

a3

Jalan Suri

Figure 4.51: Circulation Around Pantai Johor.

NTS

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4.3.2 NEIGHBOURHOOD CIRCULATION

2

1

N

2 C 1 Figure 4.54 : View 2.

3

Figure 4.53 : View 1.

4 4

3 6 5

7

Figure 4.52: Neighbourhood Circulation.

NTS

Figure 4.56 : View 4.

Figure 4.55 : View 3.

7 6

5

Figure 4.57 : View 5.

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Figure 4.58 : View 7.

Figure 4.59 : View 6.

74

4.3.3 OPTIMUM SITE ACCESS PATHWAYS ah Jalan ah

as Madr

i ge n Su

d Ke

Lorong HJ Hussin

Figure 4.62: Pedestrian pathway along Jalan Anak Bukit.

Jalan Madrasah

The accessibility of the site is through the main road and

a Jalan An

k Bukit

Figure 4.61: Main access to the site.

that is the Jalan Anak Bukit, a number of small roads along

the

main

road

provides

access

to

the

neighbourhood areas and this includes the one that gives access to Rumah Encik Nazim, where this is the

entalon

Jalan Sri M

second road from the bridge.

N

Moreover, users can access the surrounding buildings from site easily via the main road and the availability of

NTS

100m

pedestrian walk by the side of the road.

Figure 4.60: Accessibility to and from the site.

LEGEND Rumah Encik Nazim

Route to restaurants

Main access route to the site

Route to shop lots

Route to mosque

Route from bus stop to site

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4.3.4 VEHICULAR MOVEMENT PATTERN The road with the highest vehicle density is Jalan Anak Bukit, which connects the North section of

ah

ed

Alor Setar until it transitions to Lebuhraya Darul

K ei

Aman into the Southern section of the city.

ng

Jalan

Su

Madr

Roads surrounding the local mosque, Masjid Baru

asah

Pantai Johor and the commercial blocks have moderate vehicle density due to the increasing human activity and circulation around the area.

Jalan Madrasah

Roads with lower vehicle density are roads branching into the residential areas since that the

Jalan Sri M

entalon

cars are dispersed when they make a turn into the

Lorong HJ Hussin

NTS

branched roads.

N LEGEND

100m

Rumah Encik Nazim

Low vehicle density

Figure 4.63: Vehicle movement pattern.

Highest vehicle density (Jalan Anak Bukit)

Lowest vehicle density

Moderate vehicle density

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4.4

SENSORY

4.4.1 VIEWS AND VISTAS 2

1

Figure 4.66 : Vista 2.

Figure 4.65 : Vista 1.

3

4

2 1 4 3 6

N

5 Figure 4.67 : Vista 3.

Figure 4.68 : Vista 4.

NTS

Figure 4.64 Views and vistas seen from Rumah Encik Nazim

6

5

Figure 4.69 : Vista 5.

Figure 4.70 : Vista 6.

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4.5 CLIMATE 4.5.1 TEMPERATURE VARIATION

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN ALOR SETAR

On average, the temperature in Alor Setar is always high. The warmest month is in February. Hence this explains why Rumah Encik Nazim was built using timber materials as well as having many ventilation features engraving throughout the house.

4.5.2 RAINFALL VARIATION

Figure 4.71: Graph of average temperature in Alor Setar.

Alor Setar receives average amount of rain throughout the year.

Coupled with the high temperature, Alor Setar’s humidity percentage is

AVERAGE RAINFALL AMOUNT IN ALOR SETAR

relatively high. Buildings in the area have necessary corrosion prevention measures. These climatic factors allow the paddy to be cultivated in a healthier manner. It can also be seen that measures were taken to prevent water from flowing into the house during heavy rain and floods as Rumah Encik Nazim is elevated from the ground, together with wide roof eaves founded covering the bottom part of the house.

Figure 4.72: Graph of average rainfall amount in Alor Setar.

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4.5.3 PREVAILING WIND DIRECTIONS PREVAILING WINDS

In January and early February, monsoons create strong prevailing winds from the Northeast. The wind speed starts to drop from February to April, when the temperature of Alor Setar is at its peak. Calm prevailing winds from the Southwest start from June to December. Overall, the site area receives good ventilation as all buildings are only one storeys or at maximum 2 storeys tall, without major obstructions or tall vegetation to block the windflow.

Figure 4.73: Wind rose diagram of prevailing winds.

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4.5.4 SUN PATH SUN PATH

N

AVERAGE SUN HOURS IN ALOR SETAR

Figure 4.75: Average Sun Hours in Alor Setar.

The amount of sun hours in Alor Setar is relatively constant. Residents are able to receive ample amount of natural light throughout the year with a Figure 4.74: Sun Path.

steady climatic temperature.

Rumah Encik Nazim

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CHAPTER 5.0

CULTURE

5.1

CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF KEDAH

5.2

INTRODUCTION TO MALAY FAMILY CULTURE

5.3

5.2.1

DAILY ACTIVITIES OF OCCUPANTS

5.2.2

THE ROLES IN A HOUSEHOLD

5.2.3

CHILD REARING TECHNIQUES

5.2.4

CELEBRATIONS

5.2.5

ENTERTAINMENT

CULTURE IN A MALAY TRADITIONAL HOUSE 5.3.1

HUMAN SPATIAL ACTIVITIES

5.3.2

RELEVANCE OF CULTURE TO SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

5.3.3

RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS

5.3.4

RITUALS AND CUSTOMS

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5.1

CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF KEDAH

Kedah is a multiracial state, with the majority of people in Kedah are Malays, followed by the Chinese, Indians and some Thai natives as well.This multi-ethnic diversity contributed to the hybridisation of multiple cultural influences dating back to its early days, therefore shaping the state as it is today.

Some cultural traits shared amongst the general population are the official language of Bahasa Malaysia and the unique Kedah dialect. While they predominantly converse in their own dialect and unique slang, majority of Kedahans are able to converse in the English language as well.

Figure 5.1: Masjid Zahir.

The architecture of Kedah is heavily influenced by Islamic and Indo-Saracenic architectural styles. This style came across during the British rule over the peninsular. It can be seen in some buildings, such as Masjid Zahir, which is the state mosque and also one of the oldest mosques in the country built in 1912.

Another fine example of architecture is the Balai Seni Negeri, bringing about the colonial rule atmosphere.

Besides material culture, the diverse lifestyles of the people in Kedah can be seen through the food and entertainments. Due to Kedah being the ‘Rice Bowl of Malaysia’, hence the staple food is indeed rice, such as Nasi Ulam, Pulut Inti and Tapai Pulut. Other foods that can be found are Laksam and desserts such as Gulai Nangka.

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5.2

INTRODUCTION TO MALAY FAMILY CULTURE

Malays believed that every event that has happened is determined by the will of God and cannot be changed by human beings. With the fatalistic worldview, they focus more on social interaction rather than monetary success. The Malay culture emphasizes on moral values and care towards others because they believe that prosperity is derived from nobility, not wealth. With these cultural attitudes,

the

Malays

are

often

misunderstood

as

being

unambitious. However, their cultural values are reflected in their traditional buildings, with interaction and communication with the surroundings being main objectives. The building itself encourages interaction not only among their family members, well but also among the inhabitants around neighbourhood.

The Malay culture is known to be family-oriented and prefers to work closely together rather than doing so overseas. This is because they consider family as the center of the social structure.

Figure 5.2: A Malay Family (Rayer, 2007).

As a result, unity, loyalty and respect to the elderly is greatly emphasized. Family is very important in Malay culture as they provide both financial and emotional support. This is why traditional Malay houses cater well for the additive system whereby new extensions can be added onto the basic core of the house with minimal disruption to accommodate more family members.

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5.2.1 DAILY ACTIVITIES OF OCCUPANTS Based on the socio-economic climate of the time, most activities

Apart from their daily obligations based on our findings in

that is considered to be beneficial for the social and economic

the Kedah National Museum, it is common culture to

aspect revolves around agriculture and the traditional practices of

partake and indulge in entertainment and games for

which to an extent is religiously influenced.

leisure.

Encik Nazim’s great grandfather, Allahyarham Haji Daud Bin Isa

As we edge closer to modern times, the lineage of

owned large plots of land enough to capitalise on paddy farming,

agricultural practice amongst the community slowly

as this was their main source of income at the time. This

fades, for reasons such as the industrial revolution,

agricultural practice has successfully passed down to his son,

pushing people to slowly transition from manual labour to

Allahyarham Ahmad Bin Haji Daud (Encik Nazim’s grandfather),

more technologically inclined professions. Even if they

alongside with cattle ranching and had managed boats specifically

still practice agriculture, majority of the work is done by

used for the public to cross the Kedah river as his sources of

machines and factories, which led to the overall decline

livelihood. Further down the family line is Allahyarham Hassan Bin

of said traditional practices, as there aren’t as many of

Ahmad (Encik Nazim’s father), who had also delved into paddy

those to instill the traditions into the younger generations.

farming and inherited the lands that had been passed down from previous generations.

This phenomena had also affected Encik Nazim’s family, as he himself has experience in paddy farming but did

From here, it is clear that the main sources of the family’s income

not pursue the same line of career, instead forging a

at the time were agriculturally based. This highly affected their daily

career in the Department of Public Health, held the

activities, as in the past, technologies were not as advanced and

position of assistant to the head of the department.

reliable as they are today. This means that the occupants have

Encik Nazim is now retired, but still kept his plots of land,

spent most of their time farming, with the small exception of the

albeit are no longer used for farming instead being used

later generations whom had managed transportation services as

to provide lands for his relatives to build homes of their

part of their earnings.

own.

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5.2.2 THE ROLES IN A HOUSEHOLD ROLE OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY

ROLE OF THE HOUSEWIFE

In a Malay household, the husband is regarded as the head of

A housewife is a very important figure in a Malay house

the family, a tradition which is not only backed up culturally but

due to the role they play in completing a home. Her main

also supported by the Islamic religion which is the dominant

task is to take care of the general welfare of her children

religion within the Malay society. The roles of a husband as the

and husband as well as being in charge of the

head of the family includes making major decisions for the house

management

and financially supporting the household. By being the main

household-related matters. Although a housewife does not

breadwinner, the family will look to the patriarch to provide

actively take charge in making the major decisions, for as

necessities such food, clothing, education expenses, and any

this is done by the Husband who is regarded as the head

other everyday needs.

of

the

of

family,

the

she

household

indirectly

and

addressing

contributes

to

the

decision-making process by providing opinions and Another obligation as a father and a husband would be to pass

suggestions which will be taken into consideration by the

on his knowledge of the family trade to his sons; for instance, if

husband.

the family owns a farming business, then the father usually inherits his knowledge and the tricks of the trade to the sons of

A housewife also has a major role in raising the children

the family in preparing them to take on the same role once they

with good and proper morals, so as they can contribute

establish families of their own and became the respective

more to the community as well as to become

patriarchs. This tradition can be observed through how their

spouses to their husbands or wives.

traditional building techniques

are inherited and preserved

elementary religious education, she is usually regarded as

across many generations, especially their traditional jointing

the first teacher of a child and is introduce the fundamental

techniques that allows easy dismantling of their houses.

knowledge of the islamic religion. Along with that she is

good

With regards to

also expected to teach her daughter(s) the household management skills so that they are adequately-equipped when they are married and have established households.

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85

5.2.3 CHILD-REARING TECHNIQUES According to Umar bin al-Khattab, “Play with your children until

Religious education is done at home, as the role of the

the age of seven, educate them for another seven, and befriend

mother is to always stay at home to be with the children. At

them for another seven” (PPDC, 2015).

the ibu rumah, which is the semi-public space in the house, is where the mother spends time with the children, for

The statement provides a very clear insight into the Islamic

praying as well as education. Religious education is

parenting style. To educate children to distinguish between

introduced early into the children’s lives, so they can

good and bad is of utmost importance, followed

by the

intriculate religious teachings of Allah with the moral

clarification of responsibility in order to instill steadfastness in

education they receive later on, and grow up to be

appeasing Allah or God, while avoiding any forms of

righteous and successful as they become adults.

prohibitions. As children become adolescents, parents are encouraged

to

befriend

their

children,

and

putting

Muslim parents use the feeling of shame to guide Islamic

communication as one of the top priorities in cultivating the

children to curb bad behaviour, to develop a form of

parent-children relationship, putting trust, love and respect into

conscience through moralization. Disobedience in the

their children.

family is discouraged, and children are taught that disobeying their parents will lead them to suffering from

The first teacher for a muslim child is the mother of the family

“Allah’s Wrath” (PPDC, 2015), thus teaching them to be

(Harun, 2009). With wisdom, love and passion, the mother will

respectful to their elders at all times. A well-behaved child is

be the most suitable candidate to educate her children

openly praised by neighbours and friends alike, as a “budak

according to the Quran and Sunnah. Religious education

baik” (good child). The active involvement of parents in their

comes before moral education, as with the saying of “Deen”

children’s education supplements the action of completing

comes first before “dunya” (Harun, 2009), and is the most

tasks “together” with their parents,

important form of education for a muslim child. Children are taught the Quran since they are very young.

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which makes the children understand the concept of

In traditional Malay families, there is a concept of males being

“membalas budi”, which is the intrinsic value of “giving back

entitled to more privilege than girls which can be perfectly

to parents” in muslim culture.

illustrated in form of education and property inheritance; for example, the house is passed down to Encik Nazim, instead of

With the concept of family deeply ingrained into the muslim

his sisters. Thus, since Encik Nazim’s family is involved in an

family culture, the importance of nurturing responsible and

agricultural community, the fathers pass down their practical

disciplined children also ties in with the eventual action of passing down their property to their younger generations.

Practical skills are highly important in the family and will be passed down from the parents to younger generations to

skills of plantation early to their sons to prepare them for the taking over of the family business, while for daughters, the mother will pass down homemaker skills, to prepare her for future child upbringing and management of family affairs.

prepare their children to take over the adult roles and inherit their parents’ occupations and inheritance. Encik Nazim’s

In aspect of the builder, Tok Man, who was the original crafter

family have to trust their children to be able to maintain their

of the house, passed down the thinking of “functionality is more

pre-owned possessions, such as this building which was

important than decoration”, as seen through the house’s

passed down by Encik Nazim’s grandfather 54 years ago,

architecture. His thinking influences his children, who took over

and now currently preserved so well by Encik Nazim. The

the builder occupation, equipped with similar philosophy for his

innate ability and care of Encik Nazim towards the building,

future works.

clearly shows the positive upbringing of his family.

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5.2.4 CELEBRATIONS HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI Hari Raya Aidilfitri is the most joyful and festive of Muslim celebrations celebrated after Ramadan, the fasting month. This is a time when Muslims ask for forgiveness and rejoice for completing the entirety of the fasting month, usually with their family and friends. There’s plenty of house-visits and feasting that will happen during this month long celebration. Doors are opened to friends and family to come together and celebrate. There’s usually plenty of traditional Malay food and desserts to be had.

Figure 5.3 : Hari Raya Aidilfitri (“Hari Raya Aidilfitri Celebration,” 2016)

FEAST AFTER CIRCUMCISION In Islam culture, people will hold a feast (as a form of almsgiving) after the circumcision of their newborn son. They will invite people to come over his house to celebrate as an expression of joy and happiness that the salient marks of Islam is performed on newborn son, symbolizing that the child is now accepted and emerged into Islamic community. It is considered as an action of emphasizes by Sunnah, and acknowledge the blessing and bounty of Allah. The original purpose was to ensure that the personal hygiene of the young boy was promised. Promoting a clean lifestyle of that will lead us to connect with the nature (al-fitrah).

Figure 5.4 : Feast after circumcision (Matthew, 2016)

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WEDDING CEREMONY ADAT MERISIK In Malay wedding procedure, merisik is the investigation stage that took place at the early stage before marriage for man to have a better understanding

about

the

bride’s

family

background.

Figure 5.5 : Adat Merisik (Adiyat, 2017)

ADAT BERINAI The Adat Berinai ceremony is held prior to the wedding. It involves the staining of both bride and groom’s hands and feet with the dye from the henna leaves. In Malay wedding, Henna was made purposely to signify and announce that the marital status of bride and groom. It’s regarded as a blessing art used in wedding ceremonies and a symbol of auspiciousness. Berinai Kecil is held at the afternoon while Berinai Besar is held at night.

AKAD

Figure 5.6 : Adat Berinai (“Adat Berinai,” 2016)

NIKAH

Akad Nikah refers to Islamic solemnisation which takes place in bride’s own home, it’s a ceremony process to show that the couple had officially married to each other through the way of signing marriage certificate. This ceremony process consist of groom vow to be loyal, true and responsible to the bride and ring-placing ceremony.

Figure 5.7: Adat Nikah (Khor, 2015)

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5.2.5 ENTERTAINMENT TYPES OF TRADITIONAL ENTERTAINMENT IN MALAY KAMPUNG

Figure 5.8: Batu Selambut (“Batu Selambut,” n.d.)

Figure 5.9 :Tuju Para (Mohamad, 2015)

BATU SELAMBUT

TUJU PARA/ GETAH ATAS PARA

A flipping and catching stone game. Usually played by women

Played with the shooting of rubber band on opponent’s

or girls in serambi and yard since that the Serambi is only for

to collect them. The game will most probably be played

women and children to gather and socialise.

under the stilts since it is preferably to play at a large empty space.

Figure 5.10: Congkak (Danielle, n.d.).

CONGKAK

Figure 5.11: Rebut Tiang (“Rebut Tiang,” n.d.)

It’s a mental game to fill up the goals. Often played in anjung or

REBUT TIANG This game can be played under the stilts with columns as

serambi since those spaces can be used to entertain guests as

the main tools. The space is suitable since it is shaded

well as enjoying the scenery outside during game, giving out a

from sun and rain at the same time the parents can keep

poetic sense and relaxing ambience.

an eye on their children to ensure their safety.

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TYPE OF TRADITIONAL DANCE

Figure 5.12: Tarian Cinta Sayang (“Tarian Cinta Sayang,” n.d.)

TARIAN CINTA SAYANG

Figure 5.13: Mek Mulung (“Mek Mulung,” n.d.)

MEK MULUNG

Originated from 'Zikir Rahmat’.The meaning is to celebrate the

A dance drama from Siam but has been introduced

return of fishermen and earn lots of money. The fishermen also

to the Kedah community due to the influence from

pray for their wife’s safety.

Siamese.

Figure 5.15: Jikey (“Jikey,” n.d. )

Figure 5.14: Tarian Canggung (“Tarian Canggung,” n.d.)

TARIAN CANGGUNG

JIKEY

Popular in Kedah usually performed after the harvest season

It is a popular dance drama of the Northern Peninsula especially in the State of Kedah. It also worshiped the Character of Indian or Bengali.

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TYPES OF TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENTS IN MALAY KAMPUNG

Figure 5.16: Gambus (“Music World,” n.d.).

Figure 5.17: Gong (genbano, 2017).

KORDOFON

IDIOFON

Sound sources are derived from stretched strings. Example

Sounds can be generated spontaneously by rules such

of instruments are gambus, sape, rebab and sundatang.

as action, shake and knock according to the size of the tool. Example instruments are gong, canang, kesi, bonang caklempong and etc.

Figure 5.18: Gedombak (“kegemilangan Kedah,” n.d.).

Figure 5.19: Serunai (Kasturi, 2010).

TARIAN CANGGUNG

EROFON

Popular in Kedah usually performed after the harvest season

Sound produced when being blown. Example of instruments are serunai, selampit and seruling.

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5.3

CULTURE IN MALAY TRADITIONAL HOUSE

5.3.1 HUMAN SPATIAL ACTIVITIES Most of the common Malay traditional houses have large interior spaces and long floor plans that is separated into different spaces with each holding various social and household activities that is segregated between public and private sections. Rumah Encik Nazim focuses more on the function of spaces ; they are multifunctional and their usage change at different times of day and year. The interiors are wide with minimal amount of partitions and walls, allowing full utilization of interior spaces and better ventilation as well as fenestration within the interiors. At the same time, they have minimal furnitures to maximize usage of spaces since they carry out most of their activities on the floor.

The interior of the house is divided into front, middle and back sections with the Ibu Rumah acting as the core of the house. The front consists of the Anjung and Beranda, middle consisting of Ibu Rumah while the back consists of Dapur, Serambi and Selang. This house held many activities with various functions having each space designed to suit the needs and lifestyle of the user’s customs and religions. Provided with spaces that act accordingly to the user’s behaviours and anthropometry.

Figure 5.20: The wide interior spaces and long floor plan of Rumah En Nazim.

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BERANDA The Beranda is placed before the entrance of the house as it acts as an important focal point for the house where visitors and guests are entertained in this space. This enables the house occupants to connect themselves to the village as they can sit there and enjoy the ongoing scenery of the surroundings in the village, it can also be a place suitable to read a book. This space can be a favourite spot to have a chat with nearby people giving the user a chance to socialize and enjoy the fresh air outside.

Figure 5.22: Beranda.

ANJUNG The beranda leads the owner or guests to a space known as the

Figure 5.21: Beranda on the First Floor Plan.

Anjung. The Anjung is the main living room of the house and is often used by the male members of the family. It is the largest space in terms of size in Rumah Encik Nazim. On a regular day, the Anjung is a public space where there will be interactions among family members. However, during events or gatherings, this space is for the non-mahram male guests to socialize and therefore the space becomes semi-public and dominated by the male family members.

Because it is placed in front, it serves as a formal place to properly greet the guests, also a ceremonial space that can hold gatherings

Figure 5.24: Anjung.

or rituals.

Figure 5.23: Anjung on the First Floor Plan.

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IBU RUMAH The space after the Anjung is the Ibu Rumah, which is the core area of the house. It differs from the other state which is called Rumah Ibu, Encik Nazim himself called it Ibu Rumah instead. It is the secondary living room of the family. It is a semi-private space on a regular day where the females in the house will conduct their household activities. During special occasions, this space will be used for the female guests or close relatives to sleep temporarily making it public. Ibu Rumah is also a space for the child to sleep

Figure 5.26: Ibu Rumah.

in, also allowing the ill members of family to rest in. The master bedroom is located adjacent to the Ibu Rumah while the lantai jarang that is used to shower the deceased and preparation of

Figure 5.25: Ibu Rumah on the First Floor Plan.

childbirth is conducted in Ibu Rumah.

SELANG Selang is a closed walkway that is designed to allow the female guests that are entering from the side of Rumah Encik Nazim’s house to access to the Serambi. It is to link Ibu Rumah & Anjung together with the Serambi & Dapur together.

Figure 5.28: Selang.

Figure 5.27: Selang on the First Floor Plan.

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SERAMBI It is a space for women and children to gather and socialise and they can also use this place to recite Al-Quran, entertaining themselves here such as reading a book. The serambi is connected to the Dapur to give convenience to the females so that they are able to access the Dapur easily to prepare food for their families. It serves as an area used to greet female guest and a space where the females conduct their praying here. During festive season, if the Anjung space is full the males can use the Serambi for gatherings as well. The term Serambi was used differently by Encik Nazim, as

Figure 5.30: Serambi.

the function of Serambi differs compare to other traditional Malay Houses. Within the Serambi are two separate bedrooms, the Bilik 1 in the Serambi not only function as accommodation but also as a platform used by the females of the house to observed the situation of the Dapur. They also can lay out instructions or communicate with the people in the Dapur from the Serambi. This gives convenience to them as during events where the Dapur is packed with people, the females can communicate with the people in the Dapur easier from the Bilik 1 straight through the window.

Figure 5.29: Serambi on the First Floor Plan.

Figure 5.31: View from Bilik 1 to the Dapur.

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DAPUR The Dapur of the house, meaning the kitchen, is situated at the back of the house. It is the last space of the house and is located on a lower floor. A reason to locate the Dapur away from other parts of the house is due to safety concerns, such as when a fire occurs and that to prevent the cooking smell from entering the other spaces. The Dapur is mainly a semi-private area for women to conduct cooking and holds the function of dining. It is uncommon for the men of the house to enter this area. This space can be made into gathering area for the females during festive seasons if the Anjung is full. The washing and cleaning are

Figure 5.33: Dapur.

conducted in this space and often used by the females for resting purpose when they finish their house chores.

Figure 5.32: Dapur on the Ground Floor Plan.

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BILIK The bilik are the rooms of the house, it is generally the sleeping area for the family members as well as resting place for them. The bilik have walls surrounded to keep it private with space available to store personal items, it is also used as storage for valuable items such as jewelry, money and items important to the Encik Nazim. It is also a place to keep the clothes of the family members. The bilik are separated to different types, the master bedroom is used for the

Figure 5.35: The Master Bedroom.

newly weds to sleep in during their ceremony night while the other bedrooms are used for sleeping purposes for the house members and relatives.

Figure 5.34: Rooms on the Ground Floor Plan.

TANDAS Located at the ground floor in the kitchen area, the toilet are sanitation facilities that provide safe and convenient space for urination or defecation in the house. It also allows the occupants of the house to shower or clean themselves within the toilet, it is a place that takes care of the hygienic issues by the occupants.

Figure 5.37: Toilet.

Figure 5.36: The toilets on the Ground Floor Plan.

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KOLONG Kolong is an open space area below the house where the stilts are located. This is a useful area for the occupants of the house. Clothes are dried in this area as the wire to hang the clothes can be tied to the stilts. If it rains especially during the monsoon season, the clothes will not get wet as it is a shaded area. The Kolong can also be used as an area for storing goods for example harvest from the paddy fields or large items that cannot fit into the house to protect it from weathering. Vehicles such as motorcycles and cars can be parked in the Kolong. The Kolong is also a public space to relax and for kids to play.

Figure 5.39: Kolong area.

Figure 5.38: Kolong on the Ground Floor Plan.

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5.3.2 RELEVANCE OF CULTURE TO SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS Islam is so ingrained in Malay life that Islamic rituals are

Concept of privacy in Islam is segregation between male

practiced

are

and female, segregation of spaces between private life and

interchangeable in many daily contexts. The Holy Qur’ān and

public social life to protect the security of a family member.

life of Allah’s Messenger (SAW) has showed that a Muslim

Islam only allows free social interaction between male and

should practice planning in all activities in everyday life. The

female known as Mahram referring to a family member.

as

Malay

culture.

Muslim

and

Malays

great emphasis has evolved Islamic architecture as a complete code of design and constructions for all types of buildings. This

The house functions as place for family education and

was mainly intended to facilitate the religious activities on daily

development centre, to produce Muslim traditional society

basis. This is understood that the layout of the house should

that will contribute to the stability of society. The layout plan

complement the needs and requirements of its users. The

and house design should follow the Islamic principles of

importance of form is secondary compared to the function of

visual and audio privacy to prevent unethical acts.

the spaces in the house. Houses are designed to allow room for the addition of spaces to accommodate a growing family.

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PUBLIC SPACES The public spaces in a traditional Malay houses are primarily the front parts of the house. This is an area where occupants of the house receives and entertains their non-mahram guests namely neighbours, relatives and friends. The public spaces in Malay houses are the Verandah and Anjung. These spaces are generally for the male members of the house or male visitors. Females are not allowed in these areas when there are male visitors due to the segregation of genders in Malay culture.

Figure 5.40: Verandah of Rumah Encik Nazim.

PRIVATE SPACES The private spaces in a traditional Malay houses are the back parts of the house. These areas are created for family members of the house and the females without interferences from the non-mahram. The private spaces of the family or the spaces that are female domains in the dwelling should not be in direct visual access by non-mahram guests. This is to protect them from unwanted gazes. It has been stated that the female spaces are in the Ibu Rumah (family space), Dapur (kitchen) and bedrooms.

These three female domain spaces should be a place for them to have privacy. (Mortada, 2003) The female activities would remain inside the dwelling and they will not intermingle with different genders who are entertained at the verandah.

Figure 5.41: Master Bedroom at the main house.

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DAILY LIFE IN A TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSE PUBLIC AREA

SEMI-PUBLIC AREA

VERANDAH AND ANJUNG

IBU RUMAH (Main House)

Entrance and gathering area and sleeping or resting area for male during a daily basis or a gathering space during a family gathering event.

Place where the females in the family do their daily house chores such as eating and praying with their family members. It may also be a temporary sleeping area for female family guests.

Dominated by the male family members

PRIVATE AREA

SEMI-PRIVATE AREA

BEDROOM

KITCHEN AND SERAMBI

Place for females to sleep, read or sew.

The side entrance leads them to the serambi.

The bedroom in the main house is also specially for the newly weds.

Place to entertain female guests during the daily basis and family gatherings.

Dominated by the female family members

Figure 5.42: General specification of areas in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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GENDER SEGREGATION The separation of entrances follows the rule in Islam where males and females especially non-family members should not mingle together at all times. (Omer, 2014). The staircase located at the front of the house leads to an entrance area called beranda, which acts as the transitional area between the guests and the house owners or hosts. The lower level of the Beranda compared to the main house also the lower level of guests who are entertained there in relation to the residents of the house. For the female visitor, they will enter from second entrance door at the side of the dwelling towards semi-private space which leads

Figure 5.43 Main Entrance.

Figure 5.44: Side Entrance.

them straight to the Selang/Serambi and also brings them towards the kitchen without being seen by non-mahram at the front part of the house according to their islamic culture of emphasizing the women’s privacy from glare.

It is uncommon for the men of the house to enter to the kitchen of the house so therefore it is located away from the main house.

The location of the Dapur in a lower floor also depicts the lower level of women in the social hierarchy of traditional Malay culture.

Thus it is in obvious that the spaces for women such as the Kitchen and Serambi is located at the back of the house while the Ibu Rumah and Anjung is located at the front of Rumah Encik

Figure 5.45: Dapur of Rumah Encik Nazim.

Nazim.

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FAMILY INTERACTION Traditional Malay people are family-oriented and are usually tightly knit even with the large number of people in the family. There will be large spaces in the house which allows the whole family to gather in. The Anjung which is the first living space of the house, is a public space which encourages interaction among family members. It is located nearest to the entrance for the convenience of parental monitoring of the children as well as social interaction with the neighbours who may pass by since they have a hospitable culture.

Figure 5.46: Anjung of Rumah Encik Nazim.

Ibu Rumah is located in the central part of the house, where it allows ease of interaction with other spaces. Since the malay family culture heavily emphasizes on interaction among family members, the spatial arrangement draws and centralizes family members to interact within the space. The flexibility of the space allows the diversity of space functions for activities of the individual, family and community showing how big a home’s role is to the past Malay community. (Roslina, 2012)

Figure 5.47: Rumah Ibu of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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SPATIAL ORDER AND ZONING The positioning of main entrance of Rumah Encik Nazim is

Hujung will be only for those most respected or people of

purposely placed asymmetrically to the anjung facade. This is

higher position such as the religious teachers and village’s

for the guest to differentiate the cultural zoning of the front

leader since the suggestions provided by them will be the

part of the house, Anjung. Not only that the spaces inside

most trustable as well as most righteous one, symbolizing

Rumah Encik Nazim is being arranged in a hierarchy order,

the final answer for all discussion and consultation.

the designated principal zoning of anjung depicts cultural social order. Anjung is divided into pangkal (front part), the lowest spatial status, tengah (middle part), neutral spatial status and hujung (back part), highest spatial status (Idrus, 1996); (Ali, 1953).

Pangkal is normally occupied by the family or clan’s leader during a discussion. It is being placed at front part as the

LEGEND

Pangkal

person organizing the discussion will be at the front starting the discussion.

Tengah Hujung

Tengah is usually seated by the women if any discussion is needed. They provide consultation on matters while the decision made will be by the elderly or the family leader. It acts as a neutral space since the consultation or advices provided will not be the final decision for the family.

Figure 5.48: Zoning of the Anjung.

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HYGIENE The Dapur of the house, meaning the kitchen, is always situated at the back of the house. It is the last space of the house and is commonly located on a lower floor. The Dapur is mainly a semi-private area for women to conduct cooking thus being located at the back of the house symbolizing the malay’s social hierarchy culture. The Malay culture also values hygiene and cleanliness therefore the kitchen is located away from other parts of the house to prevent smoke and food scraps from dirtying the main house.

Figure 5.49: Dapur of Rumah Encik Nazim.

The toilet is also located on the lower ground level beside the kitchen and away from the rest of the house as it is considered the most unhygienic space among all. This shows how the malay values their cultural aspects in which they are asked to stay away from the impure.

Figure 5.50: Toilet of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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5.3.3 RELIGIONS AND BELIEF The cultural history of the Malays over the past several thousand years has seen the transition from an animistic base through Hinduism and Buddhism, to Islam and following that to Western-style modernization. The influence of animism is ubiquitous, serving as a basis for traditional Malay culture, its inherent taboos and superstitions such as those connected with the presence of negative influences, as well as many of the ritual practices. Similarly the contributions of Hinduism and Islam are strong in the Malay way of life. Often, as in the case of beliefs related to sacred places and persons, religious syncretism is evident.

Figure 5.51: Orientation of Rumah Encik Nazim where the west side is facing the Qibla.

In Rumah Encik Nazim, religious influences are more prominent.

For instance, the orientation of the house where the west side is facing the qibla. People not only pray there, but also carry out the rest of their activities for the sake of pleasing Allah. In the heart of every Muslim resides the Kaaba in Makkah in which direction they pray five times a day. This influences can also be found in other houses in Kedah and the Istana as well. In design, the gateway of beranda depicts the dome of the mosque as a welcoming decorative sign to welcome guests. This clearly shows how the Malay people laud islam back then.

Figure 5.52: The entrance of Beranda.

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In Islam, accomplishing certain tasks in odd numbers is significant as it resembles many things like the 99 names of Allah, the 5 daily prayers and 7 circulations (tawaf) around Kaaba during Hajj.

Imam Tirmidhi mentions a Hadith in which the prophet Muhammad is reported to have said, “Indeed Allah Ta’ala is one (which is an odd number) and loves that which is odd.”

Figure 5.53: Odd number of the height of the floor to ceiling of the exterior wall.

(Sunan Tirmidhi, hadith : 453 & Musnad Ahmad) It is for this reason, that in certain aspects of Shari'ah, it must be done in odd numbers. The use of odd numbers has inspired the Malays to apply it on the design and measurements of their houses which can be seen in Rumah Encik Nazim. Such examples are the number of steps, the measurement of each element like the height of the floor to the ceiling, etc.

Figure 5.54: Odd numbers of steps at the entrance of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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Figure 5.55: 9 slats on the louvres on top of the wall

Figure 5.57: 3 rooms at the first floor of the house

Figure 5.56: 13 wooden panels on the walls

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Each traditional Malay house will have a column named “Tiang Seri”. In Rumah Encik Nazim, this column is located on the wall between Ibu Rumah and Anjung. It is very special compared to the other columns of the house. Based on the beliefs of the Malay community, the existence of this pillar was aimed to safeguard the house by acting as a shield against evil spirits. It is the first column to be erected before starting any construction of the house.

Prayers were conducted by religious officials before setting up the Tiang Seri. The top of Tiang Seri is covered with cloth of several colors. In Rumah Encik Nazim, there are three colours that are noticeable which is white, black and red. The colour white

Figure 5.58: Red cloth wrapping the column of ‘Tiang Seri’.

symbolize purity , black represent the Istana and red symbolizing fight.

In Traditional Malay houses, cosmic elements are presented through the description of the sun, moon, stars, marching clouds, mountains, hills and others. As the motives of the sun and stars are often mounted on the 'Tebar Layar’ or the gable. In rumah Rumah Encik Nazim the motive of the sun is portrayed on the ‘Tebar Layar’.The sun motif is a tribute to nature and a tribute to the cosmos (stars, planets, space etc).

Figure 5.59: The motif of the sun on the Tebar Layar.

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5.3.4 RITUALS AND CUSTOMS GREETINGS In the Islamic Malay culture, it is a basic courtesy to greet each other or guests with the Arabic phrase “Assalamualaikum”, which means “peace be upon you”.

When greeting, both individual extend both hands and grasp each other’s hands, then place their right hand over the left breast. This short gesture means “I greet you from my heart”. [Source: The Traveler's Guide to Asian Customs & Manners by Elizabeth Devine and Nancy L. Braganti].

CULTURAL PREFERENCES According to the Muslims, the right hand or foot is preferred to that of left. (Sedgwick, 2006). The right hand is used when one eats, drinks, or greets each other. When it comes to entering the house, one must wash their feet at the pangkal tangga (the start of the stair that meets the ground) and take off their shoes, then ascend the stairs with their right foot first then stop with both feet on the last step of the stairs (anak tangga bongsu), and finally step into the house with his/her right foot first and bow slightly while crossing over the bendul (the construction components at the bottom of the door frame) into

Customs in greeting includes: 1) Malay individuals of different genders must not shake hands.

2) When a Malay man greets a woman, they should bow while placing their hand on their chest instead of a handshake.

the anjung.

This is practiced by Encik Nazim (the owner) and his family which explains the steps of their stairs is designed in odd numbers so that people starts with right leg and enters the entrance with it too . On the other hand, left hand is normally for cleansing oneself after using the toilet or entering the toilet.

This is all due to the belief that right hand or foot is more honourable and noble than that of left, as “may Allah make us among those who are given their records in right hands.”

(Ameen Ya Rabb)

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CHILDBIRTH In the Malay customs, the customary practices of childbirth start after the completion of the 7th month of the pregnancy. It is classified into 6 stages:

1. LENGGANG PERUT

2. DELIVERY

The term “lenggang perut” literally means “blessing the

During the 9th month of pregnancy, wang pengkeras will be

belly”. Women, especially close family members and

raised, the amount decreases for the subsequent children

relatives will be invited to this ceremony. In this stage,

after the first child. Before the birth of the child, mengkuang

the

the

leaves are placed directly under the house where the birth

mother-to-be to lay on and uses coconut oil to

takes place, which is on the “lantai jarang”. After the child is

massage the abdomen. A cleanly shaven off coconut

born, a cross is marked on the child’s forehead with a

husk is rolled off the mother-to-be’s abdomen.

mixture of oil and charcoal. In their belief, the mengkuang

According to their traditional belief, the position where

leaves and the marks are able to protect the unborn baby

the coconut stops rolling determines the gender of the

from evil spirits.

midwife

(bidan)

prepares

sarung

for

baby. Then, the midwife grabs the sarung where the mother-to-be lies on and starts rocking it side to side.

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3. SHAVING AND NAMING OF THE BABY

5. COMPLETION OF TABOO PERIOD

The shaving ceremony will be carried out whereby the

After the taboo period is completed, the mother must

baby’s hair is shaved, as the hair that grew in the mother’s

take herbal baths.

womb is considered unclean. The baby is then bathed with warm water scented with sliced lime.

4. THE PERIOD OF TABOO

6. KENDURI (CEREMONIAL FEAST)

After the birth of the child, the mother is not allowed to

A ceremonial feast will be held after the taboo period

leave the house for 40 days. The Malays believe that the

where family members and relatives are invited, food

mother’s body should be well taken care of and kept

will be served to the guests.

warm in the house after childbirth to regain physical strength. During this period, body massages are given on the first 3 days and the last 3 days of confinement. The mother’s abdomen is wrapped with a

bengkung

(traditional postnatal corset) and is encouraged to lie down more to help the mother to get back in shape quickly.

Also, the mother is not allowed to have cold drinks.

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552.5mm

1612mm

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CHAPTER 8.0

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

8.1

CONSTRUCTION TOOLS

8.2

TRADITIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

8.3

TYPES OF MATERIALS 8.3.1

CHENGAL

8.3.2

MERANTI

8.3.3

JATI

8.3.4

MERBAU

8.3.5

CORRUGATED ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS

8.3.6

CLAY ROOF

8.3.7

CONCRETE

8.3.8

CERAMIC TILES

8.3.9

SLATE TILES

8.3.10 MOSAIC TILES 8.4

MATERIAL PRESERVATION 8.4.1

CEMENT PLASTER

8.4.2

OIL BASED PAINT

8.4.3

COAL-TAR OIL

8.4.4

RECYCLED MOTOR OIL

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8.1

CONSTRUCTION TOOLS

In the evolution of traditional Malay houses, there are different types of carpentry tools for specific functions were invented.

These invention ease the carpentry work. It improves the old techniques and speed up the process of construction. However, in line with changes and technological developments in the early 20th century, the method of construction has changed same

Figure 8.1: Chisel set for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood. (“Carving Chisel Set,” n.d.).

goes to the construction tools. Some tools were also imported from western countries. Hence, Rumah Encik Nazim construction tools were considered modern back then.

These are the tools that were used for construction of Rumah Figure 8.2: Axe to shape, split and cut wood. (“Dreamicus,” 2014).

Encik Nazim:

Figure 8.4: Hacksaw to cut the wood.

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Figure 8.3: Beliung to shape and smoothen rough surfaces timber.

221

8.2 TRADITIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM Traditional

Prior to the Metric and Imperial systems of measurement,

Metric (g/kg)

1 Tahil (Tael)

37.7994 grams

2 Kepul : 1 Kal

450 grams

10 Nalih

576 grams

1 Kati

600 grams

2 Kal

900 grams

1 Gantang

3.6 kilograms

locals used their own form of measurement systems to aid in identifying distances and mass. Their system of measurement involves parts of the human body and commonly available items such as containers, as they were more convenient and perceived to have universal values. But as time goes on, this system has proven itself to be very unreliable and subjective.

Hence the dawn of the Imperial and Metric systems began.

Below are some of the traditional unit of measurements used Traditional

in building structures and in Figure 8.5 shows some of the traditional unit of measurement converted into the Metric units to help giving a perspective on the relationship between the two unit systems.

Figure 8.5: Measurement Unit Comparisons

Metric (cm/m/km)

1 Kaki (12 inches)

30.48 cm

1 Hasta

45 cm

1 Ela

0.9144 m

3.28084 Kaki

1m

1 Depa

1.8 m

1 Batu (1 mile)

1.609344

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USE OF BODY PARTS TO MEASURE DISTANCES JENGKAL ●

The maximum distance from the tip of your thumb till the tip of your little finger

KAKI/SEKAKI ●

The distance from the tip of your big toe to your heel. Which directly translates to 1 feet in the Imperial system.

HASTA ●

The distance from the tip of your fingers to your elbow

DEPA ●

The distance from the tip of your finger from one side, to the tip of your fingers on the other side in a straight line (from left to right, vice versa).

BATU ●

1 batu or 1 mile is equivalent to 1.609344 kilometers

USE OF CONTAINERS TO DETERMINE VOLUMES AND MASS GANTANG ●

One gantang or ‘Segantang’ is worth 3.6 kilograms

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8.3

TYPES OF MATERIALS

8.3.1 CHENGAL Chengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) (“Cengal,” n.d.) is known to be the number one hardwood in Malaysia and is classified as a heavy tropical hardwood by timber authorities. In Rumah Encik Nazim, Chengal is mostly used for the columns including the main column, which is the Tiang Seri.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL One of the most sought after hardwood in Malaysia is Chengal.

Figure 8.6: Columns of Rumah Encik Nazim.

It is commonly found in Peninsular Malaysia and Southern Thailand (“Cengal,” n.d.) and is only distributed in the same countries including Singapore. The Forestry Department of Kedah conducts second selective cutting of the Chengal tree where the allowable limit is not less than 60cm. This ensures the sustainability of the material as Chengal is also an extinct in some places and is generally absent in the national forests of Malaysia. As the Chengal is distributed from Kedah itself, the use of transportation will not affect too much on direct environmental effects. This is also beneficial as less embodied energy will be consumed, making sure minimum energy needed in the construction process.

Figure 8.7: Tiang Seri.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

HIGH DURABILITY

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

HEAT RESISTANT

The characteristic of this hardwood is that it is very durable.

Heat does not affect the strength or quality of the Chengal

The durability of the Chengal wood also depends of the

wood which is important as it can provide stability to the

maturity of the wood. Only the mature wood has a longer

finished building and even safety implications during fire

lifespan and has greater resistant to wear and tear. The

situations.

durability of Chengal used in the columns of Rumah Encik Nazim enables the vertical load to be distributed equally supporting the ceiling and roof of the house.

HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH

WATER RESISTANT

As Cengal is extremely sturdy, it is able to withstand the load

Not absorbing water is also another reason why Chengal is

that supports downwards and acts as load transfer

used as columns. As some of the columns are exposed,

structure. This is a crucial factor for choosing Chengal as the

which are also known as stilts, it is crucial that it does not

material for the columns in Rumah Encik Nazim as columns

absorb the water so that it does not cause structural

are one of the main structure to support the house.

problems due to unexpected swelling, which will attract tropical insects or in worse scenarios, start to decay causing the structural strength to deteriorate as columns are one of the main structural elements of the house.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE WEATHER RESISTANT

FINE TEXTURE

As written at the properties section, Chengal is the right

The smooth texture is not only pleasing to touch but it is also

timber selection to withstand the climate of Kedah. As

safe around kids who usually run around the house as they

Chengal is heat resistant, it will not bring extra heat from

wont get hurt if they bump onto the column unintentionally.

the outside through the columns. Therefore, it will not contribute to the increasing temperature of the house in

AESTHETIC

Kedah as the weather is already hot. Being weather

Not only does Chengal serves many benefits, it also adds an

resistant, the owner of the house does not have to worry

aesthetic value to the house naturally. Varnishing or a coat of

about the quality of the stilts deteriorating when exposed

lacquer might be needed but it does not need to be finished

to dry weather or rain.

to look or feel good.

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

SOUND ABSORPTION Just like any other wood, Chengal’s acoustic properties make it ideal for minimizing echo in living spaces. Instead of reflecting or amplifying it, it absorbs the sound which can help reduce noise levels for additional comfort since columns are placed in basically all the spaces in the house.

COST The only downside of this hardwood is that it is costly (“Pros and Cons,” n.d.). Even though the young Chengal wood is cheaper that the mature one, the big difference in the quality makes it fairly obvious that mature Chengal wood is more applicable for construction as it lasts longer and does not need to be replaced often.

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8.3.2 MERANTI (Shorea spp.)

Meranti is another common type of hardwood found in Malaysia.

Meranti is actually the trade name of trees under the Shorea genus. Like Chengal, it is often used in building construction. It is used in the ceiling, wall claddings and ornaments of Rumah Encik Nazim.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL The Meranti is a tropical rainforest species which is found in abundance throughout South East Asia. Meranti traditionally

Figure 8.8: Interior of the ceiling.

grows in well drained mixed dipterocarp forests, especially on hills, growing in clay soils and sandy-clays (“Meranti,” n.d.).

Kedah is one of the major producing states of Meranti wood.

The forestry of Kedah carries out rotative selective cutting of Meranti trees, with a height of not less than 50cm (“Your Dark Red Meranti,” n.d.). This system in which Meranti timber is harvested helps the forest by spurring tree growth. Meranti readily available for the builders in Kedah thus they have ease of access to the material.

Figure 8.9: Meranti wall panels.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

HEAT RESISTANT

HIGH DURABILITY In terms of durability, Meranti is just moderately durable.

The Meranti is fairly resistant to heat. Due to it being

Thus, it is not used in the main structures of the house

dimensionally stable, it will not expand or contract under

such as the columns. However, it can be used to support

temperature changes. This makes it a good choice as a

the roof as the roof is a tensile structure and carries lateral

material

load, unlike the columns which carry the vertical load of the

temperature in the ceiling can increase to high

house. Meranti is also used in the wall claddings of Rumah

temperatures when hot air from the rooms below rises

Encik Nazim because the walls are non-load bearing and

up. The ceiling structure will not expand and cause the

are mainly panels.

roof to be displaced

for

the

ceiling

structure

because

the

.

HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH

WATER SOLUBILITY

Meranti wood is dimensionally stable and it is resistant to

Meranti contains pigmented substances that are soluble

twisting or warping. It is able to resist the lateral load of the

to water. If it comes in contact to water the wood may

roof and stays in shape. This is an important factor to keep

discolour. Therefore, builders usually use a stain

the roof of the house in place.

inhibiting primer or midcoat to prevent discolouration of the paint finish.

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ADVANTAGES SUITABLE WITH ADHESIVES: The wood takes well to AESTHETIC APPEARANCES: Meranti wood is usually

adhesives (“Meranti,� n.d.). It can easily be glued to another

coloured grey to yellow, blending to reddish depending on

surface or another piece of timber.

the location of harvest. Meranti ages to a golden brown with continued exposure to sunlight. This gives it a pleasant

DISADVANTAGES

aesthetic which makes it a choice of the builders of Rumah Encik Nazim to be used as the walls.

NON-INSECT RESISTANT: Meranti wood is naturally susceptible to decaying and insect attack especially in its

TEXTURE: The wood has medium to coarse fibrous

untreated state and before logging (Shaddy, n.d.). The

texture with open pores. For finishings, only sanding with

wood fiber of Meranti is a source of food for certain insects.

sandpaper is required to create a smooth finishing.

However, this can be prevented with the use of

Subsequent stains or top coats can also be applied on the

preservatives

wood.

installation.

GOOD WORKABILITY: Meranti wood has a straight grain

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

and

treatments

prior

to

usage

and

composition which makes it easy to be cut, machined, milled or sand (Shaddy, n.d.). It can easily produce long,

Meranti timber is not highly weather resistant. With the rainy

straight pieces of lumber. Wooden planks or panels can be

and sunny weather conditions of Kedah, Meranti timber is

easily created which makes it highly regarded for its

better suited to be used indoors as constant exposure to

commercial value.

sunlight and rain can cause the wood to decay. The ceiling structure is not exposed to the exterior weather so Meranti

VERSATILE: Meranti timber can be used in a variety of

is a suitable material. The exterior part of the walls of the

structures, such as the wall claddings in Rumah Encik

house are prone to weathering but this can be easily

Nazim. It can also be used in furniture, windows and door

countered with the use of suitable coating treatments to

frames.

protect it.

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8.3.3 MERBAU (Instia Palembanica.)

Merbau is a reddish-brown coloured hardwood, with a coarse texture and moderate natural luster. It is a popular species of wood used in load-bearing construction among builders. Merbau is used to construct the beams of Rumah Encik Nazim.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL Merbau is mainly distributed from East Africa to Southeast Asia

Figure 8.10: Beam below the anjung.

(“TheWoodDatabase,” 2017), and is native to Malaysia’s tropical rainforests. Merbau is harvested locally from the forests of Kedah, thus it carries low amounts of embodied energy throughout the material’s life cycle with minimal transportation impacts to the environment. Merbau is also harvested sustainably, where the material undergoes strict custody chain practices and is forestry certified.

Figure 8.11: Beam across the kitchen.

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PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES

HIGH DURABILITY

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HEAT RESISTANT

Merbau is extremely durable due to its hardness. The presence of a

Merbau has a low charring rate due to its high

natural oil - tannin in Merbau protects the wood from splitting,

tensile strength and modulus of elasticity (Bailey,

cracking, warping and peeling (Ev, 2017), which gives Merbau its

n.d.). It lights on fire very slowly, and burns slowly

unique durability. The durability of the merbau used in the beams of

as well. This makes it suitable for use in Rumah

the house enables the lateral load to be distributed equally and

Encik Nazim, as Kedah can reach up to high

effectively, supporting the floor and roof of the house with great

temperatures up to 40°C from January to March

stability for over 50 years.

every year.

LOW SHRINKAGE

WATER RESISTANT

Merbau has a very low radial and tangential shrinkage

When merbau comes in contact with water or

percentages, averaging at 0.9% and 1.6% respectively (MTC,

heavy moisture for the first time, the wood

n.d.). Its tannin oil component prevents it from shrinkage. This

leaches oil due to its excess sap, which can be

quality enables merbau to withstand the climatic changes in

washed away easily by hosing down the material

Kedah, ensuring the beams constructed would experience minimal

(“How to Deal with Merbau Wood Stains,” 2017).

levels of expansion and contraction, and stays perfectly in their

In other situations, tannin protects the wood

respective wood joints to prevent collapse.

against rainwater, causing the wood to have minimal water absorption qualities, perfect for

HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH Despite merbau being extremely hard, it is able to withstand high amounts of lateral load, given its high tensile strength. This trait is

use in Kedah’s humid climate with large amounts of rain during monsoon seasons in April, September, November and December.

important for the beams to carry the structural load of the roof and flooring.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

ADVANTAGES

Like aforementioned in the properties section,

LOW MAINTENANCE: The high quality of merbau saves the

merbau is an excellent timber choice to withstand

owner from hardly any maintenance work required. The owner of

the climate of Kedah. Merbau has low thermal

the house only has to apply engine oil to the timber every 5 years,

conductivity,

to

to maintain the attractive natural appearance of the material. Since

increasing the temperature of the house in

the beams of the house are sheltered from direct sunlight, merbau

Kedah’s hot climate. Its oily property due to

is able to maintain its natural qualities for a long amount of time.

thus

would

not

contribute

tannin allows it to be less susceptible to water, and thus, it would not rot easily, and weaken the

FINISHES WELL: Merbau glues and finishes well (“Gluing Oily

strength of the timber, and also making it

Tropical Hardwoods,” n.d.), with glue being able to sink into the

fungal-resistant.

it

wood grain without much resistance. This trait of merbau is

termite-proof, thus the owner does not have to

suitable for usage in Rumah Encik Nazim, where the only wood

worry about termite infestations leading to

jointing tools the builders applied are glue and nails.

Its

hardness

makes

potential structural collapse.

COST EFFECTIVE: Since merbau is easily available locally, it is a cost effective material to be used for construction of the house.

DISADVANTAGES LOW WORKABILITY: The high hardness rating of merbau makes it hard to saw, as it clogs saw teeth and dulls cutting edges (“Merbau Wood - Lumber,” n.d.). The builder had to use high quality cutting tools to cut the beams, to cut tenons or mortices during construction.

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8.3.4 JATI (Tectona grandis)

Teak also known as Kayu Jati is a coarse grained hardwood. The colour of the wood range from golden to dark brown and it has a coarse and uneven texture. This material is used as flooring in Rumah Encik Nazim. The suitability of this material as the flooring is due to its natural warm and solid feel which is comfortable for the feet (“What is True Teak Hardwood Flooring?,” n.d.).

SOURCE OF MATERIAL

Figure 8.12: Kayu Jati (“Obat Anti Teter,” 2017).

Teak is native to Southeast Asia and usually found in hilly terrain plantation forests as they cannot grow in rainforests (“Parke Teak,” n.d.). The builders of Rumah Encik Nazim handpicked the wood from the factory to make sure the quality are considerably high. The wood is grown and available locally in Malaysia.

Figure 8.13: Use of Kayu Jati in Rumah En Nazim.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HIGH DURABILITY

CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES

WATER RESISTANT

Teak wood is a type of hardwood and is resistant to

With the material being used for floor and floor joists, they

scratches (Pros and Cons of Teak Hardwood,” n.d.).

can be exposed as it is not affected by water (“Teak

Due to its durability, it is able to withstand the load of the

Flooring,” nd.). This is because the natural oil coats teak

occupants without cracking or warping.

flooring which prevents water from having direct intact with the wood.

DIMENSIONAL STABILITY TERMITE RESISTANT Teak has a very high dimensional stability (Pros and Cons of Teak Hardwood,” n.d.) therefore the amount of

The natural oil found in teak wood acts as natural insect

expansion and contraction caused by weather and

repellents (“Pros and Cons of Teak Hardwood,” n.d.). The

moisture does not affect teak significantly. Therefore, it is

oil causes the wood to be resistant against termite

used as flooring as it will not crack due to expansion and

infestation, if the flooring is not termite resistant, the

contraction.

wooden floor might be damaged and become hollow overtime which can be dangerous to the occupants.

FUNGAL RESISTANT The natural oil in teak wood also acts as a protection layer preventing fungal growth as the oil preventing the wood from collecting water. Without the moisture needed for fungal growth, the wood will have longer lifespan as it will not decompose or rot.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

DISADVANTAGES

Kedah has relatively high amount of rainfall, causing the area

HIGH COST: As teak tree grows slower compare to other

to be very humid. As the floor joist and the lower part of the

trees where it takes 30 years or more to mature fully,

flooring is exposed to the weather, teak is used instead of

using teak timber as flooring and floor joist can be

other timber as it has high content of natural oils, making it

expensive compare to other timber as the demand for this

resistant to moisture and drying effects from the exposure of

wood is significantly higher (Pros and Cons of Teak

weather.

Hardwood,� n.d.). Usage of teak wood as flooring at that time shows the wealth of the owner.

LOW WORKABILITY: Teak is known as a very hard material, with its hardness comes with a price as carpenters need to get the woodworking tools sharpened from time to time while working on the wood. While cutting joists for the Rumah Encik Nazim, the builders have to constantly sharpen the tools to maximise the efficiency.

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8.3.5 CORRUGATED ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS The term “asbestos” is derived from a greek word, which means “inextinguishable, inconsumable and unquenchable” (What is Asbestos?,” n.d.). The combination of asbestos and cement is used worldwide. Corrugated asbestos cement sheet generally means fibrous cement sheet. It is also widely called “AC sheet”. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, it is suitable for many uses in the construction industry. In Rumah Encik Nazim, corrugated asbestos cement sheets are used as roof coverings.

Figure 8.14: Roofing material.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL Conventional mining practices are used to abstract the raw material. Due to the formation of asbestos fibres by the growth of mineral crystals, the chemical composition of asbestos is similar to the surrounding underground rocks (“Asbestos,” n.d.). Hence, the abstracted asbestos must be separated from its rocky ore by using physical method. After the separation, the quality control of the asbestos is done to determine the reinforcing capacity of the fibres in concrete, the content of dust and granules, and the degree of fibre separation (“Asbestos,” n.d.).

Figure 8.15: Close up of the corrugated asbestos sheet.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES As mentioned, the corrugated asbestos cement sheets

The performance of asbestos is rather mediocre without

are primarily composed of portland cement and reinforced

any reinforcement. Therefore, with the mixture of asbestos

with asbestos fibres. The asbestos fibres function as the

and a certain amount of cement, it forms a strong

rebar in reinforced concrete. By weight, the proportion of

composite material called asbestos cement. This helps in

cement to asbestos fibres depends on the desired

resisting the wind load and air pressure.

physical characteristics, which varies from 10-75 percent .

The corrugated asbestos sheet is enriched with tricalcium silicate

HIGH DURABILITY

to

increase

its

resistance

to

pressure

(Campopiano, Ramires, Zakrewska, Ferri, D’annibale &

Corrugated asbestos cement sheets can last on average

Pizzutelli, 2009). In Rumah Encik Nazim, this has

50-60 years (West, n.d.). Its resistance to damage from

contributed in resisting the wind load, as a result

termites justifies the good condition of the roof of Rumah

preventing the house from any defects.

Encik Nazim which remains in its original state since 1964.

HEAT RESISTANT The natural fire resistant property makes it an ideal building material for roofing. Due to the absence of any installation of insulation layers in the roof construction of Rumah Encik Nazim, corrugated asbestos cement sheet is chosen to resist heat. As asbestos fibres are minerals, it is also a good thermal insulator, which helps in increasing the energy efficiency of the house.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

ADVANTAGES

Due to Malaysia’s warm and humid climate, it is

COST EFFECTIVE: Despite the physical characteristics, due to

crucial to have building materials that responds

its physical characteristics and low cost, corrugated asbestos

perfectly to weather. As asbestos cement sheet is a

cement sheets are widely used with the mixtures of other

good thermal insulator, it can absorb less heat when

materials to exploit its characteristics.

the weather is hot, thus less heat will be trapped in the house, providing a comfortable environment for

DISADVANTAGES

the occupants of Rumah Encik Nazim. On the other hand, the asbestos cement sheet might corrode

HAZARDOUS: Asbestos can be hazardous to human health if

when it is exposed to sunlight or rain for too long in

no precautions are taken while constructing it. When the invisible

the presence of acid radicals such as sulphuric acid

micro particles of asbestos are released into the air, it might

and nitric acid. This leads to the corrosion of

cause life threatening diseases, such as lung cancer and

subsequent layers of dissolved cement and gradual

mesothelioma (an aggressive and rare form of lung cancer),

release of asbestos fibres, which might cause harm

when inhaled for a continuous span of time (King, n.d.).

to human health (King, n.d.). The corroded surface

Individuals who are normally affected are the miners and

then becomes the colonization centre for plants like

carpenters. Workers are encouraged to use mask while

moss and lichen, keeping the water intact on the

removing the corrugated asbestos cement sheet.

asbestos

cement

sheet

contributes

to

decay

(Camponio et al., 2009). When compared to flat

HIGH MAINTENANCE COST: The cost of maintenance of

asbestos cement sheet, corrugated asbestos sheet

asbestos cement sheet is relatively high. Special equipments are

is more prone to weathering as it is rarely painted

needed for replacement of the roof coverings to prevent

due

corrosion and the release of asbestos fibres. The cost of

to

the

manufacturing

process

that

was

necessary to form the corrugations.

maintenance is usually neglected for safety purposes. Though the cost of maintenance is high, the roof coverings of Rumah Encik Nazim are still kept intact since it was built.

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8.3.6 CLAY ROOF CAPPING The roof capping used in Rumah Encik Nazim is made up of clay. Clay roof caps offer buildings beauty, security, thermal comfort and energy savings for as long as thousands of years, at a very low cost. Clay roof cappings are the triangular shaped caps that cover up the joints where two faces of a roof meet together. Without roof cappings, rain would penetrate the roof, while the tiles would be lifted and damaged by the weather. The ridge capping is held in position by the cement bedding it sits on.

Figure 8.16: Ridge capping.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL Clay is formed where rocks come in contact with water, air, or steam. Malaysia possesses an abundance clay resources located at the Peninsular and Sarawak. They are mainly used in making bricks, ceramic wares, and cement.

Figure 8.17: Clay Ridge capping close up.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

HEAT RESISTANT

HIGH DURABILITY This type of tile is prized for its longevity. Clay is able to

Clay is a non-combustIble material with high heat

last for many decades, longer than other roofing

resistance, due to the air pockets present in its

materials.

for

composition (“Advantages of Clay,� n.d.). This allows the

weathering, thus the ridge caps at Rumah Encik Nazim

ridge cap to stay cool in warm temperatures, which will

lasted over 50 years while still in good condition.

not contribute to heating of the house.

This

material

possesses

durability

THERMAL CAPACITY Clay cap has the capacity to store large amounts of heat energy during day and released during night. This aids in absorbing the heat from the house during the day, which helps in cooling the house. Thus, this energy absorption process can be repeated. High thermal emittance is one of the benefit of clay tile. It can absorb the solar heat away from the structure prior to it transferring inside the building.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE During rainy days, the ridge cap will prevent the rain

ECO-FRIENDLY: It consists of the natural raw materials, so they

water from penetrating to the roof and protect the

are free of pollutants and allergens. Furthermore, Ridge caps are

roof structure being damaged by the weather. The

recyclable. They are able to be efficiently deposited without causing

weight of the clay roof cap will contribute to its

environmental

pollution.

performance in high winds areas, due to the heavy weight of the clay. The pressure on the roof sheets

INERT: Clay is completely natural, non-toxic and inert, with no

prevents the sheets of Rumah Encik Nazim from

chemicals off-gassing from the material. This assures that the

being disturbed.

material will not pose any health-risks to the users.

ADVANTAGES AESTHETIC: This material possesses aesthetic

DISADVANTAGES

value due to the design detail of the ridge cap,

DIFFICULT INSTALLATION & HIGH MAINTENANCE: Clay tiles

providing an added complexity to the asbestos

must be properly installed to withstand heavy rainfall during

roofing of the house.

monsoon seasons in Kedah. Careful horizontal and vertical overlapping is to ensure that water does not leak into the roof. The cost of repairing can be expensive because it is hard to install.

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8.3.7 CONCRETE Known as one of the most common building material in

SOURCE OF MATERIAL

Modern Age. The concrete is a type of hardened substance created by composing three components together: water,

Concrete is easy to handle as materials used to make

aggregate (broken stones and gravels) and cement. Concrete

concrete are very commonly found around the world

as a building material are used as binding agent that turns

including South East Asia. Concrete is usually in

into liquid state after added with water and is able to harden

powder-form and are mixed on site with water. It requires

itself after exposure to air or heat to form durable and sturdy

less

structure. These substances then can be spread onto

“readily-mixed”

surfaces or poured into moulds to form a stone-like mass

concrete allows faster casting time. Concrete is also a

upon hardening. The material concrete can be found in the

mass produced material in Malaysia which cuts down the

footings, foundations and the extended part (ground floor) of

transportation needed to deliver these materials. It is also

Rumah Encik Nazim.

known to be energy efficient during production as 80% of

time

to

make

as

concrete

now

there

available,

are

already

readily

mixed

CO2 emissions do not originate from the production of Concrete are known to be the ideal building material in

concrete materials nor the construction process using

common houses because it contains an aggregate within that

concrete materials (“Properties of Concrete,” 2015).

allows it to change its characteristics. These characteristics of concrete mainly depends on the choice of aggregates added and the amount of cement added, these greatly affects the performance , appearance and the way concrete is used. The concrete is also known to be grey coloured with smooth surface, this provides Rumah Encik Nazim a stable and calm outlook along with its noise-reduction characteristics to allow the occupants to have peace and quiet environment.

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Figure 8.18: Expanded part of the house made from concrete.

Figure 8.19: Concrete footings of the columns.

242

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HIGH DURABILITY Concrete is known to be high in compressive strength but weak in tensile strength so it is often reinforced with steel to provide the necessary tensile strength. It is placed on the foundations and footings of Rumah Encik Nazim because it has the strength to support loads with high pressure which allows the house to be able to

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES WATER RESISTANT One of the aggregate within concrete is its water resistant mixture that allows it to be compatible in wet climate areas. This compatibility close off the gaps within concrete allowing it to be able to allow water to flow on it, water will not be absorbed by it.

This properties allows Rumah Encik Nazim to be able to sustained longer under wet conditions.

sustain longer under these climate.

THERMAL CAPACITY DECAY AND TERMITE RESISTANT

Concrete also has chemical properties that contributes to the

Concrete is resistant to decay where it is able to last

thermal mass of the house where the concrete walls and floors

longer in comparison to wood, this allows the house to

absorb the heat and release it later on, this allows the

obtain stability and safety. Concrete is placed on

temperature around Rumah Encik Nazim to remain cool under a

timber material to prevent termites from attacking the

hot weather where the heats are absorbed and become warmer

wood.

during rainy weather where the heat within the walls are released.

HEAT RESISTANT HIGH ALBEDO

The materials of the walls and tiles of Dapur (kitchen) in Rumah Encik Nazim are made of concrete. It is placed at there so when a fire breaks out , it will not cause a fire outbreak that will burn the house down. Concrete are fire resistance as it is not combustible, this helps in preventing the house from catching on fire.

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Concrete also contains a type of aggregate that enables the concrete to have high albedo effect where the light is reflected off the walls of Rumah Encik Nazim and allowing lesser heat absorbed making the temperature cooler around the house. This properties allows the house occupants to have thermal comfortability during hot weather.

243

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

DISADVANTAGES

The weather greatly affects the durability of a building

CRACK TENDENCY: Concrete tend to expand in hot

material. And concrete are known to be compatible in most

temperature and shrink under cold temperature because of

climate which is why it is greatly used. The climate in Kedah

the weak tensile strength. The hot weather in Malaysia

is known to be warm and humid where it often rains.

causes concrete will have subsequent expansion and

Concrete is known to be water-resistance with its added

shrinking making the state of the concrete weaker. Which

aggregates and the weather in Malaysia does not affect the

increases the tendency to crack and decreases the

durability of concrete because it has lesser gaps that allow

strength.

the water to flow through or in. This allows the concrete to withstand rainy conditions and rainwater will only flow

LESS DUCTILE: Which makes it very hard to bend and

across its surface. Concrete also have high heat capacity as

when force are applied horizontally, it will force the concrete

it is able to sustained a high amount of heat with a capacity

to lose its strength easily.

of around 1000 according to (“Thermal mass,’” 2018), this allows the concrete to to withstand the weather of Malaysia.

ACCELERATED SETTING TIME: Under the hot weather

Concrete are also able to resist wind, which are common in

of Malaysia, the setting time for the concrete is accelerated.

Malaysia giving Rumah Encik Nazim the benefit of

This leads to lesser time to work on the concrete and

winstanding strong windy condition.

decreases the workability of concrete.

ADVANTAGES LOW

MAINTENANCE:

QUALITY CONTROL: Concrete needs strict quality control Concrete

requires

less

maintenance as it is resistant to rot, fire, termites and water.

It is also long lasting and do not requires much cleaning as a vandalized spot can be paint over with new paints. It also minimized the collections of dirt and dust as it is easily cleaned.

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as low workability will lead to defects in concrete such as “honeycomb” and deals a great impact in its performances and durability. Control of aggregates portion or ratio is also important to make sure that the concrete is in a state suitable for a specific structure. Testing of concrete quality is always implied, more time needed in controlling its quality.

244

8.3.8 CERAMIC TILES A ceramic tile is a finishing material for walls or floorings. It is made from clay that has been hardened permanently by heat, it can have a glazed or an unglazed surface finish. Apart from clay, ceramic tiles also contains sand, feldspar, quartz and water. The ceramic tiles are used on the floors and the walls of the kitchen, toilet as well as the floor of rooms on the ground floor of Rumah Encik Nazim.

SOURCE OF MATERIALS Ceramic contains clay so primarily the clay has to be mined from

Figure 8.20: Floor ceramic tiles on the ground floor of Rumah En Nazim.

clay pits and its then transported by a truck to a processing plant where from there it takes on to the next step and that its atomising the clay which involves crushing the clay into very fine particles of about 3mm or less. From there the production of frits and glazes take place where it involves fusing the mixture of silica and fluxes by heating them at a very high temperature, through this process that the level of glaze-finish is determined on a ceramic tile. After that the tiles are produced then packed in storage and then distributed respectively, they are installed and used until the end of its life which is usually due to demolition and reconstruction (“Ceramic Tile,� n.d.)..

Figure 8.21: Glazed ceramic wall tiles on the sink area near the bathroom and the toilet on the ground floor.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

HEAT RESISTANT HIGH DURABILITY Ceramic tiles are highly durable materials due to their high

The highly fire resistant property making it suitable to be

strength property (“Know The Properties,” n.d.). and ability

placed in areas where open fire is accountable such as the

to withstand pressure allowing them to have a long lifespan

kitchen area of Encik Rumah Nazim.

without getting weared off or damaged and this is evident in Rumah Encik Nazim. Even though the tiles have been installed a long time ago they are still free from damage and none have weared off.

CHEMICAL RESISTANT Ceramic tiles also have a high chemical resistance properties, so it has the strength to protect itself from chemical attacks,

SLIP RESISTANT

making them not easily affected by chemical agents. It also

Due to the abrasive grit feature of ceramic tile have on the

has a better resistance to alkalis and acids, this is why they

finishing, especially the unglazed ceramic tiles making them

are suitable to areas that are exposed to alot of chemical

suitable for areas that are prone to water spillage (Know

agents through cleaning for instance toilets and kitchens.

The Properties,” n.d.).

WATER RESISTANT

DIRT RESISTANT Ceramic tiles is also dirt resistant, whereas they do not absorb dust or other residue, even if some is retained on the surface it can be easily cleaned with common household materials making it one of the reason why the tiles have been used mostly on the ground floor of the

They also contain water absorption properties because they are porous to some extent, hence the pores tend to absorb a certain amount of water, ceramic wall tiles are the least dense and can have a water absorption rate of over 10% of its weight.

house, which is more prone to dust and dirt.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE With the tropical climate in Malaysia, hot temperature is irresistible so the use of ceramic tiles is suitable for the house due to its high tolerance to temperature, although the ceramic tiles can expand to some extent as well as contract according to different temperature changes, this does not affect the tiles straight away as its changing

Figure 8.22: Glazed wall ceramic tiles in the kitchen on the ground floor.

rate is low. Rainfall is another major climatic condition to consideration, which can leads to floods sometimes, where ceramic tiles are not prone to damage from water so this makes them a reliable materials at areas that can be affected by heavy rainfall and floods.

Figure 8.23: Ceramic tiles on the floor of the room near the kitchen on the ground floor.

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ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

HYGIENIC - Ceramic tiles are very hygienic because they do not

HARD TO CHANGE - Ceramic tiles can not be

retain liquids nor do they absorb smoke, odours or fumes (“Know

easily changed, so once installed there is no room

The Properties,� n.d.), making them easy to clean and hygienic

for changing.

thus suitable for any environment where hygiene is necessary for instance the toilet and bathroom areas. Ceramic tiles are also

NON-REUSABLE - During uninstallation, it is

used in the toilet and bathroom of rumah En Nazim on the

required to be broken down and being pulled out

ground floor to maintain a good hygiene and cleanliness.

thus by the time the process is done only ceramic tile pieces will be left.

EASILY MANUFACTURED - Ceramic tiles can be easily manufactured due its simple production process as well as its readily available raw materials. Making them easily available.

COST EFFECTIVE - They are also low cost but yet they present great aesthetic value when installed making them a favourable choice.

EASY INSTALLATION - Ceramic tiles can be easily installed on the walls and flooring. They do not require any complicated procedures and machinery to install but rather a short process.

NO HEAT ABSORPTION - With the heat resistant properties they do not absorb heat which allows them to create a cooling effect to counter the climatic condition.

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8.3.9 SLATE TILES Slate tile is a type of tile that is made from a natural stone called slate, a fine-to-medium grained metamorphic rock composed of clay and volcanic ash (“Natural Slates,” n.d.) . Slate tiles usually consists of different layers of natural colour in various shades of grey, purple and green, combining to produce a surface with a mixture of natural colours. The slate tiles have been used in the toilet on the ground floor of Rumah Encik Nazim

SOURCE OF MATERIAL Slates are mainly composed of quartz and muscovite or illite and biotite, hermatite, chlorite and pyrite, and less frequently composed of graphite, apatite and koalinite (“Slate Tiles,” n.d.). Slate is made through extreme compression and heat deep in the earth, which over time causes fine sand particles to re-grow in layers

Figure 8.24: Slate tiles on the floor of the toilet on the ground of Rumah En Nazim.

perpendicular to the compression. Slates found in quarries are then cut in layers using specialized tools, thus producing smooth flat sheets of stone to be used as tiles.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HIGH DURABILITY Slate tile can have a hardness of 2.5-4.0 on Mohs’ scale

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FIRE RESISTANT Slate tiles are fire resistant due to the fact that the stone

(“Physical Properties of Slate,” n.d.), this depends on the

material is not combustible, primarily due to the presence

composition of the slate and whether it was mined or found

of the muscovite which is a mineral often used in the

on the earth’s surface. The one mined can be very hard thus

manufacture of fireproofing and insulating materials.

scratch resistant and suitable for flooring purposes, while the one that can be found on the earth surface is usually soft and easily scratched.

CHEMICAL RESISTANT They are acidic tolerant and their level of corrodibility is very low (0.4%- 0.7%) (“Physical Properties of Slate,”

LOW POROSITY

n.d.), this show they are less affected by acids. Thus,

Slate is a non-porous material due to its low porosity

household detergents can be used to clean them without

property,making it suitable to be used for floors that are prone

corroding them.

to water as well as roof because of its extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4% “Physical Properties of Slate,” n.d.).

STAIN RESISTANT Slate tiles have low absorption properties as well and because of that they are stain resistant. Dirt and liquids are not likely to be absorbed by it. Making it suitable for spaces that are prone to stain like the kitchen.

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ADVANTAGES AESTHETIC - Due to the natural mineral composition of slate tiles they acquire a range of colours depending on the composition of the slate stone, vary from grey, green, blue to red. These mixtures provide a pleasant blend of colours on the finishing surface of the tiles.

MAINTENANCE - Slate tiles can be easily maintained and cleaned because they don’t absorb dust nor liquids making them stain resistant and can be easily cleaned.

MULTI-USAGE - Slate tiles are advantageous because they can be used in different parts, that is they can be used for flooring purposes, as well as on the walls and also on the roof.

DISADVANTAGES COST - The slate tiles are expensive are expensive and is considered a luxurious material in the market

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8.3.10

MOSAIC TILES

Mosaic tiles is a type of tile made from a collection of small different coloured tiles and are put together to form a certain pattern or image. Mosaic tiles can come in any shape not necessarily a square, they also come in a wide range of composition, vary from ceramic, glass, to stone, allowing them to provide a wide range of beneficial properties. The mosaic tiles in Rumah Encik Nazim are used on the bathroom hallway as well as the bathroom floor, all on the ground floor.

Figure 8.25: Mosaic tiles on the bathroom hallway of Rumah En Nazim.

SOURCE OF MATERIALS Mosaic tiles do not have a specific source because they can be made from different materials, thus some mosaic tiles are made from quarried stones, some are made from ceramics porcelains and some from glass material. The final outcome of the mosaic tile depends on the material used primarily, which this will also affect the properties of the tiles.

In Rumah Encik Nazim the mosaic tiles used were made from ceramics and allowing them to acquire ceramic

Figure 8.26: Mosaic tiles used on the bathroom floor of Rumah En Nazim on the ground floor.

properties.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

STRENGTH

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ACID RESISTANT

Mosaic tiles used in Rumah en Nazim are ceramic mosaic

This tile have acidic resistant properties (“Acid Resistant

tiles and they have high strength properties due to the fact

Tile,” n.d.), it can withstand acid without getting corroded

that they can withstand pressure, due to this mosaic tiles are

or damaged due to the presence of non-ferrous clay. This

durable and they are long lasting (“Difference Between,” n.d.).

applies especially to the glazed mosaic ceramic tiles like the one on the bathroom hallway in the house.

SLIP RESISTANT Ceramic mosaic tiles used on the floors are usually unglazed

FIRE RESISTANT

so that makes them have the slip resistant property because

The mosaic tiles are also fire resistant because the

the surface is a bit rough. Such mosaic tiles are suitable to

materials they are made from are also not combustible.

areas like the bathroom and toilet floors where the surface can get easily wet so the risk of slipping is also minimised.

POROSITY The ceramic mosaic tiles especially the unglazed type have pores to some extent so due to that they have can absorb a certain amount of water that lies above them. But the amount absorbed isn’t too high that it affects the tiles.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE The mosaic tiles are suitable for the climate due to its low water absorption property (“Acid Resistant Tiles,� n.d.),

COST - The ceramic mosaic tiles used in the house

which helps in maintaining the quality of the tiles especially

are one of the low-cost mosaic tiles. Which that is

crucial to the Malaysian tropical climate where rainfall is

efficient because although they have a lot of beneficial

inevitable. The tiles have a low heat expansion property

properties they are also cheap and affordable.

which this manages the tiles to not be affected by heat, whether its a direct heat from open flames or heat from

WIDE RANGE - Mosaic tiles exist in different shapes,

the atmosphere.

colours and texture, this is one of the type of tiles with a wide range of choices and unlimited options.

ADVANTAGES

AESTHETIC - Mosaic tiles have an outstanding look due to the mixture of small tiles, they very well compliment a surface that they are put on and provide a visually impressive look with whatever desired patterns.

DISADVANTAGES FAULT IN INSTALLATION: When mosaic tiles are falsely installed they may need a lot of maintenance which is expensive. In a short period of time the tiles may start to chip off or move out of their original

CLEANLINESS - Mosaic tiles can be easily cleaned,

position.

though they may look tough to clean due to its small partitions. They can be easily cleaned and they do not absorb stains, so with a help of some household cleaning equipment the tiles can gain back a clean shiny look.

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8.4

MATERIAL PRESERVATION

8.4.1 CEMENT PLASTER Cement plaster can be commonly found as finishing for interior and exterior masonry wall to provide them a smooth texture and acts as a protective layer for the covered component (Harris, 2003). This type of finishing has been a favourable choice for the local due to its ease of being obtained and can be made on site anytime with just few simple steps. Plaster is being known as a media to cover off

Figure 8.27: Cement Plaster (“Application of Plaster,� n.d.).

unwanted surface as it provides a clean visual due to its white aesthetic appearance. Plaster was being used even in

SOURCE OF MATERIAL

the 16th century while still being widely used at our current generation, it can be moulded, but itself is not a strong

Cement plaster is made from mixing of cement, lime, sand

material, only to be applied on supporting structures as

together with drinkable water which is free from impurities.

finishing rather than being a load-bearer.

Mostly mixed in a cement to aggregates ratio of 1:6 for the internal coating while 1:4 for the external. In one of the lca cycle of cement, waste from other industrial manufacturers is blended with the raw cement materials to alter the properties of the cement so as to reduce the excess usage of raw materials in the making of cement. Manufacturing of cement itself emits CO2 during the calcination process but the emission percentage can actually be reduced using a blended cement.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

HIGH DURABILITY

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

FIRE RESISTANT

Coverage of surface by the cement plaster shown in the

Since plaster is made up from gypsum, it consist of

lower ground level spaces in Rumah Encik Nazim allows

the properties of gypsum too. Cement plaster is fire

resistance to moisture penetration as cement plaster is

resistant which made it suitable to be placed in

impermeable to water, preventing water from seeping into

area that is prone to outbreak of fire. It is able to

the masonry causing damage to the structural component

endure the spreading of fire for about 4 hours

of the house. This increases durability of the wall.

allowing securance for the wall (Wirsching, 2000).

SOUND INSULATION Cement plaster acts as a sound insulator, a barrier that minimizes the sound echo by breaking the sound. This insulator prevents noises from travelling to the house’s core, keeping the Anjung and Ibu Rumah undisturbed.

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ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

AESTHETIC - Cement plaster when being applied on the wall

MAINTENANCE - Repairing plaster defects

provides a clean white even surface as finishing for walls. This

acquire skill and can be difficult. The colour of

material can be especially useful as it can be easily applied with

plaster might also differs from the one before.

both efficiency and effectivity.

COST EFFECTIVE - Although material used in the COST EFFECTIVE - Cement plaster is easily accessible at the

making of plaster can be commonly found but the

same time and can be bought with a low cost. Easily

cost of plastering can be higher compared to other

accessible in terms of that it can be made at anytime anywhere

finishing. The cost to hire people for the job will

with the mixing of cement, lime and sand.

also be higher due to that it requires trained worker to work on the job.

MULTI-USAGE - Usage of cement plaster allows various forms to be formed with ease providing more options of usage itself.

INSTALLATION - Coating of plaster takes lesser time compare to drywall as it dries faster, it can be applied in another layer even when it is not completely dried. Plastering also do not produce much dust.

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8.4.2 OIL-BASED PAINT Initially Rumah Encik Nazim was not painted, but it was later painted after the renovation of the ground floor from wood to concrete.

Acting as a protective layer at the same time providing a good cover up as the aesthetic look of the house. Therefore, the house was painted using Oil based paint, which this is a type of paint that contains particles of pigments suspended in a drying oil (“Oil Paint,” 2018). Oil paint is usually viscous but it can be thinned by adding solvents like turpentine, liquin or white spirit (“Oil Paint,” 2018). The viscosity of the paint is one of the reason why oil based paints take time to dry up but using solvents to thin it makes it dry faster.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL Oil based paint commonly contains pigments and linseed oil or also known as flaxseed oil, a drying oil that turns into solid form when it is

Figure 8.28: Oil-based Paint (“Hazardous Waste Warning,” n.d.).

in contact with air. It is pressed from the seed of the flax plants (“Characteristics,” n.d.). The linseed oil also acts as a binder of the pigments in an oil based paint. The pigment used in the oil paint can be from organic or inorganic sources.

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PROPERTIES

SCRATCH RESISTANT

POLYMERIZE

When the paint dries up it creates a tough film that is

The reason why oil paint can dry up is because it

resistant to scratches (“The Chemistry of Oil Painting,” n.d.),

contains drying oil and the drying oil undergoes

the tough film is a result of the thickness of the oil paint

polymerization process to dry up (“Polymerisation,”

before it dries up . This helps the paint maintain its quality for

n.d.). This happens when the paint comes in contact

a longer time thus promotes durability.

with air. Basically it is an evaporative process, which is slow but differ from one oil to another.

WATER IMPERMEABILITY The oil paint cannot absorb water or other liquids when it is dried up. This is because of the linseed oil that is present in

TOXIC

the paint creating a protective shiny film on the surface of a

Oil paint can be toxic due to the added pigments in the

material. This film is not porous and thus does not absorb

composition. Most pigments are known to be very toxic

water.

due to their chemical compositions of copper, sulfides, and lead.

SHINY APPEARANCE

Oil paint has a shiny glossy finish when applied on a surface, this is also due to the oil content it holds. This properties made it suitable to be used as a decorative element for other surfaces.

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RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

DISADVANTAGES

The oil paint can be damaged due to high temperature and

DRYING PROPERTY - In comparison to other types

high humidity levels as they trigger thermal expansion (“Oil

of paint, like acrylic paint or other water based paint,

Painting - Characteristics,” n.d.). Since the oil paint is not a

oil paint takes a very long time to dry up. Even after

flexible material, it may chip off while creating some

addition of thinning solvent, the drying process can

patches on the surface during expansion. Thinning solvents

take up to 2 days to complete.

can be applied on top to minimize the expansion.

ADVANTAGES DURABLE - The oil based paint is a durable material because it is scratch resistance as well as it does not absorb water which helps to protect the wood beneath from dampness related problems such as fungi attack.

AESTHETIC - The paint helps to improve the total look of surfaces by covering up the colour defects.

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8.4.3 COAL-TAR OIL Oil-based preservative paint was used during the house painting of Rumah Encik Nazim. Most of the time, timber materials such as Chengal, Merbau, and Bamboo were chosen as materials because of their natural strong and hard properties while still being able to deal with local climate. However so, the benefits in extra layering were to protect the woods from decaying, forming resistant to termite attack and weathering damages.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL Coal-tar oil is the tar product derived from wood. The colour

Figure 8.29: Coal-Tar Oil (“Coal-Tar Oil,” 2018).

appearance would be in brownish-black color, contains mainly hydrocarbon with less tar acid (“Coal Tar Oil,” n.d.). Through brushing it on the surface of timber, it serves as a natural water repellent and therefore resistant to leaching, protects timber against splitting and rotting.

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PROPERTIES

VISCOSITY

HIGHLY FLAMMABLE

Coal-tar oil is a very viscous liquid and sometimes it can

Coal-Tar oil is a highly flammable liquid substance which

be at a semi-liquid state hence its increase in viscosity.

can be easily ignited by heat sparks or flames, so

The oil is very thick therefore the flow is more uniform and

precaution is to be taken when it is being used.

very slow.

TOXIC SOLVENT SOLUBILITY

Coal tar is also a toxic substance. When it is tested, it burns

Coal tar oil is a very thick substance and is not soluble in

and has a very caustic taste (Volkmann, et al., 1936). This

water, thus they are immiscible (Volkmann, Rhodes, &

is good for the wood because it protects the wood from

Work, 1936). Because its insoluble in water, then it makes

getting attracted by fungi, pests and termites. So since its

the wood resistant to leaching and weathering.

toxic the pests will not survive on the wood enabling the wood to last for a longer period of time.

ODOUR

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

The oil also has a Smokey-like odour but the odour does not stay for long when painted on the wood (Chemical and

Coal tar oil responds well to the climate because it is highly

Physical Information, n.d.). So, in long term only the heavy

resistant to water and the Malaysian tropical climate is

dark colour tint is left on the wood but the odour will not

characterised by a lot of rainfall which makes coal-tar oil a

be present.

very good material to preserve the wood for as it protects the wood from dampness that may lead to fungal growth.

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ADVANTAGES LONG LASTING - Coal tar oil lasts long when its applied on the wood and so it is efficient because it does not need to be maintained nor repainted back on the wood.

AFFORDABLE - Coal tar oil is not expensive and can be easily available in most places. Thus, this makes it useful and cost effective.

DISADVANTAGES SKIN IRRITANT- The coal and tar oil is very brutal when it comes in contact to the skin and can cause skin irritation that can result to irritated rashes and redness. so one needs to take precaution when using it.

ODOUR - The oil primarily usually has a smokey kind of smell that may be irritating for quite some time, but it won’t stay there for the entire lifetime. This is one of the reason why the coal tar oil is usually painted on the wood way before the construction begins so as by the time the house is complete the odour is gone

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8.4.4 RECYCLED MOTOR OIL During the olden times, recycled motor oil was introduced as a traditional wood stain to protect the timber from decaying and weathering as finishing material. It was said to be coated on the surface of timber after the first coat of color paint. It impregnates into the wood and provides an interior protection for wood while maintaining the appearance of color paint, giving it a longer lifespan and better protection.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL Crude oil derived from earth’s inner layer is distilled to produce different types of liquid with different features. The distilled light liquid used as fuel while the heavy liquid used as lubricants (“Motor oil,” n.d.). Oil is added with required properties to function properly as fuel for car engine.

Figure 8.30: Recycled Motor Oil (“Recycled Motor Oil,” 2018).

Used motor oil can actually be re-refined. Re-refining in terms of making the oil into a usable state again as re-refining uses a practise of vacuum distillation to distilled off unwanted chemical in the used oil such as dirt and water, restoring the used oil to its effective state.

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PROPERTIES HIGHLY FLAMMABLE

VISCOSITY Viscosity measures the resistance of flow (“Motor oil,� n.d.).

Therefore motor oil has a very high viscosity as it flows slowly. Which makes it to have an even uniform coating and easy to work with because of it semi-fluid consistency

Motor oil is less flammable, therefore it is not easy for it to ignited from a heat sparks or flames. which makes it a good preservation material as it reduces the chances for the wood to burn or catch fire easily.

TOXIC

WATERPROOF Motor oil is lighter than water which makes it hydrophobic as it repels and is unable to mix with water. This will enable the wood to be protected from rotting or molding.

SOLVENT SOLUBILITY

Motor oil is toxic when ingested or inhaled. Used motor oil is even more harmful as it can cause problems by just touching it as it has more impurities in it. This gives the wood more protection from fungi attacks, termites and other pests.

Motor oil is not soluble in water. However it is soluble in petroleum oil and petroleum benzene. Due to that it is insoluble in water, it is a good preservation material as it stops the wood to be permissible to water.

ALKALINITY Motor oil has the ability to neutralise acid. This makes it a good preservation material that keeps the wood in its optimum ph level.

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE Malaysia has a tropical rainforest climate and motor oil as a preservation material response well as it is a hydrophobic material that repels and does not mix with water. This protects the wood from moisture therefore it does not rot or mold.

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ADVANTAGES AESTHETIC - Motor oil can give wood a different look according to what type of wood is used and how the wood is treated. Well treated wood will give a beautiful lighter tan finish.

RESISTANCE TO TERMITES - As motor oil is oil based it sinks deep into the wood protecting it from within, preventing termites from ingesting the wood.

LONG LASTING - When motor oil is applied to wood it can last for about 20 years making it also cost effective as application and maintenance are not done frequently.

DISADVANTAGES AESTHETIC - As it relays on the wood type and treatment.

Wood that is not treated well has a dark brown close to black stain which is not appealing to all.

HAZARDOUS - It is dangerous for people as it can cause a lot of health problems and it is also not good for the environment. This is intensified when motor oil is used.

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CHAPTER 9.0

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

9.1

OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

9.2

FOUNDATION

9.3

COLUMN

9.4

FLOOR SYSTEM

9.5

WALL

9.6

DOOR

9.7

WINDOW

9.8

STAIRCASE

9.9

ROOF SYSTEMS

9.10

VENTILATION

9.11

GATEWAY

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9.1

OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Rumah Encik Nazim uses hardwood timber columns and beams structural system, primarily out of Chengal and Merbau. The components are first built elsewhere on ground and later assembled on site. Beginning with erecting the columns, and built temporary floors or platforms around them to aid in the construction process.

Then slowly proceed in constructing the roofs first and work all the way down to the facades. This ‘top to bottom’ construction (shown in Fig 9.1) is unique due to the order by which the structures are built, in contrast to the modern technique, which starts from the bottom then up.

The construction is further aided with the implementation of structural frameworks such as the floor joists and roof truss bracings. During assembly, complex jointing systems such as timber wedges are used to ensure secure fit to add structural strength. These systems allow the parts of the house to be easily dismantled and reassembled elsewhere if the user wants to relocate the house. Furthermore, this type of sophisticated modular system allows the house to be further expanded according to the user’s needs.

Figure 9.1: The Erection of Basic Traditional Malay House Form (Yuan, 1987).

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OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 1.

The construction of the house starts with the erection of the Tiang Seri due to their cultural, which is the first column located at the middle of the house.

2.

Structural elements such as posts and girts are placed in their own individual positions. Before further construction of the roof, temporary floor panels are placed on the floor joists to ease the builders of the house during construction process.

3.

After those components are located and placed, the beams of the roof structure are constructed.

4.

The top girts and king posts are then set up at two sides of the house. The roof ridge supported by king posts is placed after that. Consecutively, the roof structural elements such as rafters and purlins are then constructed on ground then put up to complete the whole structure.

5.

Lastly, the non-structural elements are then placed to ensure the house is an enclosed structure. The non-structural elements include windows, doors, wall panels, floor panels and roof covering.

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9.2

FOUNDATION

The foundation of Rumah Encik Nazim helps to support the whole structure, transferring the load of the house evenly to the ground. This is to stabilize the structure and preventing it from settling unevenly. As the soil at the site has high bearing capacity, it is able to support residential buildings. According to Encik Nazim and Encik Rahman, during the construction of Rumah Encik Nazim, konkrit pelapik tiang (concrete footings) were used. The entire structure of the house is supported by konkrit pelapik tiang. Not only the load are distributed equally to the ground, the design of the footing also elevated the whole structure, a precautionary measure against flooding and the infiltration of wild animals.

Figure 9.2: Foundation structure.

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KONKRIT PELAPIK TIANG Batu Pelapik Tiang (concrete footings) is the simplest foundation form to construct for traditional Malay house (Hanafi et al., 1996). Footings are constructed at the minimum heights at 450mm and maximum height at 600mm.

CONSTRUCTION OF FOOTING 1.

First, the measurements of the footings is marked on the timber planks.

2.

Then, the timber planks are cut according to the measurements.

3.

After that, the planks are nailed together to form a mould and the mixed concrete is poured.

4.

When the concrete is set, the frame is removed from the footings.

5.

Finally, the placement of the concrete footings are

Figure 9.3: Concrete footing.

arranged and columns will then be constructed on the footings.

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PLACEMENT OF FOOTING

Footings are normally constructed above the ground level.

The main function of the footing is to support the full load of the building, including live loads and dead loads. Traditional

The placement of footings is crucial to provide the proper

Malay house uses a frame structure system that distributes

support for the foundation and the structure. Footings cannot

the entire load to the pole and to the ground. Columns with a

be placed directly on the ground surfaces as it consists of sand

suitable base that support the load can avoid sinking into the

and grass which causes the ground to be uneven. This will

ground. Next, the column is not directly build on the ground

affect the stability of foundation (Debnath and Jha, 2016).

because it will be decay easily and damaged if it exposed to rainwater (Sahabuddin, n.d.).

To treat the ground for proper footing.

1.

The ground is excavated with a hole bigger than the footing. Then, gravel is placed and compact at the level 75mm-100mm (depending on the soil type).

2.

After that, sand layer is sown about 50mm thick so that the stone can be placed.

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9.3

COLUMN

Column is defined as a vertical structural member. It is designed to transmit compressive loads from ceiling and beam and including its own weight to the foundation. Hence it must be realized that the failure of a column results in structural failure.

Columns in Rumah Encik Nazim are made of timber columns.

Timber columns with square sections are influenced by elements of traditional Malay architecture.

CONSTRUCTION OF KAKI TIANG (COLUMN) As a lightweight timber structure, traditional Malay house regularly uses columns and a lintel timber structure. For column

Figure 9.4: Columns.

construction of Rumah Encik Nazim used the simplest way to build it. The construction methods of Kaki Tiang, which is column were rested on footings without any foundation required. The structural framework for the house consists of column braced by floor joists and roof girders.

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1.

For the construction of Rumah Enzik Nazim starts by placing the first column, known as tiang seri located in the middle of the house.

2.

Meanwhile, columns and girts are laid in their specific positions.

3.

Next, columns and girts have been erected and braced, top girts and king posts are then set up at both sides.

The function of the column is to withstand the weight and pressure of the roof directly to the ground. Then, the weight and pressure of the column can also be distributed to the concrete footings (Hanafi, 1996). So, it can prevent the whole house sinking into the ground. The function of column is to elevated the floor to protect the occupants of Rumah Encik Nazim from natural disasters like floods, as well as wild animals. Then, a vacant area below the house allowed for the circulation of air in and around the house.

Figure 9.5: Column seen below the anjung.

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9.4

FLOOR SYSTEM

The main function of the floor system in Rumah En Nazim is to support the live loads and dead loads. The floor is usually elevated off the ground to avoid flood and protect the occupants from wild animals at that time. The length and width of the floor depends on the type of timber used.

COMPONENTS The main components of the support system of the floor is rasuk (beam) and gelegar (joists). The gelegar (joists) act as an additional

Figure 9.7: Space underneath the Beranda.

support for the floor and are exposed to support the vertical stress of weight on the floor as the live loads and dead loads are directly transferred from the floor panels to the post, then to the gelegar (joists) and rasuk (beam) (Figure 9.6). The floor panels lay perpendicularly on the gelegar (joists) Gelegar (Joist)

Rasuk (beam)

Figure 9.8: Floor structure underneath the Beranda.

Figure 9.6: Vertical stress supported by floor joists.

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275

OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FLOOR 1.

After the erection of the foundation and columns, the outermost rasuk (beams) are joined to the columns through the tanggam tebuk method.

2.

Subsequently, the rasuk lantai (floor beams) are joined using the same jointing method, which span horizontally below the house.

3.

4.

After measuring and marking, the gelegar (floor joists) are placed perpendicularly and evenly above the rasuk. The tanggam skaf method is utilized to combine multiple gelegar together to achieve the desired span of the flooring.

The lantai (floor panels) are placed above the gelegar, then nailed to secure them in place.

1 2

4 3

3

8

Figure 9.9: Floor Construction Detail.

LEGEND 1. Lantai (Floor) 2. Fascia 3. Rasuk (Beam) 4. Gelegar (Joist)

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CONSTRUCTION OF FLOOR BEAM - COLUMN JOINT: TANGGAM TEBUK

1

4

LEGEND 1. Column

The joints and construction methods of the timber floor in Rumah

2. Rasuk (Beam)

En Nazim are unique. The use of baji (wedge) is extensively used and can be found on every column of the house. The baji (wedge) is multifunctional and are used as the “connectors” to the mortise

3. Baji (Wedge)

2

4. Gelegar (Joist)

3

5. Lantai (Floor)

and tenon joints (Hanafi et al., 1996). Structurally, the strength and stability of the house are solely dependent on the use of baji (wedge) due to the elevated floor, which needs more support to

Figure 9.10: The use of baji (wedge).

reinforce the house against any wind or flood damage in accordance to Malaysia’s tropical climate. It also provides opportunities for the levelling of beams, facilitates in the buildability

3

and flexibility of the construction works.

5

2

The timber floor panels are nailed onto the gelegar (joists) at an

1

interval of about 600mm. The joists are supported by rasuk (beams) and stabilised by attaching a baji (wedge) under the

4

3

beams, which are inserted into the holes punched into the timber columns. The holes are punched into the neutral axis of the columns, whereby the strength of the columns is not affected. The vertical dimension of the beam is greater than that of the horizontal

Figure 9.11: The use of baji (wedge).

dimension to allow the beam to be slotted into the column easily.

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CONSTRUCTION OF RASUK (FLOOR JOISTS) JOINT: TANGGAM SKAF 1 In Rumah En Nazim, tanggam skaf (hooked scarf joint) is used in LEGEND

the construction of gelegar (joist). Its main function is to lengthen

1. Floor panels

the joist to 2 or 2 ½ of its original length and enables the gelegar to “connect” to the structural components of the floor systems, subsequently distributing

2. Gelegar (Joist)

2

3. Rasuk (Beam)

loads to the vertical columns

(“Tanggam Skaf,” 2014).

3 One end of each of the gelegar is cut into its “hook” shape to

Figure 9.12: Tanggam skaf.

prepare for the jointing. Multiple pieces of gelegar are then joined together through the tanggam skaf method, where the combined length is able to span across the whole floor. The gelegar rest above the rasuk (floor beams), which also help in the distribution of load laterally across the floor.

Figure 9.13: Diagram of Tanggam skaf.

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BAJI (WEDGE) Additional baji (wood wedges) are inserted in between the lantai (floor panels) and rasuk (floor beams). They function to provide additional stabilization to the rasuk. The wedges are of the same thickness as the gelegar (joist), slotting perfectly above the rasuk against the

Figure 9.14: Baji.

columns, compacting the joint area to minimize miscellaneous movement of the rasuk. The added frictional force will prevent the rasuk from moving, decreasing the risk of the rasuk loosening from its joint.

Figure 9.15: Baji.

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LANTAI JARANG 1

Lantai jarang is one of the main features of a traditional Malay house. As mentioned, the lantai jarang is used for ceremonial

LEGEND

activities such as cleansing the bodies of the deceased (Hanafi et

1. Timber piece

al., 1996). Hence, it is built at the Rumah Ibu, the most important

2. Lantai jarang

2

space of the house.

3. Floor joists 4. Lantai (Floor)

The lantai jarang was built entirely by using nails and timber. It was

3

4

built with timber planks at an interval of 37mm. This allows the water from the cleansing ceremony to flow through the gaps formed between each timber plank. The timber planks are directly

Figure 9.16: Construction of lantai jarang.

nailed onto the gelegar (joists) underneath the floor panels so that they can be easily disassembled as an escape route in case of emergency. In the Malay culture, only the owner and occupants of the house know the location of the lantai jarang. To hide it, a piece of timber is with the exact same dimensions of the lantai jarang is placed on top of it.

2

Figure 9.17: Lantai Jarang.

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9.5

WALL

The construction of the walls of a house is a major component as walls determine the spaces of the house. Walls separate the interior spaces of the house from the outdoor environment and also separate the different spaces of the house. It provides shelter from the weather and privacy. The walls of traditional Malay houses are fixed with timber planks horizontally or vertically.

The walls in Rumah Encik Nazim are non-load bearing walls. The

Figure 9.18: An exterior wall of Rumah Encik Nazim.

wall panels are lightweight and does not bear any heavy structural weights (Hanafi et al., 1996). This is due to the fact that most of the load

is

carried

by

the

main

structure

of

the

house.

OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 1.

The structure of the timber walls in Rumah Encik Nazim consists of the frame, bracings and planks.

2.

The first step of constructing the walls is to construct the framework of the walls.

3.

Then, the bracings are fitted along the framework. Lastly, the wall planks are oriented and installed accordingly into the bracings.

Figure 9.19: An interior wall at the serambi.

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WALL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

1

1

3 5

2 5

LEGEND 1. Wall Plate 2. Duri Mengkuang (Thorn Bracings)

4

3. Common Stud 4. Sill Plate 5. Papan Kayu (Wooden Plank)

Figure 9.20: Wall Construction Details.

Figure 9.21: Wall components.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF WALL

TYPE 1: HORIZONTAL PLANK WALLS

There are several types of walls in Rumah Encik Nazim. The most commonly used ones are the walls with horizontal planks which are mainly found on the first floor. The entire exterior of the first floor are horizontal

plank

walls.

These

walls

have

feather-edge

weatherboarding to prevent rain from entering the house.

Figure 9.22: Horizontal Plank Walls.

1

SILL PLATE The sill plate of the walls are bottom plates which rest on the floor slabs. They are the first part of the walls to be installed.

The bottom plates act as a template for the house and determines where the walls will be constructed.

Sill Plate

Figure 9.23: Sill Plate of the Wall.

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2

COMMON STUDS The common studs are the vertical frames of the walls.

They are built alongside the columns of the house. They Common Stud

hold in place the windows, doors, bracings and wall panels (“Wall stud,” n.d.). Common studs are joined to the sill plate through Tanggam Temu (butt joint), a simple type of joint to construct as the studs are cut to its appropriate length and joined to the bottom plate without needing special shaping.

Figure 9.24: Common Studs.

3

Wall Plate

WALL PLATE The wall plates which are also known as top plates are the top of the wall frame. They are installed after the common studs and rest horizontally on them (“Wall plate,” n.d.). With the installation of the wall plates, the framing of the walls are completed.

Figure 9.25: Wall Plate.

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4

DURI MENGKUANG

The bracings for the wall panels used in Rumah Encik Nazim is called Duri Mengkuang (Hanafi et al., 1996). Duri Mengkuang (Screwpine Thorns) bracings are shaped to resemble the thorns

Duri Mengkuang

of the plant. It provides a mould for the wall panels to be inserted in and nailed to. The Duri Mengkuang is attached to the common studs through nailing.

Figure 9.26: Duri Mengkuang.

5

PAPAN KAYU The Papan Kayu is cut into identical lengths and width and they are installed horizontally. The installation begins with the lowest panels which is nailed at its edge to the Duri Mengkuang. Only Papan Kayu

the lowest Papan Kayu uses nails to be attached. Subsequent panels are installed and rests on the previous Papan Kayu. This eliminates the need for a large quantity or nails for every panel (Hanafi et al., 1996). An advantage for using feather edge weatherboarding is that it is low maintenance. if certain panels are damaged, it can easily be swapped out and replaced.

Figure 9.27: Papan Kayu.

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TYPE 2: VERTICAL PLANK WALL Another type of wall found on the first floor is the vertically planked walls. These walls are only used as interior walls where the main function of these walls is to separate interior spaces.

1.

Like the Horizontal Plank Walls, the construction of the Vertical Plank Walls starts of with the door frames such as the sill plate, common studs and the top plates (Reynolds and Enjily, 2005).

2.

The main difference in the structure of the vertical plank wall is the addition of 2 horizontal braces across the walls. These structure are called Noggins. The noggins help in maintaining the straightness and rigidity of the wall studs and the vertical wall planks (“Noggins,� n.d.).

3.

Lastly, the vertical wall planks are cut into a standard width of 16cm. However, the planks on the sides are cut to fit the remaining spaces in the wall. They are then fitted into the frame of the wall with the noggins supporting them.

Figure 9.28: Vertical Plank Walls.

Noggins

Figure 9.29: The other side of the vertical plank wall.

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9.6

DOOR

The main function of a door construction is to allow the moving mechanism of opening and closing smoothly. Doors in Rumah Encik Nazim consist of double flush doors, with two panels which swing horizontally with the help of hinges installed.

Components The doors of a traditional Malay house is usually made up of a few components. The door frame is a timber component that supports the weight of the door. The frame consist of Kayu Tegak (upright timber component) on both sides of the door. Kayu Ambang (timber threshold) and Kayu Bendul (sill) placed on the bottom part of the door. The timber construction of the door itself is made up of a few joinery systems such as Tanggam Mortard dan Tenon (Mortise and Tenon Joint), Jambangan Sampingan (Side Jamb) and a lock rail to hold the panels of the door together (Hanafi et al., 1996).

Figure 9.30: Double flush door of the front entrance.

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CONSTRUCTION OF DOOR

1.

The size of the door is determined and the frame of the door is constructed. The first part of constructing the door frame is installing the Kayu Bingkai (king studs) which are the side panels of the frame. The Kayu Ambang Pintu (top plate) which is the top component is installed. The door jambs are nailed to the Kayu Bingkai.

2.

The door panels are then prefabricated before being installed into the door frame. The rails and the stiles are cut to the desired length. The rails are the horizontal parts of the door while the stiles are the vertical panels.

3.

The rails and stiles are then connected using the Mortise and Tenon joint method. The wall panels which are the surface of the doors are connected to the rails and stiles by using the Jambangan Sambingan method. The door locks are attached to the upper and lower part of the door.

4.

Each completed door panels are attached to the door jambs through the use of hinges.

Figure 9.31: Double flush door of the master bedroom at the ibu rumah.

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DOOR CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

1 2

3

1

5

2

6

4

Top rail Hinge Stile

7

3 9

4

10

11

6 5 7

Door panel construction

8 9 Figure 9.33: Door of the front entrance.

LEGEND

8

1. Top Plate

5. Lock Stile

(Kayu Ambang Pintu)

6. Papan (Wall Panel)

2. Casing

7. Mid Rail

3. Top Rail

8. Bottom Rail

4. King Studs

9. Hinge Stile

(Kayu Bingkai)

10. Door Handle 11. Lockset

Figure 9.32: Door construction details diagram.

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1.

CONSTRUCTION OF TOP RAIL - LOCK STILE 3 4

JOINT: TANGGAM MORTISE DAN TENON

2

LEGEND 1. Lock stile 2. Top rail

Known as the mortise and tenon joint, which can be found in the

1

3. Mortard

construction of the side jamb as it connects the top rail to the lock stile at an angle of 90 degrees to each other (Baylor, 2017). The tenon,

4. Tenon

55

5. Side jamb

found on the end of the lock stile, fits into a rectangular hole cut into the exact center of the flat area of the lock stile, right above the side jamb. The tenon is shaped to fit the mortise hole exactly and usually

Figure 9.34: The use of Tanggam Mortard dan Tenon.

has a part that seats when the joint fully enters the mortise hole. The joint may be glued or wedged to lock it in place.

Precise measurement is needed to ensure the mortise is exactly one third the thickness of the wood to avoid mortise split or tenon breakage. The mortise and tenon joint is commonly used in traditional Malay houses including Rumah Encik Nazim as it is simple to construct, and to work with if done properly, strong, and gives a high quality finish.

Figure 9.35: The use of Tanggam Mortard dan Tenon.

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2.

CONSTRUCTION OF JAMBANG - STILE Stile

The jambang (door jamb) plays an important role in overall security of the door (“The importance of door jambs,� 2012). The jambang

Jambang

is the vertical part of the door frame where the door is secured. The jambang connects with the Stile of the door, which is the vertical component surrounding the panel of the door. The function of door

Panel

jambs are for support, protection and hinging. The jambangan sampingan (side jambs) are connected to the wooden frames using steel hinges, allowing the door to swing open and close at an angle of maximum 180 degrees.

Figure 9.36: The use of Jambangan Sampingan.

The opening for the door is measured and constructed based on the size of the door that is going to be installed. The framing boards will then be installed on both sides after the opening is cut.

The door jamb is installed after the door frame is constructed.

Door Jamb

Figure 9.37: Hinge connected to the door jamb.

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3.

CONSTRUCTION OF DOOR PANELS

JOINT: TANGGAM MORTARD DAN TENON Traditional door panels are locked together by the mortise and tenon joint as it is considered to be stronger than the dowel construction.

Just like the construction of the door frame, a hole is constructed on the mortise end with the exact measurement to avoid any form of damage to either the mortise and tenon components. The tenon, which is the tongue which is cut according to the measurement of the

Figure 9.38: The use of lock rail.

mortise end so that it fits perfectly. This also ensures that the door panels remain tight all year round. Tanggam mortard dan tenon actually uses more glue due to the larger surface area of the mortise end (McDonald, 2015). Instead, a dowel construction method would be more suitable.

Figure 9.39: Lock rail found on Rumah Encik Nazim’s door.

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9.7

WINDOW

The windows in Rumah Encik Nazim are in the form of shutters. The purpose of the construction of windows is to facilitate the ventilation of the house and also to provide natural sunlight. However, the Sisik Mati, also known as louvres found in the windows of Rumah Encik Nazim serve greater purposes as they are made up of slanted slats which helps to prevent rainwater to come in while allowing some natural light into the house. It is also an attractive way to provide privacy and natural lighting to the house.

The construction of the louvres utilizes Tanggam Mortard dan Tenon

Figure 9.40: Windows in Rumah Encik Nazim.

(Tenon and Mortise joint). This joinery method is very common among the construction in traditional Malay houses as it is an easy way to interlock the parts together without the use of nails.

Figure 9.41: Sisik Mati on windows of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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WINDOW CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

2 LEGEND

1

2

1

1. Casing 2. Top Rail

3

3. Sisik mati (Louvres)

4 5

4. Mid Rail

4

7

5. King Studs

5

3

(Kayu Bingkai)

7

6. Papan (Wall

8

Panel)

6

7. Lock Stile

6

9

Sisik Mati

8. Handrail 9. Balusters

Figure 9.43: Window components.

Figure 9.42: Window Construction Details.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF WINDOWS 1.

2.

3.

Similar to the construction of the doors, the frames are firstly constructed. Then the rail and stiles of the windows are built similarly to the construction of doors. However, instead of attaching wooden panels, louvres are constructed in its place.

To construct the Sisik Mati (louvres) on the windows of Rumah Encik Nazim, the dimension of the installation is first measured to know how wide and long the width and length of the of each slat and the spacing in between them.

Next, the edges of each slat is rounded and sandpaper is used to ensure a smooth finish. Then, the joinery system will hold the frame together.

1 LEGEND 1. Tenon

2

2. Mortisel

3

3. Sisik mati (Louvres)

Figure 9.44: Sisik Mati.

JOINT: TANGGAM MORTARD DAN TENON When cutting the Mortise and Tenon joints, the mortise is cut first then the tenons are constructed to fit the mortise. After all of the mortise and tenon joints have been cut and dry-fitted properly, the joints are disassembled and marked to know where to reassemble the frame in the final assembly. Then, all of the exposed sides of the rails and stiles are sanded (Baylor, 2017). The joint is then strengthened by applying glue to one of the member of the joinery system. Once the tenons are glued and secured to their respective mortises, the louvres installation is complete and is completed by applying finishing on it.

Figure 9.45: Use of sisik mati in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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9.8

STAIRCASE

The stairs of a traditional Malay house are very important as the house is elevated by stilts, therefore stairs are needed for users to enter the elevated interior. Rumah Encik Nazim consists total of 4 flights of stairs with 2 different types. The construction of the stairs emphasise mainly on supporting the weight of the users, but also take into account their aesthetic value.

OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS: WOODEN STAIRCASE (S1&S2) 1.

The measurements of the wooden stringers are marked onto wooden planks.

LEGEND Beranda Concrete Stairs

2.

The wooden stringers are cut according to the dimensions of the tread and riser.

Main Entrance Stairs (S1)

3.

The stringers are then nailed to the deck-frame block.

Side Entrance stairs (S2)

4.

Risers and treads are installed accordingly with nails.

Serambi to Kitchen Stairs (S3)

5.

Newel posts are placed at the end of both steps

6.

The balusters are connected to the treads through Mortarddan-tenon joints.

7.

Lastly handrails are placed on top of the baluster through Mortard-dan-tenon joints.

.

Figure 9.46: Floor plan of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS: BERANDA CONCRETE STAIRS 1.

The beranda concrete stairs is constructed using masonry bricks and finished off with a concrete finishing.

2.

Measurements and the design of the stairs is calculated before starting the process.

3.

The ground is first dug so that crushed stones and cement can be poured into the hole to fill the footing. (“How to Pour Concrete Steps,� n.d.)

4.

The form of the stringer and the octagonal newel post are arranged with bricks on the set footing with mortar.

5.

The bricks are then placed onto the set footing to form the riser of the stairs.

6.

String is used to make sure the level of the riser is consistent.

7.

Position of the second riser is marked.

8.

Tread is then filled up to the marker so that second riser can be constructed.

9.

Concrete is used as finishing to make the beranda stairs to have a smooth surface.

Figure 9.47: Beranda Concrete Stairs.

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OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS: KITCHEN STAIRCASE (S3)

Figure 9.48: Staircase in kitchen.

1.

The stringers are cut according to the dimensions of the tread and riser.

2.

The stringers are then nailed to the stairs skirt before being nailed to the deck-frame block.

3.

One side of the baluster is then attached to the handrail through tanggam mortard-dan-tenon (Mortise and tenon joint).

4.

The middle part of the baluster is attached to the midrail through tanggam lekap palang (Cross halving joint).

5.

The lower part of the baluster is attached and nailed to the skirt through tanggam sambung lekap (Half lap joint).

6.

Newel posts are placed at the end of both steps.

7.

The ends of the handrail, midrail and the skirt are connected to the newel posts through tanggam mortard dan tenon.

8.

Wooden cords are connected to the 1st, 4th and 7th steps of both sides of the skirting board through tanggam mortard dan tenon.

9.

Risers and treads are installed accordingly with nails.

10.

The other side is then closed with another set of closed stringer.

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S2: STAIRCASE (SELANG) LEGEND

1

1. Handrail 2. Stringer 3. Riser 4. Tread 5. Birai (Balusters) 6. Newel Post

2

6

3 5

Figure 9.50: Staircase at the serambi.

4

Baluster Thread construction

Figure 9.49: S2 Staircase components.

Riser Stringer construction

Figure 9.51: S2 Staircase Construction Details.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS: S1 & S2 Rumah Encik Nazim consist of 2 similar type of staircases,

7.

The gauges are pressed against the edge of the board and the tread and riser are marked. To add another one, simply just slide down the gauge and align with the previous drawn notch and mark again.

8.

At the time of building Rumah Encik Nazim, no electricity was used, therefore instead of using circular saw to cut the notches, the builders used handsaw to carefully cut the notches.

9.

The cut stringers are then nailed to the deck-frame board.

which are similar in construction but differ in flight numbers. The one at the front entrance (S1) has 5 risers whereas the on at the side entrance (S2) has 9 including 2 concrete steps.

1.

For the side entrance stairs (S2), concrete footing is first constructed before constructing the wooden stairs.

2.

Then 2 concrete steps are constructed on top of the concrete footing.

3.

The construction the wooden stairs were start from the cut stringers.

4.

The tread and rise notches were marked on a board using a framing square fitted with stair gauge (Figure 9.57)

5.

These small fixtures are clamp onto the square to ensure the notches are identical and the measurements are accurate. (“Fine Homebuilding,” n.d.)

6.

One part of the stair gauge is attached onto the square’s tongue according to the rise dimension whereas the other gauge is attached onto the square’s body at the run dimension.

Figure 9.52: Adjustable Stair Jig (Caroll, n.d.).

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10.

When both stringers are in place, spirit level is used on every step to ensure both sides are same level. If there are slight difference, the high spots is shaved off.

11.

The risers and the treads are cut to length to fit onto the stringers.

12.

Mortises are made on the treads before nailing it onto the stringers.

13.

As every detail are crafted by hand, the builders used a mortise chisel and a mallet to make mortises on the treads.

14.

The treads were marked with gauge lines so that when chopping, there will have less possibilities for error.

15.

The chisel is marked with a tape to establish the cutting depth, this is to ensure every mortise made are consistent.

The chisel is placed on the gauge lines and hammered with a mallet until it reaches the tape. This process is repeated for 4 sides of the gauge lines. (Kirby, 2014)

16.

After every tread are chopped with 2 mortises on both sides, the risers and treads were then nailed onto the stringers accordingly.

Figure 9.53: The use of nails on risers to stringer.

Figure 9.54: Stairs open stringer.

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17.

Next, each baluster is carved manually to be identical and tenon are made at both ends of balusters.

18.

Gauge lines are marked on both ends of the balusters, builders then used tenon saw to saw down the gauge lines carefully so that it fits perfectly into the mortises made. After sawing, wide bevel-edge chisel is used to have a clean cut.

19.

Once the tenons are made on every baluster, the balusters are then placed onto the mortises on the treads.

20.

Mortise is also made on the newel turning and the bottom part of the handrail. The mortises under the handrail are made in line with the top tenon of the balusters.

21.

To fit the handrail to the newel turning, tenons are made on both ends. The handrail is then fit onto the tenons of the balusters and the newel posts are then placed on both ends of the handrail.

Figure 9.55: Tanggam mortard dan tenon.

Figure 9.56: Balusters on tread.

Figure 9.57: Newel cap highlighted in red.

Figure 9.58: Handrail fixed into newel through tanggam mortard dan tenon.

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S3: STAIRCASE (KITCHEN) LEGEND 1. Handrail 7. Birai (Baluster)

1 2 3 6

2. Midrail

8. Tombol Tangga

3. Tread

9. Newel post

4. Riser

10. Wooden cords

5. Stringer

11. Concrete flight clad

6. Skirt

with ceramic tiles

4

7

Figure 9.60: Ceramic clad concrete flight.

5

Thread Stringer construction

8

9

10 11

Baluster Midrail construction Railing - Newel post construction

Figure 9.59: S3 Staircase components.

Figure 9.61: S3 Staircase Construction Details.

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S3: KITCHEN STAIRCASE Type S3 is found in the kitchen area, this stair connects serambi to the kitchen. Compare to S1&S2, it is a closed stringer and it is less decorative.

1.

The starting construction process of the stair is similar to S1, after cutting the both right and left stringers, the stringers are placed on top of skirt boards.

2.

The shape of the stringers are then outlined. The unwanted parts of the skirt boards are cut and stringers are nailed onto the skirt boards.

3.

Mortises are made on the 1st, 4th and 7th steps of both sides of the skirting board.

4.

Tenons are made on both ends of the skirts, midrails and handrails. Tanggam lekap palang (cross halving joint) is made in the middle of the midrails. For tanggam lekap palang (cross halving joint), mitre square is used to mark out a 45-degree joint. 2 balusters with tenon on the top, tanggam lekap palang (cross halving joint) align with the midrails and tanggam sambung lekap (half lap joint) at the bottom are made. (“Halving Joint Router Bits,� n.d.)

Figure 9.62: Tanggam lekap palang.

Figure 9.64: Mortises on newel post.

Figure 9.63: Balusters attached to midrail.

Figure 9.65: Newel post in the kitchen.

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5.

Mortise are made underneath the handrail so that the baluster can be assembled.

6.

4 newel posts with tombol tangga cap are crafted by hand with 3 mortises on each post.

7.

One side of the close stringer is first assembled, with baluster holding the skirt, mid rail and handrail together.

8.

The tanggam sambung lekap (half lap joint) with the skirt and the tanggam lekap palang (cross halving joints) with the midrail are nailed whereas the top tenon is align with the mortises found in handrail.

9.

The newel posts are then attached on both sides with the tenons align to its mortises.

10.

Treads and risers are placed accordingly onto the stringer with 2 wooden cords on the 1st, 4th and 7th steps, entering through the mortises which fix the stringers and support the stairs.

11.

Then the stairs is closed by the other set of stringer with midrail and handrail.

Figure 9.66: Tanggam mortard dan tenon.

Figure 9.67: Wooden cords through the skirt.

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9.9

ROOF SYSTEMS 3

The roof of a traditional Malay house are one considered as one of the main component of the house as it protects the house.The

structural

system

of

the

roof

takes

4

4

2

1

the 1

consideration of climate, materials and building technique and brings out a unique and aesthetic structure that puts the roof in harmony with the house.

LEGEND

8 7

COMPONENTS

1. Collar

6

2. Rafter Figure 9.68: Roof structure of the house.

The roof first consists of beams that forms the structural

4. Purlin

support for the overall roof components and ceilings. Next it

6. Beam

has the Fascia which forms the outer surface of a cornice under the roof edge.

Then the Rafter which forms the

structure of the ridge are connected to the Roof’s beam

3. Roof Sheets

7. Sub-beam

1

8. Ceiling

which are then supported by attaching the Purlin on top.

Then the Rafters are connected together at the edge to form the ridge structure which are supported by the Collar.

4

All of these are all connected to each other through joints and building techniques. This allows the roof to be more stable

2

and strong. The roof is also directly connected to the columns of the house through jointing methods.

Figure 9.69: One of the few roof structure of the house.

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ROOF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Rafter Purlin

Collar

Sub Beam Sub Beam

3

Rafter

Rafter

4

Rafter

5

6

Beam

Rafter Beam Beam Beam

2

7

Column

1

Fascia

2

Rafter & Beam

3

Purlin & Rafter

4

Collar & Rafter

5

Rafter & Rafter

6

Sub Beam & Beam

7

Beam & Column

Fascia

Fascia

1

Figure 9.70: Roof Construction Details of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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Joints:

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1.

Tanggam sambung jari (Comb joint)

2.

Tanggam paruh burung (Bird’s mouth joint)

3.

Tanggam lekap penjuru rencong

4.

Tanggam lekap palang

5.

Tanggam sambung lekap

6.

Tanggam puting

BENEFITS OF UTILISING WOODWORK JOINTS

1.

The construction of the roof starts off with assembly of Beams components to Columns of the house. The beams can be attached after ensuring the stability of the Columns and the Floors. The horizontal and vertical Beams are first attached together using a Lekap Palang joint, then both are attached together on top of the columns using a Tanggam Puting joint. This allows the beam to stay stable on top of the column.

2.

After ensuring the side and center beams are attached to each columns in the house, the sub-beams are then placed on top of the beams using a Sambung Lekap joint. Each beam components in the roof are joined with a sub-beam component to construct a structural support that increases the strength and durability of the roof.

3.

After constructing the beams structures, sheets of ceiling components are attached on the beams using nailing method to ensure the ceilings are properly attached.

Not only does it allows the house to be easily assembled and disassembled but also cuts down the cost of maintenance and repairs as the broken parts are only needed to be replaced instead of changing the whole thing. These joints also allow the load to be separated along the whole structure which help in relieving the stress of load. Additionally, the usage of joints help in minimizing the spread of fire as it can be taken off when one part is burning, and cannot be easily spread as the roof are not in one whole piece.

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4.

After the attachments of ceiling sheets, the Fascia are attached to the beams by resting on top of the beams and nailed in to keep it in place. Then in order to lengthen the Fascia, the Tanggam Sambung Jari are used as joints to link both Fascia together to form one long Fascia.

5.

After the connection of Fascia components, multiple pieces of Rafters are constructed and brought to the roof for attachments. The Rafters are joined together with the Beams using the Tanggam Paruh Burung. With each Rafter placed at an exact location pinpointed in the roof.

6.

7.

After the arrangement and placement of Rafters are made, the pieces of Rafters at both side are then connected together through the Tanggam Leka Penjuru where it locks the Rafters together to form the structure of the roof ridge.

The Rafters of the roof are then connected with the Collar in the middle so that it is able to construct a stable and proper Roof ridge.

8.

After the construction of the Roof ridge, the Purlins are then constructed and brought to the roof to be attached on to the Rafters using a nail to form a structural system on the roof component that is able to allow Roof sheets to be installed.

9. Before installing the roof sheets, the structural system of the roof are ensured stable first. Then the Corrugated Asbestos Roof sheets are brought to the roof and installed by placing on top of the purlins and nailed in to keep it in place. The roof sheets overlap each other by at least 2.5 inches until it covers the entire roof.

10. Finally , after the roof are covered. The Clay type Roof Capping are installed on the edge and top of the roof so that it covers the structural system of the roof.

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1.

CONSTRUCTION OF FASCIA

JOINT: TANGGAM SAMBUNG JARI Also known as Comb Joint or Finger Joint. The Sambung Jari is located at the Fascia components of the house. It is considered as a type of popular woodworking joint that resembles rectangular “fingers� that uses interlocking as its mechanism (Fitroni, 2013). It interlocks at 90 degree between two objects to keep the joint locked and prevents it from broken apart. The main function of the joint is to lengthen the length of the Fascia by joining shorter pieces of wood together. This acts as a connector between two Fascia components and keeps the Fascia locked tight together so that it becomes more durable and

Figure 9.71: Tanggam Sambung Jari.

stable.

The construction of the Fascia are joined together using the Sambung Jari joints where they are placed at each end of the Fascia component and are interlocked together, then they are glued together to prevent any gaps in between. They are known as strong structural joints as the Tanggam Sambung Jari are able to sustained high loads of force on it as the joints spreads the stress separately and allow the Fascia to have more structural strength to support more loads.

Figure 9.72: Sambung Jari joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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2.

CONSTRUCTION OF RAFTER - BEAMS

JOINT: TANGGAM PARUH BURUNG Potongan Rata

Also known as Bird’s mouth joint, this type of joint is used in the construction of attaching the Rafter of the roof to the Beams. It helps in keeping the Rafter connected to the top side of the supporting wall where it is kept in a stable position so that movements of Rafters are avoided. Each Rafter of the roof is build with this joint so that each of them are strongly connected to the beams. This ensures that the rafters are able to support the loads of

Potongan Palam Figure 9.73: Tanggam Paruh Burung.

other components and maintain its durability at the same time.

The joint consists of “Potongan Rata” which are called Seat cut and “Potongan Palam” which are called Heel cut (Fitroni, 2013). The seat cut is the face of the rafter that rests on top of surface of the beam while the heel cut is the face of the rafter that lies vertical to the beam. These cuts both formed “bird-like” mouth that attach on to the Beam keeping both components connected. Then the joints are fixed using nails to keep it in position using a method called toenailing which locks the Rafter in place. It is a common wood joint that enables the roof to be easily constructed but still show good signs of durability and stability.

Figure 9.74: Paruh Burung joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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3.

CONSTRUCTION OF COLLAR-RAFTER

JOINT: TANGGAM LEKAP PENJURU RENCONG The Tanggam Lekap Penjuru Rencong also known as the oblique halving joint are a type of lap wood joints design to connect a piece of wood to a slanted wood together (“The Halved Joint,� n.d.). It is used in the connection between the Collar and the Rafter of the roof. The Rafters are slanted so the Collar are attached there to ensure the Rafters are kept stable. This helps in increasing the structural strength of the Rafter so that they are strong enough to support the loads of the roof and roof tiles.

Figure 9.75: Tanggam Lekap Penjuru Rencong.

The Tanggam Lekap Penjuru Rencong are joints that connects through overlapping each other. The Rafter have a slot in the middle that is cut half of its thickness which is used to connect the Collar, while the Collar also have a slot with half of its thickness cut at the edge so that both pieces are able to interlocked each other to form a strong joint. Then nails are hammered or screwed in to keep the pieces in place so that they do not move. The Collar are attached to two Rafters with both at each end of the Collar component. The joints are simple with minimum amount of labour used but are weak as half of its material at the edge are removed so it is normally used as a supportive tool to keep the Rafters stable.

Figure 9.76: Lekap Penjuru Rencong joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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4.

CONSTRUCTION OF X - SHAPE RAFTERS

JOINT: TANGGAM LEKAP PALANG Known as the Cross halving joint, it is similar to the joints of the collar.

This joint connects two part of wood in slanted position. It is used in the connection between two Rafters and forms an X position which allows the strength of both Rafters to increase so that it is able to support more loads and so that the purlin can be placed on top of it (“Lap Woodworking Joints,” n.d.). This placement also creates the structural shape of the Roof’s ridge which acts as supportive structure for the top of the roof.

Figure 9.77: Tanggam Lekap Palang.

Similar to the Oblique Halving joint, the Tanggam Lekap Palang also have slots that are cut in half of the wood’s thickness at the edge of both Rafters so that it allows both Rafters to overlap in each other to form a structural system. The joints are then nailed together to keep it locked in place so that it is prevented from moving. It is a very basic joint that requires less labour and it keeps the ridge stable as they are both interlocked together. It is also a strong support joint that allows the Rafter to have increase in durability to support the loads of the roof tiles and roof components.

Figure 9.78: Lekap Palang joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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5.

CONSTRUCTION OF SUB-BEAM

JOINT: TANGGAM SAMBUNG LEKAP The Tanggam Sambung Lekap which is also known as the Half lap joint, are a type of joints consists of wooden pieces cut half of its thickness (“The Halved Joint,� n.d.). The function of this joint is to lengthen the length of the sub-beam so that it can be connected to the beams around the roof while acting as a structural support for the beam. It provides the strength for the roof beam so that lesser stress are placed on it. Each sub beams in the attic are connected with the beams so that the it is enough to support the whole roof. It

Figure 9.79: Tanggam Sambung Lekap.

is used as connections between the Sub-Beam and Beam, the end of the sub beam have a slot that is cut half of its thickness so that it can be placed on top of the beams. Then it is nailed to keep it in placed. Each end of the beams are first connected to the beams, then the other half links to the second sub-beam that is also connected to the beam together.

The joint is known for its strong and simple support as it keeps the Beams suitable and capable for placing the roof on it.

Figure 9.80: Sambung Lekap joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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6.

CONSTRUCTION OF HORIZONTAL BEAM AND VERTICAL BEAM

JOINT: TANGGAM PUTING The Tanggam Puting are located at the top of the columns which can be connected the beams of the roof through a jointing

Purus/ Pen

component called Purus or Pen (Hanafi, 1996). It is a small rectangular shape on top of the column that connects to the hole of the slot in the beams. This allows the beams to steadily sit on top of

Figure 9.81: Tanggam Puting.

the column of the house, it is a strong jointing method that allows the beams to be more stable as the holes have no gaps and perfectly fit into the Purus.

The horizontal beam and the vertical beam located at the outer part both meet and are joined together using a Lekap Palang joint similar

Purus/ Pen

to the jointings of Rafter to Rafter. Then beneath the slots of the beams are a hole that can be connected to the Columns of the house through the Tanggam Puting which is also known as the Tenon Joint.

Every edge of each roof beams are all connected to these columns through this joint so that it is kept stable and durable.

Figure 9.82: Puting joint in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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7.

CONSTRUCTION OF KASAU LINTANG (PURLINS)

The Kasau Lintang is a structural part of the Roof component in the house. This structural method are used as a response to decrease the load stress of the Rafters. It helps in lessening the loads of the roof covers and roof tiles so that the stress on the Rafters are decreased as it separates the loads. The purlins are attached from top of the roof to the lowest part and are tasked with this in order to keep the roof durable and stable (Fitroni, 2013).

After the connections of Rafter to the beams and the joinings of the

Figure 9.83: Kasau Lintang.

rafters, the Kasau Lintang which are the Purlins are attached on top of the Rafters, which are then locked in by placing a nail below the Purlin. The nails keeps the Purlin in position so that it will not fall off or move out of position. It is a very important roof component as it keeps the roof structure stable and safe, it also helps in decreasing the stress place by the weather against the roof as it helps withstand the pressure of the wind and rain.

Purlin attached to the Rafters Figure 9.84: Kasau Lintang in Rumah Encik Nazim.

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9.10

VENTILATION

The air vents and louvres are a very important part of the house

LEGEND

for as they play a great role in facilitating ventilation and natural

1. Horizontal wooden Louvre tenon detail

lighting into the house. The Air vents are surrounded all over the

panels

house at the top part, above the windows or the walls, this help

2. Sisik mati (Louvres)

to maximize the efficient flow of fresh air and light into the house.

3. Vertical wooden panels

The louvers are also fixed at an angle to limit rain from getting in the house as well as direct sunlight. The construction of the air vents and the louvres of Rumah En Nazim has used a very simple but yet efficient construction method.

1 COMPONENTS The Air vents are primarily made of two parts and that is the framing and the second parts is the sisik mati (louvers) which are all aligned at the same angle and spaced at repeatedly the same

2

3

Mortice detail

distance.

1

Figure 9.86: Air Vent Construction Details.

Figure 9.85: Air vents above the walls at the ibu rumah.

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317

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1.

Starting with the framing which is made of four timber panels of the same size, whereas on the vertical panels there are spacing made to fit the mortises. The mortises are of the same size throughout the frames on both sides and they are parted at the same distance, as well as they are all made to slant at a 30ยบ angle, this is the most efficient angle because it allows light and air to enter the house but also efficiently limits the rain and direct sunlight from entering the house.

2.

Figure 9.87: Tenons of louvres.

Figure 9.88: Mortises on frame.

After the mortices are cut into the framing, then the work shifts to the tenons, where both the ends of a louver are perfectly cut to shape to fit the mortice made on the vertical framing.

3.

Next, the tenons on one side of the sisik mati (louvres) are glued to fit to the mortices on one of the vertical panels (Hanafi, 1996).

4.

Then the tenons on the other side are then glued to the other vertical panel which will already be nailed to the other two horizontal panels of the frame.

Figure 9.89: Tenons of louvres.

Figure 9.90: Mortises on frame.

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9.8

GATEWAY (ORNAMENTATION)

The screening can be found at the beranda where it frames the opening and forms a gerbang (malay word for gateway). The screening at the beranda not only helps admit natural air ventilation but also helps provide shades for the space. At the same the openings of the screenings also allow light penetration and cast shadows to the beranda where it provides a sense of excitement and mystery for the simple house.

1 Figure 9.92: Screening at the beranda.

2 3

LEGEND

4

1. Horizontal frame 2. Vertical frame 3. Jerjak 4. Kubah frame

Figure 9.91: Ornamentation Construction Details.

Figure 9.93: Screening at the side entrance.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 1.

2.

A kubah have a locus along its vertical axis making it a very strong and sturdy structure. The screening is made of two main parts and is then composed together after it.

The first part is the frame, where timber is cut into a shape of a kubah and is then joined together by bending a bendable timber along the shape of the kubah. The frame provide mortices for the screening

.

3.

The second part of the kubah is the screening. The jerjak (criss-cross pattern) was constructed by using two timber sticks which one’s lapped perpendicular on one another diagonally to create a geometric pattern of cross-stripes.

Single lap cross-joint was used connect two pieces of timber together with nailing on the stacking part. It’s considered as easy and fast done because it required no slot-cutting to create the joint part.

4.

The timber strips are arranged paralleled with a angle of 45º. The finish product of the screening forms tiny diamond vents.

5.

The screening is then slotted into the frame and assembled to the beranda.

When it comes to create the geometric pattern, they are nailed together with one overlapping another because the timber sticks size was concerned for being too small, unable to do slot-cutting for jointing, it would be easily cracked if high pressure was imposed.

In this way of construction, it creates a net screen with two wood depth size and the support of the structure comes in both of the timbers, which helped in the reducing the shake impacts and standalone when it broke apart.

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CHAPTER 10.0 DILAPIDATION AND DEFECTS 10.1

CRACKS

10.2

RUST

10.3

MOSS AND FUNGI GROWTH

10.4

TERMITE INFESTATION

10.5

CORROSION

10.6

DEGRADATION

10.7

ROOF DEFECTS

10.8

PEELING PAINT

Add picture

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10.1

CRACKS

Cracks are created by the nucleation of defects or the disorder of the arrangement of atoms. (“Etomica, n.d). There are two types of cracks which are as following; surface cracks and internal cracks.

Varying on the magnitude and the direction of applied stress and forces, these can develop into several obvious splits that lead to cracking. This is the basic method of material failure.

From the observation of the Rumah Encik Nazim, we found cracks on the concrete wall where the wall meets the column, Figure 10.1. We also found them on exterior timber column and pisang-pisang as shown in Figure 10.2.

The cracks can cause the: Concrete: Reducing of the lifespan of concrete structures, weaken its strength as well as durability.

Wood: Reduces the quality of wood which is measured by its appearance, strength and utility.

Figure 10.1: Concrete wall crack where the wall meet the column.

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CAUSES OF DEFECT

PREVENTION

Concrete: Cracks caused before harding are due to

Concrete: By using good quality materials that can resist more

construction movement, settlement shrinkage and setting

pressure and less prone to cracking. Using reinforcement and

shrinkage. While cracks caused after harding are due to

curing concrete correctly is another method. Furthermore,

chemical

thermal

correctly mixing concrete using the right proportion helps to

changes, stress concentration, structural design and

produce a more stable concrete which is free from cracking.

accidents. These are all affected by a major key factor,

Protecting concrete in service from moisture and change in

the water. As the more water used gives the concrete a

temperatures by backfilling, shading or coating can also helps in

higher chance of cracking as it increases shrinkage and

extending lifespan of concrete.

reactions,

physical

movement,

reduce strength. Cement and admixture are also one of the factors, higher percentage of cement in concrete will

Wood: Using suitable wood for load bearing and non load

result in higher chance of cracking.

bearing retains the shape of the timber. Other methods to be use is to seal the wood with any sanding sealer first and use exterior

Wood: Cracks can happen when the small damages

sealer as it reduces expansions and contractions.

dealt by weathering are enlarged, allowing blooming and growing of plants which further enhances the cracking causing more serious problem to the affected parts.

Figure 10.2: The cracking of wood in the column and the pisang pisang.

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10.2

RUST

Rust is a coating that occurs on the surface of iron as it oxidizes. It is known as iron oxide and corrosion. Rust is reddish-orange in color.From what we observed from Rumah Encik Nazim, the rusting part can be found at the adjustable louvered windows near to the bathroom as shown in Figure 10.3 and the steel connector shown in Figure 10.4 outside the house.

Rusting can be dangerous if one actually inhale too much in a long period of time as it can actually damages one’s lungs. Exposing oneself to the rust dust in a long term can cause swollen of eyes, irritation and burning of throat (Judge, 2018). Rusting weakens the

Figure 10.3: Rusting iron bar of adjustable louvered windows of Rumah Encik Nazim where the surface appears rust layers.

durability and strength of the material. At the same time it ruins the appearance of the material, providing a rusty old feeling to the viewers.

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CAUSES OF DEFECT Rusting can happen when iron is exposed to atmosphere with oxygen and humidity. Oxygen and water reacts with iron to produce a chemical reaction changing the iron into iron oxide which is also known as rust. The tropical climate of Kedah with high humidity in atmosphere promotes rusting of iron especially those being placed at location with high water content in atmosphere.

PREVENTION There are ways to prevent rusting such as galvanization, painting and maintenance. Galvanizing involves coating steel in a layer of zinc. It provides a layer of protection over the steel so instead of the steel being exposed to undergo rusting, the zinc as the outer layer reacts to the rusting chemical reaction. The same goes to painting.

Figure 10.4: Rusting iron connector at the column of Rumah Encik Nazim where the surface appears to be uneven with brown spots.

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10.3

MOSS AND FUNGI GROWTH

Mosses are flowerless plants that preferably grow in dark humid condition. Fungi growth can be largely found in places that are exposed to humidity. The fungal spores germinate and form hyphae (Moore, 2018). These algaes grow in a faster rate with sufficient amount of sunlight and moisture.

Since these organisms grow in humid condition, it can be seen especially at exterior corner where the rainwater and sunlight will come into contact with the surface. Figure 10.5 and Figure 10.6 shows the exterior surface of wall and footings at Rumah Encik Nazim being exposed to rainwater promoting the growth of mosses and fungus. This affects the overall look of the building, destroying the clean look of the facade of the building and must be constantly maintained from time to time to ensure the external

Figure 10.5: Growth of mosses on the exterior wall of Rumah Encik Nazim where its paint is peeled.

impression of the building in its best way. The biological attack by certain fungi can also cause timber decay.

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CAUSES OF DEFECT Extensive exposure of external elements such as sunlight and water eases the growth of algae. The growing mosses and fungi attach themselves on wall surfaces in order to reach higher for more nutrients.

PREVENTION There are 3 ways to prevent growing of mosses, namely heating, coating and cleaning. Intense heat and coating of paint on the required surface reduces its water absorption ability especially those porous ones and helps in preventing the growth of the mosses (Caltrans, 2011). If the growth ever did happened, scrubs the affected surface with wire brush and spray it using a high pressure water to remove them from the surface.

Figure 10.6: Growth of mosses on the column’s footing of Rumah Encik Nazim where porous concrete surface is exposed.

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10.4

TERMITE INFESTATION

One of the main problem the builders are highly aware about is the infestation of the timber by termites. Since Rumah Encik Nazim is located at countryside, the chances that the timber encountering termites is much higher.

Normally it is hard to

identify invasion of termites in the house since they build their colonies inside the timber structure they feed.

Damages caused by the termites can be found at the wooden panels of the Rumah Encik Nazim’s Beranda. This phenomena is to not be taken lightly as it can weaken the strength of the timbers resulting in both degradation and deterioration (lokamori, 2017). It is a dangerous problem which might affect the safety of occupants as there will be potential of collapsing building structures.

Figure 10.7: Holes or deterioration caused by infestation of termites found on Beranda’s timber panels of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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CAUSES OF DEFECT Termites normally nest inside the Earth and their primary food resources is the cellulose found inside the woods. This signifies to the timber found nearer to the ground making timber structural house easily one of their targets.

Another causes will be that

termites are hard to notice since they hide their nest within the timber structure. The defect is not obvious until it becomes seriously damaged.

PREVENTION Timber treated by creosote will be recommended as one of the preventive measurements. Other than that, it is wise to avoid direct contacting of timber structures to the ground by replacing them with termite resistant concrete or masonry as materials.

Figure 10.8: Holes or deterioration caused by infestation of termites found on Beranda’s timber panels of Rumah Encik Nazim.

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10.5

CORROSION

Corrosion occurs when one surface is exposed or in-contact with substance with low-ph level (high acidity). High acidity substance such as liquid fertilizer for agricultural purposes can actually corrodes the timber’s surface as the acidity destroys the fibrous structure of the timber itself (Oki and Anawe, 2014) In Figure 10.9 , there are bottles of fertilizers located at the Beranda of Rumah Encik Nazim. The corroded timber panel is caused by long term spillage of fertilizers. Weaken timber structure caused by the corrosion will lead the occupants to huge safety concerns.

Figure 10.9: Leakage of corrosive fertilizer corrodes timber surface.

CAUSE OF DEFECTS

PREVENTION

Fertilizer is corrosive which can decompose items. But, if the

Paint is used primarily for the preservation of surfaces

fertilizers are kept dry, then no corrosion occurs since acid

because of its antiseptic properties. It can prevent the

receives its properties when it is in-contact with water, but

deterioration of wood surfaces by repainting the damaged

they can pick up moisture and hence may become corrosive.

or worn surfaces part as soon as possible. It seals the

Continuous leakage of corrosive fertilizer breaks down the

pores of wood, stopping further decaying of wood

timber structure, corroding it slowly as time passes.

structure.

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10.6

DEGRADATION

Degradation occurs when a material is exposed to the environment. This usually happens to concrete. It disintegrates the concrete, destroying it slowly. In some cases, it destroys the concrete until the metal reinforcement bars are exposed causing them to rust. This usually depends on the cement composition and water in contact. As seen in Figure () and Figure (), the damage can be found on the lower ground floor wall and entrance.

CAUSES OF DEFECT Degradation of concrete is caused by fire, physical damage, aggregate expansion, corrosion of reinforcement bars, sea water effects and thermal damage.

While damages by fire and physical are self-explanatory, chemical damages normally occurs in aggregate expansion. Aggregate expansions occur when aggregates go through chemical reactions in concrete, resulting in an expansive damage. The most frequent cases are when aggregates containing reactive silica react with the alkalis present in concrete. However, this only

Figure 10.10: Degradation of concrete that is exposed to the environment.

happens in the presence of water.

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Corrosion of the reinforcement bars can also cause the degradation of concrete. Mechanical stress produced by the corrosion of the reinforcement bars can result to the formation of cracks on the concrete structure. When the reinforcement bars are not installed in a proper manner and are placed too near to the concrete surface in contact with air, causing spalling to happen.

Concrete can be subjected to serious spalling when exposed to fire while Shrinkage will happen due to water loss. This causes internal stress to occur because the aggregate will continue to expand.

However, the parts where the concrete were exposed to the temperature will possibly turn to pink. All pink coloured concrete are considered as damaged and that they should be removed. If the concrete is exposed to very high temperature very abruptly, it can result to the explosion of spalling (of the concrete).

PREVENTION Adding fibers in the composition of concrete can result in the decline of corrosion. This will help prevent concrete from cracking.

Adding concrete densifiers (hardeners) will prevent the acids from entering the concrete. This also helps in preventing water from penetrating and the dissolving of salts.

Figure 10.11: Degradation of concrete can be seen under the interior shutter inside the lower ground storage room.

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10.7

ROOF DEFECTS

The roof is made of Asbestos sheets, which their condition tends to deteriorate as time goes. The holes and cracks that are formed on an asbestos roof is usually the result of weathering, which took place in a long period of time. The asbestos roof is made from asbestos cement (fibre reinforced thin cement), which this contains fibre, so it absorbs rainwater and expand and contract during hot weather. Continuous cycle of this process over a long period of time causes breakdown of the weak points, forming holes and cracks.

This roof defects can be found all over around the roof of Rumah Encik Nazim. When suspended in air and inhaled can lead to great

Figure 10.12: Holes on the asbestos roof sheet as the roof defect.

health diseases like lung cancer.

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CAUSES OF DEFECT

PREVENTION

The defect on the asbestos roof is caused by primarily

This defect cannot be prevented, because weathering is

weathering as explained above. The tropical climate of Malaysia

a natural disadvantage to the material itself. Instead

is characterised by a lot of rainfall, this explains that the roof

precaution is to be taken to fix such defects

usually comes in contact with water, which this result to the

immediately, because when a hole or a crack is created

expansion and the contraction of the fibres, breaking the

on the asbestos roof, the fibre particles become loose

materials slowly over the time.

and they can be easily blown away. Long term maintenance is suggested.

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10.8

PEELING PAINT

Peeling paint is a result of failure of coating to properly adhere to surfaces. There are different types of failure from peeling paint ranges from cracking, caulk failure, flaking, alligatoring and much more. The dried paint is peeled off the surface of adhesion, being lifted what is is supposed to cover up.

This defect can be found all over around Rumah Encik Nazim, causing some major parts of the house, giving the house an aged look, It highly affects the aesthetics of the house as the colour were torn off, faded to show the honesty of materials it covered.

Peeling of paint can also cause some parts of the house being affected by the weathering, destroying the weakest part of the house and weakening the structures which can threaten the safety of Encik Nazim’s family.

Figure 10.13: Peeled paint can be seen on the wooden roof fascia surface.

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CAUSES OF DEFECT Wear and tear of weathering in a long term itself deteriorates the layer of paint on top of the material surfaces. Another cause of this defect are improper management of surfaces before painting the paint on top, insufficient drying time of applied paint and bad paint quality with low adhesion properties.

PREVENTION To prevent peeling paint, one must apply double layer of coating of paint once the first layer is dried. Oil-based primer with stain-blocking properties is also suggested to act as another layering that protects against humidity and water so as to maintain adhesion of paint against the surface. Uneven surface may also affects the painting quality and thus an even surface is suggestable

Figure 10.14: Hand railings at the Beranda experiencing the same defect of peeling paint called flaking.

before applying the paint on it (Malkin, 2018).

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11.0

CONCLUSION

Throughout this assignment, we were exposed to traditional malay houses, especially ones unique to Kedah. During the site visit to Alor Setar, we were introduced to the rich culture there. We managed to explore the town and visit tourist attractions to fully experience Alor Setar. This helped us to provide and in depth analysis of the site context.

Traditional Malay houses in Alor Setar could only be found in certain villages, as many of them have been torn down. Rumah Encik Nazim has been around for at least half a century and is still in good condition, having gone through renovations and repairs.

The neighbourhood area still features old traditional malay houses, some older and some newer. It is common to see the current houses with additions and improvements. This is to keep up with the current times, evolving with the rest of the world.

In conclusion, traditional malay houses have been modernized to fit in with the current times. Even then, they still retain their original and unique elements that give them the identity of traditional malay houses.

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GLOSSARY

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Accentuate - make more noticeable or prominent.

Culminating - reach a climax or point of highest development.

Adamant - refusing to be persuaded or to change one's mind.

Dead loads - refers to loads that relatively don't change over time, such as the weight of all permanent components

Animism - the attribution of a living soul to plants, inanimate

of a building.

objects, and natural phenomena.

Deen - is a word in Arabic roughly meaning "creed" or Anthropometry - the scientific study of the measurements

"religion" that features heavily in Islam.

and proportions of the human body.

Dilapidation - the state or process of falling into decay or Auxiliary spaces - is the extra space or temporary space

being in disrepair.

used by an algorithm.

Dunya - is a phase before the final day. It is a period Bevel edge - refers to an edge of a structure that is not

between born and death.

perpendicular to the faces of the piece.

Durability - the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or Cessation - the fact or process of ending or being brought

damage.

to an end.

Embellishment - a decorative detail or feature added to Charring - become blackened as a result of partial burning

something to make it more attractive.

Corrugated - shaped into a series of parallel ridges and

Embodied energy - is the energy consumed by all of the

grooves so as to give added rigidity and strength.

processes associated with the production of a building.

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Ergonomics - relating to or designed for efficiency and

Holistic - characterized by the belief that the parts of

comfort in the working environment.

something are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole.

Evocation - the act of bringing or recalling a feeling, memory, or image to the conscious mind.

Homogeneous - of the same kind; alike.

Fascia - a board or other flat piece of material covering the

Hybridisation - the process of an animal or plant breeding

ends of rafters or other fittings.

with an individual of another species or variety.

Fatalistic - relating to or characteristic of the belief that all

Hyphae - each of the branching filaments that make up the

events are predetermined and therefore inevitable.

mycelium of a fungus.

Fenestration - the arrangement of windows in a building.

Indo - Saracenic - was an architectural style movement by Indian British architects in the late 19th century in British Raj.

Galvanization - is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting.

Inhibiting - hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process).

Hardscape - the man-made features used in landscape

Interlocking - lock or join (things) together.

architecture, e.g. paths or walls, as contrasted with vegetation.

Hardwood - the wood from a broadleaved tree (such as oak, ash, or beech) as distinguished from that of conifers.

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Irrigation - the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.

Istana - castle in Bahasa Melayu.

Juxtapositioned - the fact of two things being seen or

Live load - the weight of people or goods in a building or

placed close together with contrasting effect.

vehicle.

Kaki Tiang - the foot of a pole in Bahasa Melayu.

Mahram - an unmarriageable kin with whom marriage

Kampong - village in Bahasa Melayu.

Khutbah - serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition.

Lacquer - a liquid made of shellac dissolved in alcohol, or of synthetic substances, that dries to form a hard protective coating for wood, metal, etc.

would be considered haram.

Membalas Budi - to return good deeds in Bahasa Melayu.

Modular - composed of standardized units or sections for easy construction or flexible arrangement.

Mortising - to cut or form a mortise in a piece of wood.

Mughal - type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by

Land subsidence - is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of

the Mughals in the olden days.

the Earth's surface owing to subsurface movement of earth materials.

Negligible - small in size that it can be discarded.

Langkasuka - was an ancient Indianised kingdom located in

Neurotoxins - a neurotoxic substance.

the Malay Peninsula.

Niche - an ornamental recess in a wall or the like, usually Laud - praise (a person or their achievements) highly.

semicircular in plan and arched.

Lintel - a horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or

Notch - an angular or V -shaped cut, indentation, or slit in

steel across the top of a door or window.

an object, surface or edge.

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Oblique - neither perpendicular nor parallel to a given line or

Rafters - any of a series of timbers or the like, usually

surface.

having a pronounced slope, for supporting the sheathing and covering of a roof.

Orang Alim - A scholar recognized as an expert in Islamic law and theology.

Religious Syncretism - exhibits blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system, or the

Parit - drain in Bahasa Melayu.

incorporation into a religious tradition of beliefs from unrelated traditions.

Perpendicular - vertical; straight up and down; upright.

Relinquish - to renounce or surrender.

Precocious - unusually advanced or mature in development.

Rumah - house in Bahasa Melayu.

Proliferate - to increase in number or spread rapidly and often excessively.

Segregation - a setting apart or separation of people or things from others or from the main body or group.

Purlin - a longitudinal member in a roof frame, usually for supporting common rafters or the like between the plate and

Siam - a formerly used exonym for Thailand.

the ridge.

Slotting - to place or fit into a slot.

Qibla - the point toward which Muslims turn to pray, especially the KaĘżba, House of God, at Mecca.

Softscape - elements that are fluid and changing as they mature.

Radial - made in the direction of a radius; going from the center outward from the circumference inward along a radius.

Solubility - the quality or property of being soluble; relative capability of being dissolved.

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Spurring - to furnish with spurs or a spur.

Thermal Mass - is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat energy.

Subsist - to exist; continue in existence.

Transcript - a written or printed version of material Superimposed - having a course not adjusted to the

originally presented in another medium.

structure of the rocks presently undergoing erosion but determined rather by a prior erosion cycle or by formerly

Truncated - shorten (something) by cutting off the top or

overlying rocks or sediments, usually for a drainage system.

the end.

Supersede - to replace in power, authority, effectiveness,

Trusses - a framework, typically consisting of rafters,

acceptance by another person or thing.

posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

Susceptible - accessible or especially liable or subject to some influence, mood, agency.

Ubiquitous - present, appearing, or found everywhere.

Syariah - is the religious law forming part of the Islamic

Valiant - possessing or showing courage or determination.

tradition.

Warping - make or become bent or twisted out of shape, Tangential - relating to or along a tangent.

typically as a result of the effects of heat or damp.

Tanggam - Joint in Bahasa Melayu.

Zikir - is the name of devotional acts in Islam in which short phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited silently within the

Tensile - capable of being drawn out or stretched.

Thatching - cover (a roof or a building) with straw or a similar material.

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mind or aloud.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

7 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

CHAPTER 3: HISTORY ELECTRONIC SOURCES E-JOURNALS Koninck, R. (1988). Alor Setar, the Capital of Kedah : a City to Govern Agriculture. Archipel, 36(1), 147-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arch.1988.2449 WEBSITES Kedah. (n.d.). In Malaysia Vacation Guide. Retrieved from https://www.malaysiavacationguide.com/Kedah.html Kedah Sultanate (2012). In Malaysia History.

Retrieved from http://www.malaysiahistory.net/v2/?p=135 Syuhada, H. (2011). Pi Mai Pi Mai Tang Tu. Retrieved from http://henysyuhada.blogspot.my/2011/06/many-historians-consider-state-o f-kedah.html Kedah History. (n.d.). In Geographia. Retrieved from http://www.geographia.com/malaysia/kedahhistory.html Kedah Sultanate. (2018). In Melayu Online. Retrieved from http://melayuonline.com/eng/history/dig/414/kesultanan-kedah Sulaiman, S. (2003). Evolusi 268 tahun Alor Star. Retrieved from http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2003&dt=1220&pub=utusan _malaysia&sec=Rencana&pg=re_01.htm History of Alor Star. (n.d.). In This is Alor Setar. Retrieved from http://this-is-alor-star.blogspot.my/2009/06/history-of-alor-star.html History of Alor Setar. (n.d.). In Jom Pakat Mai Alor Setar @ Alor Setar.

Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/alorsetarmyhometown/home/history Hays, J. (2015). MONARCHY, SULTANS AND KINGS IN MALAYSIA. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Malaysia/sub5_4c/entry-3672.ht ml Asal Usul Nama - Nama Tempat di Negeri Kedah. (2018). In SasteraRakyat.

Retrieved from http://sasterarakyat-kedah.com/index.php?cid2=6&page=1 Tang, R. (2017). The Stories and Facts Behind How the 13 States of Malaysia Got Their Names. Retrieved from http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-origins-of-state-names-in-malaysia

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ONLINE IMAGES Figure 3.1: ismakedah. Kedah akan wujudkan Pusat Tarannum [Online Image]. (2014). Retrieved January 15, 2018 from http://ismaalorsetar.net/kedah-akan-wujudkan-pusat-tarannum/ Figure 3.3: Zain. S. (2013). The Buddist Empires [Online Image] Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/hindu.htm Figure 3.4: Kedah Sultanate. [Online Image]. (2013). Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Kedah_Sultanate Figure 3.5: Balakrishnan. History of Indian Migration [Online Image]. (2017).

Retrieved January 14, 2018 from http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-history-of-indian-migration-to-malaysia Figure 3.6: Lowe, M.J. (2005). Borobudur Ship [Online Image] Retrieved January 14, 2018 from http://www.wikizero.info/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEu b3JnL3dpa2kvU3JpdmlqYXlh Figure 3.7: Lukisan Pelabuhan Kota Brunei [Online Image]. (2015) Retrieved January 14, 2018 from http://www.putramelayu.web.id/2015/06/manuskrip-hubungan-diplomasi-a ntara.html Figure 3.9: Zain. S. (n.d.). The Kedah Blockade [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/kedah.htm Figure 3.10: Tunku Sallehuddin. [Online Images]. (2014). Retrieved January 16, 2018 from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/06/05/kedah-regency-coun cil-head-appointed/ Figure 3.12: History. [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://homepage.usask.ca/~mjl300/Searchforwork.html Figure 3.13: Balakrishan. N. (2017). Indian Migration [Online Image].

Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-history-of-indian-migration-to-malaysia Figure 3.14: Mujab. (2014). Ibu-Ibu Tengah Tandur [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://caping.lsdpqt.org/2014/02/istilah-jawa-dalam-bertani-padi.html Figure 3.15: An old image of Alor Setar [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from https://sites.google.com/site/alorsetarmyhometown/home/history Figure 3.16: Trading Activity [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://pekanrabu.com.my/album/albumpr.html

.

Figure 3.17: Pekanrabu [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://pekanrabu.com.my/album/albumpr.html Figure 3.18: Tan. C. K. (2015). Hazy Kedah River and Alor Setar Tower [Online Image].

Retrieved January 17, 2018 from https://www.panoramio.com/photo/124356109 Figure 3.19: Pokok Setar [Online Image]. (2015).

Retrieved January 17, 2018 from http://lacasabiru.blogspot.my/2014/02/pokok-setar.html Figure 3.20: Koleksi gambar-gambar lama di Alor Setar Kedah [Online Image].

(2017). Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.orangkedah.com/koleksi-gambar-gambar-lama-di-alor-setar-keda h.html Figure 3.21: Winter. T. (2016). Statue of Captain Francis Light [Online Image].

Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-statue-of-captain-francis-light-fort-cornw allis-penang-malaysia-southeast-140467513.html Figure 3.22: Queen of Tanette. [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis Figure 3.23: Conference of Ruler [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3420255 Figure 3.24: Tunku Abdul Aziz. [Online image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.geocities.ws/kedah_pages/saintlyking.html Figure 3.25: Balai besar. [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.geocities.ws/kedah_pages/saintlyking.html Figure 3.26: Lin. R. W. (2016). Invasion of Malaya [Online Image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from https://www.star2.com/people/2016/12/08/invasion-of-malaya-the-japanesearrive/ Figure 3.27: Phan, Y. (1946). Consititution of Thailand [Online Image].

Retrieved January 16, 2018 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand Figure 3.28: MT. Webmaster. (2011). British Malaya [Online image]. Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.malaysia-today.net/2011/06/16/how-it-all-began/ Figure 3.29: Agong [Online Image]. (2014). Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.karangkraf.com/berita/agong-permaisuri-rakam-ucapan-takziah-1 .301479

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CHAPTER 4: SITE ANALYSIS ELECTRONIC SOURCES WEBSITES Alor Setar. (2018). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Setar Sungai Petani. (2018). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Petani Climate Alor Setar. (2018). In Meteoblue. Retrieved from https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/alor-star_m alaysia_1736309 ONLINE IMAGES Alor Setar. (2018). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Setar Sungai Petani. (2018). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Petani Climate Alor Setar. (2018). In Meteoblue. Retrieved from https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/alor-star_m alaysia_1736309

CHAPTER 5: CULTURE ELECTRONIC SOURCES E-BOOKS Sedgwick, M. (2018). Islam & Muslim : A Guide To Diverse Experience in a Modern World (pp. 64-68). Boston: Nicholas Brealey Publishing Company.

Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=X_Z8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141&lpg= PT141&dq=According+to+the+Muslims,+the+right+hand+or+foot+is+prefer red+to+that+of+left.&source=bl&ots=FkC_atYvha&sig=yON9mcVfFkUcYiNs 9bKmAsK0nkk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrqNrm8sbZAhXBso8KHY08CE UQ6AEIPTAC#v=onepage&q=According%20to%20the%20Muslims%2C%2 0the%20right%20hand%20or%20foot%20is%20preferred%20to%20that%2 0of%20left.&f=false

E-JOURNALS Majid, N., Denan, Z., Abdullah, F., & Noor, M. (2015). Shariah Compliance Hospitality Building Design: A Malay Muslim Oriented Architecture. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 201, 136-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.159 WEBSITES Kedah Culture. (n.d.). In Visit Kedah Information Website. Retrieved from http://www.visitkedah.com.my/about-kedah/kedah-culture.html The Role and Activities of Malay Housewives and their Influence on Housing Design Preferences. (2016). In ScienceDirect. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816303123 Culture of Malaysia. (2006). In Countries and Their Culture. Retrieved from http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Malaysia.html Child Rearing: An Islamic Perspective. (n.d.). In Furqaan Institute of Quranic Heeling.Retrieved from http://fiqh.org/resources/child-rearing-an-islamic-perspective/ Harun, Y. (2009). In Malay Family Values. Retrieved from http://malayfamilysystem.blogspot.my/2009/09/malay-family-values.html Staff, E. (2011). In 13 Religious and Cultural Celebrations in Malaysia.

Retrieved from http://www.expatgo.com/my/2011/09/08/religion-and-festivals-of-malaysia/ An Islamic Perspective on Child-Rearing and Discipline. (n.d.). In Culture Parent. Retrieved from http://www.incultureparent.com/2011/01/an-islamic-perspective-on-child-re aring-and-discipline/ Adat Perkahwinan Melayu - Peringkat adat perkahwinan Melayu. (n.d.). In Perkahwinan Melayu. Retrieved from http://perkahwinan_melayu.jomaffiliate.net/adat-perkahwinan-melayu Adat Berinai. (n.d.). In Adat Perkahwinan Melayu. Retrieved from http://adatperkahwinanmelayu.weebly.com/adat-berinai.html Tuju Para. (n.d.). In Memori. Retrieved from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Records et1=3&totalRows_Recordset1=10&p=2&idstopic=29&idskandungan=101& mtopic=3 Asal Usul Batu Seremban. (2008). In Permainan Tradisional. Retrieved from https://bb2008chijsjc.wordpress.com/batu-seremban/ Congkak. (2014). In Permainan Traditional. Retrieved from http://tradisionalsports.blogspot.my/2014/05/congkak.html ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Architectural Design of Traditional Malay House. (2005). In International Seminar Malay Architecture. Retrieved from http://buildingconservation.blogspot.my/2007/03/architectural-design-of-tra ditional.html Lokman, Z. (n.d.). Traditional Malay Architecture: the Use of Space.

Retrieved from http://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafa1991journal/article/download/1 18/106 Some Malay Customs and Ceremonies. (n.d.). In Borneo. Literature. Bureau.

Retrieved from http://www.sarawak.com.my/info/BorneoLitt/SMalay/index.html Zaiton, A. (2014). The Influence of Culture and Religion On Visual Privacy.

Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815000701 Yaacob, H. (2009). Islam and Malay Culture. Retrieved from https://yaacob.wordpress.com/2009/05/24/articles-on-culture/ Raktim D. (2016). Malay House, Vernacular Architecture of South-East Asia.

Retrieved from https://issuu.com/raktim/docs/malay_house_-_raktim Cultural Atlas (n.d.). In Malaysian Culture - Core Concepts. Retrieved from https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/malaysian-culture/malaysian-culture-core-c oncepts Omer. (2014). Suggestions for Designing and Building Muslim Houses.

Retrieved from https://medinanet.org/2014/09/suggestions-for-designing-and-building-mus lim-houses/ ONLINE IMAGES Figure 5.2: Rayer. (2007). A Malay Family [Online Image]. Retrieved January 21, 2018 from https://www.flickr.com/photos/10516785@N00/266858845/ Figure 5.3: Hari Raya Aidilfitri Celebration [Online Image]. (2017). Retrieved February 10, 2018 from https://sites.google.com/site/jommelawatmalaysia/celebrations Figure 5.4: Matthew, A. (2016). Circumcision [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3999146/Putting-brave-face-Young -Muslim-boys-dip-river-joke-taking-mass-circumcision-ceremony-Malaysia.h tml

Figure 5.5: Adiyat, A. (2017). Adat Merisik [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://www.urangsabah.com/adat-perkahwinan-yang-diamalkan-oleh-orang -sungai-sabah.html Figure 5.6: Adat Berinai [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://riauberbagi.blogspot.my/2016/09/adat-istiadat-perkawinan-melayu-ke pulauan-riau-indonesia-berinai.html Figure 5.7: Khor, S. (2015). Adat Nikah [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://says.com/my/lifestyle/wedding-guest-101-attending-a-malay-wedding Figure 5.8: Batu Selambut [Online Image]. Retrieved February 20, 2018 from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?p=2&idstopic=29&id skandungan=101&id=428&mtopic=3 Figure 5.9: Mohamad, F. (2015). Tuju Para [Online Image]. Retrieved February 20, 2018 from http://wak120fiqri96.blogspot.my/ Figure 5.10: Danielle, B. (n.d.). Congkak [Online Image]. Retrieved February 20, 2018 from https://www.redbubble.com/people/breedanielle/works/7631502-congkaka-malaysian-game?p=poster Figure 5.11: Rebut Tiang [Online Image]. Retrieved February 20, 2018 from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Records et1=7&totalRows_Recordset1=10&p=2&idstopic=29&idskandungan=101& mtopic=3 Figure 5.12: Tarian Cinta Sayang [Online Image]. Retrieved February 13, 2018 from http://tariasli.50webs.com/tarian%20melayu.html Figure 5.13: Mek Mulung [Online Image]. Retrieved February 13, 2018 from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Records et1=34&totalRows_Recordset1=35&p=2&idstopic=6&idskandungan=23&mt opic=1# Figure 5.14: Tarian Canggung [Online Image]. Retrieved February 13, 2018 from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Records et1=17&totalRows_Recordset1=35&p=2&idstopic=6&idskandungan=23&mt opic=1 Figure 5.15: Jikey [Online Image]. Retrieved February 13, 2018 from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Records et1=32&totalRows_Recordset1=35&p=2&idstopic=6&idskandungan=23&mt opic=1 Figure 5.16: Music World [Online Image]. Retrieved January 19, 2018 from https://alatmuzik.weebly.com/gambus.html

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Figure 5.18: Genbano. (2017). Malay Gong [Online Image]. Retrieved January 19, 2018 from https://carousell.com/p/malay-gong-84951357/?ref=profile&ref_page=2&ref_ referrer=%2Fgenbano%2F%3Fpage%3D2&ref_sId=294981 Figure 5.17: Kegemilangan Kedah [Online Image]. Retrieved January 19, 2018 from http://www.mykedah2.com/10heritage/105_9_p3.htm Figure 5.19: Kasturi. G. (2010). Macam-macam jenis Serunai [Online Image].

Retrieved January 19, 2018 from http://gemalakasturie.blogspot.my/2010/06/macam-macam-jenis-serunai-ke maskini-ke.html

CHAPTER 6: ARCHITECTURE PRINTED SOURCES BOOKS Hanafi, Z., Ahmad, A., & Jupri, S. (1996). Pembinaan bangunan tradisional Melayu (pp. 3-5). Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman: Amber-Solara Publication.

Hanafi, Z. (2008). Siri Lukisan Terukur Rumah Tradisional Melayu Kedah Utara (pp. 25-40). Kulim, Kedah Darul Aman: Amber-Solara Publication.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES E-BOOKS Hashim, W., & Nasir, A. (2014). The traditional Malay house (pp. 9-21, 121).

Subang Jaya: Institut Terjamahan Negara Malaysia. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=_1vb4mZU6dIC&printsec=frontcove r&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Noor, F., & Khoo E,. (2012). Spirit of Wood: The Art of Malay Woodcarving (pp. 32-33). Periplus Editions. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=bIjQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128&lpg=PT 128&dq=sisip+angin&source=bl&ots=ZSljbHBGwT&sig=DQv60sMKaFTAkAA 7O_d7gJlSE-U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRsZy918bZAhUS148KHfFyCPs Q6AEIZzAO#v=onepage&q=sisip%20angin&f=false

E-JOURNALS Malik, S., & Mujahid, B. (2018). Perception of House Design in Islam: Experiences from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Journal Of Islamic Thought And Civilization, 6(2), 53-74. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319036606_PERCEPTION_OF_H OUSE_DESIGN_IN_ISLAM_EXPERIENCES_FROM_SAUDI_ARABIA_AND_P AKISTAN/overview PDFs Yasmin, N., & Azrin, M. Elemen-elemen Rumah Melayu Tradisional; Implementasi Dalam Bentuk Kontemporari (pp. 3-25). Kuala Lumpur: Kolej Komuniti Jempol. Retrieved from http://www.kkjns.edu.my/v5/attachments/article/126/Elemen%20Rumah%2 0Melayu%20Tradisional.compressed.pdf Muda, Mohd Noor & Izawati. (2012). Rumah Ibu – An Analysis on Concept and Function (vol 3., pp. 17-21). Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://www.geocities.ws/apacc/paper3_roslinaVOL3.pdf The Traditional Malay House. (pp. 75-91) Retrieved from http://unossc1.undp.org/GSSDAcademy/SIE/Docs/Vol4/Malay_house.pdf WEBSITES he Traditional Malay House Construction Essay. (2013). In UkEssays.

Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/construction/the-traditional-malay-house -construction-essay.php?cref=1 Symbolism of domes. (2018). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_of_domes Vernacular architecture. (2018). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture Moroccan architecture. (2018). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture Characteristics of Islamic Architecture. (n.d.). In Classroom. Retrieved from https://classroom.synonym.com/characteristics-of-islamic-architecture-1208 6068.html Guide to Foundation Design l Column Design (n.d.). In Civil Engineering projects. Retrieved from http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/guide-to-foundation -design-column-footings/ ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Susunan Rumah Melayu. (n.d.). In Butang Emas. Retrieved from http://www.butang-emas.net/2009/03/1-susunan-rumah-melayu.html Malay Vernacular Architecture (n.d.). In HBP. Retrieved from http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm Wijnen, B. V. (n.d.). In MalaysiaSite. Retrieved from http://www.malaysiasite.nl/malayhouse.htm An Analysis: Traditional Malay Architecture in Kedah. (2017). In ArtColumbia.

Retrieved from https://artscolumbia.org/essays/an-analysis-traditional-malay-architecture-in -kedah-19784/ Architecture. (n.d.). In Malaysia Truly Asia. Retrieved from http://www.malaysia.travel/en/my/about-malaysia/culture-n-heritage/architec ture Perkaitan 'Bendul' Dan Salah Faham Tentangnya Dalam Kehidupan Orang Melayu. (2017). In TheVocket. Retrieved from https://www.thevocket.com/perkaitan-bendul-dan-salah-faham-tentangnyadalam-kehidupan-orang-melayu/ Hays. (2015). Homes, Kampung and Kampung Life in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Malaysia/sub5_4b/entry-3651.ht ml ONLINE IMAGES Figure 6.1: Rocha, H. (2013). Malay Traditional House [Online Image].

Retrieved January 21, 2018 from https://herbertrocha.deviantart.com/art/Malay-Traditional-House-414752994 Figure 6.2: Louise. (2014). Mahsuri’s Tomb [Online Image]. Retrieved January 21, 2018 from https://www.tripadvisor.co.za/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g298283-d455130-i 111209901-Mahsuri_s_Tomb-Langkawi_Langkawi_District_Kedah.html Figure 6.3: Mahathir's Birthplace or 'Rumah Kelahiran Mahathir' | Tourism Malaysia. [Online image]. Retrieved February 27, 2018 from http://www.malaysia.travel/en/es/places/states-of-malaysia/kedah/mahathirs -birthplace-or-rumah-kelahiran-mahathir Figure 6.5: Rumah Panjang [Online Image]. Retrieved January 21, 2018 from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?p=2&idstopic=3&ids kandungan=30&id=209&mtopic=1

Figure 6.6: Rumah Beranjung [Online Image]. Retrieved January 21, 2018 from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Records et1=5&totalRows_Recordset1=6&p=2&idstopic=3&idskandungan=30# Figure 6.7: Khan, A. (2017) Atap berbentuk gonjong [Online image].

Retrieved January 21, 2018 from http://www.orangnogori.com/kenapa-rekabentuk-atap-rumah-tradisional-ne geri-sembilan-atau-minangkabau-seperti-tanduk-kerbau.html Figure 6.9: Historical House [Online Image]. (2017). Retrieved January 21, 2018 from https://integratedinfo.com.my/heritage-tour-kedah/ Figure 6.14: Raheem. M. (2008). Kampung House Window [Online Image].

Retrieved January 29, 2018 from https://www.flickr.com/photos/araheem/2908323711 Figure 6.17: Miller. M. (2014). Rumi Dome [Online Image]. Retrieved February 2, 2018 from https://www.archdaily.com/508534/classic-architecture-with-a-social-agen da-1960-today Figure 6.20: Mosque Architecture in Istanbul [Online Image]. (2015).

Retrieved February 2, 2018 from http://www.placesmustvisit.com/50-most-fascinating-places-must-be-visite d-in-the-world/ Figure 6.24: Rumah Serambi Pahang [Online Image]. (2015). Retrieved February 2, 2018 from http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/rumah-serambi-pahang-tonjol-kreativiti -melayu-1.76952 Figure 6.25: Rayyan. (2017). Rumah Kutai [Online Image]. Retrieved February 2, 2018 from http://www.orangperak.com/rumah-kutai-identiti-perak-yang-semakin-pupu s.html Figure 6.26: Khan A. (2017). Rumah Negeri Sembilan [Online Image].

Retrieved February 2, 2018 from http://www.orangnogori.com/rumah-negeri-sembilan-di-kompleks-taman-s eni-seremban-lambang-senibina-minangkabau-di-negeri-sembilan.html Figure 6.29: Chow, S. (2017). Bamboo Flooring [Online Image]. Retrieved February 2, 2018 from https://chowtimes.com/2017/04/24/kl-2017-mini-malaysia/ Figure 6.30: Wooden Flooring [Online Image]. Retrieved February 2, 2018 from http://www.mtc.com.my/resources-Projects-ChefShukrisHouseLangkawi.ph p ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 6.45: Malay House Window [Online Image]. Retrieved February 2, 2018 from http://www.mtc.com.my/resources-Projects-ChefShukrisHouseLangkawi.ph p Figure 6.46: Nagampushnam. (2015). Verandah of Traditional Malay House [Online Image].

Retrieved February 2, 2018 from http://www.sda-architect.com/traditional-malay-house-architecture/ Figure 6.55: Mohamad Azli, A. (2016). Masjid Ihsaniah Iskandariah Kampung Kuala Dal [Online Image]. Retrieved February 3, 2018 from http://mimbar41.rssing.com/chan-54124331/all_p9.html?bp/ky=gwo=K=ws 2ovwm0sa.o1m_k/6o0oc&&1sods.mntehot=ct.e0=mcn1Vhot2atm.9rt.a&ip mspa:ypu& Figure 6.61: Himanshu, B. (2015). Traditional Malay homes of northern Seberang Perai [Online image]. Retrieved February 3, 2018 from http://butterworthguide.com.my/index.php/seberang-perai-utara/77-n-10-s eberang-perai-utara-rural-and-traditional-architecture Figure 6.62: Shanmelvon. (2011). Vernacular Architecture [Online image].

Retrieved February 3, 2018 from http://shanmelvon.blogspot.my/ Figure 6.85: Malaysia Photos [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from https://theodora.com/wfb/photos/malaysia/malaysia_photos_42.html Figure 6.86: Balai Besar [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://www.penbiru.com/2016/01/discover-kedah-2016-balai-besar.htm Figure 6.87: Amri d’Great. (2014). Istana Anak Bukit [Online Image].

Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://keluargaawangosman.blogspot.my/2014/12/lawatan-ke-istana-anakbukit-kedah.html Figure 6.88: Maju. N. (2014). Istana Anak Bukit [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://nurmas-homestay.blogspot.my/2014/05/cuti-cuti-istana-anak-bukit.ht ml Figure 6.102: Rectangular Floral Design. [Online Image]. Retrieved February 10, 2018 from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/816558976157099777/ Figure 6.108: Chong. V. (2014). Antique dressing table [Online image].

Retrieved February 10, 2018 from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/travel/article/for-a-spot-of-recharge-an d-rejuvenatehead-to...-kuang#DTMXqWU5TSlbUQLO.97 Figure 6.112: House Design by Norma. [Online Image]. Retrieved February 3, 2018 from http://www.normabudden.com/house-design-by-norma/

CHAPTER 7: DIAGRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS PRINTED SOURCES BOOKS Ching, D.K.F. (2015). Architecture Form, Space & Order (4th ed.). United States of America: Wiley.

ONLINE IMAGES Figure 7.1: Izzudin. (2011). Assignment oh assignment [Online Image].

Retrieved February 7, 2018 from http://diqmatt.blogspot.my/2011/03/assignment-oh-assignment.htm

CHAPTER 8: BUILDING MATERIALS

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

PDFs Kamarul. K, Lilawati. W, & Asmalia. A. (2004). Climatic design of the traditional Malay house to meet the requirements of modern living. Retrieved from http://anzasca.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ANZAScA2004_Kamal.pdf

E-JOURNALS

WEBSITES Architectural Composition: Space, Pattern, Line, Abstraction. (n.d.). In Tutplus. Retrieved from https://photography.tutsplus.com/tutorials/architectural-composition-spacepattern-line-abstraction--cms-22242 Sharip, S. (n.d.). An Analysis of the Traditional Malay Architecture as Indicators for Sustainability: 2 an introduction to its genius loci 3.

Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/933831/AN_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_TRADITIONA L_MALAY_ARCHITECTURE_AS_INDICATORS_FOR_SUSTAINABILITY_2_A N_INTRODUCTION_TO_ITS_GENIUS_LOCI_3 Rumah dan Peralatan Pertukangan Tradisional Melayu Kedah - Pengenalan Seni Hiasan Rumah-Rumah Tradisional. (n.d.). In Memori-kedah. Retrieved from http://www.memori-kedah.com/page_pengenalan.php?pageNum_Records et1=9&totalRows_Recordset1=24&p=2&idstopic=3&idskandungan=32&mto pic=1 5 Myths about Attic Ventilation. (n.d.). In HomeAdvisor. Retrieved from https://www.homeadvisor.com/r/5-myths-about-attic-ventilation/ Every House Needs Roof Overhangs. (2014). In Green Building Advisor.

Retrieved from http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/every-house-nee ds-roof-overhangs

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Campopiano, A., Ramires, D., Zakrzewska, A., Ferri, R., D'annibale, A., & Pizzutelli, G. (2009). Risk Assessment of the Decay of Asbestos Cement Roofs. Annals Of Occupational Hygiene, 53(6), 627-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mep036 Ibáñez-Forés, V., Bovea, M., & Simó, A. (2011). Life cycle assessment of ceramic tiles. Environmental and statistical analysis. The International Journal Of Life Cycle Assessment, 16(9), 916-928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0322-6 Wirsching, F. (2000). Calcium Sulfate. Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a04_555 Volkmann, E., Rhodes, E., & Work, L. (1936). Physical Properties of Coal Tars - Influence of Tar-Insoluble and Solvent-Insoluble Constituents.

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 28(6), 721-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50318a026

PDFs Khor, P. (2005). Sustainable Mining of the Clay Resources in Peninsular Malaysia (51st ed., pp. 1-5). Seremban: Geological Society of Malaysia.

Retrieved from http://www.gsm.org.my/products/702001-100552-PDF.pdf Chemical and Physical Information. CREOSOTE. (pp. 216-217). Atlanta.

Retrieved from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp85-c4.pdf Motor oil. In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oil WEBSITES Husni, R. (2015). Unit Ukuran. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/deredana3/unit-ukuran

Zainudin, Z. (2015). Sains ukuran, timbangan dan sukatan dalam Tamadun Cina, Melayu dan India. Retrieved from http://zahirzainudin.blogspot.my/2015/07/sains-ukuran-timbangan-dan-suka tan.html Cengal | Building Materials Online. (n.d.). In Building Materials Online.

Retrieved from https://buildingmaterials.com.my/materials/cengal Chengal Wood Decking – Benefits & Alternatives. (2014).In Timber Malaysia.

Retrieved from https://www.timbermalaysia.com/outdoor-timber-decking/chengal-wood-de cking-benefits-alternatives/ Tan, C. (2010). Saving weathered wood - Features | The Star Online.

Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/features/2010/06/01/saving-weathered -wood/ Pros And Cons On Chengal Decking. (n.d.). In Home Design in Singapore.

Retrieved from http://www.homedesign.com.sg/articles/pros-and-cons-on-chengal-decking .html Meranti. (n.d.). In National Parks. Retrieved from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/heritage-trees/ht-201 4-233 Shaddy, W. (2011). What Is Meranti Wood?. Retrieved from https://www.hunker.com/13401431/what-is-meranti-wood Meranti | Building Materials Online. (n.d.). In Building Materials Online.

Retrieved from https://buildingmaterials.com.my/materials/meranti Meranti. (n.d.). In WOOD Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.woodmagazine.com/materials-guide/lumber/wood-species-2/m eranti Your Dark Red Meranti Questions Answered! - F.D. Sterritt Lumber Co. (n.d.). In F.D. Sterritt Lumber Co.. Retrieved from http://sterrittlumber.com/product/dark-red-meranti-questions-answered/ Merbau | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood). (n.d.). In The Wood Database. Retrieved from http://www.wood-database.com/merbau/ Ev, A. (2017). Top Reasons Why Merbau Is Used For Outdoor Construction | WorldBuild365. Retrieved from https://www.worldbuild365.com/blog/top-reasons-why-merbau-is-used-foroutdoor-construction-54JpZT Merbau. (n.d.). In MTC Wood Wizard. Retrieved from http://www.mtc.com.my/wizards/mtc_tud/items/report(122).php ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Bailey, C. (n.d.). Structural Material Behavior in Fire - Timber. Retrieved from http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/research/structures/strucfire/ma terialInFire/Timber/default.htm Gluing Oily Tropical Hardwoods | The Wood Database. (n.d.). In Wood-Database. Retrieved from http://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/gluing-oily-tropical-hardwoo ds/ Merbau Lumber - Wood. (n.d.). In East Teak. Retrieved from http://www.eastteak.com/exotic-woods/merbau-lumber/ Pros and Cons of Teak Flooring to Help You Make a Better Choice. (n.d.). In DecorDezine. Retrieved from https://decordezine.com/teak-flooring-pros-cons What is True Teak Hardwood Flooring. (n.d.). In Build Direct. Retrieved from https://www.builddirect.com/learning-center/flooring/teak/ Teak Flooring: Pros and Cons | DoItYourself. (2016). In Doityourself.

Retrieved from https://www.doityourself.com/stry/teak-flooring-pros-and-cons What is Asbestos?. (n.d.). In Asbestos Victims Association SA Inc. Retrieved from http://www.avasa.asn.au/index.php/about-asbestos/what-is-asbestos Asbestos. (n.d.). In How Products are Made. Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Asbestos.html King, D. (2017). Asbestos Sheets - Roofing & Siding Product Overview.

Retrieved from https://www.asbestos.com/products/construction/asbestos-sheets.php West, E. A. Advantages & Disadvantages of Asbestos Cement | Hunker. (n.d.). In Hunker. Retrieved from https://www.hunker.com/13401313/advantages-disadvantages-of-asbestos -cement Concrete Parking: Comprehensive Concrete Parking and Green Pavement Site for Engineers, Architects and Owners. (2018). In Concreteparking.

Retrieved from http://www.concreteparking.org/environmental/albedo.html Thermal Mass - Energy Efficiency of Concrete. (n.d.). In Concretethinker.

Retrieved from http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Thermal-Mass.aspx The Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) - Properties of Concrete. (n.d.). In Wbcsdcement. Retrieved from https://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/key-issues/sustainability-with-con crete/properties-of-concrete Concrete Uses. (n.d.). In County Materials Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.countymaterials.com/en/news/item/concrete-uses

http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/thermal-mass/ Ceramic Tile. (n.d.). In How Products Are Made. Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Ceramic-Tile.html Adapting to Climate Change. (n.d.). In Bedford Borough Council. Retrieved from http://www.bedford.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/sustainability/adaptin g_to_climate_change.aspx Frits & Glazes - Frits, glazes, engobes, raw materials for ceramic tiles and glass. - Torrecid Group. (n.d.). In Torrecid. Retrieved from http://www.torrecid.com/frits-glazes What is Ceramic Tile?. (2014). In Homefix. Retrieved from http://homefixcos.com/ceramic-tile/ Know the Properties of Ceramic Tiles. (n.d.). In Gharpedia. Retrieved from https://gharpedia.com/properties-of-ceramic-tiles/ Natural Slates - Slate Tiles, Slate Floor Tiles, Natural Slate Stone. (n.d.). In Indiastones. Retrieved from http://www.indiastones.com/slates.html Slate Tiles | Building Materials Online. (n.d.). In Building Materials Online.

Retrieved from https://buildingmaterials.com.my/materials/slate-tiles Valasek, J. (2013). Slate Tile Flooring – Characteristics, Pros and Cons | Express Flooring. Retrieved from http://www.expressflooring.com/blog/slate-tile-flooring-characteristics-prosand-cons/ Physical Properties of Slate. (n.d.). In Indiamart. Retrieved from https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/physical-properties-of-slate-7371607 048.html About Mosaic Tile. (n.d.). In Build Direct. Retrieved from https://www.builddirect.com/learning-center/kitchen-bath/about-mosaic-tile / Difference between tiles and mosaic tiles. (n.d.). In Difference Between.

Retrieved from http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-tiles-and-mosaic-tile s Mosaic Tile - Its Usage and Characteristics. (2011). In Turks. Retrieved from http://turks.us/article.php/MosaicTileItsUsageandCharacterist Mosaic Tiles. (n.d.). In Building Materials. Retrieved from https://buildingmaterials.com.my/materials/mosaic-tiles Characteristics of Ceramic Wall and Floor Tiles. (n.d.). In Ceramic Planet.

Retrieved from https://www.ceramicplanet.co.uk/tile-blog-news/characteristics-of-ceramicwall-and-floor-tiles ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Definition of Cement Plaster. (n.d.). In Merriam-webster. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cement%20plaster Gypsum Unique Properties in Buildings. (n.d.). In Euro Gypsum. Retrieved from http://www.eurogypsum.org/about-gypsum/properties/ Plaster. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster What is Plastering. | Define Plaster, Cement Plasters & Gypsum Plaster.

(2017). In CivilMentor. Retrieved from https://civilmentor.com/define-plastering-cement-plasters-gypsum-plaster/ Miller, R. Differences Between Gypsum Board and Plasterboard | Hunker. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hunker.com/12616166/differences-between-gypsum-board-an d-plasterboard Types of Paint. (n.d.). In The Painted Surface. Retrieved from http://www.thepaintedsurface.com/types-of-paint.php Differences in Water Based Oil and Latex Paints. (n.d.). In DIYNetwork.

Retrieved from http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/skills-and-know-how/painting/difference s-in-water-based-oil-based-and-latex-paints Oil paint. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint Characteristic. (n.d.). In Note Access. Retrieved from http://www.noteaccess.com/MATERIALS/Characteristics.htm The chemistry of Oil Painting. (n.d.). In ScientificAmerican. Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/symbiartic/httpblogsscientificamericanc omsymbiartic20110802the-chemistry-of-oil-painting/ Coal Tar Oil Sealant Pros and Cons. (n.d.). In DoItYourself. Retrieved from https://www.doityourself.com/stry/coaltar-oil-sealant-pros-and-cons HafizoÄ&#x;lu, H. (n.d.). Preservation of Wood Material by Chemical Techniques.

Retrieved from http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,98770/preservation-of-wood-material-by-chemic al-techniques.html Chemical Datasheet. (n.d.). In Cameo Chemicals. Retrieved from https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/10922

ONLINE IMAGES

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Figure 8.1: Carving Chisel Set [Online Image]. Retrieved February 12, 2018 from https://www.amazon.com/Woodstock-D3784-Chisel-Set-12-Piece/dp/B005W 12LMC Figure 8.2: Dreamicus [Online Image]. (2014). Retrieved 13 February 2018 from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/travel/article/for-a-spot-of-recharge-and-r ejuvenatehead-to...-kuang#DTMXqWU5TSlbUQLO.97 Figure 8.3: Phang. C. S. (2012). Kapak Beliong [Online Image]. Retrieved February 12, 2018 from http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/09/23/beliong-where-time-stood-still/ Figure 8.4: Hacksaw [Online Image]. Retrieved February 13, 2018 from https://www.highlandwoodworking.com/classic400framesawwithturbocutblad e.aspx Figure 8.12: Kayu Jati [Online Image]. (2017). Retrieved February 14, 2018 from https://www.antiserangga.com/obat-anti-teter-dan-anti-rayap-terbaik-untuk-jat i-muda-2543.html Figure 8.27: Method of Application of Cement Plaster [Online Image]. Retrieved February 14, 2018 from http://dicofix.com/ready_mix.php Figure 8.28: Hazardous Waste Warning [Online Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2018 from http://www.lessismore.org/materials/83-oil-based-paint Figure 8.29: Coal-Tar Oil [Online Image]. Retrieved February 14, 2018 from https://ua.all.biz/en/coal-tar-oil-impregnation-of-wood-creosote-g9860669

E-BOOKS

CHAPTER 9: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PRINTED SOURCES BOOKS Hanafi, Z., Ahmad, A., & Jupri, S. (1996). Pembinaan bangunan tradisional Melayu (pp. 6-12, 28-31, 33-63, 82-93, 113-117, 130-131, 169-172). [Kulim, Kedah Darulaman]: Amber-Solara Publication.

Nasir, A., & Teh, H. (2011). The traditional Malay house (pp. 22-23). Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia.

Tajuddin, M. (2005). The architectural heritage of the Malay world (pp.

180-181). Skudai, Johor Darul Ta'zim: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Debnath, R., & Jha, D. (2016). Vernacular Architecture (pp. 4-46).

Retrieved from https://issuu.com/raktim/docs/malay_house_-_raktim PDFs Sahabuddin, M. Malaysian Vernacular Architecture and Its Relationship to Climate (pp. 9-13). Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/2377416/Chapter_2_Malaysian_Vernacular_A rchitecture_and_Its_Relationship_to_Climate Reynolds, T., & Enjily, V. (2005). Timber frame buildings (p. 11). Bath: BRE Centre for Timber Technology and Construction. Retrieved from https://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/Timber-frame-buildings-a-guide-to-the-c onstruction-process_D496.pdf/$FILE/Timber-frame-buildings-a-guide-to-t he-construction-process_D496.pdf WEBSITES Ain, S. N. (2014). Tanggam-tanggam dalam kerja kayu dan pembinaan bangunan. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sitinurain102/tanggam-tanggam-dalam-kerja-k ayu-dan-pembinaan-bangunan Doremi. (2014). Tanggam Skaf. Retrieved from http://doremi92.blogspot.my/p/blog-page_57.html Michifayarofo. (2014). Fungsi Tanggam. Retrieved from http://michifayorofo.blogspot.my/p/buletin.html Wall Stud. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_stud Wall Plate. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_stud Noggins. (n.d.). In Carpentry Tips and Tricks. Retrieved from http://www.carpentry-tips-and-tricks.com/noggins.html Baylor, C. (2017). Creating a Mortise and Tenon Joint. Retrieved from https://www.thespruce.com/creating-a-mortise-and-tenon-joint-3536636 The Importance Of Door Jambs. (2012). In Sun Mountain. Retrieved from https://www.sunmountaindoor.com/blog/the-importance-of-door-jambs/ McDonald, M. (2015). Wood Doors for Historic Buildings. Retrieved from https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/product-report/wood-doors

Baylor, C. (2017). Learn to Make Beautiful Louvered Doors and Window Shutters. Retrieved from https://www.thespruce.com/make-louvered-doors-and-window-shutters-35 37055 Truini, J. (2017). Stairs Design: How to Build Stairs. Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to-plans/how-to/a2145/422 4738/ Making Stringers. (n.d.). In The Home Depot. Retrieved from https://www.homedepot.ca/en/home/ideas-how-to/project-guides/deck-an d-fence/making-stringers.html Kirby, I. (2014). How to Hand Cut Mortise and Tenon Joints | Woodworking.

Retrieved from http://www.woodworkersjournal.com/hand-cutting-mortise-and-tenons/ Glazing Bar Halving Joint Router Bits - Machine-Cut Joint. (2016). In Woodworkingarchive. Retrieved from https://www.woodworkingarchive.biz/machine-cut-joint/using-a-table-saw.ht ml How to Build Deck Stairs. (n.d.). In Family Handyman. Retrieved from https://www.familyhandyman.com/decks/how-to-build-stairs-deck/view-all/ Stair parts. (n.d.). In Popularstairs. Retrieved from http://popularstairs.com/basic-stair-building/stair-parts How to Pour Concrete Steps. (n.d.). In Better Homes and Gardens.

Retrieved from https://www.bhg.com/home-improvement/outdoor/walkways/how-to-pourconcrete-steps/ UTHM (2015). Kayu info sumber internet. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/annuar72/kayu-info Lap woodworking joints. (n.d.). In Craftsmanspace. Retrieved from http://www.craftsmanspace.com/knowledge/lap-woodworking-joints.html The Halved Joint. (n.d.) In Chest of Books. Retrieved from http://chestofbooks.com/home-improvement/woodworking/Woodwork-Join ts/The-Halved-Joint.html Fitroni, I. (2013). Jenis-jenis tanggam. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/haidabahari/jenisjenis-tanggam ONLINE IMAGES Figure 9.1: Yuan. (1987). Erection of Traditional Malay House [Online Image].

Retrieved February 24, 2018 from https://www.academia.edu/2377416/Chapter_2_Malaysian_Vernacular_Arc hitecture_and_Its_Relationship_to_Climate ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Figure 9.52: Caroll. (n.d.). Fine Homebuilding [Online Image]. Retrieved February 22, 2018, from http://www.finehomebuilding.com/2003/01/01/adjustable-stair-jig

CHAPTER 10: DEFECTS ELECTRONIC SOURCES E-JOURNALS Oki, M., & Anawe, P. (2015). A Review of Corrosion in Agricultural Industries.

Physical Science International Journal, 5(4), 216-222. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2015/14847 PDFs Olaniyan, A., Ibikunle, O., Olayanju, A., Olagoke, B., & Olawoore, W. (2015).

Effects of Termites on Construction Timbers in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo State in Nigeria (pp. 40-47). Eruwa: International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Technology. Retrieved from http://www.ijlret.com/Papers/Vol-1-issue-7/8.A206.pdf WEBSITES Defects and Cracks. (n.d.). In Etomica. Retrieved from http://www.etomica.org/app/modules/sites/MaterialFracture/Background2.h tml Judge, M. (2018). Is Rust Dust Harmful. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/rust-dust-harmful-8606864.html Dexter, A. (n.d.). Fungus | Definition, Characteristics, Types, & Facts Growth. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus/Growth Cleaning & Prevention Guide for Algae, Fungus, Lichens, Moss on Stone or Masonry Surfaces or Cultural Artifacts. In Inspectapedia. Retrieved from https://inspectapedia.com/exterior/Stone_Cleaning.php Termite Damage Signs: Detecting Termite Damage. (n.d.). In Orkin. Retrieved from https://www.orkin.com/termites/damage/signs/ Mori, L. (2017). The Effects of Termite Damage. Retrieved from http://www.lokavisual.com/effects-termite-damage-solution/

Concrete degradation. (n.d.). In Distributed Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uc o/wiki/Concrete_degradation.html Corrosion and Material Degradation - Dictionary definition of Corrosion and Material Degradation. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcri pts-and-maps/corrosion-and-material-degradation Spall. (n.d.). In Distributed Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uc o/wiki/Spalling.html Smith, G., & Powell, C. (2011). How to Prevent and Treat Concrete Degradation. Retrieved from http://www.howtobuildahouseblog.com/how-to-prevent-and-treat-concrete-d egradation/#axzz57vuVcFYc Stave, A. (2012). Concrete Degradation and How to Prevent It. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/aaliyahstave/concrete-degradation-and-how-to-pr event-it2 Malkin, N. (n.d.). Peeling Paint - Why It Happens and How to Fix It - Bob Vila.

Retrieved from https://www.bobvila.com/articles/what-to-do-about-peeling-paint/#.WpEM46 huZPY

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

APPENDIX A Refers to the interview transcripts obtained during the Kedah trip

20 ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT INTERVIEWEES:

Encik Mohamed Nazim Bin Hassan (Owner of House)

Encik Abdul Rahman Bin Ahmad Bashah (Builder’s Grandson)

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

Tuan Syed Ali Bin Ahmad Adil (Former Ketua Kampung)

HISTORY 1.

2.

Can you tell us more about yourself (Encik Nazim)? ○

Born on 4th November 1953, currently 64 years old.

○

Have 5 siblings, the youngest brother (Allahyarham Khairrudin Bin Hassan) had passed away.

○

No longer working (retired), used to work for the Department of Public Health as the assistant to the head of department.

How long have you been living in this house? ○

3.

Moved to the house in year 1966, so roughly 51 years.

This house is a traditional and typical Malay house in Kedah, was this house built in response to the inspiration of the surrounding or other influence?

4.

○

This house was built out of necessity, prior to this house (studied house).

○

His family used to live elsewhere closer to the river, then the house got so old that they had to move out.

○

It was also because their family was growing so it was only natural to make the move.

Looking at the facade and intricate detailings of the house, it is still in its original state and well preserved till now with a history that spans back 50 years old, can you tell us the exact year it was originally built and who was the builder?

5.

○

The house was approximately built in 1965 or 1966

○

The lead builder was Tok Wan (Allahyarham Hashim Bin Lebai Din)

Malay families by culture are known to be very close knit and houses are often passed down from generation to generation, does the house still belong to the original owner? Or has it been transfer to another generation? ○

This house originally belonged to Encik Nazim’s father (Allahyarham Hassan Bin Ahmad)

ARC 60305 | METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING

6.

According to the architectural and detailing of this house, was it built for a special reason (tribute to someone). ○

As aforementioned, the house was initially built for Encik Nazim’s father, and the reasons remain the same as mentioned in question 3.

7.

The house was built 50 years ago, was it considered a house of high stature? (high class or low class) ○

This house does not specifically have any relation to the social status of the family, though that the family did have some royal (occupational) connections.

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Encik Nazim explained that houses during that time, specifically the roofings are primarily made of palm leaves but for the house is made of asbestos, which at the time was considered to be an advanced, modern and expensive material. This is simply because the original owner (Encik Nazim’s father) can afford to buy them.

8.

According to Malay traditions, house expansions are made according to the size of the family. During the 50 years has the house gone through any renovation or expansion due to the increasing family members? If so which parts were extended ? ○

The ground floor spaces were extended, to allocate more spaces for multipurpose uses, such as resting area, storage and the occasional guest area.

9.

Has the house been used for any historical/significant events? ○

As far as Encik Nazim could remember, nothing historical, just regular traditional events such as weddings and religious gatherings correlating with the death in the family, sedekah (almsgiving) etc.

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SITE CONTEXT 1.

Since this house was built 50 years ago in the 1960s, was this area also a residential area? Or was it surrounded by other activities like agriculture? ○

This general area used to be just empty plots of land planned to be used for paddy farming but over time as the agricultural practices declined, the plan became obsolete and the land use changed accordingly.

2.

Were there any site specific views the owner wanted to achieve when he built the house? If there was, what views did he want to capture? ○

The house wasn’t oriented to achieve a certain view, instead it went with a utilitarian approach. The front facade is facing North, and based on Encik Rahman’s interpretation, this orientation minimises the entry of direct sunlight into the house as the sun rises from the East and sets in the West.

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Encik Nazim further stated that this allows better natural ventilation as the prevailing wind from the East during the dryer seasons (Musim Kemarau or Musim Timur) crosses to the West. Hence the grilles found around the walls of the house allows this wind to enter.

3.

Before this neighbourhood was established, were the surrounding houses also malay traditional houses? ○

4.

Encik Nazim stated that the surrounding houses has always been occupied by family members, close or distant ones.

Was this area a predominantly malay neighbourhood? This would help in categorising the community, culture, tradition and overall activities that take place within surrounding premises. ○

5.

Kampung Pantai Johor is generally a predominantly malay village.

Crime rates around the area if any? ○

Several cases of drug or substance abuse, very seldom.

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6.

Any significant change to the population in the area? ○

7.

Nothing noticeable that Encik Nazim know of.

How do you maintain your house? ○

In the past, they have used excess used engine oil as a substitute to paint. This method darkens the timbre giving it a more uniform look despite the different variation of wood used.

○

Oil being hydrophobic in nature helps to keep water from being absorbed into the timbre, in turn reduced the risk softening wood and growth of fungi.

○ 8.

To an extent did reduce termite infestation.

What do you like about your house( in terms of architecture) Reasons for him to stay in a traditional house. ○

The house has been passed down to him from his parents, hence holds a sentimental value. The fact that the house lasts for more than 50 years, makes the house a more valuable asset not just amongst the family, but the community as well in preserving the culture and traditions of Kedah.

○ 9.

Encik Nazim no longer stays in the studied house, he relocated elsewhere about 12 years ago (from 2017)

Any reasons for the building built at this specific location? ( may relate back to his work, landscape or any other reason) ○

No particular reason, except for the fact that the plots of land has been owned by the family for many generations and finally passed down to him (Encik Nazim)

10.

What was the land used for prior to the erection of the house? ○

The land was initially planned to be used for paddy farming, but over time the need for it lessen and became a multipurpose land, primarily for housing.

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CULTURE 1.

Kedah is known as the Rice bowl of Malaysia due to its vast paddy farming. Is there any sign of switching into other agriculture activities in the recent years? ○

Paddy farming has always been a staple agricultural practice but as of nowadays there aren’t many practicing it as a source of income.

○ 2.

But paddy farming still remain in the cultural history of Kedah.

Generally, a traditional Malay house will be expanded along with the increasing number of family members, is there any part of the house that has undergone an expansion? ○

The ground floor has gone through expansion to accommodate for the increasing family members and for multipurpose use in general.

3.

As Malay culture emphasizes on community spirit, what kind of festivals/events would you usually invite your neighbours to your house? ○

4.

Weddings, Religious Gathering, Circumcisions, Almsgiving.

Some of the Kedah traditions are influenced by Thailand especially in architecture, does your house as well influenced by the culture of Thailand? ○

Nothing architecturally, but as far as ornamentation especially the Tebar Layar (Gable) displayed what the locals call ‘Bintang Siam’ or ‘Matahari Siam’, translated as the Siamese Star or Sun.

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5.

How can you relate your culture to your house? ○

A lot of aspect of the house is culturally inspired, for example the entrance (Beranda) is common amongst the traditional Malay houses. It is designed and decorated as such to embody a welcoming gesture, and as well to differentiate the entrance from the rest of the facades.

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After the Beranda, comes the Anjung where guests are usually seated in, being closer to the entrance makes it convenient for the guest find comfort in the house. This supports the culture’s nature to prioritise the guests.

6.

Is there any Islamic influences applied to the house’s design? What are the influences? ○

There are a few, such as the concept of applying odd numbers to certain elements of the house. For example the number of the steps on the staircases were in odd numbers, this is perceived to pay homage to the odd numbered list of Islamic principles:

7.

Utter the two commands of Syahadah

ii.

Pray the 5 core prayers

iii.

Fasting in the month Ramadhan

iv.

Perform the obligatory Zakat (almsgiving)

v.

Perform the Hajj

Islamic culture highlights the importance of protecting women’s privacy and how does the house’s design suite to the concept? ○

8.

i.

The separation of entrances and the function of rumah ibu as the place where the females in the family can carry out their daily activities.

Can you tell us about the most interesting part of your culture that actually relates to the house’s design? ○

Traditionally, the anjung aside from being an area for guests, also acts as a general work space for men of the house to do light work such as making tools for fishing, farming, general woodworking etc. Hence the location of the anjung being closer to the front of the house makes it convenient and easy access for them to work in.

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ARCHITECTURE 1.

What were the influences that went into the ornamentation/carvings of the house? ○

Most, if not all of the ornamentations and detailings are influenced by either the Malay traditions or religion. For example, the Anjung is designed to look like a gateway or Pintu Gerbang, signifying its function as an entrance but the shape of the Pintu Gerbang manifested in a way to resemble that of a dome or Kubah. This is said to have inspired by the domes from mosques.

○

Another example is the grilles placed above the Pintu Gerbang, not only as a shading device but also designed to resemble the patterns found on Kain Songket (an article of Malay traditional clothing) and also Anyaman (a type of Malay traditional handicrafts that involves the use of palm and pandan leaves)

2.

How similar is this house in terms of architecture compared to other traditional houses in the area? (is it unique to each owner) ○

This house is similar in construction with the surrounding traditional houses; form and space, elements and details. What differs from the others is in the materials used to build the house, such as the wider range of variety of timbre used for specific structures of the house, the more modern (for the time) material used for the roof (asbestos as opposed to palm leaves) and the concrete that took place of the wood in some parts of the house.

○ 3.

This is partly because previous the owner (Encik Nazim’s father) could afford to spend on said materials.

How do you determine the location for the house to be built/ Why is it located where it is right now? ○

There was not specific method to determine where the house was going to be built, simply because the land is owned by the family hence decided to build it there.

4.

How do you determine the orientation of the house on the ground? ○

Sun path, the front facade faces the North, and the sides to the West and East. This orientation helps to reduce entry of direct sunlight as the sun rises and sets (from East to West).

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5.

What problems usually occur with a traditional type house? ○

Due to the material, primarily out of timber, are susceptible to moisture and heat which result to fungi infestations, general weakening of timbre over time and termites.

6.

Do you still follow the traditional ways when using the spaces within the house or has it changed over time?Why are the spaces arranged like that ? ○

The use of space has changed but not to a great extent, for example, the Anjung wasn’t not used just to attend to guests but also a workspace for men during that period. But now, the Anjung is primarily used as a living room for both guests and users of the house.

7.

Ways of maintenance and preservation for the house. ○

As a method of preservation specifically against termites and fungi growth, excess used oil from engines were used as a coating over the timber. Oil being a hydrophobic liquid, helps to prevent water being absorbed into the timbre hence reducing the risk of weakening timber and also repels termites.

8.

How does the stilts help? What do you usually use the elevated spaces for? ○

The stilts helps whenever there’s flooding, also prevents wild animals from entering the house. The space underneath the house (kolong), serves as extra space which can be used for storage, relaxation etc. multipurpose in general.

○

The elevation also promotes air ventilation across the Kolong and through the spaces between the floors panels. Allowing air to enter the house.

9.

How does this house differ for you compared any other houses? ○

Since this house was built for a wealthy man, it was considered to be a modern and luxurious home with regards to its quality in construction and material. Other houses were built with much cheaper materials or with lesser range of materials.

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BUILDING MATERIAL 1.

2.

What wood was used to construct the columns and beams of this house? ○

Columns : Kayu Chengal (Cengal)

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Ceiling, walls : Meranti

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Beams : Merbau

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Floor Joists & Flooring : Kayu Jati (Teak)

What kind of wood were used in carving the ornamentations for the Window/Door/Stairwell/Wall decorations? ○

3.

What are the changes that has been done to the house? ○

4.

Meranti exclusively

Most of the ground floor facades used to be wood and are now concrete.

Extras: ●

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Building materials are all local. ○

Zinc

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Kayu Jati (Floor Joists)

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Merbau (Beams)

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Meranti (Ceiling Skeleton)

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Cengal (Columns)

The use of zinc has always been a part of the building ever since the beginning. True that houses at the time commonly used palm leaves, but

●

The systematic number of bedrooms in a Malay house: 3 bedrooms in each house. If more kids = extend the house.

●

When they built the house, the use of electricity was already there. But no electricity was used at all to build the house.

●

Louvres are arranged in a way to prevent rain from coming in.

●

Excess used engine oil used to coat the house as opposed to paint.

●

The house does use nails and glue to be built, but not in its entirety.

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