Thesis 2007 Chitra by Mographies

THESIS 2007

BOOK

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDEN TITY O F

TRANKEBAR

PROPOSAL FOR A NEW SUBMITTED BY: CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR ROLL NO: A/1557/2002 DATE: 11.05.2007 VTH YR. ‘B’

TOWN

CENTRE THESIS GUIDE: AR. ARUN REWAL STUDIO DIRECTOR: PROF. I.M.CHISHTI

STIUDIO FACULTY: PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

My final year thesis has been an ambitious and complex path to tread, nevertheless its an unforgettable milestone in a journey that has many more miles

ahead. This milestone owes its existence to the timely assistance and guidance of many individuals and

organizations, without whom this journey would have never been. I am extremely grateful to the following people for leading the thesis from the start to the end in the order of the process I went through beginning with search , research, design and final work: •Ms. Vijaya Amujure, Architect, INTACH, Delhi • Mr. Ajit Kaujalgi, Convener, INTACH, Pondicherry and from the organization, Mr. Arul and Mr. Sadeesh • Mr. Asaithambi, Architect, M.Arch, Conservation, School of Planning and Architecture •Ms. Shubha, Architect, ex-associate, INTACH,Tarangambadi •French Institute Library, Pondicherry •EFEO Library, Pondicherry •Mr. Ganesh Gulve, Architect, INTACH, Tarangambadi •Prof. Maria Lazar, Poraiyar College, Tarangambadi • Mr. Bent Christensen, President, Trankebar Association, Denmark-Trankebar, also member representatives of the association in India, Mr. Viggo Knudsen and Mrs. Karen Knudsen, Flora Cottage, Tarangambadi •Mr. Benny Kuriakose , Architect, Rehabilitation post-tsunami, Praxis , NGO

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

• Final Year Design Faculty - (Studio Director) Prof. I.M.Chishti, (Thesis Guide) Ar. Arun Rewal, Prof. Malay Chaterjee, Prof. Arvind Krishan, Prof. Sambuddha Sen, Prof. M.L.Bahri, Prof. Satish Dabral, Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover, School of Planning and Architecture , New Delhi •School of Planning and Architecture Library, New Delhi •Ms. Sonali, Architect, M.Arch, Conservation, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi • C-rom, Durga electrostat and Raju photostat for their quality services.

Informally, the list of morale-boosters and backbone help is much longer. I earnestly thank Aparajitha, Ishani, Richa, Kritika, Priyanka, Varun, Abhinay and Mansi for offering much needed timely help. I also take this opportunity to express sincere gratitude towards my Family , Relatives and Friends (thanks for keeping up the cheer) who‟ve managed to survive me throughout, they have been patient and supportive and were truly my propellers!

Chitra Chandrashekhar, A/1557/2002 Vth Yr. “B”

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Vªkadsckj@rjaxackMh ds vfLrRo dk iqufuZekZ.k & u, Vkmu lsaVj dk izLrko fFkfll iqfLrdk - 2% Hkkx v% fMt+kbZu dh [kkst] 2007

lkjka’k

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ls ifjfpr fd;k tk, ftlls og iqjkuk “kgj iqu% vius vfLrRo dks LFkkfir dj ldsA vr% Vªadsckj ds Hkfo’; dh n`f’V ds [kkst ij ;g “kks/k fuHkZj djrk gSAblls funsZf’kr dk;ZØe izkWtsDV cu tk,xkA Vªd a sckj ds nSfud vkthfodk vkSj i;ZVu {kerk ds lq/kkj ds fy, iz”kklfud] lkewfgd lkoZtfud rFkk O;kikfjd lqfo/kkvksa dk izca/k vko”;d gksxkA bu

lqfo/kkvksa dh fudVrk ds dkj.k ;g LFky Vªkd a sckj dk lkeqnkf;d dsna z vFkkZr Vkmu lsaVj cu tk,xkA ;g lsaUVj vius fofHkUu

lgwy;rksa ls bl “kgj ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSAa var esa bl “kks/kizcU/k dk ije y{; Hkh ;gh gS fd Vªadsckj ds lQy canjxkg ds vfLrRo dk iqufuZekZ.k gksA

bl vfHkizk; dks vkSipkfjdrk ls uD”ks ds :i esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, igys nh?kZ fo”ks’k.k vkSj vUos’k.k ds i”pkr dbZ laca/kh fo’k;ksa ds v/;;u fd;k x;k FkkA fQj izkWtsDV ds dkWUlsIV@ewy vk/kkj r; fd;k x;k FkkA blds vuqlkj “kks/kizcU/k ds izkWtsDV dh ;kstuk dk dk;Z vkjEHk fd;k x;kA fuEufyf[kr lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj lgwfy;rsa bl bl izkWtsDV dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gS%a & la{ksi esa 1-Vkmu gkWy@rkyqd dk;kZy; %& rjaxackMh iapk;r ds vkSipkfjd dk;ksZa rFkk lkoZtfud fodkl dk;ksZa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA 2-cl LVs”ku %& Vªkadsckj esa ;krk;kr ds vlqfo/kkvksa ds lek/kku ;g cl LVs”ku iw.kZrk ls djsxkA ;g uxjokfl;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk vU; ;kf=;ksa ds fy, ykHknk;d gksxkA 3-Vkmu ekdsZV@ Fkkds&rFkk&QqVdj fcØh ds cktkj%& ;g bl “kgj ds vk&lac/a kh fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsxkA 4-eNyh&O;kikj dsUnz%& ;gk¡ ds eNq vkjksa ds leqnk; esa vR;ar mi;ksxh lqfo/kk laHko gks ldrk gSA blls budh fcØh vuq”kkflr vkSj ljy cu ldrh gSA 5-i;ZVd lwpuk dsUnz%& ;g lqfo/kk cl LVs”ku ds fudV fLFkfr gksxk tks i;ZVdksa vkSj ;kf=;ksa dks bl vueksy LFky ls ifjfpr djok,xkA iv

Vªkadsckj@rjaxackMh ds vfLrRo dk iqufuZekZ.k & u, Vkmu lsaVj dk izLrko fFkfll iqfLrdk - 2% Hkkx v% fMt+kbZu dh [kkst] 2007

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bu lqfo/kkvksa ls ySl ;kstuk dk;Z bl “kks/kizcU/k dk izFke y{; gksxkA D;ksfa d var esa bUgh ds cycwrs ij bl NksVs “kgj dk fodkl laHko gks ik,xk vkSj iajijk yacs le; rd thfor jg ik,xkA bu O;oLFkvksa ls ;g izkar fQjls ;”k izkIr djsxk vkSj blds fuokfl;ksa ds fy, ;g VkMu lsUVj muds thou dk izeq[k fgLlk cu tk,xkA ;gh bl “kks/kizcU/k dk mís”; gSA bl izkWtsDV ds ifj.kke ls ;g izdV gksrk gS fd ,sls vU; fiNM+s gq, fuEu “kgjksa dks fodflr Hkfo’; laHko gS vkSj ;g Hkh vius vfLrRo ds iqufuekZ.k dk LoIu thfor gksrs ns[k ldsaxsA t; fgan!

THESIS BOOK- 2: PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007 CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557/2002

REDEFINING THE IDEN TITY O F

TRANKEBAR

PROPOSAL FOR A NEW

TOWN

CENTRE

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER.

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CONTENTS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

Page No.

Acknowledgments Preface in Hindi (Summary / Saransh)

i iii

CHAPTER 1 – THESIS – A SEARCH 1.1 Area of Interest 1.2 Reasons for the choice 1.3 Subject more than a project 1.4 Search / Hypothesis 1.5 Inferences

1 2 5 5 6

CHAPTER 2 – READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.1 Programme Introduction 2.2 Programme Description 2.3 Programme Relationships 2.4 Inferences - Expressive Character

7 8 16 20

CHAPTER 3 – READING OF THE SITE 3.1 Understanding the Context – Trankebar 3.1.a Geo-physical Character

21 21 vi

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CONTENTS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

Page No.

CHAPTER 3 – READING OF THE SITE 3.1.b History 3.1.c Political Framework 3.1.d Socio-economic and Socio-cultural Profile 3.1.e Morphological Data 3.1.f Building Typologies 3.1.g Proposals and Development strategies 3.2 Site Information 3.3 Inferences

29 37 40 48 54 59 69 74

CHAPTER 4 – RESEARCH 4.1 Core Issues Introduction 4.1.a Primary Study – Town and its components 4.1.b Secondary Study – Development Plans 4.1.c Tertiary Study – Conservation Strategies. 4.1.d Tertiary Study – Miscellaneous 4.1. e Inferences

75 77 86 92 101 104

vii (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CONTENTS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

Page No.

CHAPTER 4 – RESEARCH 4.2 Case studies Introduction 4.2.a Case study 1- AmCopenhagen – Town structure 4.2.b Case study 2- Madurai – Town Structure 4.2.c Case study 3- Pondicherry- French Town 4.2.d Case study 4- St. Paul‟s Cathedral Plaza, London 4.2.e Case study 5- Aranya housing, Indore 4.2.f Case study 6- Cidade de Goa 4.2.g. Inferences

105 106 108 111 114 117 120 121

CHAPTER 5- SUMMING UP 5.1 Constraints And Challenges 5.2 Design Directions

122 123

APPENDIX- List of Plates, Figures & Tables

BIBLIOGRAPHY

vii viii

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

1. THESIS – A SEARCH

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS: 1.1 AREA OF INTEREST 1.2 REASONS FOR CHOICE 1.3 THE PROJECT- SEARCH/ HYPOTHESIS 1.4 MORE THAN A PROJECT 1.5 INFERENCES

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

1. THESIS – A SEARCH 1.1 AREA OF INTEREST

Heritage means any object that has been inherited over time. Heritage is not something restricted only to architectural monuments or remains of old pottery or literature or a few old coins. Heritage can be defined as clues that lead us to a bygone era. They can provide us a wealth of knowledge to learn from, about the lifestyles and challenges that our ancestors had to cope with. Heritage can take the following three forms – Natural , Socio-cultural and Architectural. The latter two being man-made. While the natural and architectural heritage are tangibles, socio-cultural is the intangible tradition and customs that have been passed down the generations. Thus, to remain connected to the past becomes important for the vast information and knowledge.

India, our country, has a wealth of culture and heritage strewn in every square inch of its land. For posterity to feel the same sense of pride and belonging, its important to preserve. Preserve, not only the natural resources but also historic relics in any way possible, books, photographs and more effectively, physically. This very fact of existence of the age-old relics can instil values for the future generations through their time-less qualities. In India, preservation and conservation attempts have begun a few decades ago, some have been successful while the rest of them due to beauracratic red tapism have let the historic monuments face deterioration and thoughtless demolition to make way for “development". This gradual erosion of heritage and valuable ancient knowledge needs to be controlled by more effective measures and more importantly with the help of a charged and enthused participation of the natives, as it is they, who experience the culture first hand and thus can feel for the conservation process more intensely. This feeling must eventually find the right organisations to fund the cause. Every project must have an emotional driving force with the right kind of procedural strategy to materialise the intangible. In this backdrop, Tranquebar/ Trankebar/ Tarangampadi serves as a very good example of negligence leading to destruction and deterioration of heritage. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

1. THESIS – A SEARCH

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

1.2 REASONS OF CHOICE

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

Tarangambadi/ Tarangampadi are the two names that refer to the small fishing town on the Coromandel coast, in Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu. It is often called as the Queen of the Coromandel coast. Etymology of the name suggests Tarangam- means waves in ancient Tamil and Sanskrit, –padi could mean a village or singing in Tamil. Thus the name could be translated as „ the wave village‟ or „the singing waves‟.

In the 17th century, the Danish East India Co., headed by admiral Ove Gjedde, acquired trading rights from the then ruler, Raja Raghunath

Plate 1: Map showing location of Trankebar

Plate 2: Map of Nagapattinam

Nayak. Ove Gjedde initiated the construction work for the newly acquired colony called Trankebar/ Tranquebar. He began with the Dansborg Fort, the 2nd biggest Danish fortification in the world (1st biggest is in Copenhagen). This was followed by several other buildings for residential and religious purposes such as the Zion Church, the New Jerusalem Church etc.. Being a trading post, the town saw the confluence of various races and communities. Today, it is a small, quaint town where Hindus, Muslims and Christians live in a closely knit traditional settlement.

Plate 3: Dansborg fort plan

Plate 4: Photograph of the Zion Church

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

1. THESIS – A SEARCH 1.2 REASONS OF CHOICE

Trankebar is testament to the Danish culture in the Indian sub continent for the past 400 years and this makes it unique among the other traditional Indian settlements. The town assumes great importance for the Danes and the Indians alike. Apart from the architectural marvels the town exhibits cultural diversity and a unique coastal fringe. It has been proved to be one of the world‟s fewest Ozone-rich beaches. Plate 5: Cultural diversity of Trankebar through architecture

Such a town yearns to be preserved and restored. The lack of funds primarily and secondly lack of public and government support impede the process of restoration. This town has been a victim of managerial negligence, incompetence and natural disasters such as the Tsunami and numerous cyclones, at the cost of losing not only the lives and livelihood of the inhabitants but also centuries of heritage that dates back to the Dravidian kings, the Islamic rulers, the Danish and the British colonisers. There is a need to preserve and restore individual buildings but more importantly to rejuvenate the town to its past glory of a „prosperous trading post‟. This should be the ultimate goal as this will ensure that both the culture and the lives of the people, who are constantly struggling to make ends meet, are restored.

Plate 6: Negligence to some architectural marvels of the town

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

1. THESIS – A SEARCH

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

1.2 REASONS OF CHOICE

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

Plate 8: A figure-ground of the fortified area, the orange line indicates the original fort wall layout while the magenta and blue lines indicate 500m and 200m mark from the seashore ( the recommended buffer distance to

be maintained according CRZ III

Plate 7: A satellite image of the town, prominently seen are the parade ground and the robust fort along the seashore (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

1. THESIS – A SEARCH

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

1.3 THE PROJECT – SEARCH/ HYPOTHESIS

Trankebar was announced as a heritage town to be promoted for rural tourism by the Government of TamilNadu in the year 1993. Here it becomes important to re-assess and rediscover the town as it lacks basic infrastructure for the residents, leave alone tourism. The town provides a perfect canvas for architectural challenges in the light of heritage being taken to the next dimension. It would be interesting to draft observations and conclusions through architectural explorations of how a new layer added to the existing fabric could add or restore the town’s glory. The search here would be to conceive a vision for the future of Trankebar which is in a state of flux, making way for progress. Thus the project aims at proposing the provision of an organized administrative, civic, and commercial centre that facilitates the town‟s day to day lifestyle and improves the tourism potential that the town is striving to achieve.

1.4 MORE THAN A PROJECT The project follows the direction set by the programme while the underlying characteristics that make it more than a project are as follows:

• To reinstate the historical importance of the fort town through a thorough study that can provide clues for future development. • Regenerate the cultural resonance by adopting the philosophy of Conservation through Redevelopment. • To propose insertion of the components into the existing fabric to redefine the old glory of the town and serve the community. • To propose facilities that act as a new node or centre supporting the needs of the town and recognizing its tourism potential as well. • Develop the town as a prospective revenue generator through tourism and hence uplift the general standard of living of the town dwellers. • Re-architect the day to day lives of the citizens of this sleepy town as a result of the above attempts. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

1. THESIS – A SEARCH 1.5 INFERENCES

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

The following points summarize the objectives of the thesis:

• The area of interest for this thesis lies in heritage conservation and development of a heritage town. • The project has been sited in a heritage town called Trankebar, a fishing town in Nagapattinam, Tamilnadu. • The project deals with the design of a new town centre that aims at becoming a new identity for the town of Trankebar. • The search in the project is the process of designing, in a historic setting, that will become a landmark for the future. • By attempting to resolve issues related to the town both in terms of conservation, tourism and community needs it accounts to be more than a project. The following diagram shall briefly summarize the methodology adopted to carry out the whole process: Area of Interest

Architectural Conservation

Programme for Intervention

Site Analysis

Selection of Site Trankebar

Thorough study- Historical, Architectural, Socio-economic and Visual

Inferences of Research – Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Case Studies

Identifying sites of intervention Architectural Demonstration

Identification of areas of highlight for research

Town and its components Development plans Conservation Miscellaneous- Rural Tourism, Coastal Protection, Bus Station

Conclusions and Recommendations

Figure 1: Thesis Methodology (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS: 2.1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION 2.3 PROGRAMME RELATIONSHIPS 2.4 INFERENCES - EXPRESSIVE CHARACTER

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.1 PROGRAMME INTRODUCTION

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

The programme is a set of requirements derived as a consequence of the above mentioned systematic process of research and the inferences gained from them. This is in the absence of any given scheme of requirements or proposals for Tarangampadi/ Trankebar. As mentioned earlier, the project deals with the creation of a new town centre. It would also deal with the creation of a sense of entry into the heritage area of the town. This town centre would comprise the following activities: • Town administrative facility – Town hall this will mainly act as a socio-cultural cum administrative facility. • Relocation of the present commercial encroachments. • Creation of organised commercial set up – Retail (Single and Mixed use), Wholesale, Handicrafts Retail for tourism. • Organising the Transit facility for the town – A bus station with accommodation facility and tourist information. • Provision of clear parking spaces for the tourist vehicles, resident vehicles, freight vehicles • Provision of Recreational facilities for the local population and the tourists- river-side and canal side public spaces, recreational boating, market square/ town square, shopping street etc.. • Provision of economised, community run guest facilities. The major components of the programme are the Town hall, Bus station and Shops of varied typologies.

PROGRAMME

TOWN HALL

BUS STATION

SHOPS – RETAIL, WHOLESALE, MIXED USE, HANDICRAFTS

RECREATIONAL

GUEST HOUSES

Figure 2: Programme broad division (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

The following section would describe each activity in broad terms for the qualitative standards under the heads: Why?, What?, How?, When?, Who?, Where? This describes the necessity and requirements of the various activities in the Programme. While the quantitative aspect has been mapped as a chart summarising the areas, volume, performance standards and the occupancies etc.. of all the activities in detail. The programme description uses structured standards that are mainly quality evaluators for the spaces to be designed.

A. Tarangampadi Town Hall: STANDARDS

PARTICULARS Tarangambadi being a Taluk headquarter holds importance in terms of administrative activities hence it is

WHY

WHAT

HOW

required to have a systematic and organised town headquarters/ town hall. • Offices for various administrative purposes • Meeting halls • Banking facility • Town library • Multi-purpose hall • Cafeteria/ mess • Gallery/ Museum space. • Area requirements for respective areas ( as Indicated in the area chart ) • Ventilation- in a hot humid climate, plenty of natural ventilation is desired. • Light- where-ever possible natural light is preferred. Artificial lighting also must for offices and common areas. • Orientation- the preferred orientation is N-S

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

STANDARDS HOW

WHEN

WHO

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

PARTICULARS • Views from and of the town hall- Preferably spaces for public uses must open out in to a courtyard, terrace or a plaza or square. • Furniture and Fixtures- locally available skill oriented furniture, and minimum electrified fixtures. Furniture would also include some masonry work along with the movable ones. Town hall would be used daily, morning to evening. Sometimes at night in case of social events. • It will be used by residents and tourists. • Nature of occupancy will be static and floating. • Footfall of the occupancy will be about 100 – 200 persons per hour. • Non-living occupancy – will comprise mainly 2-wheelers, and few cars.

WHERE King’s Street could culminate into a monumental town hall

Town Hall could celebrate the entry in to the town by lining the main street leading to the interiors of the town.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

B. Transit Station: STANDARDS

PARTICULARS Tarangambadi

WHY

has been declared a heritage town slated for development of rural/heritage tourism. This

requires provision of basic amenities beginning with transport facilities that facilitate travellers commuting to and fro Trankebar for tourism and day to day occupational activities.

WHAT

HOW

• Ticketing offices and offices of travel agent • Cloak room and Baggage room • Waiting area with Public conveniences • Banking facility • Bus parking for loading, unloading and idle parking • Kiosks and stalls • Restaurants • Tourist Information centre with a gallery or exhibition space • Basic accommodation dormitories for short stay travelers. • Area requirements for respective areas ( as Indicated in the area chart ) • Ventilation- in a hot humid climate, plenty of natural ventilation is desired. • Light- where-ever possible natural light is preferred. But for safe night stay enough artificial lighting is also required. • Orientation- the preferred orientation is N-S • Views from and of the waiting area could be looking into the public plaza or the riverside greens. • Furniture and fixtures are going to cater to a dynamic group of users, hence low maintenance and economy fittings are key issues for selection.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

STANDARDS WHEN

WHO

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

PARTICULARS •It will used from early morning to night. • It will be used by residents and tourists. • Nature of occupancy will be largely floating and small amount of static. • Footfall of the occupancy will be about 200 – 300 persons per hour. • Non-living occupancy – will comprise mainly buses and mini-buses, few tourist cars, taxis, autos, twowheelers, cycles.

Bus station can be developed close to present bus stop reducing commuting distance for the town dwellers.

WHERE 1

Bus station is best kept away from the heritage area to avoid unnecessary vehicular congestion in the town‟s proximity.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER 11a

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

C. Commercial Establishments: STANDARDS

WHY

WHAT

HOW

PARTICULARS • Trankebar or the old fortified town is predominantly a residential and educational town all the commercial needs of the town have been ill-developed and disorganised. • Commercial establishments line the main road blocking all view to the main axis, King‟s Street. • The town also needs a platform to carry out the main occupation fishing, and wholesale trade apart from retail shopping. • Some of the retail areas are actually mixed use with a combination of residential that adds to the effective space usage. • The town also has handicrafts goods that can find patrons in the tourists. • Retail shopping • Eateries, Cafés, Kiosks, Restaurant • Retail shops + Houses (Mixed Use) • Wholesale shops • Trade centre for fish auctioning and Transportation • Handicrafts and value added commodity shops • Area requirements for respective areas ( as Indicated in the area chart ) • Ventilation- in a hot humid climate, plenty of natural ventilation is desired. A/C required for refrigeration/cold storage. • Light- where-ever possible natural light is preferred. Artificial lighting also required for the night time. • Orientation- the preferred orientation is N-S • Views - Preferably spaces must open out in to a courtyard, terrace or a plaza or square. • Furniture and fixtures- mainly masonry or fixed furniture, except in outdoor eateries. Fittings include lighting equipments

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

STANDARDS WHEN

WHO

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

PARTICULARS • Activities are spread out from Morning to night. • It will be used by residents and tourists. • Nature of occupancy will be largely floating and small amount of static. • Footfall of the occupancy will be about 200 – 300 persons per hour. • Non-living occupancy – will comprise mainly freight vans and trucks, few tourist cars, taxis, autos, twowheelers, cycles.

Commercial facilities also act as active connectors of unrelated spaces such as bus station and town hall.

WHERE

Commercial facilities facing the canal or the town hall/ bus station function more efficiently.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

D. Recreational Facilities: STANDARDS WHY

PARTICULARS Trankebar lacks well defined spaces for recreation and leisure apart from the sea-shore, hence for the community as well as for additional tourist attraction such facilities can be developed.

WHAT

• Eateries, Cafés, Kiosks, Restaurant. • Ferry terminal for leisure boating. • Open facilities such as canal side, riverside greens, parks, streets, squares.

HOW

• Area requirements for respective areas ( as Indicated in the area chart ) • Ventilation- in a hot humid climate, plenty of natural ventilation is desired. • Light- where-ever possible natural light is preferred. Artificial lighting also required for the night time. • Orientation- the preferred orientation is N-S • Views - Preferably spaces must open out in to a courtyard, terrace or a plaza or square. •Furniture and Fittings- Movable cum fixed outdoor furniture. Fittings such as vending machines, lamps, etc..

WHEN

• Activities are spread out from Afternoon to Late evening

WHO

• It will be used by residents and tourists. • Nature of occupancy will be largely floating. • Footfall of the occupancy will be about 100 – 200 persons per hour. • Non-living occupancy – will comprise mainly boats, catamarans, few tourist cars, taxis, autos, twowheelers, cycles.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

STANDARDS

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

PARTICULARS

WHERE

2 3 1 Recreational facilities can be located anywhere alongside natural features such as the riverside or the canal side areas for a healthy natural ambience.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.2 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.3 PROGRAMME RELATIONSHIPS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

A. Macro Components: The 4 major components are inter-related as illustrated in the flow chart. The following explains the diagram: • The Administration and socio-cultural is directly COMMERCIAL

linked to the commercial, transit component. While it shares the Indirect or visual link mainly to the recreational component but also to the transit

and

commercial component as it acts as a landmark so it has to be visually linked to all the major

RECREATIONAL TRANSIT

components. • Transit is both visually and directly linked to Admin. And Commercial as it will also be a landmark which leads visitors and residents in to the town. It is remotely related to the recreational to keep noise and chaos away. • Commercial is the common factor so it is directly

VISUAL RELATIONSHIP (SINGLE SIDED) VISUAL RELATIONSHIP (DOUBLE SIDED) DIRECT RELATIONSHIP REMOTE RELATIONSHIP

ADMINISTRATION + SOCIO-CULTURAL Figure 3: Relationship of Macro components

linked to all components. • Recreational is only directly linked to commercial. It is indirectly linked to Admin as a source of view. It is remotely linked to Transit. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.3 PROGRAMME RELATIONSHIPS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

B. Micro Components: I. Administration: OFFICES

INDIRECTLY LINKED CAFETERIA

LIBRARY

DIRECTLY LINKED REMOTE RELATIONSHIP

ADMINISTRATION Figure 4: Relationship of Micro components of Administration/ Town Hall

SOCIO-CULTURAL/MULTI-PURPOSE HALL + GALLERY

II. Transit:

SHOPS+KIOSKS +RESTAURANTS TOURIST INFO. AND ACCOM.

WAITING

TRANSIT Figure 5: Relationship of Micro components of Transit Facility

STORAGE

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.3 PROGRAMME RELATIONSHIPS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

B. Micro Components: III. Commercial:

RETAIL + KIOSKS + SHOPS CUM HOUSES INDIRECTLY LINKED DIRECTLY LINKED HANDICRAFTS

COMMERCIAL

REMOTE RELATIONSHIP

WHOLESALE

Figure 6: Relationship of Micro components of Commercial Facilities

IV. Recreational: EATERIES+KIOSKS

FERRY / BOAT FACILITY

RECREATIONAL

OPEN PARKS

Figure 7: Relationship of Micro components of Recreational Facilities (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME 2.3 PROGRAMME RELATIONSHIPS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

The above areas suggest that this town centre is actually a low density area that seems to be a continuity of the town‟s character. This suggests that most of the area shall be opened to public as well treated outdoor spaces, that is also a requirement for the children and the old in the town. The town centre is intended to demonstrate a certain volumetric pattern that is exclusively possible only in the town centre for visual assessment, while the other buildings could follow the traditional heights, low roofs and an intimate scale. The programme can thus be seen as a combination of the monumental scale and the intimate scale.

PROGRAMME

TOWN HALL

BUS STATION

MONUMENTAL

SHOPS – RETAIL, WHOLESALE, MIXED USE, HANDICRAFTS

RECREATIONAL

GUEST HOUSES

INTIMATE

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

2. READING OF THE PROGRAMME

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2.4 INFERENCE - EXPRESSIVE CHARACTER

The following are the highlights of reading from the activity program: • The activities that have been proposed are all predominantly public facilities. • The town hall and the bus station are the two civic facilities while the rest are prominently commercial with a small amount of mixed use. • There is also a major component of open public spaces that is a part of the activity programme. • The open spaces form vital connections to relate the various public functions in the form of squares, pathways, courts, parks etc… • While the civic buildings also assume more importance in terms of size, and form the other facilities are more intimate in scale enabling the difference of scales in the visual composition. • The open spaces and commercial facilities offer flexibility, that comes in use to tie up all other activities of the programme. • The relationship pattern of the micro and macro components clearly suggests that the Civic buildings have to be visually linked than direct linkage, and recreational and commercial facilities not only provide for the community requirements they also balance the heavy volume of the civic buildings.

The expressive character of the project is as follows: •The programme shall attempt to respond to the rich architectural heritage in order to develop a new identity for the town of Trankebar. • The new hub/ centre is symbolic of the node or interface between the old and the new, the town and its surroundings. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

3. READING OF THE SITE

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS: 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR 3.1.a Geo-physical Character

3.1.b History 3.1.c Political Framework 3.1.d Socio-economic and Socio-cultural Profile 3.1.e Morphological Data 3.1.f Building Typologies 3.1.g Proposals and Development strategies 3.1.h Inferences Issues, Potentials and Site Selection 3.2 SITE INFORMATION 3.3 INFERENCES

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

The following chart outlines the process of distilling the various characteristics of Trankebar that would have direct implication on the development of the design brief. GEO-PHYSICAL

3.1.a Geo-physical Character:

HISTORY

O N

i)Location:

T E X

Longitude 79‟ east Latitude

POLITICAL FRAMEWORK SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-CULTURAL MORPHOLOGY

11‟05 north

LAND-USE

CIRCULATION

Tarangampadi, lies along the east coast of TamilNadu

Nagapattinam

district.

Pondicherry, Nagapattinam and Karaikal are

respectively. it is about 30kms south-east of Mayiladudhurai, Chidambaram.

45kms

south-east

BUILDING TYPOLOGIES

TAMIL STYLE

MONUMENTAL

ADVANTAGES

DANISH STYLE

RESIDENTIAL

DISADVANTAGES

Tarangampadi is at a distance from Chennai,

296 Km, 125 km , 48 km, and 15 Km

SERVICES

R A

FIGURE -GROUND

B A

ISSUES AND POTENTIALS

R CONCLUSIONS – SITE SELECTION

Figure 8: Understanding the context-Trankebar, Author

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

TRANKEBAR/ OLD FORTIFIED AREA

Sirkhazhi Mayiladuthurai TARANGAMBADI TOWN PANCHAYAT

Tarangampadi

Nagapattinam Plate 9: Map showing extent of Tarangampadi Town Panchayat

The town is bounded by Manikapangu village in the north, N.H.45A road or the East Coast Road (E.C.R.) on the west. On the south and Vedaranyam

the east are the natural boundaries - the Uppanar river and the Bay of Bengal respectively, marking the town‟s limits.

Plate10: Map showing important places on NH 45A in Tamilnadu State

ii) Natural features – Topography, Water features, Soil, Flora and Fauna :

Topography: The town is predominantly at mean sea level. The southern part of the town is situated at a higher elevation (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR â&#x20AC;&#x201C; PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

(approximately 1m-3m above sea level and 10m at some places) compared to the northern part , as a result the effects of the Tsunami were relatively more damaging in the northern part. TRANKEBAR

Water Features: Tarangampadi is flanked by Uppanar River, an estuary, a

BAY OF BENGAL

distributary of Kaveri river, on its southern side. A branch of the estuary was channeled in to the town as a moat for the fortified region of the historic town . This is known as the Buckingham canal, that runs diagonally across the land . On the eastern side its lined by the Bay of Bengal hence the town falls in the Coastal Regulation Zone III. Proximity to the Bay of Bengal

BUCKINGHAM CANAL

makes Trankebar prone to occasional cyclones generated during the NE monsoons and frequent rough winds. The wave current velocity of the Eastern coast in the Nagapattinam District is between 1.8 to 3.6 m/ s

NH 45 A/ EAST COAST ROAD

UPPANAR RIVER

northerly. The wave height is normally 1-1.5 m and during cyclones the wave height ranges from 4-6 m. The annual sea-erosion rate of Trankebar is estimated at 0.65m/ year, already a few acres of land has been eroded over centuries. Tsunami is also a significant source of danger for this coastal town.

Plate11: Satellite image showing the fortified area and its surroundings

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Soil and Minerals : Soil texture of Cauvery delta zone (CDZ) is predominantly of these types- clayey, clayey loamy, silty clay, sandy clay, loamy, sandy loam and sandy. Clayey and clayey loam in the middle of the delta, sand fraction associated clay more towards the sea coast, loaming nature in new delta area and sandy loam in the western parts of the delta are the most prevalent textures. A brief description of the major 10 soil series of the CDZ is given below: Nagapattinam district has two

1) Kalathur series 2) Adanur series 3) Kivalur series 4) Sikar series 5) Nedumbalam series 6) Madukkur series 7) Pattukkottai series 8) Nagapattinam series 9) Kondal series 10) Padugai series

main types of soils called regar preponderates arenaceous

and and

small

percentage of coastal alluvium. The

Sediment

transportation

rate in Tarangampadi is 200,600 cu. m./ year. Table 1: Parent materials of Thanjavur soils (22 soil series)

Being located right on the seafront, the land is highly saline and unsuitable for agriculture. The water table of this area is approximately 3-4 metres below ground level. In the dry season it could drop to 7metres also. Clay and Lime are locally available minerals used for construction purposes. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Flora: Situated in the Kaveri delta, the irrigation facilities permit the cultivation of Rice over large areas. Sugar-cane is cultivated here only as a subsidiary crop. Among the littoral species tolerating a certain amount of salinity in the soil and in the water, the following five are the most common on the East coast : •Excoecaria agallocha L •Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. •Acanthus ilicifolius L. •Solanum trilobatum L •Pandanus tectorius Sol. Arborescent Vegetation :

Borassus flabellifer LPalmyra palm

Among the plants which tolerate very little traces of salinity and thrive well on the coastalsands are Cocos nucifera L. Coconut palm and also the shrubby and thorny Prosopis spicigera L.,

planted for

shade along the sea-coast. On the sea-sands, appear the following types:

Casuarinas, Hibiscus and Thespesia populnea Cay.

The garden plant varieties are: Teak,

Moringa oleifera Lamk. , Margosa and Indian almond. The hedge plants : •Jatropha glandulifera Roxb.

•Prosopis spicigera L.

• Ficus hispida L.f

• Votex meqimdp

•Banbusa arundinacea Willd

• Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.

•Morinda tinctoria Roxb.

•Lawsonia inermis L.

• Aegle marmelos Corr.

• Euphorbia antiquorrum L. agaves

• Cissus quadrangularis L.

•Acacia arabica Willd. Babul tree •Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. •Pongamia pinnata Pongam oil tree

Fruit trees : Very few fruit trees of good quality grow in this environmnet. Mango, coconut,

•Phoenix sylvestris Roxb Wild date

Tamarind are common. Jackfruit, cashewnut, and nagai Eugenia Jambolana (jamun) fruit can also

palm

be found.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Shrubby and herbaceous hygrophyte vegetation : •Hemarthria compressa L. •Arundo donax L. •Hibiscus (H. vitifolius L.) •Tribulus terrestris L. Ground Burnut •Indigofera enneaphylla l.

•Tephrosia purpurea Pers.

•Ipomaea reptans Poir.

•Saccharum spontanum L. Wild Sugar Cane

•Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees.

•Stachytarpheta indica Vahl.

•Stemodia viscosa Roxb. (Scrophulariaceae)

•Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Water Lily

•Neptunia oleracea Lour ( Leguminoseae)

•Lemna polyrrhiza L. Duck weeds

•Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene •Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers.

The avenue trees : •Polyalthia longifolia Hk. f. & T. •Thespesia populnea Cav. •Syzygium jambolanum Lamk. •Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Plate 12: Images of the general landscape of the town- the types of trees and plants

•Gicus benghalensis L.

Fauna: Terrestrial fauna comprises cattle, goats. Domestic animals – cats, dogs etc.. are very

•Lannea Lannea coromandelica

common. No wild species can be seen in Tarangampadi. Although snakes – cobra, viper and krait

•Madhuca longifolia (L). MacBride

could be a rare occurrence. Being a coastal ecosystem, Fish species are plenty. Species such as

•Kigelia pinnata DC.

Carp labeo, Murrel, and Hilsa are found in the estuaries.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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iii) Climate – Temperature, Wind, Rain and Sun, : Temperature: This town experiences a hot and humid climate. The mean monthly maximum is 37.1deg C (June – July). The mean monthly minimum is 21.6degC (Dec). The humidity is very high and the relative humidity varies from 60 % to 89% in the month of June.

Rainfall: Heavy rain occurs during north east monsoon season. The mean annual rainfall is about 100 mm, receiving a heavy rainfall between the months of October and December. The Northeast monsoon, which starts in October and ends in December, contributes about 60% of the total annual rainfall. The Southwest monsoon rains from June to September and from March to May accounts equally for the rest of the annual rainfall. The monthly average rainfall in the district was 108.87 mm in 1991-96.

Wind: The Southwest winds sets in during April, it is the strongest in June and continues till September. Northeast monsoon starts during the month of October and blow till January. Cyclonic storm with varying wind velocity affects once in 3 or 4 years during the month of November-December. Dust Storms, whirl winds and dusty winds blow from various quarters towards the end of May. Both these storms affect plantation crops.

During Southwest monsoon the air is calm and undisturbed. The wind velocity on an average from a height of 10m above ground level is 50 m/s. .The air here has higher ozone content. Ozone is considered to be a disinfectant and an rich source of oxygen that rejuvenates oneself in small quantities. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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The prevailing wind direction is N-S hence The preferred orientation in the town is N-S. Being a coastal area humidity in the air is almost always high , wind circulation or ventilation is a must to beat the heat and humidity. This has influenced the evolution of a local architecture that tackles climatic challenges, to be discussed ahead.

Fig 10: Direct radiation incident on clear days, annual and daily.

Sun: The solar mapping can be read in the solar chart that indicates what time of Fig 9: Latitude 11‟ N Solar chart

the day and the year , the sun is harsh and mild.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3.1.b History: Tarangampadi is a multi ethnic habitation situated on the Coromandel

14-15th century 17h century

coast. It was once the nerve centre of several successive western nationalities that set foot in the area with dissimilar interests including envoys of Danish East India Company , German missionaries in

18h century

service of the King of Denmark and Moravian Entrepreneurs. Much before the arrival of the Europeans, the area was a part of the Pandya Dynasty and was one of the 11 ports in the coast of the Tanjore district.

19h century

The most ancient structure in Trankebar is the Masilamani Nathar Temple dedicated to Lord Siva, built by the then ruler Kulasekara Pandya. Later the Telugu Nayaks conquered Tanjaore, the seat of power and took control of the east coast. The Nayaks under the rule of Raja Raghunath Nayak allowed foreign settlements in their kingdoms to

20h century

extend their trading possibilities. The Nayaks were followed by the Marathas. The town also had a group of Arabian traders who settled in the town as goldsmiths, merchants and craftsmen. The table alongside outlines the history of Tarangambadi over the past four centuries.

21st century

Table 2: Timeline of Tarangampadi‟s History showing the landmark events

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Plate 15, 16, 17,18 and 19: Old paintings of Trankebar showing the ships and the fort.

In Denmark, the economy was flourishing and was at its best during the reign of Christian IV the emperor who patronised art, trade and a lot of construction activities. It was during this period, in 1618 A.D., that an expedition troop was sent specially to set up a trading colony in Asia under the command of Roland Crappe‟ and Ove Gjedde. After trying their luck in Sri Lanka, In 1620, they tried convincing the Tanjore King, Nayak, who agreed to their setting up of a trading post for an annual revenue of Rs.3111 per annum. Danish trade did not flourish as much as the other European establishments in India around the same time did. For e.g.. The Dutch, the French and the British who were major stake holders. Nevertheless, it grew into becoming a small Intra-Asian trading network. Plate 13 and 14: Old maps defining the over-all extent of the Danish Territory (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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The Danes also set up trading posts, offices or factories in Thailand, Malaysia, and in India, in Masulipatnam, Pipli, Balasore, and Serampore. In a year two ships would come from Copenhagen. The trade included export of textiles, silk and spices. Gradually trade took a backseat and the arrival of Missionaries gave more importance to religion and education. The two pioneer German Lutheran Missionaries- Ziegenbalg and Plutschau, spread the word of Christianity at the same time added to the culture by translating the Bible in Tamil and setting up the first printing press to print the Bible for larger acceptance of the religion. Tranquebar, Plate 20, 21: The Danish trade route and the two main Danish trade centers in India.

developed as the origin of Protestant Christians in India. These Missionaries apart from performing their duties gradually grew fonder to the people so much so that they rose to the status of noble men in the society and are still regarded as spiritual path breakers in their endeavors. The images show how important their presence is till today as figurines and

Plate 22: Statues of Barthalomaus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plutschau as major landmark figures and decoration on the building facades.

memorials to commemorate their deeds and

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

services on this land. When the Danish trade was at its best, the Danes temporarily trading in India started to build their palatial houses and settled down in Tarangampadi. Signs of development of a colonial pattern was beginning with the acquisition of land for trade by Ove Gjedde. He was the Admiral of the fleet that came from Copenhagen. He administered the construction of the Dansborg Fort in the typical medieval European Style. The following set of diagrams analyses and traces the evolution of the town to the present day. port

Sea

fort

Administrative quarters European town

Port

Bay of Bengal Dansborg fort

CBD Parade ground

Native town

Danish town Extensions

Native town

Fig 11 and12: A typical colonial port settlement and the settlement pattern in Trankebar

The Danish colony like any other colonial establishment occurred as a new development away from the native people‟s settlement. The region around the colonial establishment a commercial cum administrative centre developed as the foreign traders gradually acquired rights to rule their territory, which was often protected with fortifications or guarded boundaries. A similar pattern can be seen in Trankebar too, with the establishment of the Dansborg Fort. The next set of diagrams prove the process of development where sense of territoriality grew with (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557 II

time due to increasing threats of invasions and wars to

Temple node

Danish town

overthrow the Danish control over Trankebar. Tamil town

Temple node

Dansborg

Before 1620 The town was a fishing village that grew around temple squares as demarcated above. IV

Town gate

After 1620 The Dansborg fort was built to mark off the Danish territory, and gradually settlement grew beyond the Tamil town‟s extent. III King’s Street

Fort wall

Buckingham Canal Parade Ground as a node

Around 1800 By this time main development was the town gate constructed on the ceremonial King‟s Street and the creation of the Buckingham canal as a moat outside the fort. Fig 13: Evolution of the town

Around 1670 The clear formation of streets and nodes began when the Danish officers started to build their grand residences. By this time an external fort wall was built.

Fig 14 : Present over growth of the town, out of the Fort bounds.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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King's Street "A"

Queen Street "D"

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

19. Indian bank 20. Plutchav school 21. Sri renugadevi amman temple

Danes Borg fort. Ziegenbalg monument. Collector's bungalow. Danish governor's bungalow. T.E.L.C. Teacher's training institute (Commander‟s house) 6. Church of Swedish mission (C.S.M. Bungalow) 7. Zion church 8. T.E.L.C Ziegenbalg spiritual centre 9. New Jerusalem church l 0. St. Theresa's training institute 11. St. John's primary school 12. St. Theresa's convent 11. Government harijan girls hostel 14. St. Theresa's girls high school 15. Town gate 16. Local library 17. Rao Bahadur Memorial Stambha

Borgan Street "E" 22.

23.

Mary's garden (now retired pastors quarters) Pasters training institute (now t.E.L.C. Grundler boy's hostel)

Maricar Street "I" Naghuda Street "J" 31.

Muslim elementary school

Goldsmith Street "K“ Angalamman Koil Street "L" 32.

Sri.Angalamman temple

Salangaikara Street "M" (Now swallowed by sea)

Perumal Koil Street "F“ 24.

Sri perumal temple

Admiral Street "G" 25. T.E.L.C. High school

Post Office Street "N" 33.

Post office

34.

Tourist information centre

34.

Sri. Sivan temple

26. Ziegenbalg house 27.

Place of first Printing press in India

Masillamani Koil Street "O"

Mosoue Street "H"

36.

Sri. Masillamani temple

28. Old mosque

Manika Pangu Road "P"

Cheety Kadai Street "B" New Street "C"

29. New mosque

37.

18.

30. Dhurgha

St. Theresa's dispensary

3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Government hospital

Fig 15: A Guide map demarcating the major streets and buildings within the town. 38. T.E.L.C. Shalum balahar kappagam

E.C.R. Main Road "O“ 39. Holy rosary church 40. Roza women center 41. Tranquebar railway station

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Tranquebar was settled by the Danes for 235 years, and two centuries of Danish heritage have left an important cultural heritage that can still be seen today in colonial houses, churches, cemeteries, and most particularly, the Dansborg military fort. Danish heritage in today‟s Trankebar is epitomized by the Dansborg Fort built in 1620 by the first Danish expedition that arrived and settled in Tranquebar. It is a solid example of Scandinavian military architecture, similar to other Scandinavian forts. Dansborg was the administrative and military centre of the Danish East Indies. The fort has been restored and protected under India's Monuments and Archaeological Sites Act of 1966. Today, Dansborg Fort is a museum containing a varied collection of items from the Danish times of Plate 23: Dansborg fort, the Danish heritage

Tranquebar. "King street" or Kongensgade is Tranquebar‟s main street, and some of the most important buildings of the old Danish colony are still there. The main ones are the large Governor’s House, built in 1784, Collector’s Bungalow, now refurbished into an elegant Neemrana hotel, and the New Jerusalem Church, built in 1718 by Lutheran missionary Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg, who is buried there. monument in Kongensgade is the town‟s old Town Gate, built in the baroque style

Plate 24: The monumental King Street, now a vital thoroughfare of the town

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557 NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH

GRUNDLER’S HOUSE – MISSION HOUSE (NOW)

REHLING’S HOUSESCHOOL (NOW)

MULHDORF’ HOUSE

OTHER DANISH STYLED BUILDINGS USED AS MISSION HOUSES

GOVERNOR’S BUNGALOW

3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR COLLECTOR’S BUNGALOW- NEEMRANA HOTEL (NOW)

OLD TOWN GATE

ZION CHURCH

Plate25: Important buildings of Danish Origin on the King Street and the Prince Joergen Street.

in 1792 with the Danish Royal arms presiding over the main arch.

Tranquebar conserves reminders of Danish heritage, of days when it was a busy trading centre and a rare outpost of Danish culture in the tropical Indian Ocean. The rich cultural heritage of this "little Denmark" is the cornerstone for a planned candidature of Tranquebar as a UNESCO's World Heritage Site by the collective efforts of a few Indians and many enthusiastic Danish National who are associated with the conservation process of the town, namely the Trankebar Association a voluntary organization funded by the Royalty of Denmark. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3.1.c Political Framework: Administrative arrangement in the District is as follows - Nagapattinam district comprises 6 Taluks, 11 Blocks and 497 Villages. Community Development Blocks in the district are: Sirkazhi, Kollidam,

Sembanarkoil,

Kuttalam,

Mayiladuthurai,

Thirumarugal,

Nagapattinam,

Kilvelur,

Talanayar, and Vedaranniyam. The hierarchy of administrative arrangement, there are 3 Municipalities, 10 Town Panchayats and 433 Village Panchayats in the district. Tarangampadi holds the position of one of the Town Panchayats, and has an active traditional panchayat of fishermen that plays a key administrative and decision-making role for the community. Its jurisdiction is spread over 24 traditional Panchayats as given below: (1)Tarangampadi

(9) Chinnangudi

(17) Chavadikuppam

(2) Chandrapadi

(10) Vanagiri

(18) Keelamoovarakarai

(3) Chinnurpettai

(11) Chinnavanagiri

(19) Melamoovarakarai

(4) Kuttiyandiyur

(12) Poombuhar

(20) Keezhakarai

(5) Vellakovil

(13) Pudukuppam

(21) Thirumullaivasal

(6) Perumalpettai

(14) Madavaimedu

(22) Thoduvai

(7) Pudupettai

(15) Periyandipettai

(23) Koolaiyar and

(8) Thalampettai

(16) Chinandipettai

(24) Pazhayar

Table 3: Political hierarchy and the Organizational setup

Fig16: Map showing extent of Town Panchayat

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Fishermen’s Panchayat: Tarangampadi panchayat also has direct administrative responsibility for the first 14 panchayats. The institution of the traditional panchayat of fishermen came into being in the year 1974. Earlier, the community was administered under the Nattar system (leadership by lineage). A general body of fishermen families in the village selects, by consensus, the panchayat members for a term of two years. On the day of the elections, the existing members have a separate meeting with all the elderly fishermen, aged 50 years of above. They propose new names for the ensuing term. Only those candidates are given the opportunity to represent the community, whose names do not meet with any objections. There is also the provision to officiate as members of panchayat on a trial basis for two months, on completion of which are regularized on the basis of their perceived performance. The key criteria for selection of panchayat members include honesty, good communication skills and affable relations with different sections of the community. The expenses of panchayat members related to village development works, e.g. on travel, food, etc. are met from the public fund of the panchayat. Meetings of the panchayat are held every Saturday, unless it‟s a day of bumper catch. Meetings are held occasionally on other days as well, if any important decision is required to be taken. Meetings are minuted and signed by all participants. Resolutions are maintained for follow up until action is taken. All the participants of a meeting, irrespective of age, are allowed to express their views. However, women are not allowed to take part in the meetings.

Plate26: A meeting conducted in a hall

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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Funds augmented from imposition of fines and penalties constitute a key component of Panchayat‟s resources. Besides, the panchayat collects rentals from local shops operating in Tarangampadi. The Tarangampadi panchayat has been involved in a variety of development activities, e.g. desilting of pond, management of water supply and electricity connections, etc. Post-tsunami, all the relief measures undertaken by the government for the fishermen have been routed through the traditional panchayat. It also provides funds for the funeral of the poorest community members. The other types of Panchayat bodies that co-exist looking at individual issues of the society are as follows: A.Dalit Panchayats: The Dalit localities of Tarangampadi have their own caste panchayat selected by the respective dalit communities. Kesavan Palayam and Pudu Palayam had one common caste panchayat until 1981. Dalit panchayats are federated at the Taluks level making it a stronger entity. B.Muslim Jamat Waqf Panchayat The Jamat Of Muslims is an important institution of governance in Tarangampadi, which governs the community of 83 Muslim households in the village. Elections to the governing body of the Jamat are held every five years and are conducted by the Waqf Board of Chennai. The body comprises of a President, a Secretary, a Treasurer, 5 Members of a Core Committee and a Modhinar (one who calls for the prayers). Every adult male member of the Muslim community has the right to vote. It operates a public address system, used for announcing the prayer hour five times every day. C.TELC-Tarangampadi The Evangelical Lutheran Church is headed by Pastor Rev. Gunalan, who is responsible for religious stewardship of the Lutheran Christian community. The Church elections are held once in three years conducted by the Bishop of Trichy. The roles of TELC include collecting donations, distributing clothes to the elderly, widows and orphans during festivals and in distress. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

3.1.c Socio- Cultural and Socio –Economic Profile: Population: Tarangampadi/ Trankebar has a population of nearly 6991 people with 1725 households. The town Panchayat holds a population of 20,841 as per census 2001. The town is predominantly a low-density settlement, loosely scattered around the sea, the main source of livelihood to majority of the people. Occupation: Fisher folk comprise majority of the population and Pattinavars is the major fishing community. According to a study conducted by Praxis, an NGO, Tarangampadi has 1670 active fishermen and nearly 500 women in the village engaged in fish vending. The catch sharing arrangement in most boats is democratic in nature. The fishermen have a fixed schedule to carry out their day to day activities. The men go fishing early in the morning in their Catamarans. before the sun rises and gets too harsh to find a reasonable catch. While the women take over during the day, they take the trouble of carrying the huge fish baskets to far off markets in Nagapattinam, Karaikal, Chidambaram etc.. The division of labour is quite judicious, while during the day, men are busy maintaining their equipments, making nets etc..

Plate 27 : Images showing the fishing related activities on a regular working day (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

Other than fishermen community in Tarangampadi, dalits inhabit four different hamlets Pudu palayam, Kesavan Palayam, Velli Palayam and Karan Street. They are mostly engaged in agricultural activities, own agricultural land in other villages of the region. Women work here as domestic helpers.

The town has very little job prospects leading

to the town turning into a place for old people as most of the young workforce seek jobs out of the town in the bigger towns and cities or out of the country in the Middle East or Singapore. The essence of the town is that there are predominantly 3 main qualities of the town – Education, Fishing, Tourism. The effect of the missionaries

encouraged

the

establishment of several primary and secondary level educational institutions. Educational set-up in the town has become a trademark of Plate 28: Images showing the activities that Dalits are involved during the day

Trankebar.

Plate 29: Educational activities in Tarangampadi

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Other than fishing the other alternative occupational activities are as follows: Daily wage labour, teaching, vigilance work as watchmen, masonry, cooking and running tea-shop, running a rice shop, teaching music, laboratory assistant, painter, employee in a bus company, in a prawn farm, auto driver, clerk, nurse, carpenter, sign painter, and in various miscellaneous shops.

As many as 13 dalit families still practice agriculture in and around Tarangampadi. Most of these families lease in land from the office of the tahsildar and cultivate a total of 22 acres of land. 11 of them cultivate marginal land holdings of less than 2 acres in size. In addition to men, the women and adult, unmarried girls of the dalit households too operate as agricultural wage labourers, for a maximum of five to six months in a year. They work in the fields of the nearby villages.

Many women from the dalit communities work in brick kilns located in Erukkattancheri, Thillayadi and Porayar, during the lean months of summer (mid-April to mid-June). Work is available for between 40 and 60 days in a season. The women cut the bricks for firing in the kiln and collect the fired bricks.

Many women from poor families work as domestic helpers in the better-off households in the Muslim community. Most of them work for 2 4 hours. During agricultural season, they finish the work early to go to the field. According to them, most employers are lenient about timing during this season.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

District Name: Nagapattinam Town Panchayat Name: Tarangampadi Population 2001 No. House Hold

4163

Total workers

6232

Population - Marginal workers

882

Another major event that has

Total Population

20843

Male workers

4800

Male Marginal workers

470

been

Female workers

1432

Female Marginal workers

412

Population - Main worker

5350

Population - Marginal Cultivate

Male Main worker

4330

Male Marginal Cultivate

Female Main Worker

1020

Female Marginal Cultivate

struck in 2004. This left all life to a stagnation. Hence urgent

Total Male Total Female

9914 10929

Population - Age under 6

2333

Male - Age under 6

1179

Female - Age under 6

1154

Population - Sc

2550

Male - SC

1220

Female - SC

1330

Population - Main Cultivate Male Main Cultivate Female Main Cultivate

Population - ST

Male - ST

Female - ST

Population - Literate

15007

Tarangampadi

with

the

177

Population - Marginal Agriculture

415

145

Male Marginal Agriculture

204

Female Marginal Agriculture

211

associated

Main Agricultural Labour

755

Population - Marginal House Hold

Male Main Agricultural Labour

584

Male Marginal House Hold

Female Main Agricultural Labour

171

Female Marginal House Hold

Population - Main House Hold

125

Population - Other Marginal

425

unfortunate

Tsunami

that

help and relief work was very important to recover from the huge loss of life and property.

Male Main House Hold

Male Other Marginal

246

In this situation its important to

7414

Female Main House Hold

Female other Marginal

179

mention

5836

Population - Main Other workers

4293

Population - Non Workers

Male - illiterate.

2321

Male Main Other workers

3524

Male Non Workers

5114

Female - illiterate

3515

Female Main Other workers

Female Non Workers

9497

Male Literate

7593

Female Literate Population - illiterate

769

14611

the

various

organizations that lent their helping hand in restoring the lives of many town dwellers.

Table 4: Socio- Economic Indicators of Tarangampadi (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

The population comprises a collection of 3 main communal groups. There are 30% Muslims, 30% Christians and 40% Hindus. It is this diversity that adds to the cultural richness of the place.

Festivals: Christians have there celebrations during Christmas, and Easter, they have a carnival of sorts in the local language, its called an “Urvalam” where a procession is led by the pious followers from the Zion Church to the Rosary Church outside the town on the East Coast Road. Muslims celebrate Id and they also carry out there processional ceremonies “jaloos” . „Olugal Mangalam Mariamman Kovil‟ festival in March and April is very auspicious for the fishermen. Kanni festival is in February, which is celebrated for ten days. Table 5: Development support agencies that have actively participated in rehabilitation posttsunami

Renugadevi Ammankoil festival is celebrated in August. Only the fishermen celebrate this festival. This temple is their prestige and the kumbhabhishekam ritual was performed two years back. The dalit communities in Tarangampadi celebrate Pongal with great pomp and

Plate 30: Festive time at the Parade ground, inviting a congregation of a large number of people.

show, and have their own Ayyanar (village God) temple. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Language: Tamil is the commonly spoken language although there have been many influences on the town, it has retained a few qualities inherent to the town. Clothes/Dress: Men commonly wear the locally called “Veti” or a long cotton cloth draped around as a sarong. Women wear Saris. These two dressing styles have proven to be the most comfortable in a coastal climate proved by the continuity of the usage of this attire.

Plate 31: General lifestyle of Trankebar (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

So far, there has been modest number of tourists visiting the rare Danish colony, known to a few domestic travelers. Thus tourism holds great potential for the improvement of employment in the town.

Table 7: No. of Tourists visiting important places in Tamilnadu.

Fig 17: Tourism data in Nagapattinam district the overall catchment area for Trankebar. Table 6: No. of Tourists visiting Dansborg fort, its 0.5% of the total tourist visits of important places in Tamilnadu.

Fig 18: Diagrams showing the present tourism status.

Table 8: No. of Tourists visiting important places in Tamilnadu up to year 2004

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Fig 19: Diagrams showing the present tourism status.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

3.1.d Morphological Character: Tarangampadi Town Panchayat has an area of 13.66 sq.km. and a population of 20,841 while Trankebar or the coastal fortified settlement has an area of 0.8sq.km. and a population of 6991. • The town layout follows a grid-iron pattern. • Major streets are E-W facing. • The building face N-S orientation to make the best of the wind movement for ventilation. •The

town

has

two

main

arteries

movement – the King Street and the Queen Street. • The town has two major nodes – The Parade ground where the King Street ends and the Renugadevi temple where the Queen Street ends.

Plate 32: Maps showing the town panchayat and the context in which the fort is set and a detail plan of Trankebar. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Land Use: Predominantly there are pockets of residences surrounded by vast agricultural land. In the Town Panchayat plan it is clear, Poraiyar and Trankebar are the only 2 bigger settlements while the others are more like agricultural villages.

Plate 33: Maps showing the land use pattern of the town panchayat and the fort (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

No of Houses

5086

Grade

SELECTION

Slums in the Town

Area in Sq.KM

13.59

Slum Population

11000

Population 2001 Male

9927

No of Wells

Population 2001 Female

10914

No of Hand Pumps

Population 2001 Total

20841

No of Power Pumps

2 Projected Population in Thousands

30000

No of Wards

No of Streets

131

Total Length of Streets in Kms

Number of Service Connections

833

No of Fountains

135

LPCD

Water Service Periodicity

Daily

Table 9: Facts about Tarangampadi Town Panchayat

Road: It is located on the Chidambaram-Vedaraniyam-Kodikarai highway, which forms the part of the east coast road. This road connects this town to Karaikal, Nagore, Nagapattinam, Velankanni etc in south and Seerkazhi, Chidambaram, Pichavaram, Cuddalore, Ponidicherry,Chennai etc on north.

Rail: Plate 34: Maps showing the road infrastructure, Trankebar

There was a meter gauge railway line from Mayiladudhurai right up to

Tranquebar, which has been abandoned and dismantled in 1986. The nearest

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Table 10,11: Traffic volume on NH 45A

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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railway station now is Nagapatinam on south and Mayiladudhurai on the north-west.

Airport: The nearest airstrip is at Thanjavur about 105 km southwest and the airport with the regular air service is at Tiruchirappalli about 165km west.

Water supply - Water is obtained from Sathangudy overhead tank that is reported to have a total capacity of about 15,000litres and from its own tank of very little capacity of .06 lakh litre.This is insufficient for usage. The hand pumps placed at suitable points were used but even that has been stopped as salt water from the sea has seeped in and the water has become unpalatable. Water for everyday use is obtained from Poraiyar, from where the water tankers transport water. Electricity-The power supply is obtained from a 33/11kv substation at Thillayadi village near Tarangampadi. Table 12: Facts about Trankebar

Solid Waste Management- The solid waste is being transported and dumped in vacant spaces as land filling for this purpose the town panchayat has 3 power trailers (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Drainage-It is reported that the existing Tarangampadi Thirumullai Vassal canal was constructed in olden days to protect the Tarangampadi village from flooding during rainy days. In most of the houses, the sullage water is being drained to the inner gardens. Sewerage System and Sanitary Condition- Underground sewerage system is not in existence .private buildings dispose their sanitary waste by septic tanks if they could afford, while others follow the pit latrine system. At Present there is no public toilets, but it has been proposed and one is under construction in fishermen‟s area under tsunami rehabilitation and another is being proposed under the tourism development scheme.

Bus Stand

The town has only a bus shelter on the sides of ECR and no permanent bus stand.

Recreational Facilities

There are two cinema theatres in Tranquebar but at present both are not functioning. Library and reading rooms

There is library run by Ziegenbalg spiritual center existing within the Danish town. one reading room is also available outside the fort wall.

Public Health There is a government hospital in this town in the Manikapangu road. A private health centre managed by Christian missionaries in the name St.Theressa‟s medical center is functioning in the Danish town.

Communication facilities Postal service in Tarangampadi is now being done from the head post office at Mayiladudhurai. During early days, there was a post office in Danish town behind the governor‟s bungalow on the postal office street, which has been shifted. Private telephones are available in the town, with few STD/local booths within the Danish town. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

3.1.e Building typology: In the design of the buildings, naturally it was not only the prevailing European architectural thinking that set the trend. The possibilities of the available materials, and especially the need to adapt to the climate were also taken into account. Their buildings are climatically viable. Although they initially used their style, they found that flat roofs was more suitable and in later period of construction, this has been adopted. The portico and verandahs were added in to break the sun‟s rays. these verandahs and fenced flat roofs were splendid places for walking in the evenings when it was cool and the breeze from the sea could be enjoyed. On several roofs, a cube shaped room was built which was used as bedroom there by enjoying the cool breeze at night times.

Here the European builder wisely drew on the experience of the Indian themselves, gained over thousands of the years. In the hot, damp climate of Trankebar, it was especially important to provide shade and ensure good natural ventilation.

Plate 35: Map showing the Building types in Trankebar (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

Comparison

Axis

Form

Spatial Configuration

Fenestration

Danish buildings All typologies follow a scheme of axiality for spatial organization and follow symmetry.

3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR Tamil Buildings Axis is used to the extent of visual linearity, but axis of symmetry is avoided, or not seen

In both cases square and rectangular forms are used for rooms, while the roof scape is predominantly pitched, with occasional treatment with decoration, parapet, etc..

Spaces arranged in a manner that they appear monumental, yet maintain the human scale. Use of open spaces as transitional spaces. The residences did not have scope for future expansion. Windows were tall and slender, more light could thus comes in. Courtyard were also used to bring in light. Cross ventilation is provided in some cases, some do not have cross ventilation.

Spaces were linearly laid out. There was scope for future expansion. Human scale was maintained. Courtyards acted as a transition spaces.

Windows were only in the front and the rear the rest of the house was lit up by courtyards.Bt the roof slope was gr8 so radiation could be blocked this led to dingy and musty indoor spaces. But because of the linear form, cross ventilation is encouraged.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

Comparison

Danish buildings Brick, wood, and tiles

Materials

Frontage

No special, emphasis is on seeing the whole building in a single glance.

3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR Tamil Buildings Thatch, brick, used blocks, tiles, terracotta etc..

Frontage is done with great care- decorated columns, windows, doors, Parapet etc..there is also the provision of a thinnai, seater that adds to th ehuman scale.

Table 13: Comparative Study of Danish and Native buildings

Thus, from the comparisons one can infer that the building typology in such a climate must ultimately answer to the problems and discomforts caused by the local conditions before aesthetics come into play. It is interesting to note how even the Danes adopted and adapted the local style of building to create a new style of the land. This only reemphasizes the idea of contextuality discussed in the research topic ahead.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Features of Existing Houses •Addukuppanai – keeping pots in the pooja room as a traditional symbol of marriage

Plate 36: Local Architecture

•Athangudi tiles •Firewood stove- These are very common in the villages. They are made from clay pots and earth. They are used both inside and outside the house, and are generally placed so that the cook faces east whilst cooking. •Traditional alignment of doors – In many traditional houses the front and back doors are aligned. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

Plate 37: Local Character

•Pooja space – Most hindu houses in the village had some form of pooja space. The space could be a separate room or a shelf. The picture of the deity must face east. •Verandah – Verandah are important social spaces in the village. They have a variety of uses (see space usage section) •Overhanging roof- An over-hanging roof is a common feature in many houses, not only does it provide shade but also protects the walls from the rain.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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TOWN GATE

3.1.e Building typology- Existing Danish Architecture through visuals:

N NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH

GOVERNER’S BUNGALOW

ZION CHURCH DANSBORG FORT

COLLECTOR’S BUNGALOW

MASILAMANINATHAR TEMPLE Plate 38: Signature Buildings in Trankebar (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

COLLAGE OF IMAGES TAKEN FROM KING STREET

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

3.1.e Building typology- Existing Danish Architecture through visuals:

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH

ZION CHURCH

Plate 39: King Street Elevations

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT- TRANKEBAR

A FEW TYPICALLY DANISH STYLED HOUSES AND BUILDINGS Plate 40: Important Danish Buildings‟ drawings

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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3.1.f Proposals and Development Strategies: Protection of Trankebar’s Heritage and the Creation of Employment Opportunities through Planned Sustainable Tourism Development- Nils Finn Munch-Petersen, MSc in ethnography, Tourism Planner The project is financed by Bikuben Foundation and is part of the Galathea3 expedition. Tranquebar is the best preserved, and the least altered, of the former European trading posts on the Indian coast. A meeting ground for Indian and Danish culture. The grid of straight streets, the Gate, the Dansborg Fortress, beautifully placed overlooking the long coastal beach; the Danish churches and cemeteries, the Parade Ground, and a serene and quiet town with a minimum of vehicular traffic, giving the best possible options for developing cultural- and beach tourism.

It is accordingly important, right now when India experiences fast economic growth, to ensure that tourism development will preserve the culture of Tranquebar, as to buildings, streets and the composition of population groups. The Project will be carried out by Nils Finn MunchPetersen, Tourism Planner and specialist in nature- and culture tourism who has worked in India numerous times. The tourism plan for Tranquebar will follow international standards and, among others, comprise: Legislation, building regulations, building maintenance, activity planning, visitor accommodation, transport, parking, water supply, waste water and solid waste. As well as a description of the market for Tranquebar – the international market, but, more importantly, the Indian domestic market, and Tranquebar both as an overnight- and as an excursion destination. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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A marketing plan will be developed on the basis of market analysis, and marketing materials, including a website, will be produced. The Project will be carried out in close collaboration with local government and local populations, including the private sector, local councils and NGOs. Trankebar‟s historical and architectural values are unique, but balanced with its fishing and educational activities, which today form the basic elements of daily life in this town. It is distressing to not that most of the structures of historical, cultural and architectural character of this heritage town are deteriorating due to the vagaries of natural calamity and the wear and tear of aging without proper maintenance. Appropriate early action for conservation of all the characteristic elements of the heritage must be taken, as the town cannot afford to loose more structures of cultural, historical, political and architectural values. Landmark structures of Danish Town listed may help to understand their importance and efforts required for their restoration.

THE TRANQUEBAR INITIATIVE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF DENMARK The Tranquebar-Initiative of the National Museum of Denmark is a large interdisciplinary and international project on the Indo-Danish cultural encounter in Tranquebar - a South Indian locality which from 1620-1845 was a Danish colony and today with its approx. 60.000 people is part of the modern State of Tamilnadu. An overall perspective of the Initiative is to preserve and to present the joint Indo-Danish cultural heritage and to explore historical materials on Danish colonialism from both Tamil and Danish cultural perspectives. Furthermore, the aim is to relate the historical topics to the social and cultural living conditions of the people of Tranquebar today.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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Specific aims 1.To highlight Danish history from the 17th to the 19th century; a period that cannot be understood without incorporating the Danish involvements in the colonies. The aim is to concentrate on different aspects of the cultural encounter between Danish officials, soldiers, missionaries, doctors and merchants on the one hand and various representatives of Tamil culture and society on the other. The local socioeconomic and cultural conditions for the establishment of Danish colonialism and Christian missionary activities in India will be explored as will the local social and cultural processes of change initiated through the colonial enterprise in the former Danish Tranquebar territory.

2. To partake in ensuring the preservation of the physical remains of the Indo-Danish history, i.e. mainly the various Indo-Danish building structures in the village of Tranquebar and gardens situated around on the old territory. A strong local involvement in the restoration initiative is of outmost importance for it to succeed and the restoration has to be based on local handicraft techniques and plans for future use and maintenance in order to be sustainable.

3. To launch a process of establishing a modern ethnographic collection from Tranquebar in the National Museum of Denmark and in The Danish School Museum and to assist the Tamilnadu government museum at Dansborg in Tranquebar in attaining copies of historical photos, artefacts and documents from Tranquebar kept in Danish museums and archives. An electronic data-base is now under construction, and the aim is to supply Dansborg with access. The purpose of the collections and international sharing is also to reactivate and update the National

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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Museum‟s ethnographic collections from the colonial period and to lay the foundation of future national and international exhibition activities in order to promote intercultural understanding.

4. To provide information on modern Tranquebar. The aim is to produce important knowledge and insights of relevance for the great challenges facing especially within agriculture and fishing in Tranquebar. Historically anchored insight into local resource management strategies and responses to changes in land use and fishing can inform future decisions in relation to development programmes initiated by e.g. local and international NGO‟s, who already today in the area play a rather significant role and constitute new arenas for cultural encounters.

5. To facilitate networks between individual scholars and institutions in Denmark and India in order to ensure mutual transfer of knowledge and the exchange of researchers. The research education in Denmark as well as in India will be involved through a number of PhD-projects included in the Initiative. Research assistants, master students and trainees from both countries are already now involved in the preparations of the Initiative.

6. To promote a Trans- disciplinary research effort and a synergy effect in Denmark among the relatively dispersed research disciplines and academic milieus which today undertake research in relation to South India: Anthropology/ethnography – archaeology – development studies/sociology - geography/eco-history - ethnology/history – sociology of religions – and others.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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7. To create a model for future Danish research exchange with non-European countries. The Initiative seeks to promote a model in which public research institutions, the private sector, and NGO‟s may enrich the knowledge of a shared history.

8. To ensure that the results of the Initiative will be made available to the general public in both Denmark and in the Tranquebar area by the National Museum and its partners. The results are to be communicated on the site as well as in national and international publications, an electronic data-base, and museums exhibitions.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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The aim of the Tranquebar-Initiative is to let its different kinds of projects on historical or ongoing cultural encounters enrich each other in order, not only to gain more knowledge on a distant Indian locality of utmost importance in Danish history, but also to let it be for the benefit of the local people in modern Tranquebar where 90% live below the poverty line Important institutions: • Denmark (The National Archives, The National Museum, Handels- og Søfartsmuseet) • India (The Commissioner of Museum in Chennai, The Commissioner of Archaeology in • Chennai, The Dansborg Museum in Tranquebar) • Norway (The Ethnographical Collections in Oslo) • Germany (The Missionary Archives in Halle)

Background The Ethnographic Collections of the National Museum in Denmark store and exhibit artifacts from Tranquebar collected during the Danish colonial period, as well as artifacts collected on the Galathea Expedition 1845-47 and on later occasions. In 2003, the National Museum announced a reorganization of its activities for the coming years. Crucial to this plan was to identify and highlight a number of core-areas. one of these core-areas was identified as The Intercultural Heritage and the Study of Cultural Encounters in overseas settings in which Denmark historically has had substantial cultural contacts as well as economic and geographical interests.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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As a strategy for research and exhibition within this core-area, the National Museum has over the last years carefully prepared the TranquebarInitiative by establishing networks and agreements on future collaborations with a series of Danish and Indian institutions and individual researchers. On the account of limited resources, The National Museum, however, has to seek external funding for all projects within the Tranquebar-Initiative. Till now generous grants have been provided by the Dampskibsselskabet NORDEN A/S to the appointment of a project coordinator for one year as well as by an anonymous foundation interested in the planned restoration of the distinguished Governor's Residence in Tranquebar.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.1.i INFERENCES – issues, potentials and site selection

• The evolution plans show the continuity of the original street character and building morphology that pre-existed the Danish establishment in Trankebar. • The town originally had a grid iron pattern pertaining to the position of the temples that often form the centre of most towns in Tamilnadu. • The Danes added to the town’s fabric by adding the fort, new houses forming the new street, and much later added the town ramparts that gave it the medieval character of a fortified town. • Although gradually just as any other colonized settlement Trankebar too developed as a town housing the rich within the rampart including the Missionaries, Danes, Muslim Merchants etc.. While the general public and fishermen continued to live in hamlets outside the fortification. •The town is surrounded by vast agricultural land •The town has an E-W street network that meet the sea shore. • All the houses and public buildings open out on to the E-W streets, there are fewer N-S streets although buildings also open out on to these streets. •The predominant orientation is N-S. • The town has a very strong socio-cultural character apart from its architectural heritage, hence any kind of intervention must accommodate and incorporate the needs and way of life of the residents.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. READING OF THE SITE

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• The socio-cultural life after all has resulted in the creation of building typologies that are convenient for their way of life. Issues: • The town is a heritage site, having understood the various strands of culture and heritage that tie the town together, it is genuinely a cause of concern if such a town is left to decay and then eventually vanish from our memories! • The town has to be rescued form the state of deterioration. • the town outside the erstwhile fort wall is in a chaotic state, there is no sense of entry or orientation to mark the arrival to a place of such great value and importance. • There is a lack of basic infrastructure and amenities like public conveniences, parks, play grounds, in the town, the town is being promoted for tourism, and tourism is another vital part of its economy hence, in view of the future there needs to be adequate provision of hospitality and recreational services that add to life to the town. Potentials: • The town has great natural resources that can be tapped to be promoted as a great destination to be. • The town’s USP is its simple and pristine character, in spite of a lot of urbanization in the near by towns, it has retained a lot of the original character and that needs to be preserved and repackaged for the present day.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Site Selection: • Having studied the town completely it was important to know – what to do, why and where? • The answer to the first two were more or less clear after the thorough town study , but the answer to where was a problem. As Often in the absence of a prescribed site and programme, there is freedom but more than that there is also lack of direction and everything comes down to analysis of every option that makes the process a bit delayed, nevertheless the challenge in the project is to carve out a programme that fits the needs and requirements of the town. Hence out of the various options worked out the best was to add to the fabric and that could be conveniently done out of the fortified area, as a gesture of respect at the same segregation of activities and functions.

FINAL SITE

D B

Fig 19: Choice of Site (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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3. READING OF THE SITE 3.2 SITE INFORMATION

LOCATION:

Drawings scaled to fit

COMPARATIVE VIEWING OF THE SITE WITH RESPECT TO IT’S LARGER CONTEXT

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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PHYSICAL FEATURES :

SITE DIMENSIONS AND SPECIAL SITE CHARACTERSITICS (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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SERVICES AND IFRASTRUCTURE:

SITE FEATURES DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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VIEWS:

SITE FEATURES DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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ACTIVITY AND CIRCULATION PATTERN:

SITE FEATURES DESCRIPTION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE

3. READING OF THE SITE

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

3.3. INFERENCES – issues and potentials

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Issues: • The site selected concerns mainly the fact that the site is like a gateway to the heritage zone, and being in such a location, it lacks the structure and form that a heritage town must have. • The next issue is concerning land encroachments on the river front and the canal side banks that are potential public areas, hence lack of overall bye-laws have caused a lot of chaos in terms of land ownership and even maintenance of public land, especially areas that are prone to natural hazards such as the tsunami, cyclone or floods… • The next main issue is the NH 45A that cuts through the site that has potential dangers of ruining the sanctity of the town in the event of future development hence relocation or re-routing the Highway or suggesting a by-pass route may resolve the issue. But as is the case the current layout has several problems.

Potentials: • The site is blessed with natural features especially the canal and the river, the canal as it stands can also be seen as a natural threshold to the intervention, by limiting it out side the town wall , where King Street ends. • The potential of the town centre to be developed on the site that is both a flag bearer of the town’s heritage and a heritage in itself independently.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH

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CONTENTS: 4.1 CORE ISSUES - INTRODUCTION 4.1.a Primary Study – Town and its components 4.1.b Secondary Study – Development Plans 4.1.c Tertiary Study – Conservation Strategies. 4.1.d Tertiary Study – Miscellaneous 4.1.e Inferences 4.2 CASE STUDIES - INTRODUCTION 4.2.a Case study 1- Amlienborg, Copenhagen 4.2.b Case study 2- Madurai, Town Structure 4.2.c Case study 3- French Colony, Pondicherry 4.2.d Case study 4- St. Paul’s Cathedral Plaza, London 4.2.e Case study 5- Aranya Housing, Indore 4.2.f Case study 6- Cidade De Goa 4.2.g Inferences

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.1 CORE ISSUES- INTRODUCTION

In order to facilitate the process of design exploration, a research base must be prepared that offers a strong hold in understanding the topic better and learning inferences from other similar cases, their constraints and challenges and an approach to tackle the present design translation stage.

The following is the structure and priority of topics that have been taken up for the study purpose: PRIMARY STUDY - The town and it‟s components – as the thesis is a town centre, it can be best understood after the phenomenon of a town is understood. Also this topic can be understood in an Indian Context as it would be of more help than studying a foreign concept.

SECONDARY STUDY- Development Plans- These help shape up goals for a strategic scheme. As the town centre is a proposal in the event of development hence it was important to learn what is a development [plan and how can it help shape up the design process at least the broad guidelines could be learned from these plans.

TERTIARY STUDY- Conservation Strategies- Help in teaching how sensitive one has to be when the context is a historic setting. What all precautions and vision one must have in such a design problem. And what are the different methods of designing interventions in a historic setting.

MISCELLANEOUS- these are topics concerning environmental precautions for sound architecture in flood or cyclone prone areas, (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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requirements and terminologies used in a bus station, the new term called Rural tourism and its reference to Trankebar. A complete comprehensive understanding of the topics researched here would hopefully help the thesis develop in the right direction in order to achieve desirable results.

The topics that are being considered as Research issues have both a direct and indirect implication on the Design development stage. On this basis cases would be chosen that fit in one or more categories of research to make the research issues clearer in their meaning.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.1.a. PRIMARY STUDY- TOWN AND ITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S COMPONENTS

A city, as a concrete expression of the motive forces and ideas regulating the life of the citizens. Cities may be grouped into two main divisions according as they evolved consciously or unconsciously. The family grew into a village; the village, possibly because of containing a market-centre, outgrew its rural dimensions and significance until it came to be a city. Any locality bidding fair to grow into a town must be endowed with advantages of a market or temple, facilities of easy access and conveyance especially by water (e.g. prominent trade-routes, navigable rivers or seas), a centre of one or more industries or of learning or the arts or a seat of power through the presence of a satrapy, fortress or the capital. Because India was a medley of small principalities fighting with one another for over lordship, the military camps of the more successful of the victors were turned into royal capitals.

In most old towns the centre consisted of an important building, a temple/cathedral, a park or a castle, and a civic space, usually the market square, which formed nuclei around which the dwellings were clustered. Generally in all countries it is the temples or churches that are established in the already existing towns and not the towns that are founded about them. Only in India it has been possible for a temple to throw out a city round about it. The massive architecture of the public buildings and their fascinating details of ornamental decorations bear eloquent testimony to the high level of artistic skill reached by the Indian schools of architecture as also it speaks of the affluent economic condition of the citizens, their happy life and jubilant nature.

The old civic and market areas have expanded into civic buildings, shopping centres and the like, occupying a very large area which needs some degree of separation from the rest of the town to prevent them from just petering out into housing area and losing their

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identity and losing sight of their significantly different functional needs. The relationship of the three major zones, Light Industry, Business, and Civic is determined by their proximity and linkages through roads.

The roads serve two purposes: firstly, they are highways for traffic; secondly, they divide the sites for buildings. Incidentally and, as a matter of course, they have sanitary value, providing arteries of free ventilation. The main town roads will be so large in scale and definite in character that they will inevitably give structure to the built-up areas. The number of main thoroughfares in any city must be adequate. The broad central streets, the Brahmavithi and the Mahakalavithi constituted the principal arteries of communication of the town with other towns and villages, thus linking them together. They were the military and commercial routes, because Indian towns and villages were generally planted at the meeting points of such high-ways. These crossings were the trysting places of caravans of traders and offered a market for disposal of their merchandise. A major feature of the towns of ancient India was the big boulevard circumscribing the city within its walls.

The word padya (noticed above) literally meaning foot-path, seems to have had a different significance and referred to only narrow roads, too narrow for vehicles plying through them. In his commentary on Apasthambha‟s diredction about the particular passage to be given to a murderer of a Brahman, Horadatta, however, writes, “Some say that his passage lies along one of the two patha that border a large street (rathya) on both sides.

The most conspicuous characteristic of ancient Indian towns is their fortification, the girdle of walls and moats. This was common to all old towns, Indian or European, for example, the cities of Sparta and Athens. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Patriarchism also accounts to some extent for trade guilds, as the castes or their sub-divisions really were, inasmuchas any profession used to be handed down from generation to generation. This guild system no less than the division of social functions and theory of decentralisation of government made the village community as autonomous unit and gave rise to that peculiar social organism of the Hindus known as the Varnasram-adharma. This Hindu sociology, dividing the whole Hindu community into four principal castes which ultimately disintegrated into many more sub-castes, stamped the Aryan town or village-planning with indelible marks of its own”. This Hindu sociology, dividing the whole Hindu community into four principal castes which ultimately disintegrated into many more sub-castes, stamped the Aryan town or village-planning with indelible marks of its own”. Different building-plots or wards were assigned to different castes or sub-castes and the Silpa Sastras are very much particular in their distribution. In this stratification of the society also, communalism asserted itself, for every building block or ward of a town was planned exactly in accordance with the same principles.

The evil consequence upon city-corporate life of segregating people into detached wards where they could be liable to develop different habits and customs were provided against by the large composite wards, villages in themselves, of the big cities or in small towns of simple residential blocks, by establishment of temples in the centre with magnificent mandapas, debating halls, and rest houses within the temple compound, where all sorts of people could freely congregate together irrespective of their caste.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS : According to Christopher Alexander the eccentric nucleus is a natural process of evolution of a town, and it is appropriate in the thesis‟ context as the town centre is actually eccentric away from the physical centre. Any individual community of 7,000 will have an overall density, given by its distance from the nearest downtown. The question then arises: how should density vary locally, within this community; what geometric pattern should the density have. The question is complicated greatly by the principle of SUBCULTURE BOUNDARY, which requires that communities are surrounded by their services, instead of having their services at their geometric centres. This pattern, and the next, defines a local distribution of density which is compatible with this context.

The random character of local densities confuses the identity of our communities, and also creates a chaos in the pattern of land-use. Let us begin by considering the typical configuration of the residential densities in a town. There is an overall slope to the densities: they are high towards the centre and lower toward the outskirts. But there is no recognizable structure within this overall slope: no clearly visible repeating pattern we can see again and again within the city. Compare this with the contours of a mountain range. In a mountain range, there is a great deal of recognizable structure; we see systematic ridges and valleys, foothills and peaks, which have arisen naturally from geological processes and all this structure is repeated again from place to place, within the whole. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Of course, this is only an analogy. But it does raise the question: Is it natural, and all right, if if density configurations in a town are so random; or would a town be better off if there was some more coherent structure, some kind of systematic variation in the pattern of the densities.

What happens when the local densities in a town vary in their present rambling, incoherent fashion? The high density areas potentially capabel of supporting intense activity cnnot actually do so because they are too widely spread. And the low density areas, potentially capable of supporting silence and tranquility when they are concentrated, are also too diffusely scattered. The result: the town has neither very intense activity, nor very intense quiet. Since we have many arguments which show ho vital it is for a town to give people both intense activity, and also deep and satisfying quiet – SACRED SITES, ACTIVITY NODE, PROMENADE, QUIET BACKS, STILL WATER – it seems quite likely, then, that this randomness of density does harm to urban life.

We believe, indeed, that a town would be far better off if it did contain a coherent pattern of densities. We present a systematic account of the factors which might naturally influence the pattern of density in the hope of showing what kind of coherent pattern might be sensible and useful. The argument has five steps:

1. We may assume, reasonably, that some kind of centre, formed by local services, will occur at least once in every community of 7,000. This centre will typically be the kind we have called a shopping street. In Web of Shopping we have shown that shopping streets occur about once for every 10,000 persons. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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2. From the arguments presented in SUBCULTURE BOUNDARY, we know that the centre of activity, since it is a service, should occur in the boundary between subcultures, should help to form the boundary between subcultures and should therefore be traded in the area of the boundary, not inside the community, but between communities.

3. We know also, that this centre must be in just that part of the boundary which is closest to the centre of the larger town or city. This follows from a dramatic and little known series of results which show that catch basins of shopping centres are not circular but halfcircles, with the half-circles on that side of the centre away from the central city, because people always go to that shopping centre which lies toward the city‟s periphery.

The phenomenon was originally, discovered by Brennan in his post-war studies of Wolverhampton (T. Brennan, Midland City, London: Dobson, 1948). It has, since then, been confirmed and studies by several writers, most notably by Terence Lee, “Perceived Distance as a Function of Direction in the City”, Environment and Behaviour, June 1970. Lee has shown that the phenomenon is not only caused by the fact that people are simply more familiar with the roads and paths that lie toward the centre, and use them more often, but that their very perception of distance varies with direction, and that distances along lines towards the centre are seen as much shorter than distances along lines away from the centre. Since we certainly want the community to correspond with the catch basin of its “centre”, it is essential, then, that the centre be placed off-centre- in fact, at that point in the community which lies toward the centre of the larger city. This is, of course, compatible with the (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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The notion discussed already, that the centre should lie in the boundary of the community.

4. Even though the centre lies on one side of the community, forming a boundary of the community, we may also assume that the centre does need a bulge into the community just a little. This follows from the fact that, even though services do need to be in the boundary of the community, not in the middle, still, people do have some need for the the psychological centre of their community to be at least somewhere toward the geometric centre of gravity. If we make the boundary bulge toward the geometric centre, then this axis will naturally form a centre – and further, in the catch basin, according to the data given above, will correspond almost perfectly with the community.

5. Finally, although we know that the centre needs to be mainly in the boundary, we do not know exactly just how large it needs to be. At the edge of the city, where the overall density is higher, it will be larger, because the greater density of population supports more services. In both cases, it will be in the boundary. If it is too large to be contained at one point, it will naturally extend itself along the boundary, but still within the boundary, thus forming a line, a partial horse-shoe, long or short, according to its position in the greater city.

These rules are rather simple. If we follow them, we shall find a beautiful gradient of overlapping inbricated horse-soes, not unlike the scales of a fish. If the city gradually gets this highly coherent structure, then we can be sure that the articulation of dense areas, and areas of little density will be so clear that both activity and quiet can exist, each intense, unmixed, and each available to every one.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Therefore: Encourage growth and the accumulation of density to form a clear configuration of peaks and valleys according to the following rules:

1. Consider the town as a collection of communities of 7,000. These communities will be between ¼ mile across and 2 miles across, according to their overall density. 2. Mark that point in the boundary of each community, which is closest to the nearest major urban centre. This point will be the peak of the density, and the core of the “ecentric” nucleus. 3. Follow the high density to bulge in from the boundary, toward the centre of gravity of the community, thus enlarging the eccentric nucleus toward the centre. 4. Continue this high density to form a ridge around the boundary in horse shoe fashion – with the length of the horse-shoe dependent on the overall mean gross density, at that part of the city, and the bulge of the horse-shoe toward the centre of the region, so that the horse shoes form a gradient; according to their position in the region. Those close to a major down town are almost complete; those further away are only half-complete; and those furthest from centres are shrunken to a point.

Given the overall configuration, now calculate the average densities at different distances from the ridge of high density, according to the computations given in the next pattern – DENSITY RINGS – major shopping streets and promenades towards the dense part of the horse-shoe – ACTIVITY NODES, PROMENADE, SHOPPING ACTIVITY, and keep quiet areas toward the open part of the horse-shoe – SARED SITES, QUIET BACKS, STILL WATER… (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.1.b. SECONDARY STUDY- DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Development represents an increase in the capacities of a society to organise its own objectives and to carry out its programmes more effectively.

Development requires that people see life as alternatives, preferences and choices. It can be viewed as a problem that cuts across various disciplines of social and scientific nature. Each discipline has its own scope of investigation, theorisation and application. A balance of the various disciplines to achieve what is defined by “Development” is the problem faced by any planner.

Planning relates to achieving social objectives of the people involved, by a judicious utilisation of the existing environmental conditions, physical resources, human capacities and capability and thus planning is a process of integration of people and physical resources. As an illustration of the urban development planning process, it is proposed to take up India‟s fishing and coastal economy in general and the planning for development of one of the country‟s coastal towns here in this study. Alleppey – Its Development Plans: With a coast line of 7517 kms. and Exclusive Economic Zone of 2 million sq. kms., with vast resources, fishing has a signifcant role in the economy of India. Fishing is a way of life to people inhabiting the coastal areas. Being the source of large scale employment and income generation for the weaker section, it has great potentialities for development. Fishing villages usually lack even basic infrastructures like drinking water, sanitation and social infrastructure like health care, education, etc.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Two types of settlements in fishing operation are seen in coastal areas. The first is comparatively developed one due to the modernisation by mechanised boats and organised processing and marketing system. The second one is the traditional operational centres which still use the traditional methods of fishing. In the fisheries sector, the traditional or small scale fisheries have the most important and extensive role to play for the development of both social and economic aspects of the community.

In the present day context this unorganised sector do not have any separate provision for fish landing and they have to do so in the informal open spaces along the beach. Marketing is also done in an unorganised way, by women who carry head loads of fish and sell in the houses or in city markets or in some public places. These activities mainly take place close to bus-stops near work centres, or residential neighbourhoods where people find it easy to buy and take it to their houses. This sector provides large employment opportunities for the urban poor, and at the same time generates various ancillary industries which stimulate urban growth. Yet this area has remained untrodden by any researchers.

Maritime trading has been the major economy for many Indian towns in the past. The trade link established with foreign nations not only exchanged commodities but culture too. The ancient port towns of “Lothal & Kalibangan” during the Indus Valley Civilisation were our outlets to Mesopotamian and other great civilisations of the world. Our great kingdoms of the south, Cherans and Cholans were great seafarers and set foundations for empires as far as in Cambodia. Major ports like Porbunder on the West, Tamluk near Haldia on the East, Bemilipatnam in the South, etc. have played a very important role and contributed to a largbe extent in trade and commerce. Dutch, Portuguese, French and Britishers have entered India through these ports only. The economic development of the (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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regions around these ports were a direct contribution of the maritime trade transactions. Apart from external trade, the intra-country movement of goods were facilitiated by the marriage of inland water system and the ports. Before and after independence of India, many of these port towns lost importance due to several reasons and other functions like Marketing, Administration and Service too declined with the trading activity.

Alleppey will be one of the major terminals estimated to handle 1.2 lakh tonnes of cargo by 2009-10. The provision of terminal facilities have to be done carefully because the town has water front area. Considering all these aspects the terminal at Alleppey is proposed. Since the width of the Vadai Canal is small, land on the opposite bank will have to be acquired for dredging and widening of Canal. Two tyopes of bank protections are envisaged. Wherever the waterway is wide and movement of vessels will not affect the shore, no protection is proposed. Where the waterway is very narrow and width is just enough for two way navigation, vertical type shore protection with precast R.C.C. construction is proposed.

Considering the movement of materials to and from the berth and loading and unloading of barges as transport chain, it is necessary that certain covered storage and open storage is provided for meeting the transit storage requirements. The standard design is about 20 metre span and structural steel roof trusses and purlins over which asbestos cement roofing sheets are laid.

(STUIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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The transit sheds and storage sheds can be made convenient for handling of the catch. The road stretch from port to railway station should be augmented for future traffic. Provision of fuel pumps for boats a re to be made. The lifting facilities on the pier should be provided for the use of cargo vehicles which come at the harbour. Provision should be given for commercial sector which deals with net, rope, etc. and also spare parts for boats.

Tourists in Alleppey should be given more facilities for their intra-city travel, change of mode etc. For this regular boat services in small boats through the canals of the town is provided, and this can connect various points in the town with major transport

terminals. The railway station and its environs should be made more attractive, with tourist information centres provided. This is in anticipation of the increased number of tourists using railways, once the southern stretch to Quilon is also completed. The informal sector shops near the Bus Stand which occupies the canal banks should be removed to avoid spoiling of the canal environment and its beauty. They can be relocated on the opposite side by providing regulated amount of space. Pathiramanal island should be made attractive by provision of clean and tiny cottages with basic facilities. This is more preferred by tourists and is more workable, rather than the multicrore project envisaged long back and not implemented due to lack of finance.

The canal banks can be used for relaxing, chatting, enjoying refreshments etc. These spaces can be rented out for conducting small commercial activities with strict regulation against water pollution. The canal side buildings are part of Alleppey‟s heritage. House

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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boats which are moored in one location can be promoted along with small slow poled boats. The veritable maze of bridges and the rain trees should be protected. Canal water should be cleared of weeds and looked for possibility of letting seawater into the canals for periodical cleaning, through lock and gate arrangement. Kerala design of simple kiosks should be installed at various points. Canals must be well lit at night along with old buildings. Priorities for future development of Alleppey are:

1. Provision of proper infrastructure at the country craft landing places; developing organized fish curing yard and prawn peeling centres and Improvement of the housing condition and physical environment.

2. Reorganizing the fish markets in the city in their structural and spatial distribution. Retail marketing of perishable items like fish and vegetables shall be through decentralised markets rather than having centralised wholesale markets. Informal fish and vegetable vendors can be organized into cooperatives dealing with the credit service and fish marketing besides fish reception, auction and packing halls with necessary ice-supply and cold storage in the landing centres.

3. Improvement of physical linkage of the settlements with hinterlands.

4. Low-rise high-density type of building development shall be the best option for coastal belt considering the occupational requirement of fishermen and pressure on urban land.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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5. Improvement of basic infrastructure like drinking water supply, sanitation, electrification, etc. 6. Providing institutional finance at a subsidised interest rate with technical and housing support.

7. Imparting appropriate training for improved and mechanised fishing and fish processing and preparation of value added diversified products out of low cost fish, and conversion of fish waste into useful

byproducts.

8. Improve physical environment by improving drainage and paving kutcha streets community toilets, drinking water taps, and street lights and appropriate collection and disposal.

Conclusion: Traditional fishing being an enterprising job oriented and productive informal sector, needs proper strategies in terms of overall development and overcoming impediments. Physical planner should understand the need for social and economic related programmes for this informal sector covering the facilities in respect of their occupation, education, housing, health services and other infrastructure in order to improve their living condition and hence increasing productivity in the overall frame of urban developments. Since there is an age of planning where all benefits percolate to the society through planned development programmes, decisions have to be made by the planning agencies to exercise a strong influence in increasing the quality of life of people. Management part is also important since it monitors the development â&#x20AC;Ś in any urban settlements with traditional fishing activity as a major economic activity.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.1.c. TERTIARY STUDY - CONSERVATION STRATEGIES

Conservation may be defined as the action to prevent decay. It embraces all acts that prolong the life of our cultural and natural heritage. It must preserve and, if possible, enhance the messages and values of Cultural Property. These values help systematically to set overall priorities in deciding proposed intervention, as well as to establish the extent and nature of the individual treatment. The values assigned to cultural property come under three major headings:

Emotional Values: (a) Wonder, (b) Identity, (c) Continuity, (d) Spiritual and Symbolic.

Cultural Values: (a) Documentary, (b) Historic, (c) Archaeological, Antique, (d) Aesthetic and Symbolic, (e) Architectural, (f) Townscape, Landscape and Ecological, (g) Scientific and Technological.

Use Values: (a) Functional, (b) Economic, (c) Social, (d) Political.

Ayodhya: Faizabad Division of U.P. Town and Country Planning Department had prepared a master plan for Faizabad-Ayodhya urban centre for a period of 1983-2001. The proposals of the master plan were to be implemented by concerned development authorities. Before 1988, the civic affairs of the town of Ayodhya were looked after by Municipal Corporation of Ayodhya while development activities were undertaken by various departments under the direction of Administrative Officer of Nagar Palika.

However the master plan has rightly stressed the religious cultural functions of the city and given commendable basic considerations about local population, but they all remain vague as a greatddeal of sensiitivity needs to be exercised considering the heritage value of the town which it has not considered. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Since, no agency or authority working for town has looked into heritage aspects of the town, it becomes an urgent necessity to provide some regulations in the functioning of S.A.D.A. and Municipal Corporation regarding ancient buildings and heritage areas.

Considering the national importance of Ayodhya Town as a major pilgrimage centre and receptacle of various festivals, a Special Area Development Authority was constituted and Ayodhya Town was declared „Special Area‟ in February 1988 under the provisions of U.P. S.A.D.A. Act of 1986. The functions of the authority were outlined as below:

1. To promote and secure development in a planned manner of the Special Area; 2. To prepare development plan and implement it with Government‟s approval; 3. To acquire, hold, develop, manage and dispose land and other properties for development purposes; 4. To carry out building, engineering operations and other construction activities; 5. To execute works regarding services and amenities as water, electricity, drainage, etc.; and 6. To provide for Municipal Management.

The Ayodhya S.A.D.A. was constituted to function as a developmental agency and it was decided to retain municipal administration, management and taxation function with existing Municipal Corporation only. It was also decided that S.A.D.A. would follow some of the master plan proposals of 1983 till it prepares a new development plan with following provisions

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Objectives of the Master Plan for Ayodhya Special Area are: 1. To define various sectors into which „area‟ may be divided for development and specify land uses and stages of development and 2. To serve as basic pattern of framework within which the sector plans may be prepared for defining the following:

Detailed landuse of various properties; Population density and building density; Areas for development and re-development; Sub-division regulations; Policy for open spaces; Alignment of buildings on site; Specified architectural features for an area; Prohibitions and restrictions regarding uses of buildings; Amenities to be provided for different uses; and Maintenance for existing structures and natural features.

After an integrative analysis of physical structure of the town, socio-economic conditions and existing development framework,

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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recommendations are made regarding level of interventions, traffic network, open space usage and development guideline to achieve above ends for Ayodhya town.

After identifying archaeological sites and areas, they shall be declared as areas not to be built as a first step:

The Master Plan of 1983 highlights the need for development of tourism activities in the town. It has listed following problems regarding pilgrims and their activities:

1. Need for cheap, comfortable and secure staying places with proper amenities is urgently felt, seeing the bad state of various Dharmashalas; 2. Need for places and centres of entertainment and cultural activities to lure pilgrims and tourists for a longer stay; 3. Problems of lighting, resting places, water and other facilities on long and short parikrama routes; 4. Need for vehicular link with nearby [places of importance to increase tourism related activities.

The master plan is significant for Ayodhya in one aspect only that traffic proposals. Following are the proposals affecting Ayodhya:

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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1. Proposal of a by-pass road for through traffic towards Gorakhpur from Lucknow; 2. Construction of long and short parikrama route, most important part being north connection of towns along the riverline.

The major heritage related issues may be perceived as follows:

1. Growth vs heritage: increasing pressure on infrastructure, built fabric and urban structure. 2. Location in backward region may not lead to economic prosperity despite large influx during carnivals/melas. 3. Through traffic to onward destinations need to be bypassed and proper links are needed between nearby towns.

Intervention and consevation shall be achieved through folowing steps:

1. Strengthening by densification of some parts to optimum levels. 2. Allocation of uses like pilgrims stay areas, yatri maidan and residential areas shall be instrumental in restructuring the town after considering movement nature and availability of amenities. 3. Regeneration of kunds, tanks will improve the drainage pattern and coupled with social activities they will become the part of town‟s functions. 4. The intensification of activities at appropriate locations by halting parikrama or by creating mela grounds shall make use of large open

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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spaces. 5. The nodes and squares shall be connected by appropriate activities with well defined structures. 6. The traditional built fabric to be redeveloped along prescribed guidelines that are derived from the study of traditional typology. 7. Historic buildings should be restored and put to appropriate uses which relate to the provision of social infrastructure.

This requires effective control measures divided between two prime agencies. As of today, municipal corporation has a big role to play in pilgrims activities. But to raise its income, it is needed to develop the town with revenue earning activities and areas. These should be developed by S.A.D.A. in existing built stock and at appropriate locations, which after developing should be given to municipal corporation for maintenance. The management of all development activities including that of historic areas and buildings should be in hands of S.A.D.A. and maintenance and taxation remains largely under Municipal Corporation. It is proposed to include following regulations and control measures for the town:

Historic Buildings: 1. Historic buildings must be given status of „listed buildings‟ of three grades; 2. Listed buildings must follow allocated buildings use and no alterations, additions or demolition should be permitted in these without

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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permission of authority. 3. The repair and maintenance must be made compulsory whereas compensation can be paid to the owner, if due to listing his right of property gets affected.

Historic Areas:

1. Protected Areas: Archaeological and natural heritage areas; 2. Conservation Areas: Areas which contain a number of listed buildings and townscapes calling for general improvement schemes, shall be declared as conservation areas and proposals for these shall be taken up as specific projects; 3. Densification Areas: Areas where the overall character should be maintained but a degree of new development can take place may be notified as densification areas.

The town divided into various levels can further be divided into various sectors as per S.A.D.A. Act, e.g. Swargdwar and Ramkot. It is proposed that a sector, if required, can be further divided into the following areas:

Protected Areas: Archaeological and natural heritage areas; Conservation Areas: Areas which contain a number of listed buildings and townscapes calling for general improvement schemes, shall be declared as conservation areas and proposals for these shall be taken up as specific projects; (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Densification Areas: Areas where the overall character should be maintained but a degree of new development can take place may be notified as densification areas.

Phasing:

To implement the proposed conservation policy certain prelude in terms of education and information shall have to be creat ed first. A general environmental upgradation programme can follow to make local residents more amenable to conservation:

Phase I:

- Education and information dissemination - Designation of levels of interventions Till recently the emphasis of urban conservation has been on the picturesque and the attractive. In the process one tends to overlook several traditional settlements and towns that have a lot of inherent values.

is now generally recognised that no efficient safeguard of historic centres can be adequately achieved as long as emphasis remains on picturesque and attractiveness, and each building is treated as an isolated object. Architectural and urban conservation, therefore, have now to be approached within the larger ambit of town management; and keeping in mind that all attempts at saving historic centres are bound to remain useless as long as an adequate social and economical action cannot be undertaken to ensure them a convenient function and significance within the living context of the town. - Traffic proposals implementation

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Phase II:

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- Sectors designation with guidelines - Infrastructure and amenities upgradation - Protected areas designation -Application of open space usage pattern - Application of measures to strengthen urban structure - Listing of historic structures

Phase III:

- Application of measures to strengthen urban structure - Development of various proposal for sectors

Phase IV:

- Restoration and reuse measures applied on built fabric - Specific projects taken up for conservation areas

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.1.d. TERTIARY STUDY - MISCELLANEOUS

Definition of Rural Tourism : Any form of tourism that showcases the rural life, art, culture and heritage at rural locations, thereby benefiting the local community economically and socially as well as enabling interaction between the tourists and the locals for a more enriching tourism experience can be termed as rural tourism. Rural tourism is essentially an activity which takes place in the countryside. It is multifaceted and may entail farm/agricultural tourism, cultural tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, and eco-tourism. As against conventional tourism, rural tourism has certain typical characteristics like; it is experience oriented, the locations are sparsely populated, it is predominantly in natural environment, it meshes with seasonality and local events and is based on preservation of culture, heritage and traditions. 2. Identification of villages: Each State/UT Govt. would be requested to furnish one proposal for promotion of Rural tourism. Based on the merits and after a joint inspection by the Deptt. of Tourism, and the State/UT Govt. if required ten proposals would be identified for implementation in the country. 3. Preparation of detailed plan for implementation of the project: After shortlisting the proposals, the State/UT Govts. would be requested to draw up a detailed plan of action. The thrust here would be to achieve convergence between the different schemes of the Govt. of India and the State Govts. It should be ensured that at least 50% of the project should be implemented through achieving convergence of different schemes. Assistance up to Rs.3 lakhs would be provided to the State Govt. for engaging an expert for preparing the project report.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. Assistance under the Scheme: A maximum of Rs.50 lakhs would be sanctioned under this scheme. The activities listed under the para-5 could be taken up. 5. Permission activities: The following works may be taken up under the Scheme – I)

Improvement of the surroundings of the village. This would include activities like landscaping, development of parks, fencing, compound wall etc.

II)

Improvements to roads within the Panchayat limits. This shall not include may major road which connects the village.

III)

Illumination in the village.

IV)

Providing for improvement in solid waste management and sewerage management.

v) Construction of Wayside Amenities. vi) Procurement of equipments directly related to tourism, like Water Sports, Adventure Sports, Eco-friendly modes of transport for moving within the tourism zone. vii) Refurbishment of the Monuments. (66: 33 basis, i.e. CFA of 66%) viii) Signages ix)

Reception

Other work/activities directly related to tourism

xi) Tourist Accommodation 6. Constitution of a Convergence Committee: A Convergence Committee would be set up under the Collector to oversee the implementation of the project. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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7. Execution of the works: The execution of the work would be entrusted to any Central Govt./State Govt. agency and the funds would be released directly to the implementing agency by the Govt. of India as recommended by the State Govt. 8. Installments of release: On sanction of a work the first installment of 80% of the sanctioned amount of CFA will be released. The second and final installment of 20% would be released on submission of the UC for the first installment and on the completion of the work. 9. Following codal formalities: The executing agency shall follow all codal formalities while awarding contracts and procurement of equipments and ensure complete transparency in its transactions. 10. Management of assets created: The infrastructure and assets created will be maintained and managed by the State/UT Governments or their agencies with no financial commitment to Govt. of India except those assets created in the protected areas of ASI. 11. Prescription of the Schedule of Rates: While executing the works the executing agency shall follow the Schedule of rates prescribed by the CPWD or the State PWD. 12. Submission of the Utilisation Certificates: The executing agency shall furnish the Utilisation Certificate through the State Government for release of the second installment. A Completion Certificate has also to be furnished through the State Govt. before the release of the final installment. the marketing of a destination (region, city or leisure spots) we should consider the following aspects: Attractions - like promotion of rural tourism around a heritage site Infrastructure (accommodation, cuisine, hygiene, clean water (basic amenities etc.) Accessibility (roads, means of transportation)-I gather should not be too far from railhead or airport: 2-21/2 hr. Carrying capacity of the destination, (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.1.e. INFERENCES

The research process provided for the much needed information and knowledge that would be useful in tackling the design process that follows. The following are the learnings from the research performed at various levels: • Primary Study: Through the primary study of towns and its components, it was eye-opening to learn about different types of towns both Indian and western, as the town in consideration is a colonial settlement. The various aspects of town building will prove useful in order to start organizing programme components. Such as the importance of tying up planning with bye-laws and future growth , apart from getting exposed to the different theories applied in Indian it was predominantly temple centres guiding the growth while in western countries it‟s the church or any important institution or commercila area that is created in a strategic location in the town. Town centers are extremely valuable land areas which need the kind of density to take the load of the entire town. • Secondary Study: Conservation strategies:

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.2 CASE STUDIES - INTRODUCTION

Case studies have been undertaken about different towns and parts of towns to highlight the varying origins, growth, development, complexion, heritage, challenges faced and priorities for development, conservation and intervention. The towns covered by the studies include Madurai, Amlienborg in Copenhagen, Pondicherry or Pondicherry, St Paul’s Cathedral in London, Aranya Housing Scheme in Indore, Town Hall in Manchester and Cidade de Goa. Each of these cases have some relation to either the creation of a centre, historicity, streets and square concept or plain application of design principles worth studying. Each study has been undertaken along the following framework:

a. Case study: b. Criteria for Choice: c. Case Description: as location, area, population, description of space. Etc… , Followed by d. Criticism and e. Learning's :

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.a. CASE STUDY 1 – AMLIENBORG, COPENHAGEN

Case study: Amlienborg, Copenhagen, Denmark. Criteria for choice of the study: To understand the planning and the morphological structure of a historical Danish town designed in 1749 by Nicolas Eigtved for King Frederik V of Denkark and executed by 1754 and to draw inferences.

Plate 41,42, 43: Maps and pictures of Copenhagen

Case Description: • Location: Country, Denmark • Area: 88 sq.km • Population: 1.8 million (2000) • Geography: Copenhagen is situated on the island of Sealand, largest city in Scandinavia (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.a. CASE STUDY 1 – AMLIENBORG, COPENHAGEN

History: Frederik V reserved the land on which the main town square and his four palaces were to be built and and gave land as freehold to to all who were willing to erect houses within five years adhering to the royally approved plans.

Planning Strategy: The main town square is an octagon enclosed by four palace buildings, each consisting of a large dominant central block connected originally by single-storey wings to pavillions pucntuating the exits. The centre of the square is ornamented by the statue of Frederik V. The Classical three-part design of the palaces with main central block flanked by two pavillions is mirrored in the two fine corner houses which terminate Frederik‟s Street as it connects with the church square. The massive marble church designed by Eigtved repeats the triple compositional treatment i.e. a colossal dome flanked by twin towers was however completed only in the Nineteenth century in dimensions much more accentuated heights than was originally planned.

Plate 44: Amlienborg, Copenhagen

Plate 45: Maps tracing evolution and planning policy of Copenhagen

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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Smaller streets and narrow shafts of space interlinking the port, the palaces and the church complete the larger design of Amalienborg, which follows the classic European town square design dominating the town landscape.

Criticism: • Positives: The Amlienborg square, has a very royal , grand look and feel, it is quite impressive, reflective of the royalty . There is a strong sense of direction, enclosure, axiality. The planning is geometrically perfect. It is quite successful as a lot of city public do come enjoy its ambience. •Negatives:

The scale is highly intimidating, although

it is balanced by the sheer sense of

enclosure, It somehow impreses at a glance but looking beyond the geometry and sightseeing, it is quite dull, with not many attractions.

Learnings:

Plate 46: visuals

The zoning Strategy is commendable and something to learn from. Besides, the very setting of the built and open is a wonderful piece of observation to learn the scale and proportion of the heights v/s distances and the visual compositons created in order to achieve the desired royal look as it faces the palace. The Copenhagen street quality is very desirable, and pleasing, just right. The street lighting of suspended lanterns is also impressive. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.b. CASE STUDY 2 – MADURAI, TOWN STRUCTURE

Case Study: Madurai, Tamilnadu. Criteria for choice of the study: To understand the planning and the morphological structure of an ancient and still-growing Indian town and to draw inferences. Case Description: •Location: Between the two distributaries of the Vaigai River in southern Tamilnadu •which rises from the Western Ghats. •Population: 1.2 million.

Area: 51.82 sq.km.

•History: Madurai has evidences of settlements continuously since the 6th century BC. From the 9th century onwards the Pandiyas have retained Madurai as their capital close to the Meenakshi Temple. The rule shifted to the Vijayanagar rulers in the 15th century to be followed by the Nayaks with the advent of the Marathas. After the fall of Tipu in Mysore and the French in Pondicherry to the British and with their alliances with the Nawabs of Arcot and the Nizams of Hyderabad, the town came under British rule in the early 1800‟s as did the rest of the country despite sporadic opposition from the local rulers till India won its independence in 1947. Despite these political upheavals, the town registered steady growth in terms of population, trade and commerce on account of its rich hinterland. The town has today far outgrown its original boundaries within the two branches of Vaigai and have grown beyond.

Plate 49: Madurai maps

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.b. CASE STUDY 2 – MADURAI, TOWN STRUCTURE

Plate 50: Maps tracing evolution of Madurai

Town Layout : The temple has main streets running to all the four cardinal directions and square streets around the temple at intervals. According to the ancient Hindu scriptures, the quarters nearer to the temple were occupied by those who were close to the temple, the royal administration and commerce, while the artisans and others occupied the outward/peripheral quarters. At the intersections of the square streets around the temple and the main streets running from the temple along the cardinal directions, public meeting spaces were located for all residents to mix and transact their business. In olden times the town had been bounded by a fortification, moat and thorny forests, which were destroyed during the British times. Plate 51: Figure Ground map of Madurai (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.b. CASE STUDY 2 – MADURAI, TOWN STRUCTURE

The Temple as a centre: The temple not only dominates the city landscape through, its towering Gopurams but also guides the orientation and functions of the City. Thus this religious precinct functions as a major city center catering to the religious and social needs of the town. •It is not only the main activity place of the people from within and outside the city, but has a much higher density of population compared to the peripheral area. •The center thus acts as a magnet towards which the city seems to merge and the peripheries act as a collection zone where the pilgrims from all parts of the earth seem to collect to finally move towards the center. The temple precinct is the major city center and adheres to the ancient Indian City model.

Plate 52: Diagram showing concept of town planning

Plate 53: Plan and photograph of Madurai Temple centre

•Owing the caste system prevalent in the society then, the plan also seems contain a concentric hierarchy of activities dictated by the social needs of town and its inmates. The religious activities thus formed part of the inner most concentric ring at the center, with the commercial abutting its streets. •The institutional came next to these streets with administration occupying the peripheries. •The street enclosures forms the religious and social concentric layers all around the temple core. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.b. CASE STUDY 2 – MADURAI, TOWN STRUCTURE

•These circumambulatory paths are a major determinant of urban form and life pattern in the city generate a close interaction between the temple and its neighborhood. •The other important axes are developed as perpendicular routes to these enclosures around the temple. •These axial roads connect the outer precincts of the town to the inner sanctum of the Temple City through the generation of a series of nodal junctions. •The main access to the temple is from the eastern axis mainly because the deity faces this direction. •The main commercial development is concentrated on either side of these axial roads used by visitors, tourists and local people. •The development was due to the greater enclosure of these radial streets and the streets being of an optimum length and linear character. The steady growth in the town‟s population and fortunes with the grand old temple continuing to be the centre of the town‟s attraction and activities poses challenges to the civic authorities in conserving the temple and its heritage and surroundings while upgrading the town‟s infrastructure for catering to its ever-growing population and influx of pilgrims and visitors as also the burgeoning trade and commerce. Criticism: Positives: Madurai is the ideal example of a centric development, one that culminates into the town‟s most vital and active part, its temple court. The temple planning assumes importance firstly by the strategic central location, and also with the eloquent and monumental Gopurams that adds the sense of orientation to the people, as a landmark. Negatives: Such a centric development can lead to stagnation, and over time, temple lost its charm and other modern day facilities have made the river a part of the landscape rahter than a mode of commuting, hence the temple now attracts only the religious rrather than the sociocultural functions it once used to perform. Learnings: It is helpful and intresting to see how a temple concept of the town centre can be traslated in a modern era. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.c. CASE STUDY 3 – PONDICHERRY – FRENCH TOWN

Case study: Pondicherry or Puducherry. Criteria for choice: To understand the planning and the morphological structure of an Indian Colonial town trying to conserve its old Tamil and colonial French architectural heritage strong main current of nation in the face of fast growth and assimilation to draw inferences. Plate 54: Figure ground of Pondicherry

Case Description:

Plate 55: Map of the French Colony

•Location: Pondicherry renamed recently as Puducherry is an independent state in India on the east coast of the country bounded by the state of Tamilnadu on all sides other than the sea on the east and at a distance of about __ kms to the south of Chennai. •Area: About 5000 sq kms •Population: About one million. • Geography: The state/city is on the coastal plains facing the Bay of Bengal. The oval shaped town with its axis parallel to the coast is divided by the Grand Canal of 1788 into the Eastern part called the “French Town” and the Western part called the “Tamil Town”. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.c. CASE STUDY 3 – PONDICHERRY – FRENCH TOWN

•History: Mentioned as “Vedapuri” i.e. as a seat of learning of the Vedas in ancient times, during the Chola rule the place was called “Puducherry” and flourished as a port town known to the Romans and Greeks as “Poduke”. The place was famous for its fisheries and textiles output. The Dutch came to the port in the early 17th century for trade in textiles and the Danes set up a factory in the town soon after. In the late 17th century, the French occupied the town after setting up their trading port and fortification. However, by mid-19th century, the French town was besieged and destroyed by the British and later returned to the French. The town has the reputation of giving refuge to freedom-fighters from the rest of India escaping the British yoke. After independence, the town has the distinction of being the subject of a bilateral treaty with France for maintaining certain aspects of its French heritage including its French language and colonial buildings apart from some of its residents enjoying French citizenship.

Plate 56: Maps and pictures of the French style of building and colony

Planning Strategy: The Tamil Town comprises residential and other buildings have a strong vernacular influence of surrounding Tamilnadu while the French Town has structures in the European classical style akin to upper middle class “Hotel Particulier”-style Parisian villas. The major problem of the town is that it is fast losing its peculiar ambience of old French and Tamil style buildings to the indistinguishable designs of present-day buildings of rest of the country. The French Town is laid out on a vertical grid plan with single or double-storeyed buildings with sloping roofs increasingly yielding place to flat roofs and front colonnades and entrances opening into inner gardens. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.c. CASE STUDY 3 – PONDICHERRY – FRENCH TOWN

The exteriors of French buildings are straight and austere while their interiors are more ornate. Roofs and ceilings are supported by heavy wooden beams and joists while flooring is normally of teak wood or of plain cement coloured with red oxide. The inner walls are embellished often with plaster of paris designs, while the outer walls are often corniced to protect walls from rains and seepage. Door and window tops and inner passage entrances are often arched. Staircases are simple straight flight type or complex

Plate 58: Tamil Style of building

spiral and square type with multiple flights with plain brick or

The old Tamil Town has heritage buildings of the typical Tamil style with

ornate cast iron railings.

“Thalvaram” or outer street-side verandah with “Thinnai” or raised platform for seating visitors and , well, toilets and back-entrance. Larger houses have multiple court yards laid out linearly from the street side to the backyard. Recent additions are often replication of the above design on upper floors. Buildings along the streets in the Tamil Town are often of similar height and harmonious design placed adjacent to each other in an unbroken line often with common walls in between adjacent houses. The main strategy is to repair. Plate 57: French Style

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.c. CASE STUDY 3 – PONDICHERRY – FRENCH TOWN and

maintain

the

old

buildings

preserving their respective original designs while encouraging the new buildings in the vicinity to be built in harmonious style This is sought to be achieved through Town and Country Planning Byelaws providng for zoning of areas with heritage building concentrations and approvals for repairs and renovation of heritage buildings and construction of new buildings. Plate 60: Tamil, French Style of building

Criticism: Positives: Pondicherry is an extremely well laid out town, and the present condition is also quite commendable, the categorisation of french, Tamil and Franco-Tamil is also intreresting and informative for enthusiasts who come seeking for an exotic experience in India, the treatment of the town as a museum, works well here. The street esperience is also one that has high imageability and sense of enclosure. Negatives: With growing tourism, and motorisation, the streets are seeming to be undersized, right step towards development, should have been taken to anticipate growth, as now it seems to be held in time, resisting the changes, although changes in policy can make the plan timeless. Learnings: Pondicherry, has a lot of similarity to Trankebar, and their present atittude towards conservation is valuable knowledge that can be re-produced as a favourable idea in Trankebar‟s context also. The plan is erstwhile plan is remarkably still workable except for vehicles problem. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH

4.2.d. CASE STUDY 4 – ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL PLAZA, LONDON

Case study: St Paul’s Cathedral, London. Criteria for choice of the study: To understand the planning and the morphological structure of an heritage area of historical importance in the old English city of London to draw inferences for the intervention-cum-conservation Project in an area combining public and private spaces of both historical and modern importance. Case Description: Location:The Paternoster Square around St Paul‟s Cathedral, London, looking down the Ludgate hill obliquely. Christopher Wren‟s famed baroque cathedral stands in the place of the old Gothic cathedral.

Area: Population: Mostly floating population of visitors to the Cathedral and shoppers to the busines district. Geography: Overlloking from the Ludgate Hill and close to the Thames Bank near the new Millennium Bridge. History: Following the rejection of Wren‟s plan of London after the Great Fire, the area immediately around the St Paul‟s Cathedral was planned as a series of small-scale linked spaces dating probably from 1710 with a continuous arcade at ground floor level. Large areas around St Paul‟s were damaged during the blitz of the Second World War. The post-war developments around St Paul‟s Cathedral are the

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH

4.2.d. CASE STUDY 4 – ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL PLAZA, LONDON

consequence of somewhat conflicting influences of several architects, church officials and government functionaries. While the Royal Academy planned a classical style symmetrical and somewhat grandiose design for the square, the City of London authorities planned a more pedestrian design which was outright rejected by Duncan Sandys the then Minister of Housing. Both William Holford, a consultant to St Paul‟s, and an advisory committee influenced by Classicist Prof. Richardson appointed by the Minister, initially worked out a design on the classical mould. This however did not satisfy the Minister‟s desire for a design of the scale of Bernini‟s St Paul‟s in Rome. Holford however took pains to show that the Minister‟s desire would be out of place and out of tune with the character of the Cathedral facing the Ludgate Hill and proposed a rectangular layout of informal spaces revealing significant views of parts of the great cathedral. From the outset Holford‟s design was hard placed to reconcile his need for restraining the scale of surrounding buildings in order not to obstruct but to reveal the grandeur of the great Cathedral from different angles with the business interest in fully utilising the plot ratio of 5:1 and the church commissioners‟ own interest in retaining maximum office space for themselves. The outcome of these influences was a hotchpotch of buildings of indifferent character around the cathedral, some of which initially obstructed the cathedral‟s view and had therefore to be pulled down later. In an architectural competition in 1988 following the decision of the developers to pull down some of the surrounding dull buildings, the winning design of Arup and Associates had colonnades, squares, rooftop gardens, arcades and four-storey buildings roofed in lead and slate. Lack of enclosure for the cathedral was the scheme‟s most important defect, which were rectified by Charles Jenks‟ modified plan to provide suitable enclosed spaces around the cathedral with streets and blocks of a scale harking back to the early 1800‟s when John Tallis recorded London‟s streets. An exhibition for redevelopment of the Paternoster Square was mounted in 1991 by a consortium of internationa developers, in which a talented group of architects gave a design with the aesthetic objectives of (a) restore views of the cathedral, (b) create surrounding buildings of design harmonious with respect to the cathedral, © restore the traditional (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH

4.2.d. CASE STUDY 4 – ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL PLAZA, LONDON

churchyard alignment and surrounding street design in the square, and (d) create traffic-free open spaces with classical architecture. Despite assent from the royalty, this plan was abandoned in the 1990‟s as unviable.

Planning Strategy: The final design under implementation is that of Sir William Whitfield, who was the assessor of the entries at the 1988 competition. His design blended the winning qualities of many of the entries, e.g. the public space is at ground level, the street pattern is restored and fronted by colonnades and dominated by a ventilation shaft disguised as a replica of a Corinthian column. The delightful Millennium Bridge on the Thames designed by Foster and Bros. provides a welcome backdrop on the public domain to the grand cathedral and its new emerging surroundings along the lines of the Whitfield design. Criticism: Holford‟s plan for the square attracted much criticism for lack of architecture of high quality for buildings around a great heritage structure such as the St Paul‟s. This is hoped to be corrected by Whitfield‟s eclectic design now under implementation with its emphasis on quality and merit rather than style.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

Case study: Aranya Housing, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Criteria for choice of the study: To understand the planning and the morphological structure of a new satellite township to cater largely to the economically weaker sections and to draw inferences on the effectiveness of the Project vis-à-vis its stated objectives. Case Description: Location: Aranya Housing Scheme is located six kms to the east of the City of Indore (556 mtrs above msl) in Madhya Pradesh. Area: The Housing Scheme is located in an area of 85 hectares vis-à-vis Indore‟s present area of 214 sq kms.

Population: The Housing Scheme is planned to house a population of 60,000 residents of different income groups distributed in six sectors each with a population of 7000-12000 residents vis-a-vis Indore‟s population of over 16 lacs.

Geography: The location is near the Bombay-Delhi National Highway on the Dewas entry side close to the bustling City of Indore. History:The Scheme was to cater to the economically weaker sections of Indore‟s population otherwise housed in slums and house them in decent, affordable and viable tenements in an integrated township with proper infrastrucure.

Planning Strategy: The master plan is designed around a central spine comprising the business district. Six sectors, each with populations of 7000-12,000, lie to the east and west of the spine and are diagonally bisected by linear parks. Ten houses, each with a (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

Aranya Housing, Indore, Site Plan

Aranya Housing, Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

Housing with ample design input of Street Character for social interaction

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

Intelligent Unit planning that lends the housing its lively organic character. Also offering scope for personal taste.

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4.2.e. CASE STUDY 5 – ARANYA HOUSING, INDORE

courtyard at the back, form a cluster that opens onto a street. Internal streets and squares are paved. Septic tanks are provided for each group of twenty houses, and electricity and water are available throughout. The houses required pile foundations to take care of the soil subsidence endemic to the Malwa plateau. The Scheme designed in 1989 by Architect, B.V. Doshi, for Indore Development Authority won the Aga Khan Architecture Award for 1995. The total cost of the scheme was Rs 548 lacs costing about Rs 71 per sq mtr, which is way below the prevailing construction costs for comparable housing.

Criticism: According to Romi Khosla, who has evaluated the success of the project, the 80 well-designed and laid-out demonstration houses are at substantial variance from the rest of the houses constructed. Only 15-20% of the original allottees still own the flats allotted, the rest have sold off their flats at 10 times their original cost. This is largely due to lack of financial institutional support to the buyers of the flats. Besides, all the Muslim allottees have sold off their flats in the aftermath of the Babri Masjid demoition for return to Muslim-predominant localities for mutual security. Architecturally, the houses are indistinct in style without reference to any significant prevailing local or international design of standing. The colony is bereft of tree cover and has waster availability for less than half an hour a day.

Positives: The street philosophy is highly appreciable, and a good strategy to be applied while planning a housing or a cluster of units. It not only aids planning it also offers good result in terms of social and cultural interaction that’s builds a community. Also the option of giving peole freedom of choice has added to the vibrancy of the street elevation with the variety. Negatives: May be too much freedom for personal choice has led to chaos. Learnings: Hence the positives are applicable. It is best to be done with some controls so that the end result is harmonious. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.f. CASE STUDY 6 – CIDADE DE GOA

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Case study: Cidade de Goa Criteria for choice : To understand the planning and the morphological structure of a heritage resort as a hospitality service, that is meant to project the city‟s character in a brief anf effective. Case Description: •Location: At the historical and scenic hilly promontory point of unmatched beauty named Donna Paula jutting into the Arabian Sea on the Vainguinim Beach off Panjim, the capital of Goa. •Area: The resort is built on 40 acres of lush green slopes descending down to the beach and mouth of the Zuari River. •Resort Capacity: The resort has 210 deluxe twin-bed rooms including four unique suites with splendid interior décor in Portuguese style, all of which are air-conditioned with breezy interiors open to bright natural lighting and with balconies facing the sea. • Geography: This resort emerged as an expressionist hill township. The outdoor of the resort has a beautiful tropical garden along its splendid beach. The beautifully maintained sprawling garden is an absolute delight and tantalize the senses with a wide variety of exotic flora and unusual birds, making it a (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4. RESEARCH 4.2.f. CASE STUDY 6 – CIDADE DE GOA

bird-watcher‟s paradise. The façade of the resort are in layers which offers a series of kaleidoscopic visual sensations and architectural spaces in common areas with influences borrowed from history, geography, mythology and popular cinema culture. The rooms at different levels have balconies and windows facing the sea on one side and beautiful lust green garden

on the other side. All the major

activities in the resort, have major part of their space oriented towards the sea. •History: The resort is name after the old Portuguese name of Goa‟s capital, Panjim. The resort is located near the promontory named after Donna Paula, a colonial princess, who as the legend says fell from the point into the sea to her death on account of her unrequited love for a person not meeting with the approval of her father. Planning Strategy: Cidade de Goa, the original name for Panaji, evoked myriad sensations, a city of virtual imagery, abstractions, a city of real dwellings, terraces, and balconies. One passes beneath the entrance arch and descends down the long driveway into the green valley to enter a plaza, surrounded by symbols that connote a CITY.. This famous resort was designed as a hill township by Charles Correa in 1982. The resort‟s unique architectural grandeur earned an international RIBA award for its architect. The architecture of the resort is neither vernacular nor monumental but sets out to explore under the theme of city with allegorical and cultural references within a linear organisation. The main (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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4.2.f. CASE STUDY 6 – CIDADE DE GOA

reception lobby named after the original Kadamba rulers of Karnataka offers a grand welcome to visitors with murals and statues of Vasco da Gama, the founder of Portuguese rule in India. The House of Adil Khan is named after the Muslim ruler of Goa from Bijapur who was displaced by the Portuguese. Along the arcaded streets are the typical Portuguese Taverna, transversing courtyards, bedrooms and public spaces modeled after the Portuguese Casas and Gujarati havelis. The resort‟s main restaurant, Alfama, is on several levels grouped around a Portuguese style plaza or miniature city square. The resort in short is a strong personal signature statement of the architect in his unimitable style.

Criticism: Positives: The architect‟s imagination beutifully combined with ingenious ways of recreating the feel of a small exotic township/ colony set in a surreal ambience, that id drenched with images nostalgic of classic Goan experience.

Learnings: The main motive to study the Cidade de Goa, could in a way give me a clue that, inspite of being set in a historic context like Goa, the resort successfully evokes images and the feel of Goa sophisticatedly tacitly. Where often resort go vernacular, the ambience had the charm but the design response was extremely modern , un-imitative. This is the most valuable lesson, apart from the planning of closely knit rooms with periodic courtyards to enrich the experience. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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5. SUMMING UP

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CONTENTS: 5.1 CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES 5.2 DESIGN DIRECTIONS

“…….Vision is perhaps our greatest strength... it has kept us alive to the power and continuity of thought through the centuries, it makes us peer into the future and lends shape to the unknown. “ - Li Ka Shing

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

5. SUMMING UP

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5.1 CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES

As discussed earlier the search has brought forth many issues, concerns and ideas that serve as a launch pad for the design process to start off. But the following is seen to be a few challenges and constraints to be confronted with: 1. The biggest challenge owing to the constraint of the town lacking any preconceived plan or vision for Trankebar, is to start conceiving one. Hence there is an opportunity of complete unrestricted freedom, although it runs the risk of going away from the focus, due to the absence of any guidelines. 2. The sheer scale of intervention , poses a huge challenge for site planning both functionally and aesthetically. 3. The concept of being rooted in context or contextuality , restricts the design decisions to finding solutions in and around the place, it has the constraint at every stage to be in conformity with its surroundings. 4. The area of site might pose as a huge piece of land to plan for as the current population would not need a huge centre of this scale, but the challenge lies in how it can be suitably used. 5. Since resolving the biggest problem of the highway going right through the town leads to some confusion, it will be a big challenge to find alternative solution to a highway, also if the highway is pushed out then the townâ&#x20AC;&#x;s limits grow out and now more facilities for the town need to be added for which the programme must also prove redundant and challenging to cope with. 6. Problems might arise due to scale as the only few public buildings in the town were initially either a fort , church or big mansions, none meant for a particular function such as an office or museum , which are meant to be spacious and the scale might be intimidating to the small Dalits huts that begin from along the banks of the Buckingham Canal. These are a few probable challenges that might arise as a consequence.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH 157DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

5. SUMMING UP 5.2 DESIGN DIRECTIONS

The search has provided some main clues for what is it that can make sense on a new layer something the old layer lacks. Hence programme formulation and research as to how old and new need vital links can be put to use. The design or the process of translation must in any case follow the points discussed below: 1. The Concept of creating an active node, it is in a way mandatory as the there are many reasons why this town centre where the King street culminates must be a little busier than the town itself. Morphologically it can be seen as a strategic nodal point that can over time form a landmark in itself for the town dwellers. 2. The town’s character , as it is meant to be the flagpole demarcating the limits of the town, hence it must in some way always express the same feel as the inner town would. 3. The town centre must be the central nervous system of the town, 4. Circulation issues must be carefully sorted out as the number of user groups to cater to, would in turn prove to be key aspects to establish zoning models. 5. Strong links / access must be maintained between the town centre and the town apart from the King street, there must be many more means to make it a people's place, it is meant to be the democratic emblem of the town. 6. The design must also be able to exercise flexibility for the future. 7. Environmentally sound methods and practices must be proposed and designed towards eco-friendliness, such as rainwater harvesting, sewage treatment, waste management, etc… 8. The design must be evolved with local usage in mind such as plazas and squares that work wonders in cities might not work out well in a quiet introverted town such as Trankebar. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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5. SUMMING UP 5.2 DESIGN DIRECTIONS

9. Design must exhibit a sense of heirarchy ,scle, while zoning in both horizontal and vertical dimension. 10. Finally over-all the Scheme must read as a well-knit entity , one that looks like a natural extension rather than a foreign insertion. These are theoretical as well as practical directions to follow and direct het design towards a fruitful result.

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

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APPENDIX LIST OF FIGURES

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

Page No.

Figure 1: Thesis Methodology, Author

Figure 2: Programme broad division, Author

Figure 3: Relationship of Macro components , Author

Figure 4: Relationship of Micro components of Administration/ Town Hall, Author

Figure 5: Relationship of Micro components of Transit Facility, Author

Figure 6: Relationship of Micro components of Commercial Facilities, Author

Figure 7: Relationship of Micro components of Recreational Facilities, Author

Figure 8: Understanding the context-Trankebar, Author

Fig 9: Latitude 11â&#x20AC;&#x; N Solar chart , National Solar Chart Fig 10: Direct radiation incident on clear days, annual and daily, ibid.

28 28

ix (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

LIST OF FIGURES

CONTENTS:

Page No.

Fig 11 and12: A typical colonial port settlement and the settlement pattern in Trankebar, P. Jenny Mathavi, „Chapter-2‟, Rejuvenation Of Tranquebar – An Appraisal Of Danish Expressions, Architectural Thesis, Periyar Maniammai College Of Technology For Women, Vallam, Thanjavur, under the aegis of Anna University, Chennai, (2006), (45)

Fig 13: Evolution of the town, Tranquebar Arkitekturhistorisk Arsskrift- Architectura 9, Selskabet for Arkitekturhistorie, Kobenhavn, (1987) and editted by Author

Fig 14 : Present over growth of the town, out of the Fort bounds, Tranquebar Arkitekturhistorisk Arsskrift- Architectura 9, Selskabet for Arkitekturhistorie, Kobenhavn, (1987)

Fig 15: A Guide map demarcating the major streets and buildings within the town, P. Jenny Mathavi, „Chapter-2‟, Rejuvenation Of Tranquebar – An Appraisal Of Danish Expressions, Architectural Thesis, Periyar Maniammai College Of Technology For Women, Vallam, Thanjavur, under the aegis of Anna University, Chennai, (2006)

Fig16: Map showing extent of Town Panchayat, Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamilnadu, Development and Conservation Plan for Tranquebar, Draft Report, (1992)

Fig 17: Tourism data in Nagapattinam district the overall catchment area for Trankebar, Anonymous thesis

x (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

LIST OF FIGURES Page No.

Fig 18: Diagrams showing the present tourism status, ibid.

Fig 19: Choice of Site, Author

xi (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

LIST OF TABLES

CONTENTS:

Page No.

Table 1: Parent materials of Thanjavur soils (22 soil series), http://www.tnau.ac.in/dr/zonepdf/CauveryDeltaZone.pdf

Table 2: Timeline of Tarangampadi‟s History showing the landmark events, Praxis Institute For Participatory Practices Village Level People‟s Plans, „Chapter 2 –Introduction‟, Post-tsunami Community Planning-Realities, Aspirations, Challenges, Tarangampadi, Tamilnadu, (2005), (14)

Table 3: Political hierarchy and the Organizational setup, http://www.agaram.tn.gov.in/dtp/pop2001.asp

Table 4: Socio- Economic Indicators of Tarangampadi, ibid.

Table 5: Development support agencies that have actively participated in rehabilitation post-tsunami, ibid.

Table 6: No. of Tourists visiting Dansborg fort, its 0.5% of the total tourist visits of important places in Tamilnadu, http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/pd/pnd_e_120_2005.htm

Table 7: No. of Tourists visiting important places in Tamilnadu, ibid.

Table 8: No. of Tourists visiting important places in Tamilnadu up to year 2004, ibid.

Table 9: Facts about Tarangampadi Town Panchayat, http://www.agaram.tn.gov.in/dtp/pop2001.asp

50 xii

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

LIST OF TABLES Page No.

Table 10,11: Traffic volume on NH 45A, http://www.tnhighways.org/nh.htm

Table 12: Facts about Trankebar, Praxis Institute For Participatory Practices Village Level People‟s Plans, „Chapter 6 –Observations and Comments‟, Post-tsunami Community Planning-Realities, Aspirations, Challenges, Tarangampadi, Tamilnadu, (2005)

Table 13: Comparative Study of Danish and Native buildings, Author

xiii (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

LIST OF PLATES

CONTENTS:

Page No.

Plate1: Map showing location of Trankebar , Tranquebar Arkitekturhistorisk Arsskrift- Architectura 9, Selskabet for Arkitekturhistorie, Kobenhavn, (1987)

Plate 2: Map of Nagapattinam , http://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in

Plate 3: Dansborg fort plan, Mr. Bent Christensen‟s CD compilation

Plate 4: Photograph of the Zion Church, ibid.

Plate5: Cultural diversity of Trankebar through architecture, Author

Plate 6: Negligence to some architectural marvels of the town, Author

Plate 7: A satellite image of the town, prominently seen are the parade ground and the robust fort along the seashore, Mr. Bent Christensen‟s CD compilation

xiv (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

LIST OF PLATES Page No.

Plate 9: Map showing extent of Tarangampadi Town Panchayat, Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamilnadu, Development and Conservation Plan for Tranquebar, Draft Report, (1992)

Plate10: Map showing important places on NH 45A in Tamilnadu State, www.trankebar.net/map/trankmap-uk.html

Plate11: Satellite image showing the fortified area and its surroundings, Author

Plate 12: Images of the general landscape of the town- the types of trees and plants, Author

Plate 13 and 14: Old maps defining the over-all extent of the Danish Territory, Mr. Bent Christensen‟s CD compilation

Plate 15, 16, 17,18 and 19: Old paintings of Trankebar showing the ships and the fort, Mr. Bent Christensen‟s CD compilation and www.trankebar.net

Plate 20, 21: The Danish trade route and the two main Danish trade centers in India, http://www.trankebar.net/info, http://www.galathea3.dk/

Plate 22: Statues of Barthalomaus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plutschau as major landmark figures and decoration on the building facades, Author

xv (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

LIST OF PLATES Page No.

Plate 23: Dansborg fort, the Danish heritage, Author

Plate 24: The monumental King Street, now a vital thoroughfare of the town, Author

Plate25: Important buildings of Danish Origin on the King Street and the Prince Joergen Street, Author

Plate26: A meeting conducted in a hall, http://www.trankebar.net/info

Plate 27 : Images showing the fishing related activities on a regular working day, ibid.

Plate 28: Images showing the activities that Dalits are involved during the day, Author

Plate 29: Educational activities in Tarangambadi, http://www.trankebar.net/info

Plate 30: Festive time at the Parade ground, inviting a congregation of a large number of people., ibid.

Plate 31: General lifestyle of Trankebar, Author

Plate 32: Maps showing the town panchayat and the context in which the fort is set and a detail plan of Trankebar, Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamilnadu, Development and Conservation Plan for Tranquebar, Draft Report, (1992) and editted by Author

xvi (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

LIST OF PLATES

CONTENTS:

Page No.

Plate 33: Maps showing the land use pattern of the town panchayat and the fort, ibid. and http//www.praxis.org,

Plate 34: Maps showing the road infrastructure, Trankebar, ibid.

Plate 35: Map showing the Building types in Trankebar, ibid.

Plate 36: Local Architecture, ibid.

Plate 37: Local Character, ibid.

Plate 38: Signature Buildings in Trankebar, Author

Plate 39: King Street Elevations, Kaszner, Otto, Olsen, Olaf, Hansen,Munk, Hans, Feldbaek, Ole, S chaumburg-Muller, Henrik, Struwe, Kamma, The Steering Committee Report for Tranquebar, Royal Academy, Copenhagen, 1985

Plate 40: Important Danish Buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x; drawings, Hansen, Munk, Hans, Tranquebar - Town and Buildings of the Danes, I.H.Endriksen, Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole, Denmark, (2005)

xvii (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

APPENDIX

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

LIST OF PLATES Page No.

Plate 41,42, 43: Maps and pictures of Copenhagen, Taniya Sanyal, Urban Design Study of Copenhagen, Final year, Architecture dept. SPA, New Delhi

110

Plate 44: Amlienborg, Copenhagen, Moughtin, Cliff, Urban Design – Street and Square, Third edition, Architectural Press, An imprint of Elsevier, Oxford, U.K., (2003)

111

Plate 45: Maps tracing evolution and planning policy of Copenhagen, op.cit.

111

Plate 46: Visuals, Internet

112

xviii (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

I Published Data – Books : 1.

Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamilnadu, Development and Conservation Plan for Tranquebar, Draft Report, (1992)

Praxis Institute For Participatory Practices Village Level People‟s Plans, Post-tsunami Community Planning-Realities, Aspirations, Challenges, Tarangampadi, Tamilnadu, (2005)

Tranquebar Arkitekturhistorisk Arsskrift- Architectura 9, Selskabet for Arkitekturhistorie, Kobenhavn, (1987)

Gibberd, Frederick, Town Design, The Architectural Press, London, (1962)

Dutt, Behari, Binode, Town Planning in Ancient India, New Asian Publishers, Delhi, (1977)

Brown, Percy, Indian Architecture - Buddhist and Hindu periods, D.B.Taraporevala Sons and Co. Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, (1995)

Moughtin, Cliff, Urban Design – Street and Square, Third edition, Architectural Press, An imprint of Elsevier, Oxford, U.K., (2003)

E’cole Francaise d’ Extreme-Orient (EFEO), Instittut Francais de Pondicherry (IFP), Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), The European Commission under the Asia-urbs Programme, Pondicherry, Town and Country Planning Department, Government of Pondicherry, Architectural Heritage of Pondicherry, European Commission, Urbino, Italy, Villeneuve-sur-lot, France, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, Pondicherry, (2004) xix

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

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THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007 9.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

Hansen, Munk, Hans, Tranquebar - Town and Buildings of the Danes, I.H.Endriksen, Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole, Denmark, (2005)

10. Kaszner, Otto, Olsen, Olaf, Hansen,Munk, Hans, Feldbaek, Ole, Schaumburg-Muller, Henrik, Struwe, Kamma, The Steering Committee Report for Tranquebar, Royal Academy, Copenhagen, 1985 11. Architectural Design, Interventions in Hjistoric Centres, the Building of Magdelen College, London, Academy Editions, London, 1992 12. Governement of Tamilnadu, Tanjore Gazetteer, Tanjore, (1970) 13. Correa, Charles, Selected works of Charles Correa, unknown edition, unknown year, Source: School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

II Unpublished Data – Dissertation and Thesis :

Mandal, Ranjan, Nikhil, Master‟s Thesis on Development through Conservation, Case study – Vishnupur, Dept. of Urban Planning, School of Planning and Architecture,(1993)

Mathavi, P. Jenny, Rejuvenation Of Tranquebar – An Appraisal Of Danish Expressions, Architectural Thesis, Periyar Maniammai College Of Technology For Women, Vallam, Thanjavur, under the aegis of Anna University, Chennai, (2006)

Mittal, Dimple, Dissertation on Impact of Tourism in Historic Towns, Dept. of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture,(1993) xx

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamilnadu, Development and Conservation Plan for Tranquebar, Draft Report, (1992)

S.J., Rheeman, Thesis on Fishing village Pondicherry, Dept. Of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture,(1976)

Kanaujia, Rajeev, Thesis on Inter-state Bus Terminus, Sarai Kale Khan, Delhi, Dept. Of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture,(1994)

Sekhar,Revati, Thesis Development of Kirgandur Village, Mysore, Dept. Of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture,(1977)

Sanyal, Taniya, Study of Copenhjagen City, Final year Urban Design exercise, Dept. Of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture,(2007)

Subhash, P.S., Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x;s Thesis : Informal Activities related to fisheries and urban growth: Case study- Cochin, Dept. Of Urban Planning, School of Planning and Architecture,(1981-82)

xxi (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

III Websites: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

http://www.agaram.tn.gov.in/dtp/pop2001.asp http://www.galathea3.dk/ http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/23/stories/2004112307340300.htm http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/25/stories/2005032501070300.htm http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/pd/pnd-e-30.htm http://www.tn.gov.in/misc/collectors.htm http://www.dpgsulo.com/Tnews3b1.htm http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/pd/pnd_e_120_2005.htm http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/pd/pnd_e_120_2005_annexure.htm http://nagapattinam.nic.in/drda.html

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

http://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in/ http//www.praxis.org http://www.un.org.in/untrs/reports/Scopingstudy_Post_Tsuanami.pdf http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/culture/Underwater/HK_presentations/Day%20One%20- 0Alok%20Tripathi.pdf http://trankebar.net/article/the_hindu/04-marts.22/princess-uk.htmhttp://trankebar.net/article/newsindia-times/news_in-timesuk.htm 16. http://www.tnau.ac.in/dr/zonepdf/CauveryDeltaZone.pdf

xxii (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART A: DESIGN INVESTIGATION, 2007

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

III Websites: 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.html http://www.tnhighways.org/nh.htm http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/pd/pnd_e_120_2005.htm http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.tcl?image_id=74748&collection_id=&location_id=2515&place_id= http://www.intbau.org/india/indiantraditionspapers.htm

xxiii (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

THESIS BOOK- 2: PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007 CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557/2002

REDEFINING THE IDEN TITY O F

TRANKEBAR

PROPOSAL FOR A NEW

TOWN

CENTRE

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER.

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF

TRANKEBAR

THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CONTENTS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS:

Page No.

CHAPTER 1 – THESIS – SEARCH TO TRANSLATION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Steps taken to Translate Search

1 2

CHAPTER 2– CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction

2.2 Concept- Basis of Design 2.3 Extent of success or failure

6 8

CHAPTER 3– DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.1 Narrative 3.2 Plans, Sections, Elevations, Details 3.3 Views 3.4 Model Photographs

10 12 40 41

CHAPTER 4– AREA CHARTS 4.1 Areas Prescribed and Achieved

48 i

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

1. THESIS –SEARCH TO TRANSLATION

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS: 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 STEPS TAKEN TO TRANSLATE SEARCH

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

1. THESIS – SEARCH TO TRANSLATION

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Thesis deals with the creation of a place that the people of Trankebar will identify with. This was rather complicated considering the area of intervention was vast. But inferences derived from the research and case studies taught me that the whole area can be visualized to have a variety of images that are linked by a central entity either a building or an open space. The following steps will describe the steps or attempts towards realizing the vision: • First and foremost was to get the most appropriate zoning strategy and circulation patterns. • Second was to begin articulating spaces and volumes – a parallel process where plans and 3d blocks were continuously worked upon to be able to visualize the best visual effect. • Thirdly, each area was now concentrated upon as a wholesome entity in itself, where different options were worked in terms of plans and, landscaping ideas were evolved to make each space as a palette of alive active spaces. • Finally, the next level of detail in terms of fixtures, furniture finishes, structural treatment , all the aspects that ensure its functional and structural feasibility were worked upon. The whole process is a rather systematic search, it is quite interesting how the process would be able yield a complete canvas of a town centre. The following pages will illustrate the path taken in finally achieving the most appropriate option for the town centre.

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

1. THESIS – SEARCH TO TRANSLATION 1.2 STEPS TAKEN TO TRANSLATE SEARCH

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2 5

The above sketches and photographs are the various stages through which the design translation process went through. As can be seen the first few issues dealt with concretizing the site for the demonstration, then the design principles as understood from the research were tested with, although owing to the context the principle which suited best was that of streets and square. Also it was important to identify constants around which variables had to be worked out, i.e. vehicular access especially that of the highway was highly influential for the site development strategy, also physiological constraints i.e. flood protection served as a constant to develop site planning accordingly. The variables to be worked upon were characteristics that conformed to the “conceptual idea of representing the town” – density, unit sizes, landscape, basic morphology. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER 179

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

1. THESIS – SEARCH TO TRANSLATION 1.2 STEPS TAKEN TO TRANSLATE SEARCH

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

9 11

10 Visual tools applied to morphological compositions in order to serve both functionality, visibility and lend strong identity through either modest intervention or a robust one.

16 13

The above illustrate the stages of design where the constants of the design had been established and morphological explorations were underway in resolving the built volume disposition over the site in all dimensions. Along with these the design theories of axiality, monumentality, focus etc… were explored as tools in order to tie up varied number of programme components in order to reflect homogenity in order to impress upon the onlooker that the addition is one that has always remained there.

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

1. THESIS – SEARCH TO TRANSLATION 1.2 STEPS TAKEN TO TRANSLATE SEARCH

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

After a certain stage of working out options at the macro level, various options were worked out through the micro level as they would decide the critical scale for the macro arrangement. As mentioned in the introduction, the translation is a carefully structured process where with time, details started surfacing such as landscaping ideas and structural grid. The final result was arrived at through a process discussed in this chapter, that used a variety of mediums to visualize and represent the several options to analyze and learn from. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER 181

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS: 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - THE BASIS OF THE DESIGN 2.3 EXTENT OF SUCCESS AND OR FAILURE IN THE TRANSLATION

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Although steps were there for a structured search process but the search revolved around a Conceptual theme“Concept Rooted in Context” . It was felt that in a heritage precinct such as Trankebar, where modernity has not yet seeped in and it still possesses a certain rustic character, the best guidelines and clues for designing could only be offered by the town, the CONTEXT. Hence, reference to contextuality was a constant reminder, that could check the design from going astray, by creating spaces and places that the town residents could identify with and resorting very little to adding new (foreign) visuals to an already diverse canvas of images and visuals. This was seen as the most appropriate manner in which insertions in Trankebar could be dealt with.

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - THE BASIS OF THE DESIGN

The Central notion was a vision of “ redefining the identity” of Trankebar, while the vision had a practical and functional side of the extremely utilitarian town centre that

has been proposed to affect the context in ways more than one – social, economical, cultural,

educational etc… “The Con-ceptext” adopted a multi-pronged directive in order to guide the development of design translation in line with the central idea. Hence the Conceptual framework adopted would end up with a reality –check with an aspect of the town and its characteristics ---- there has to be a strong link with the town in any aspect of the town centre – social, educational, historical, sentimental etc.. This formed a strong backing for guided designing as follows: 1. The very first step of design reflected the conceptual application i.e. the town‟s vehicular access as discussed before had strong connections to the restoration of traffic scene within the town. The town centre ( eccentric ) proves to be a good buffer in warding off highway traffic to the quiet town, through the by-pass proposal. 2. This would thus restore the respect the town must get as now with the town centre on the by-pass and with adequate signage passers-by would know that there exists a place to be explored, as compared to the current non-descript entry. 3.

The Con-ceptext/ Contextuality reflected in macro organisation, with the surrounding scale offering enough number of clues to pick up from. So was the case with micro level strategies. Especially facilities like bus station, town hall, inns, restaurants, retail stores. Etc… have an “outsider” brand, however necessary they might be. With contextuality the same facilities were adapted to native surroundings the way such activities are performed traditionally, so that the function does not interfere with the rustic ambience.

4. The larger aspect of contextuality extends into proposing a scheme whereby the community of people who dwell in this town are able to manage their day to day business by relying on local labour for any form of work this strenthens community ties at the same time lends (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER 184

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - THE BASIS OF THE DESIGN

sense of responsibilty. Hence, facilities like Inns could very well be looked at as modest /lavish town cottages nothing more, as the place is meant to be a sojourn or a quiet away-from-city life, hence all guests must be offered is a well-managed clean little place minus the extravagant / wasteful lavish and expensive hotel concept. The inns are being looked at houses offering to adopt guests and make them feel at home for their short stay. Of course, it‟s a community decision, such an ideal could only see the light of the day with the basic infrastructural problems settled to nil. 5. Contextuality as a concept works well in every aspect of designing. Designing as an act can be seen as either in its purest or inanest, as there are evident constraints to be conformed to, that might in some cases lead to boredom, repetition and constant imitation leading to no designing. Hence , however easy it might seem to adopt contextuality, it comes with the tag of “imitation” which is undeniable, for aesthetic, economical and fundamental reasons, after all the design is meant to be in Trankebar, and every place has its signature style that is good to preserve for people to appreciate and relish. Thus contextuality has affected the design

in all its entirety, owing to the vicious cycle that, the

intervention is meant for the town, and the intervention is meant to be in the town hence the town is inevitable!

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.3 EXTENT OF SUCCESS AND OR FAILURE IN THE TRANSLATION

The extent of success or failure in this thesis would depend upon many factors to begin with, although there is reality in the information we have gathered from the town and it‟s condition, the design process has been made to suit a thesis semester, hence ignoring certain incompatible complexities involved in reality in a project of this nature. Hence, the design process might appear to be hypothetical in the absence of a preconceived notion or proposal, Nevertheless, that comes in as a welcome challenge to exercise architectural exploration s overlooking the volumes of work and inter-organisational interactions, and minor errors that seem to be the pitfalls. The loose ended subject had a challenge beginning with preparing a programme that is convincing or feasible with in the purview of a student‟s thesis followed by the extremely challenging act of determining the area of intervention with free-will. The choice of the subject could have failed if it wasn‟t for the strong ideological, conceptual and contextual drive that lent a launch pad for many options to be worked out for the thesis. Although for a project of this scale the extent of probable options derivable are unlimited which were limited in my case, that resulted in the final thesis design to be a little amorphous, as there was too much ambiguity(in terms of incoherence of scale of site v/s present population and conditions) to be extremely bold and invasive of the available resources , hence , the failure lay in the aspect that the design per-se could not exhibit too much character barring the conceptual ideas, because, it required certain flexibility and lost out on the image or bold nature of a scheme i.e. an eloquent dense town centre packed with built facilities which would eventually make the town give up all public facilities within the fortified area and restore the residential colony- character. May be in future events of a more successful tourism plan, the dense town centre would have done wonders but looking at the present conditions the design can be seen as a phasing plan. Among, the many shortcomings, the scale-factor was most perplexing and it also made it an ambitious almost utopian scheme to plan for. Hence on the macro-level there have been too many complexities to settle before there could be free explorations into the micro-aspect of the town centre which would have been more interesting and handle able, and its here the project needed a little more time and thought. (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER 186

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B DESIGN TRANSLATIONATION, 2007

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2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.3 EXTENT OF SUCCESS AND OR FAILURE IN THE TRANSLATION

•Inspite of this, too, there are certain features to be highlighted in the project, as an overall scheme, however efficient or not it did have the edge of progressiveness that is most-deserving for a town that must, like any other part of the country be up-to –date. • Features such as the inns and workshops, the shopping street, the mixed use type of shops seemed to fit in very well, as the retail street did prove to be a successful part of the overall scheme owing to the scale and grain . It possessed an impression of “belonging to the context”. •The plans were made to suit the present day needs, which most town –dwellers would wish for but from conservation point of view stress has been given to visual stylization with a few modifiable options that could lend the edge of individuality at the same time continue to reflect the town‟s image. • Environmentally, also it is suggestive of being conservative towards restoring the greens along the river it could still beautify the scenery. It is also geologically a more sound ecological option to rescue the vulnerable site from floods or any form of tsunami back-flows.

To sum it up, the success of the project lies only in certain parts, but in totality it definitely has succeeded in being able to be expressed as an idea. Besides, offering valuable knowledge in learning the complexities one has to go through in order to prepare a well-informed, flexible, and workable plan for a large scale project, especially. As Mr. Arun Rewal, My guide for the thesis, would say, “A thesis is an experiment". It can fail but the experiment never fails.

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS: 3.1 NARRATIVE 3.2 PLANS / SECTIONS / ELEVATIONS /DETAILS 3.3 VIEWS

3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

3.1 NARRATIVE

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

The Town Centre is seen as a mascot for the town, here the new revives the old. The town

centre is not demonstrative of

the contrast of old and new but, it is meant to be as an many

it‟s

extended arm of the town that

The

bridges the town to the outside.

metaphors

The town center is an emblem

multidimensional node. At the same time its

of an Empowered Trankebar.

unusual as it is a centre that is eccentric.

Town

Centre for

manifests Trankebar,

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

MACRO LEVEL

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.1 NARRATIVE

• Macro Planning alternative that was

• Orientation and size of plots affect macro planning and the reason is wind

discarded for its density and low flexibility

direction is best in N-S and rectangular plots are more space efficient

• Micro units affect the macro planning, unit ventilation is critical in humid weather hence MICRO LEVEL

• Fresh water recharge is possible by channelizing rain water from the flat

cross-ventilation is necessary. Verandahs also

rooftops as well as sloping roofs via gutters, the water can be filtered in pits.

condition heat and protect from sun and rain.

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

PLANS

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

1 BAY OF BENGAL

MEMORIAL

PARADE

UPPANNAR

GROUND

RIVER DANSBORG

192

2 FISH TRADE CENTRE

PLAZA 6

PLAZA 5 RETAIL MARKET

RETAIL MARKET

EXISTING 6M WIDE NH 45A - PROPOSED TO BE 7.5 M WIDE

MUSEUM & LIBRARY TALUK HEADQUARTERS

(approx.)

GREEN AREA WITH GAZEBO

BUS STATION

PLAZA 1

CATAMARAN DOCKING

PLAZA 3

PLAZA 2 TOURIST/ TAXI/ SHUTTLE PARKING

TRAVELLERS PLAZA

RECREATION & OBSERVATORY

PROPOSED BY-PASS ROAD 15 M WIDE

HANDICRAFTS

FOCAL POND

AMPHITHEATRE

FOCAL POND

BUCKINGHAM CANAL

TOURIST INFO. CENTRE EATERIES PLAZA 4 INNS & WORKSHOPS QUIET REARSIDE WALKWAY LINED WITH TREES

INNS & ARTIST WORKSHOPS

RIVER VIEW COURT RIVER FRONT COCONUT GROVE

JETTIES FOR BOAT RIDES

UPPANNAR RIVER/ ESTUARY

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

SECTIONS/ELEVATIONS

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

Section

Side Elevation

204

Shopping Street elevation

205

Shopping Street elevation

Shopping Street culmination at the trade centre

206

Whole sale Market elevation

207

208

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

DETAILS

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

210

Typical Floor Plan

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.3 VIEWS

ACTIVITIES AROUND A TREE

VIEW OF THE WHOLESALE MARKET AS A LOCAL CHANDAI

SKETCH OF TRADITIONAL LOOK FOR THE RETAIL STREET

ORNAMENTAL GARDENS AS PER A SKETCH VIEW FOR VISUALISATION (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER 222

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

SITE MODEL Trade Centre Wholesale Learning Centre

Retail Street Town Hall

Recreation

Bus Station

Tourist Info Centre

SNEAK PEEK - GLIMPSE OF THE TOWN CENTRE, REFLECTIVE OF TRANKEBAR

Inns

CONTEXT

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

V I E W S

B U S S T A T I O N (STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER 224

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

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3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

TARANGAMBADI TALUK HEADQUARTERS/ TOWN HALL VIEWS

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

RETAIL SHOPPING STREET VIEWS

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS RETAIL SHOPPING STREET- TRADE CENTRE VIEWS

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

WHOLESALE MARKET (CHANDAI) VIEWS

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

3. DESIGN DRAWINGS 3.4 MODEL PHOTOGRAPHS

STREET EDGES

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

4. AREA CHART

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

CONTENTS: 4.1 COMPREHENSIVE AREA AND QUANTITY CHART

(STUDIO DIRECTOR) PROF. I.M.CHISHTI, (THESIS GUIDE) AR. ARUN REWAL, PROF. MALAY CHATERJEE, PROF. ARVIND KRISHAN, PROF. SAMBUDDHA SEN, PROF. M.L.BAHRI, PROF. SATISH DABRAL, PROF. ARUNA RAMANI GROVER

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

4. AREA CHART 4.1 COMPREHENSIVE AREA AND QUANTITY CHART

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

4. AREA CHART 4.1 COMPREHENSIVE AREA AND QUANTITY CHART

REDEFINING THE IDENTITY OF TRANKEBAR – PROPOSAL FOR A NEW TOWN CENTRE THESIS BOOK- 2 : PART B: DESIGN TRANSLATION, 2007

CHITRA CHANDRASHEKHAR A/1557

4. AREA CHART 4.1 COMPREHENSIVE AREA AND QUANTITY CHART