Project in COMASINA neighborhood

LOOK UP! - Think out of the box.. or above - Lh! Alexandra Chivikova Chiara Fraticelli Artan Kakani Andrea Scaleggi Cai Yang

TASK: + 200 new inhabitants Choosing what kind of population is the most suitable for a certain environment is not an easy task. Also choosing a kind of building for a specific population is not more simple, but at least physical objects can be shaped and then modified and substituted, something we would never wish to happen to a dweller. Adaptation of physical environment is indeed a “natural” process, but it requires a lot of resources. Sometimes is a goal hardly achieved and sometimes, in too much rigid solutions, it remains unachieved and the inhabitants are forced to adapt themselves in a very inefficient way. Especially in those case where professionals (planners, architects, designers…), according to their subjective visions of objectivity, apply their sets of universal-deterministic rules of composition for the people’s sake.

Also integrating a new community in an existing one is a complex and delicate operation: we had to focus also on immaterial aspects, combining dwelling infrastructures and legal and organizational infrastructures which could activate fruitful experiences using its own resources. In a neighbourhood project, in particular, we should take into account the social, economic and physical aspects because their interaction can produce positive externalities : - a socially cohesive community can treat with more respect its own environment saving a considerable amount of money for managing.

- a neighbourhood with good amount of collective facilities can facilitate inhabitants relation2

ship and sense of belonging - an increase in time of the value of collective assets.

Our project started with a specific purpose: accommodate roughly two hundred new inhabitants in the Comasina neighbourhood. This task implied also a choice in the target-propose population and an integration between the new population and the current one. In finding a solution, with the project we tried to look up and think out of the box... or, maybe, above.

Should we focus on dwell or dweller? Dwelling of course!

Many times in our academic and professional life in the long and challenging process of developing an urban project we interacted with the “residents” of the neighborhood which we were working on and in. Surveys, questionnaires, drawings, mental maps, public meetings, suggestion boxes and many other formulas of personal interaction, in order to relate the project not only to the “physical context” but also to the “social context”. Sometimes these attempts were aimed to obtain a more appreciated option between a closed set of premade solutions.

Sometimes “this participation” was useful to guide our decisions for the last small-scale details and in the worst cases even to justify decisions already taken. This time we started from the opposite, from the end. We started from the people. From their point of view. Not ours.

The transformation of the so called “traditional family nucleus”, inherited by the 19th middle 3

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1. Our interviews

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class (Horkheimer, 1936) and passed through that of 20th century mass society, together with the changes in the economic system and labour market, deeply influenced the internal (and to some extent external) structure of the present building assets and its intimate practices and liturgies, making the house the place where professionals could experiment and maximize its functionality like ”machines for living” (Le Corbousier 1927 p 4). So following some scholars’ opinions we switch our attention from the functional object of the substantive “the dwelling” to cultural concept of the verb “to dwell” focusing on the role of the “dweller” in its corporeity, in its behavioral models and in its social interaction. Dwelling in its ambivalent meaning. (Leupen 2006; Polati Trippe 2013)

and deaths. This intense process of knowledge acquiring helped us consider the “heterogeneity of individual needs and aspirations, through an understanding of the home and practices of inhabiting” (PolattiTrippe 2013, p 2). Talking about housing history was definitely talking about a person’s history. In this kind of relation the house became the external representation of the inhabitant intimate world, the safe space to be defended and that “define his position in respect to the ápeiron (the endless, the indefinite)” (Vitta 2010) which is surrounded by. It assumes a meaning also relevant in oneself’s spatial and social “hierarchy”. We had been introduced to a preliminary understanding of how, in the last century and decades, the ways of living changed (and have still been changing) also in Comasina.

Survey: the interviews as the starting point The “theme” of all the interviews was asking about the housing history of the interviewees. At first almost all of them started with a very descriptive approach such as the physical aspects: “The first house had two storey” or “the apartment was composed by just three rooms”. Followed by information:”At that time I lived with… and I was used to sleep with… “ which underlines the notion of the house as the place where humans firstly cultivate their own idea of intimacy and they experience the primary sociality which is (or probably was?) the family. Afterward, as the interviewees were getting confident with us, they allowed themselves to be more and more open and left space to an emotional flows of memories enriching the pure descriptions with personal feelings and meanings: “I loved that room” or”that neighbourhood was very scary” or “even if all my siblings lived separately, at Christmas, that one was the House of the family”. After a while we always moved from a depiction of dwellings to an intense storytelling about personal projects and hopes, adversities and events, love and separations, new life

A conscious involvement in interpretation In our experience, the interviews done were an interesting tool useful to get a good amount of information about the dweller of Comasina and of other Milan neighbourhoods. Among the words gathered, we also collected some particular tips that helped us in defining what in the project we call “skills, needs and interests”. With skills, we defined all the special abilities (mostly the formal ones, usually derived from a past job career or a task or for instance in a specific sport) of a person and with needs all the expressions that signalized the lack of something or a necessity due to a particular situation considering also the social, economic and cultural condition; for the third concept “interests”, we identify the aims of an individual, something that it’s able to inspire the passion of someone, something whose acquiring/transmitting knowledge and practice is a source of pleasure in itself. However, the interests for us fill a secondary level in respect to skills and needs, but they are here considered enriching the value of the research and of the project as a consequence.

Therefore, in our project we proposed a cata5

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3. Double approach

2. Mutual benefit: matching skills (interests) and needs

logue of all the experiences (roughly 30 interviews collected by us and the other studio groups) underlining those two (plus one) key concepts. We assumed that all the data of the sample survey could be, in a generalized way, the emergent skills, needs and interests of all the neighbourhood community.

This interpretation comes out not just from the interviews stories, but also from the experiences of our fieldwork. In this latter category, we recall all the “field notes” and the personal practices that we deduced by the fieldwork. Being in the main bar of the quarter, talking to the local associations, crossing a few times the green and public areas of Comasina, playing “tombola” in the center for elderly inhabitants “Sempreverdi”, or even taking part in the football championship of the Milan social centers and ethnic teams 6

in Paolo Pini. All these practices have the value that derives from the sharing moments with the local inhabitants and that gives the opportunity of understanding deeper the neighbourhood social relationships.

So, whilst, skills and interests were examin just with the interview tool, asking directly to the people, the needs came out also by a second approach, the one, that we mentioned above, by our participant observation. This double approach used in detecting the needs had also some consequences in the research outcomes; from one side we have the needs expressed by the interviewed inhabitantsto other the field-notes that we took. [Semi, 2010]. The first approach, thus, gave us “deep” although “partial” information of the milieau, the second, instead,even if “superficial” had a more “general” view. The over-

all outcomes are a mix of this collection. As we saw, contextually speaking, some of the main issues were the lack of integration between different populations due to language gap; the difficult access to affordable legal and health assistance; the lack of social/collective spaces for many people categories (foreign population, young people, newcomers); lack of job opportunities and cultural/leisure activities; low quality open public spaces.

Therefore, our interpretation starts from these individual considerations and then go beyond assuming the possibility of sharing the same needs between a group of people or, in this case, a group of inhabitants. This assumption permits to give a sort of priority in the policy decisionmaking: the interests supported by a group are stronger than ones supported by an individu-

al. The needs, in the project, are faced exactly starting from the skills and also the interests, the neighbourhood“human capital” assets.

All these skills (and interests), applying also the positive skills of the new target-propose population, matched with the needs bring to a “mutual benefit”, a sort of collaborative game that sees in the cooperation between neighbourhood population the successful strategy able to solve the internal problematic issues. To get this achievement, weare attracting a kind of population that will be able of adding in the neighbourhood new and helpful skills enriching the general wellbeing of Comasina.

Mutual benefit The idea is to cover the needs of the existing community attracting a new population with 7

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4. Interests and skills “bubbles”

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specific competences. We developed a dual strategy: The physical one which consists in the three actions of restoring underused building, reuse of abandoned facilities and the creation of new alternative accommodations; and the policy implementation of giving these renovated spaces to people in exchange of services, care and practical knowledge.

All the project starts from a provocation. As social housing is not considered an urgent point in the contemporary political agenda, so traditional solutions are not possible and affordable anymore; therefore is necessary to think about alternative and unusual solutions something out of the box or….above it.

So, also in the choice of the target population, we considered the idea of mutual benefits, but also we decided to focus on those categories which needed an affordable accommodatio sharing an “emergency housing situation”, even if temporary.

volunteers are the most common elements, we can try to suppor t these interests due to solve needs.

Teaching programs ‘learning-by-doing’ in the craftsmanship and artistic activities can create not only new job opportunities but even new possibilities to create social/cognitive relationship between the old working class inhabitants and innovative start up. Other programs related to collective gardening/agriculture also with the support of some good experiences (like in Ex Paolo Pini) can be expanded in the surrounding area for a better care and respect of common spaces.

Workshops, machineries, retail stores and sharing spaces (see ‘The construction of a new perspective’ chapter) are the material assets that tech professionals, mechanical professionals, artists, volunteers need to be supplied with.

Weekly or monthly fairs can manifest, advertise and attract more opportunities.

Target-propose population Where the neighbourhood composition is heterogeneous but balanced and the vulnerable sections are integrated with active (and productive) groups whose only vulnerability is the housing condition, the chances of “making a thriving community” is higher. So we proposed a two levels choice procedure: -based on traditional requirements such as income, household composition, time of request…

-based on community constructive requirements following the suggested “community profile” of integrating groups of key workers.

In the project we chose to attract three specific categories.

- Cultural workers: Just graduated languages/ educational Young graduated students and foreigners inhabitants could take care of children for homeworks and fill language gap between different language groups (preschool). The neighbourhood of Comasina is having an unique moment in history of social change, it would be relevant to collect as fast as possible the voice of the collective memory. So language professional, migrants, students or volunteers can perform this chances, but they need spaces to gather students and other related facilities such as laboratories and libraries.

- Artist and manual workers Considering the interviews phase we created a ‘interests bubble’ made mostly by practices regarding the free time, hobby and other social relationships such as: hand working, cycling and 8

- Legal, health and fiscal professionals With this third program of policy we would like to give an answer not only to the local needs but even to the local rights. And when we talk about ‘rights’ we mean human rights based on information and accessibility in public realm, start-

5. Artist and manual workers

6. Cultural workers

7. Legal, health and fiscal professionals

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ing from possible precarious legal-status of the immigrants due to economical and work crisis, to the health condition and accessibility. First help in work opportunities can come from various conditions: volunteering, training course but even by trying to open new start-up companies fostering activities related to counseling, managing and companies organizing. Legal professionals, doctors and fiscal accountants are the professions that fit the most. To make operational all these activities they need offices, private talking rooms and first help clinics. Then to make everything more efficient we suggest to create relational networks both in the local and super-local scale based on strong solidarity, relationships, and partnership.

8. The trees as they were planted in 1961

How to find hidden resources The following step of our project was to make the place attractive for those people we identified and find out how to supply them with the needed material and immaterial capitals. Finding a space to accommodate two hundred people and those peculiar facilities where they can actually express their positive added value, was challenging without building any new structure or acquiring new areas in a neighbourhood like Comasina which is already densely built. The public ownership buildings (Aler) do not respect minimum living requirements anymore and have a rigid hardly modifiable structure. In the last decades it has become an ageing, multicultural neighbourhood and in terms of cultural / leisure / job opportunities is in peripheral condition. The neighbourhood still stands with a highly resilient social structure and great human / physical potentials but where innovative policies could be experimented. In time of scarcity and abandonment some common resources decayed, while someothers have grown.

So we tried to think out of the box and we actually found some empty boxes to reuse.

1. The quartiere-autosufficienteComasina was previously divided into twelve supercondomini whose task was that of sharing the usage and the management of some common services and utilities like the green areas, the heating system and many others. In order to facilitate some of the related issues, twelve concierge houses have been built, one per compound, where some practical and administrative tasks could have been carried out by the supercondominio administrators who were living there with their family. Now almost all of them are empty or, for lack of a better use, short term rented.

2. Other public buildings were suffering from abandonment (Pic. 9) in the area, especially in the periphery of that periphery (the north-west area), surrounded by many ground-floor shut down stores. One among the others attracted our attention for his size and for its name : C.B.M. - Casa del bambino maltrattato (House for the mistreated child).

3. Finally, another endowment of the past era of the quartiere - autosufficiente was just around us but hardly noticeable. At the time the neighbourhood was planned much attention was given to the landscape aspects, so large green areas were designed where many saplings have been planted. In the last 50 years those puny saplings have become twenty meters tall trees.

So we looked up and recalled one of the most evocative sentence in the Italo Calvino’s Baron in the trees:

9. Abandoned buildings and empty groundfloors

10. Concierge houses

“Chi vuole guardare bene la terra deve tenersi alla distanza necessaria�.

(Who wants to look clearly at the world, should keep himself at the proper distance).

That was a thoughtful coincidence and a definitive signal for a revenge.

11. Landscape resources

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12. Trees as pillars

13. Illustration by M. E. Agostinelli

14. Illustration by Italo Calvino

(i.e. he fought back a boat of Saracen pirates); knowing that to be truly with the other the only way was to be separated from the “others’ life”.

Another popular writer Leonardo Sciascia sees in Cosimo: “a watchman of human reason, vigilant and vivacious against all the monster of nature and history”.

His infinite stubbornness against the power of the status quo becomes even more evident in his last decision. Facing the inevitability of ageing and death and to maintain his own promise, he decided not to get off the trees, but climbing on a rope of a passing by balloon to travel away across the sea.

The tale - The Baron on the trees The story of twelve-year-old Cosimo Piovasco di Rondò is narrated by his younger brother, Biagio, belonging to a noble 18th-century family and is located in the vast forest landscapes of Ombrosa. In a rebellious fight after refusing to eat a dinner of snails, Cosimo climbs up a tree and decides never to come down again.

- Dove vai?

Lo vedevamo dalla porta a vetri mentre nel vestibolo prendeva il suo tricorno e il suo spadino.

- Lo so io! - Corse in giardino.

Di lì a poco, dalle finestre, lo vedemmo che s’arrampicava su per l’elce.

(Il Barone rampante, The Baron in the Trees, pag 1,15 )

“Io non so se sia vero quello che si legge nei libri, che in antichi tempi una scimmia che fosse partita da Roma saltando da un albero all’altro poteva arrivare in Spagna senza mai toccare terra”. (“I don’t know if it’s true what is written in books, but in ancient times, they say, a monkey in Rome could have jumped from one branch to another to Spain without ever touching the ground”).

“Cosimo disse: - Ho detto che non voglio e non voglio! – e respinse il piatto di lumache.” Mai si era vista disobbedienza più grave!

Cosimo non volle toccare neanche un guscio.

- Mangiate o subito vi rinchiudiamo nello stanzino!

- No, e poi no! - fece Cosimo, e respinse il piatto.

- Via da questa tavola!

Ma già Cosimo aveva voltato le spalle a tutti noi e stava uscendo dalla sala.

The refusal of the young Cosimo of accepting those imposed reactionary customs and unbearable rules was not a mere caprice: in moving just across the foliage and branches he builds step by step a daily dimension and transforms his alternative way of life into a maturation and educational journey.

His change in perspective opened the view to new horizons and wider limits:

His choice is not an escape, neither from the world nor from society and human relations, but represents the will of a man who wants to follow until the end his self-acquired rule and his new point of view. He decided to climb not as a misanthropist, but as a man involved in his time (he met Napoleon and tried to raise a revolt against the establishment) and who participate to the life of other men, act altruistically and help them

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“Spiccò un balzo di quelli che gli erano consueti nella sua gioventù, s’aggrappò alla corda, coi piedi sull’ancora e il corpo raggomitolato, e così lo ve13

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demmo volar via, trascinato nel vento, frenando appena la corsa del pallone, e sparire verso il mare...”

The construction of a new perspective Now that we found the places where to accommodate our new target propose population.

Starting from the anthropological invariants of dwelling : the sleep cycle, the hygienic needs, the routine of eating and the necessity of intimacy and sociality we divided the spaces into Intimacy units (I) and Sharing units (S1 and S2) with different degrees of communion [scheme n.

15]. Here we have generalized a concept which has been largely debated for generations about the disposition of the internal functions. As Foucault (1977) says about the power of language structure to affect the subjective relation to the surrounding environment, in the same way our flexible language of “Homes (I units)” can participate, in their strong change of paradigm (and point of view), to the construction of a new meaning of the “lived environment” and of its surrounding, modifying also the practices and the experiences of inhabiting space.

15. Intimacy and sharing units: how to built the project?

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a _ Concierge houses : They will be reorganized following the scheme (Pic. 16). The existing structure will be maintained for the part concerning the external walls and the inner partitions will be demolished to create a big open space. This central space will be adapt to host a higher amount of occupants in terms of number of bathrooms and common areas surfaces.

From here a staircase will be added to reach the upper floor where the kitchen will be located.

To this central core dedicated to the collective services the Intimacy units will be attached at the free sides of the structure according to the needs of the moments. The upper floor will be used as open common terrace and it will give access to theI units on the trees which will share the same facilities. The rent contract will be as-

signed to the single person and not to the whole “household”. b _ Abandoned places: Casa del bambino maltrattato. Here is the place where the sharing experience will involve the most both the newcomers and the residents. In this restored multifunctional building will be placed side by side the three main working facilities we planned: Workshops, classrooms and offices (Pic 17). As seen in picture the rooms (light blue areas S1) will be shared by the different key workers who will share also waiting rooms, office devices and utilities contracts. This spaces will be given for the most part according to our policy idea of the mutual benefits, the remaining parts can also be given for a higher price and surplus reinvested. The rooms assignation will be decided by a public call following the same dual choice procedure, where special conditions can be included in the call for the selection of suitable activities in order to favour those ones which will hire people from the neighbourhood. These activities will take place around the central core which will host a café/canteen (dark blue areas S2) and their walls, both the external and the internal, will be built as transparent as possible to allow the neighbourhood to peep inside and the customers of the café to see how the different professionals are working. This inner space can be a new social attractor for public and collective meetings, events related to the whole neighbourhoodand be used during the evening to have an “eye on the street” in less frequented period of the day for security reason, which is one of the most recurring fear among the elderly people (which constitutes a good percentage of population in Comasina). The space where the café is located, thanks to the green area surrounding the Casa del bambino maltrattato could host many outdoor activities and be reclaimed and maintained directly from the inhabitants.

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16. Concierge houses; concept, 3d 16

17. Casa del bambino maltrattato; internal view, 3d

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18. Tree houses concept

19. Tree houses axonometry

20. Tree houses plans (6-7 sqm)

21. Section of the system Concierge and tree house

c _ Treehouses : We have listed all the trees in the area and divided them into two categories which might have been suitable for our idea. Almost all of them were planted in group of fourfive trees, especially the middle size ones. Then we have further selected those whose trunks together can support easily the wooden I units, and the big ones which alone could have stand the same weight. In the design of the units we have considered the minimum required space for one and two people and we came out with a 6 sqm and a 7 sqm versions which differ essentially in a double sofa/bed and an additional closet. Some small terraces can be provided where possible, but in any case they can be more than 50% of the internal area. In this case, we also thought to practices of self-construction linked always to the manual activities improved by the project in

the neighbourhood.

public usability.

d _ Open/public spaces : Since no new buildings will be actually built on the ground, avoiding consumption neither of public nor collective surface, the amount of open available spaces will be the same. The green areas in the compounds still belong to the single supercondominio, but in the future their maintenance could be given to some users of the treehouses in exchange of the dwelling. In any case new hybrid spaces will be created around the restored concierge houses and especially under the pavement of the treehouses. In rainy days they can be a shelter, in sunny days a place in the shade, in any case these spaces can be left to some informal activities and furnishing but always respecting their collective ownership and

The sustainable cost of Utopia One of the issue in support of the tree houses project is related to its affordability. Considering several companies which operates in the tree-housing building worldwide (in the marketing, designing and assistance to construction) we understood that the costs for a simple treehouse of 18sqm starts from 20.000 dollars. This amount considers the price of the technical plan and the materials for those who want to build it for itself.

With the policies and services that we suggest to implement in “Casa del bambino maltrattato�, such as handcrafting, we will try to reduce the cost of labor and design.

In the contemporary context in which more and

more social housing policies are adapting low cost buildings and were the economic crisis is reducing the investment trust, we propose an alternative solution which permits a fast return of the investment and a flexible accessibility for the new inhabitants involved in the policy and in the professional and volunteering programs.

Almost all the pre-fab tree houses (about 18,5 square meter and fully finished floor space on average) take anywhere from 600 to 1,000 manhours to complete, depending on the level of finishing, but if we consider even the contribution based on professional and volunteering programs we suppose to reduce the time.

From the field-notes and the interviews we understood that many inhabitants in Comasina consider these trees as a historical part of the neighbourhood. These trees has been planted

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when the neighbourhood was built, and many memories of those who has been grown up there, are related to these trees and the open spaces in which they are still located.

Therefore, we decided to preserve these places and memories with the most care possible. The technical suggestions from the existing producers is to not use nails and the house shouldn’t touch the tree but only a main wooden axis leaned along the branches and the trunk or similar structure not to rest entirely on branches.

For a better maintenance of the historical trees of Comasina we suggest that a part of the ‘supercondomini fees’ should go to some gardeners, chosen among the new inhabitants, who should take care of them and of the maintenance of all the related structures.

Future developments The high flexibility in composition and size of the Concierge houses allows to use the central pivot (composed by the S1 areas) as a distributive elements around which many more cells can be added and guide the growth in height. Many other intimacy units may be plugged-in one above the other and the layout and usage of the central column “service infrastructure” may change according to the different “household composition” of that precise moment or simply repeating the pattern always according to the necessity; Tre houses also may be located at different heights and spread their lifted network all across the area and even beyond. Some small terraces may be built just outside the entrance of the I units to give the dweller a further “reflective” space raised from the ground and a bigger covered space of collective use on the ground floor.

The abandoned places on the ground floor might enjoy and experiece the presence of the new life brought by the newcomers seen both in terms of new customers, potential new retailers. We developed this project hoping that working on such a mature built environment with an innovative 20

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physical dialectic, but a very simple policy, could start a fruitful “urban process“ instead of just an “urban project” (King 1996) in its very way of seeing housing as a service given in exchange of another service.

We don’t have to forget in this project, also the possible impacts of new energy and waste disposal technology in respect of energetic self suffiency and most of all the advancement in the ITC which can bring the access to worldwide communication wireless directly on the top of a tree.

Conclusions With this project we are trying to offer new housing solutions that are cheap, flexible and fully reversible to create an attractive parallel real estate market different in localization, structure and usage from the traditional social housing.

This new idea of sharing house facilities along with that of implementing a parallel policy of offering accommodation and/or a working place in exchange of services and experiences (skills and interest) can be the main drive to attract the new inhabitants we were focusing on and a first spark of a future regeneration.

The economic feasibility of the project rests on the low cost of the built structures and in their artisanal construction. The management of the “aree condominiali”, which is now sometimes “unwillingly” paid by the “supercondomini” can be left to some treehouse inhabitants. In the workshops we planned to have craftsmanship courses on woodcrafting and carpentry which can facilitate the maintenance of the wooden structure, support following self-construction experiences and encourage professional activities. The classrooms and the offices that will accommodate young professional can also be economically self-sufficient and/or promoted for social and integration purposes.

A larger variety of new public/common/collective spaces will be spread on the ground floor

with interesting and maybe surprising effects on the set of the existing public places.

In this period of economic crisis such a small initial investment and its forthcoming rate of return, also in terms of social profit, can be the best incentive for the project to be actually implemented.

And most of all living on the trees is terribly cool.

References I. Calvino, Il barone rampante, Edizioni Giulio Einaudi , 1957.

King, Peter The Limits of Housing Policy; A Philosophical Investigation. London: Middlesex University Press, 1996.

M. HorkheimerStudienüberAutorität und Familie, 1936 Istituto autonomo case popolari, Quartiere Comasina, I.A.C.P., 1961.

M.Foucault,Discipline and Punish : the birth of the prison, London Allen Lane, 1977.

Le Corbusier, Towards a new architecture, London the architectural press, 1977.

B. Leupen, Frame and generic space. Study into the changeable dwelling proceeding from the permanent, Rotterdam, 2006.

H.PolattiTrippe,The Home as a Service: Considerations on Use RCA, London, 2013.

G.Semi, L’osservazione partecipante, Edizioni il Mulino –Collana itinerari, 2010.

M. Vitta, Dell’abitare. Corpi, spazi, oggetti, immagini, Torino, 2008.

Maria Enrica Agostinelli, pictures from I. Calvino, Il barone rampante, Edizioni Einaudi, 1971.

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