AT Manifesto

The Mackintosh Building Ruin as a Site for Underground Structures Compiled by Chloe Spiess Architectural Technology Manifesto 2021 Tutor: Rekha Barry

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTIGATIONS 3 2. SITE ANALYSIS/FEASIBILITY STUDY A. MACKINTOSH RUIN 4 Timeline

Stabilization - Demo of Damaged and Dangerous Areas

B. GARNETHILL GEOLOGY 9 Soil Analysis

Excavation Methods

Tunneling 3. CASE STUDIES 14 Ruin: Experiential Artefact Buried Strata Partial/Hybrid Shallow Deep 4. SITE SECTION 20 5. VENTILATION 22 Underground ventilation types 6. GOING FORWARD 23 7. APPENDICES 24

Appendix A. Geology Files

Appendix B. Case Study Surveys Appendix C. Figure Reference Appendix D. Bibliography

2

1. FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTIGATIONS In my thesis, I am spatially imagining two worlds created by author Alasdair Gray in his novel Lanark: A Life in Four Books. The first world is based in the physical realm of Glasgow in the 1950’s with a protagonist who goes to Glasgow School of Art. The Mac and the steps leading up to it are key players in this narrative. The second world is based in a fantastic distorted version of Glasgow called Unthank, with an underground Institute or hospital, where the main character ends up. The thesis takes the two contrasting realities, stories, and environments as a starting point.

This study or manifesto is divided in two parts: Ruin and Underground Building. Given the fantastic reality of my thesis, I will be using this study to ground and contextualize the project in the known physical world.

3

TIMELINE OF MACKINTOSH BUILDING

1896

Competition for new art school building is initiated by governors of GSA with brief set

by Francis Newbery

1897

Design by firm John Honeyman & Keppie is selected

1899

Phase 1 of design is completed

1907

Honeyman, Keppie & Mackintosh formally appointed architects for phase 2 modifications and extensions

1909

Phase 2 of design is completed

2000

Mackintosh Research Centre opened in basement of the Mac

2014

First fire destroys the library and damages West Wing

2018

Building interior completely destroyed, neighboring buildings damaged or destroyed Demolition and stabilization of ruin complete

2021

Proposal for new, underground building beneath the Mac selected Neighboring O2 + Jumping Jaks Demolished

2022 2023

Plots acquired to form part of new campus Excavation, reinforcement of ruin & hill Construction completed

2025

4

Landscape of hill completed

2. SITE ANALYSIS/FEASIBILITY STUDY A. THE RUIN OF THE MACKINTOSH BUILDING One challenge to using the ruin of Mac as a site is that it is an inaccessible construction site covered in scaffolding. [2.A.1]The most current documentation of the ruin are the drawings submitted to planning following the second fire in 2018. By using the information in these drawings, and emails from the project manager of the Mac Restoration [2.A.2], the following information can be gathered: -

Interior walls unlikely to support anything

-

A remnant of the recognizable façade remains

-

Buildings on the remainder of the block are set for demolition

figure 2.A.1 demolition site plan

5

figure 2.A.2 Demolition South Elevation

figure 2.A.3 Demolition North Elevation

6

figure 2.A.4 Demolition East Elevation

figure 2.A.5 Demolition West Elevation

7

8 figure 2.B.0 Entrance Stairway to Air-Raid Shelter

2. SITE ANALYSIS/FEASIBILITY STUDY B. GARNETHILL GEOLOGY Garnethill is one of many drumlins (geological term for an oval-shaped hill formed by glacial movement) in Glasgow, sharing that position with Hillhead, Govanhill, Park Circus, and by extension the Necropolis. [2.B.7] It is rumored that the hill owes its name to the first professor of the Anderson Institute (later Srathclyde University), Thomas Garnette, who assumed that placement in 1796.

[2.B.6] Prior to the Mackintosh Building’s original construction in 1997, the hillside had been cut into terraced plots to aid construction.

Downloaded from http://trngl.lyellcollection.org/ at University of Glasgow on February 15, 2021

figure 2.B.1 Glasgow Drumlins Urban Structure Diagram

9

NS56NE509/2 NS56NE509/1

RENFR

EW ST

NS56NE509/4 NS56NE509/3

STREE T

NS56NE509/6

SCOTT

NS56NE509/5 NS56NE509/8 NS56NE509/7

SAUCH IE

HALL S TREET

primary site secondary site

figure 2.B.2 Borehole location diagram [2.B.2] Right: figure 2.B.3 Diagram of Garnethill soil composition from borehole data 10

REET

0 ft 0m

10 ft 3.1 m

20 ft 6.1 m

30 ft 9.1 m

40 ft 12.2 m

50 ft 15.2 m

60 ft 18.3 m

70 ft 21.3 m

80 ft 24.4 m

NS56NE509/1

NS56NE509/2

NS56NE509/3

NS56NE509/4

Fakes (rest illegible)

Sandy Friechy

NS56NE509/5

Faky Blaes

Sandstone NS56NE509/6 Sand

Boulder Clay NS56NE509/7 Sandy Clay (soft)

NS56NE509/8

Sandy Clay 11

EXCAVATION

As seen on the previous pages, the soil on Garnethill is composed of various clays on top of sandstone. This is perhaps not surprising given that most buildings around are at least clad with if not built from sandstone.

One of the primary considerations for designing an underground building is the tunneling method, which is dependent on the soil type and moisture content.

The process of going about underground building construction will always include the practicalities of investigation, excavation and material transportation, ground support during and after construction, and environmental control.

[2.B.3]

Geostress - natural stresses in the ground of the site. Structures deep underground frequently sustain damages from a combination of physical stresses. These can be caused by excavation, dynamic loads such are snow, rain, earthquakes, and historic geological stresses of various strata such as glacial melting, erosion, etc.

The larger the opening of the tunnel in the rock, the more significant these geostresses become. [2.B.4]

Given that the rock (far) beneath the Mackintosh Building and former is primarily Sandstone, which is sedimentary rock, care must be taken to ensure that extra pressures of creating new underground rooms will not cause sinking on the surface.

Shallow Excavations In open spaces like Glasgow Green, the Subway’s tunnels were constructed using the ‘cut and cover’ method. A hole or cut is made in the ground, reinforced, ventilated, and waterproofed as needed, and in the case of the Subway, tracks laid before recovering.

[figure 2.B.5] Tangential stress distributions under four different geostress orientations (unit: MPa).

Ground freezing is a method of preparing soil for safe excavation, it can be used vertically and horizontally to enable work in sinking the shafts and tunneling.

[figure 2.B.4] Cut-and-Cover Diagram

[figure 2.B.8] Ground Freezing Process

12

TUNNELING

A tunnel or drift as it is known in mining is the process by which underground spaces are excavated during construction.

Process generally as following: 1. Testing by borehole extraction (see figure 2.B.3) 2. Create Opening/Head

While traditional tunneling techniques of blasting can cause a lot of damage to the rock, reducing its stability and needing more reinforcement. Sound-Wall Blasting is a rock excavation method pioneered in Sweden. It treats the rock as an engineering material and results in a relatively smooth finish of cut rock. The blasts are carefully controlled at pre-tested locations to ensure compatability with rock condition.

The MONA in Tasmania, Australia is built into the side of a cliff and likely used a combination of this method and rock bolting in its underground spaces.

3.

4.

5.

6.

[figure 2.B.6] stages 3-6: 3. Sinking shaft 4. Test again 5. Tunnel Out from selected direction 6. Reinforce and enlarge tunnel Throughout the tunneling and excavation process, continual borehole tests are needed to test and relieve the geostress for the next section to be excavated. This may require chamber re-orientation to avoid excess stress and therefore more reinforcement. Because each location is unique, the process must be flexible and adaptable to whatever is discovered.

[figure 2.B.6] MONA Cavern

13

3. CASE STUDIES Case Studies are divided into two categories: Ruin & Strata of underground building types.

RUIN AS AN EXPERIENTIAL ARTEFACT:

UNDERGROUND BUILDING TYPOLOGIES

For the ruin of the Mac I looked at examples of re-claimed abandoned structures in nature parks. Both projects allow visitors to interact with the ruin in unexpected ways. In the case of the Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord, grandparents are now able to take their grandchildren to play where they worked decades before. The history of the place is tangible: burn marks, leftover scaffolding, and effects of weather all remind the visitor of the lives that the building has been host to, while allowing them to create their own unique memories.

An evaluation of types of underground space – less common in architecture is necessary in order to formulate the significant spaces described in the fictional world of Lanark Institute. A variety of underground typologies are represented here to create a small library of techniques. In order for the space to reap the thermal benefits of being underground, the main body of the building should be > 8 m underground [5.1]

Ruin

Shallow

Figure 3.0 – Diagram of case study space types 14

10+ m

Deep

0m-10m

~9m

Hybrid

RUIN: KALØ TOWER VISITOR ACCESS

Figure 3.1 – Photograph of Kalo Tower Interior

Figure 3.2 - Exploded Drawing of staircase with ruin scan 15

RUIN: LANDSCHAFTSPARK DUISBURG-NORD This project takes an enormous post-industrial waste site and transforms it into a series of parks and event spaces for the town. It counters traditional views to industrial sites as eyesores that should be torn down and re-built.

The playfulness of this example of re-use is something that I hope to implement into the block on Sauchiehall St.

figure 3.3 slide integration into industrial relic

16

STRATA-HYBRID Glasgow Subway partially uncovered

Figure 3.4 - Section Drawing of St Enoch Subway Station

Figure 3.5 - Photograph of St Enoch Station Renovation in the 1970’s

17

STRATA-SHALLOW Shanxi Yao Dong Earth Sheltered Housing ~4-10 m underground

Figure 3.6 - Photographs of YaoDong Earth-Sheltered Housing

Figure 3.7 - Layout Diagram of Shanxi YaoDong

18

STRATA-DEEP London Deep Tunnel Air Raid Shelters >30.5 m underground

Figure 3.8 - Pill-Box Entrance at Head of Shaft

Figure 3.9 - Plan and Section Diagram of Bomb Shelters underneath the subway lines in London

19

4. SITE SECTION

Section Through Ruin with O2/ Jumping Jaks removed, Sauchihall St and Reid Building for Context

20

21

5. VENTILATION OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

In planning for an underground building, the foremost consideration is combating the dank dark cave trope. Careful management and design of the aspects of light and air-essential for life and health - make it possible to create pleasant and safe spaces underground. Temperature difference is a key moderator of air flow and quality in underground spaces. [5.1] As this is a seasonal variable, mechanical systems are often introduced to supplement natural ventilation and ensure the well-being of inhabitants.

Underground Ventilation Types

space has a fire for heating and cooking, a vent is made to pull smoke out, but the main ventilation comes from the entrance. [5.5] Because ventilation of underground spaces is dependent on temperatures and humidity level, a seasonal approach to ventilation planning is recommended. The temperature of the mass of earth around the underground structure helps to stabilize internal temperatures, which will increase with machines used, the number of people in the space, and explosions caused by illegal procedures in the Lanark Institute.

Uses: Construction, General Construction ventilation is the supply of air during the construction process. Air is supplied through the shafts down into the space. There should be at least two shafts, one with a fan for pulling air in, another with a fan for pulling air out. [5.4] This falls into the category of Hybrid Ventilation, and it uses elements of Natural Ventilation and Mechanical Ventilation

figure 5.2 natural ventilation of a vernacular house in Spain General: Mechanical Ventilation In deep structures line mines, more sophisticated ventilation systems with ducts must be used. Ducting and vents control the flow of air in different working sections of the mine. This allows for less overall energy consumption by having less airflow in sections that are not being mined. [5.4]

fans

figure 5.1 construction hybrid ventilation General: Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation is generally used in vernacular earth-sheltered buildings. These structures are usually excavated by hand, and are not extremely deep for that reason. If the

22

figure 5.3 section showing ventilation system of metal mine

6. SUMMARY Potential Application to Design: Conservation: - Leaving the ruin as-is after demo and clearing away of debris Excavation: - Excavated earth, rock, and debris can be relocated to site of former O2 for Phase 1 of construction Tunneling: - Swedish Sound-wall Blasting at sandstone level allows an organic finish for interiors from ~18 m on down.

Case Study Typologies: -Site allows for a variety of typological spaces Ventilation and Access: - Stairs and Lifts should be designed so every level has its own way out - Ventilation should be a combination of natural and mechanical, with emergency systems

23

7. APPENDICES Appendix A. Geology Files

page 25

Appendix B. Case Study Surveys

page 27

Appendix C. Image Reference

page 32

Appendix D. Bibliography page 34

24

Appendix A. Geology Files

Borehole From nearest drilling [2.B.1]

25

Borehole From nearest drilling [2.B.1]

26

Appendix B. Case Study Surveys Categories: Above Ground Conservation, Strata Building Typologies

CONSERVATION/RE-USE OF RUIN: Name: Kalø Tower Visitor Access Architects/Designers/Engineers: MAP Architects + MAST Studio Client: Danish Ministry Of The Environment Location: Mols Bjerge National Park, Denmark Year: 1313 (original), 2016 Height/depth: 17.5 m Ventilation Type: open-air Lighting: Natural Area: tower: 145 sqm stair in tower: 38 sqm Access/Entry: Open entry

27

CONSERVATION/RE-USE OF RUIN: Name: Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord Architects/Designers/Engineers: Latz + Partner Client: Stadt Duisburg/ Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft NRW Location: Duisburg, Germany Year: 2002 Area: 230 hectares Access/Entry: Park Entrance Program: leisure, event venue, recreational facilities

28

STRATA-HYBRID Name: Glasgow Subway Client: Glasgow District Subway Company Location: Glasgow City Centre Year: 1896 (opened) Ventilation Type: Hybrid Length of Tunnel: 10 km Access/Entry: ticketed Program: City Rail Transport

Mural by Alasdair Gray in Hillhead Subway Station

29

STRATA-SHALLOW Name: Shaanxi Yao Dong Architects/Designers/Engineers: Vernacular Unknown Location: Unknown, Shaanxi, China Depth: ~4-10 m underground Ventilation Type: Natural, Courtyard Lighting: National Rural grid, Generator for emergency Access/Entry: Open access from ground level into sunken court Program: Housing

Aerial view of an earth shelter neighborhood in Lian Jiazhuang, Shanxi Province, NW China

30

STRATA-MEDIUM Name: London Deep Tunnel Air Raid Shelter Consulting Engineers: W.T. Halcrow & Partners Client: UK Government, London Underground Location: London, UK Year: 1940 Depth: >100 ft/ 30.5 m underground Ventilation Type: Lighting: full lighting, dimmed lighting (for sleeping), quarter/emergency lighting Access/Entry: Vertical stair and lift shafts

Program: Originally for use as air raid shelters, today one of these abandoned structures houses the world’s first underground farm.

Section of double-decker air raid shelter tunnel

31

Appendix C. Figure Reference Unless otherwise noted, case study images come from the same source as the text Cover: Own Photographs 1. Intro [figure 1.1] – Own Parti Drawing 2. SITE ANALYSIS/FEASIBILITY STUDY [figure 2.A.1] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Site Plan: Risk Assessment of the Impact of Collapse and Falling Debris(18.0649-SK03) [Planning Submission Drawing].

Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh Building. [figure 2.A.2] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: North Elevation (18.0649-SK15) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.A.3] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: South Elevation(18.0649-SK15) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.A.4] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: East Elevation(18.0649-SK16) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.A.5] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: West Elevation(18.0649-SK19) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.B.0] – Air-raid shelter straicase phtotograph - https://www.subbrit.org.uk/features/ deep-level-shelters-in-london/. [figure 2.B.1] – Glasgow Drumlins Urban Structure Diagram [figure 2.B.2] – Borehole location diagram [2.B.2] [figure 2.B.3] – Diagram of Garnethill soil composition from borehole data [2.B.2] [figure 2.B.4] – Cut-and-Cover Diagram - Own Work [figure 2.B.5] – Figure 5 from bibliography reference 2.B.4 [figure 2.B.6] – MONA Photograph - Taken by Edris Goubin-L’Azou [figure 2.B.8] – Ground Freezing Process- from reference [2.B.8] 3. CASE STUDIES: RUIN, PARTIAL/HYBRID, SHALLOW, MEDIUM, DEEP, EXTREMELY DEEP [figures 3.1, 3.2] – Kalø Tower Visitor Access, ArchDaily.com [figure 3.3] – Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord, http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/postindustrial-landscape-architecture [figure 3.4] – Glasgow Subway St Enoch Station Renovation Section https://ahr-global.com/StEnoch-Station [figure 3.5] – Glasgow Subway St Enoch Station original construction Glasgow subway. (n.d.).

Retrieved January 10, 2021, from http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/our-services/ glasgow-subway

32

[figures 3.6, 3.7] – (Yaodong), Akubue Jideofor Anselm (October 31st 2012). Earth Shelters; A Review of Energy Conservation Properties in Earth Sheltered Housing, Energy Conservation, Azni Zain Ahmed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/51873. Available from: https://www.intechopen. com/books/energy-conservation/earth-shelters-a-review-of-energy-conservation-properties-inearth-sheltered-housing [figure 3.9] – Pill Box Entrance at Head of Shaft- Deep level shelters in London. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://www.subbrit.org.uk/features/deep-level-shelters-in-london/ [figure 3.9] – Plan and Section Diagram of Bomb Shelters in London - Deep level shelters in London. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2021, from https://www.subbrit.org.uk/features/deeplevel-shelters-in-london/ [figure 3.10] – http://glasgowpunter.blogspot.com/2014/11/alasdair-gray.html 4. SECTIONS [figure 4] – Own Drawing with Reid Section from Steven Holl’s Planning Submition Drawings 5. VENTILATION OF UNDERGROUND SPACES [figure 5.1] – construction hybrid ventilation - Own diagram based on readings [figure 5.2] – natural ventilation of a vernacular house in Spain, https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.023 [figure 5.3] – section showing ventilation system of metal mine, bibliography reference 5.4

33

Appendix D. Bibliography

1. INTRO/FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTIGATIONS TIMELINE - M134 Glasgow School of Art. (2014). Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https:// www.mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk/

2. SITE ANALYSIS/FEASIBILITY STUDY A. Mackintosh Ruin 2.A.1 - Planning Submission Drawings 2.B.2 - Emails with Project Manager Liz Davidson B. Garnethill Geology 2.B.1 - Geology of BRITAIN viewer: British Geological Survey (bgs). (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2021, from http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html 2.B.2 - Raeburn. (1962). [Bore records at Glasgow Dental Hospital]. Unpublished raw data.

2.B.3 - Underground excavations and structures. (2019). Retrieved February 7, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel/Underground-excavations-andstructures#ref72467 2.B.4 - Lei Weng, Xibing Li, Ming Tao, “Influence of Geostress Orientation on Fracture Response of Deep Underground Cavity Subjected to Dynamic Loading”, Shock and Vibration, vol. 2015, Article ID 575879, 9 pages, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/575879 2.B.5 - M.Ciancia, N. Huydma, T. Oommen, R. Player, K.S. Sajinhumar, A. Shidlovskaya (2017). Engineering Geology Course Material for Civil Engineers, ASCE Geoinstitute Technical Committee of Engineering Geology and Site Characterization.

2.B.6 - “Strathclyde University Archives: Thomas Garnett.” Accessed February 4, 2021. https:// www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSS00021.

2.B.7 - Elder, S., R. J. S. McCall, W. D. Neaves, and A. K. Pringle. “The Drumlins of Glasgow.”

Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 19, no. 2 (1935): 285–87. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1144/transglas.19.2.285.

2.B.8 - “Ground Freezing in Construction.” groundfreezing.com, January 10, 2020. https:// groundfreezing.com/ground-freezing-in-construction/.

34

3. CASE STUDIES: CONSERVATION, PARTIAL/HYBRID, SHALLOW, MEDIUM, DEEP, EXTREMELY DEEP CONSERVATION: Kalø Tower Visitor Access Leiva, Sabrina. “Kalø Tower Visitor Access / MAP Architects + Mast Studio,” May 4, 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/802994/kalo-tower-visitor-access-map-architects.

Stevens, Philip. “Map Architects Installs Staircase inside Medieval Danish Ruin,” January 17, 2017. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/map-architects-kalo-tower-visitor-accessobservational-staircase-medieval-ruin-denmark-01-16-2017/.

Zilliacus, Ariana. “Kalø Tower Visitor Access - Dansk ARKITEKTUR CENTER.” Accessed February 8, 2021. https://dac.dk/en/knowledgebase/architecture/kaloe-tower-visitor-access.

Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord [Editorial]. (2011, August 25). Landezine. Retrieved from http:// landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/post-industrial-landscape-architecture/ UNDERGROUND: Subway “Glasgow Subway.” SPT. Accessed February 3, 2021. http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/ our-services/glasgow-subway.

Shaanxi YaoDong Earth Shelter Housing Akubue Jideofor Anselm (October 31st 2012). Earth Shelters; A Review of Energy Conservation Properties in Earth Sheltered Housing, Energy Conservation, Azni Zain Ahmed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/51873. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/energyconservation/earth-shelters-a-review-of-energy-conservation-properties-in-earth-shelteredhousing Air Raid Shelters in London “Deep Level Shelters in London.” Accessed February 14, 2021. https://www.subbrit.org.uk/ features/deep-level-shelters-in-london/.

“Growing Underground,” May 16, 2011. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/growingunderground.

35

5. VENTILATION [5.1]- Li, Angui, Risto Kosonen, Arsen Melikov, Bin Yang, Thomas Olofsson, Bjørn Sørensen, Linhua Zhang, Ping Cui, and Ou Han. ‘Ventilation and Environmental Control of Underground Spaces: A Short Review’. Edited by S.I Tanabe, H. Zhang, J. Kurnitski, M.C. Gameiro da Silva, I. Nastase, P. Wargocki, G. Cao, L. Mazzarela, and C. Inard. E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01039. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101039.

[5.2]- King, J. C. “Gravity Ventilation Of Underground Shelters.” U.S. NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY, 1965. https://doi.org/10.21236/ad0613550.

[5.3]- Song, J., Pokhrel, R., Lee, H., & Kim, S. (2014). Box Model Approach for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management in a Subway Station Environment. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 8(4), 184-191. doi:10.5572/crossmark_policy [5.4]- Tien, J. C. (1999). Chapter 9 Mine Ventilation Systems. In Practical mine ventilation engineering. Chicago, IL: Intertec Pub. [5.5] - Villoría Sáeza, Paola, Ignacio Cañas, Fernando R. Mazarrón, and César PorrasAmores. “Natural Ventilation Analysis in an Underground Construction: CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 90 (August 2019): 162–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.023.

36

THE END

37