YOU ARE SHANGHAI 2040
YOU are SHANGHAI Vision for a post“better city, better life” Shanghai
Christian Wagner Lukas Makovsky Zachary Taylor Anjing Tang Christoph Lowitz
PREFACE The Shanghai Municipal Government is revamping its 1999 Master Plan in terms of longterm strategic thinking. In this context, SUPRDI, together with the College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, organized “Shanghai 2040 - Design Competition� in order to inspire the students to think about the spatial development and changing of Shanghai in the next 30 years. The key themes included framework developments, economic transformations and innovative solutions for the future city of Shanghai. The goal of the design studio was to explore how urban planning and design can cooperate, engage and respond with city development in the rapidly growing Chinese cities. Our project seeks to meet the innovation-driven in order to grasp the period of transition in the field of urban planning in 6
the Shanghai context, as well as actively explore the development of strategic directions of urban spaces. Our design proposal fits into the category: trend of the smarter city, the impact of cloud computing, networking and other high-technologies on urban life and urban space as established in the competition annex given to us by the Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute (SUPRDI).
Prior Visions of Shanghai
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TEAM MEMBERS
Anjing Tang is a post-graduate master student at Tongji University. She also obtained her Bacheor degree at Tongji University in Urban Planning. Currently, she is writing her thesis on social space structure of the Shanghai population.
Winter Semester 2011 Instructors: Ercu Gorgul Hou Li Special Thanks to: Xie Ying
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Christian Wagner is currently a dualdegree post-graduate master student at Bauhaus University-Weimar and Tongji University. He completed his undergraduate studies at Carnegie Mellon University (B.Arch 2009). Prior to arriving in China, he lived most of his life between Brazil, the USA, and Germany.
Christoph Lowitz is currently a dualdegree post-graduate master student at Bauhaus University-Weimar and Tongji University. He obtained his Bachelor in Urban planning at HfWU in NuertingenGeislingen, Germany.
Lukas Makovsky is in his first-year Master of Architecture degree program at the Czech Technical University in Prague. His bachelor was in Architecture and Urban Design at CTU. His work focuses on typology design. He is in a Bilateral program with Tongji University.
Zachary Taylor is a 4th-year landscape architecture student at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, currently specializing in community design. He currently is at Tongji University as a study abroad semester student.
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Contents Theory
Process
Product
the city in 2012
design process
step 1: parameters
city vision
hotspots
step 2: city boundary up to 2040
the 2040 shanghai citizen
layers
step 3: spectral mapping
the urban fabric in 2040 the wired city
fields
step 4: typology mapping
the urban fabric in 2040 hardware is software
densities
rendering
inspirations from film
desirability
the urban fabric in 2040 the resiliant city
conclusions
resiliance through communication
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THEORY
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Hongqiao Railway Station
THE CITY IN 2012 The current model of city-design seeks to integrate the best available technologies onto the urban fabric to improve the residents’ quality of life. In particular, transportation and communications technologies are the two guiding technologies that have severely shaped our urban landscapes in the present.
and Seaports), regionally (Fast Rail, Airports), and locally (Buses, Ferries, Subway). Due to the world Expo in 2010, the transportation network infrastructure facilitated the movement of 73 million people coming to and fro Shanghai. Shanghai’s successful city planning has made it into one of the world’s most connected and diverse cities. 1號綫 2號綫 3號綫 4號綫 5號綫 6號綫 7號綫 8號綫
Line Line Line Line Line Line Line Line
已运营线路 已運營綫路 Operating Lines
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2012年前通车线路 2012年前通車綫路 Before the end of 2012
2010~2020规划建设线路 2010~2020規劃建設綫路 2010~2020 Plan
通车时间未定线路 通車時間未定綫路 Timetable Ungiven Lines 车站，站名与最终 車站 Stations 站名可能有出入
预留车站 預留車站 Reserved Stations
9号线 9號綫 Line 9 10号线 10號綫 Line 10
When thinking of transportation infrastructures, the physical movement of people has become a defining condition among major cities, where one spends more time (and in greater distances) traveling from one place to another, suggesting the new condition that we must be literally “connected” at any given time. As a result, one is required to read one’s emails in the metro, or at least find ways to be productive while in a traffic jam.
支线开岔站 支綫開岔站 Branch Stop
11号线 11號綫 Line 11 12号线 12號綫 Line 12 13号线 13號綫 Line 13 磁悬浮 磁懸浮 Maglev 本规划示意图仅供参考， 不得作为测绘或法律依据 除已开工和已运营的线路 区段外，所有设站均仅供 参考 For reference only
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接昆山轨道交通1号线 接昆山軌道交通1號綫 Connect to Kunshan Metro Line 1
花桥 花橋 Huaqiao
77 光明路 光明路 Guanming Road 兆丰路 兆丰路 Zhaofeng Rd.
23
79
78
行知路 行知路 Xingzhi Rd.
新村路 新村路 Xincun Rd. 枫桥路 楓橋路 Fengqiao Rd. 曹杨路 曹楊路 Caoyang Rd.
华江路 華江路 Huajiang Rd.
丰庄 丰莊 Fengzhuang
金沙江路 金沙江路 Jinshajiang Rd.
真北路 真北路 Zhenbei Rd. 93
92
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延安西路 延安西路 Yan’an Rd.(W.)
徐泾东 徐涇東 Xujing East
57
58 60
中春路 中春路 Zhongchun Rd.
48
春申 Chunshen
85
86
佘山 佘山 Sheshan 新桥 Xinqiao
5
87
春申路 春申路 Chunshen Rd. 银都路 銀都路 Yindu Rd.
松江大学城 松江大學城 Songjiang University Town 颛橋 顓橋 Zhuanqiao
松江新城 松江新城 Songjiang Xincheng
1
88
莘庄 莘莊 Xinzhuang
1
89
17
龙华 龍華 2 Longhua 石龙路 莲花路 上海南站 石龍路 蓮花路 上海南站 Shilong Rd. 云锦路 云錦路 Lianhua Rd. Shanghai South Yunjin Rd. Railway Station
3
船厂路 船廠路 Chuangchan Rd.
15
黄石路 黃石路 Huangshi Rd.
杨思 楊思 Yangsi 36
6
东川路 東川路 Dongchuan Rd.
花木路 花木路 Huamu Rd. 张江高科 張江高科 Zhangjiang Hi-Tech 龙阳路 龍陽路 Longyao Rd.
凌兆新村 淩兆新村 Linzhao Xincun
15
浦江镇 浦江鎮 Pujiang Town
吴泾 吳涇 Wujing 江月路 江月路 Jiangyue Rd.
广兰路 廣蘭路 Guanglan Rd.
金科路 金科路 Jinke Rd.
创新中路 創新中路 Chuangxin Rd.(M.) 唐镇 唐鎮 Tang Town
川沙 川沙 Chuansha
华夏东路 華夏東路 Huaxia Rd.(E.)
临沂新村 臨沂新村 Linyi Xincun 40
东明路 東明路 六里 六釐 Dongming Rd. Liuli 高青路 高青路 Gaoqing Rd. 35
三林 三林 Sanlin
远东大道 遠東大道 Yuandong Ave.
海天三路 海天三路 Haitiansan Rd.
2 下南路 98 下南路 Xianan Rd.
莲溪路 蓮溪路 Lianxi Rd.
华夏中路 華夏中路 Huaxia Rd.(M.)
严御路（预留） 嚴禦路（預留） Yanyu Rd. (Reserved)
金科南路 金科南路 Jinke Rd.(S.)
科苑路 科苑路 Keyuan Rd.
御桥 禦橋 Yuqiao 浦三路 浦三路 Pusan Rd.
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锦绣路 錦繡路 Jinxiu Rd.
华夏西路 華夏西路 Huaxia Rd.(W.) 三林公园 三林公園 Sanlin Park
曹路 曹路 Caolu 民雷路 民雷路 Minlei Rd.
凌空路 淩空路 Lingkong Rd.
芳华路 芳華路 Fanghua Rd.
東方體育中心
East Sports Centre
平度路 平度路 Pingdu Rd.
金穗路 金穗路 Jinsui Rd. 金海路 金海路 Jinhai Rd.
高科西路 高科西路 Gaoke Rd.(W.)
成山路 成山路 Chengshan Rd.
东方体育中心
碧云路 碧云路 Biyun Rd.
金港路 金港路 Jingang Rd.
金桥 金橋 Jinqiao
蓝村路 藍村路 Lancun Rd.
周家渡（暂不使用) 周傢渡（暫不使用） Zhoujiadu(Closed)
顾唐路 顧唐路 Gutang Rd.
博兴路 博興路 Boxing Rd.
金桥路 金橋路 Jinqiao Rd.
德平路 德平路 Deping Rd.
崮山路 崮山路 Gushan Rd.
塘桥 塘橋 Tangqiao 南浦大桥 南浦大橋 Nanpu Bridge
长清路 38 長清路 Changqing Rd.
芦恒路 蘆恆路 Luheng Rd.
华宁路 華寧路 Huaning Rd.
34
46 26
39
松江南站 松江南站 Songjiang South Railway Station 闵西 Minxi
浦电路 浦電路 Pudian Rd.
53
鲁班路 魯班路 Luban Rd. 世博园 世博園 EXPO
后滩 后灘 Houtan
剑川路 劍川路 Jianchuan Rd.
闵行开发区 閔行開發區 Minhang Developpment Zone
45
卢浦大桥 盧浦大橋 Lupu Bridge
民生路 民生路 Minsheng Rd.
27 83
18
北桥 北橋 Beiqiao
松江体育场 松江體育場 Songjiang Stadium
9
51 28
29
12
世纪大道 世紀大道 Century Ave. 55
44
67
徐家汇 Xujiahui 徐傢匯 4
15
申江路 申江路 Shenjing Rd.
五莲路 五蓮路 Wulian Rd.
云山路 云山路 Yunshan Rd.
北洋泾路 北洋涇路 Beiyangjing Rd.
33
16 68
52
37 宜山路 宜山路 Yishan Rd.
50
3
泗泾 泗涇 Sijing
松江火车站 松江火車站 Songjiang Railway Station
64
49 47
84
6
5
66
虹桥路 虹橋路 Hongqiao Rd.
63 62
59
61 七宝 七寳 Qibao 九亭 九亭 Jiuting
97
杨高北路 楊高北路 Yanggao Rd.(N.)
杨树浦路 楊樹浦路 Yangshupu Rd. 25
15 人民广场 人民廣場 People’s Square
至橫沙 至橫沙 To Hengsha
金京路 金京路 Jinjing Rd.
巨峰路 巨峰路 Jufeng Rd.
利津路 利津路 Lijin Rd. 内江路 内江路 Neijiang Rd.
宁国路 寧國路 Ningguo Rd.
长阳路 長陽路 Changyang Rd.
大连路 大連路 Dalian Rd.
91
14
13
56 至东方绿舟 至東方綠舟 To Orential Land
90 天潼路 天潼路 Tiantong Rd.
新闸路 新閘路 Xinzha Rd.
昌平路 昌平路 Changping Rd.
复兴岛 復興島 Fuxing Island
隆昌路 隆昌路 Longchang Rd.
临平路 臨平路 Linping Rd.
69
长兴岛 長興島 Changxing Island
东靖路 東靖路 Dongjing Rd.
海伦路 海倫路 Hailun Rd.
43
江宁路 江寧路 Jiangning Rd. 96
95
五洲大道 五洲大道 Wuzhou Ave.
黄兴路 黃興路 Huangxing Rd.
鞍山新村 鞍山新村 Anshan Xincun
至崇明 至崇明 To Chongming
洲海路 洲海路 Zhouhai Rd.
41
7
静安寺 江苏路 靜安寺 江蘇路 Jing’an Temple Jiansu Rd. 常熟路 常熟路 Changshu Rd.
外高桥保税区南站 外高橋保稅區南站 South Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone
黄兴公园 黃興公園 Huangxing Park
延吉中路 延吉中路 Yanji Rd.(M.)
赤峰路 70 赤峰路 Chifeng Rd. 42
4
航津路 航津路 Hangjin Rd.
共青森林公园 共青森林公園 Gongqing Forest Park
邮电新村 郵電新村 东宝兴路 Youdian Xincun 東寳興路 Dongbaoxing Rd.
19
中潭路 中譚路 Zhongtan Rd. 长寿路 長壽路 Changshou Rd.
隆德路 隆德路 Longde Rd.
中山公园 中山公園 Zhongshan Park
12 11 淞虹路 威宁路 威寧路 淞虹路 Weining Rd. Songhong Rd.
10
9
8
镇坪路 鎮坪路 Zhenping Rd.
外高桥保税区北站 外高橋保稅區北站 North Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone
翔殷路 翔殷路 Xiangyin Rd.
五角场 五角場 Wujiaochang
江湾镇 江灣鎮 Jiangwan Town 71
曲阳路 曲陽路 Quyang Rd.
西藏北路 西藏北路 Xizang Rd. (N.)
中山北路 中山北路 Zhongshan Rd.(N.)
中兴路 中興路 Zhongxing Rd.
94
20
20
岚皋路 嵐臯路 Langao Rd.
江湾体育场 江灣體育場 Jiangwan Stadium
18
大柏树 大柏樹 Dabaishu
延长路 延長路 Yanchang Rd.
大华三路 大華三路 Dahuasan Rd. 82
15
嫩江路 嫩江路 Nenjiang Rd.
72
上海马戏城 上海馬戲城 Shanghai Circus World
81
80
武威路 武威路 Wuwei Rd.
14 江桥 江橋 Jiangqiao
73
20
殷高西路 殷高西路 Yingao Rd.(W.)
汶水路 汶水路 Wenshui Rd.
大场镇 大場鎮 Dachang Town
15
10 环东一大道 環東一大道 Huandongyi Ave.
6
市光路 市光路 Shiguang Rd.
74
淞发路 淞發路 Songfa Rd.
Tonghe Xincun
20 场中路 場中路 Changzhong Rd.
20 宝山工业园 寶山工業園 Baoshan Industry Park
南翔 南翔 Nanxiang
浦东北路 浦東北路 Pudong Rd. (N.)
8
75
21
通河新村 通河新村
18
彭浦新村 彭浦新村 Pengpu Xincun
上海大学 上海大學 上大路 Shanghai University 上大路 Shangda Rd.
马陆 馬陸 Malu 环球乐园(预留) 環球樂園（預留） Global Amusement Park (Reserved)
凌桥 淩橋 Lingqiao
水产路 水產路 Shuichan Rd.
共康路 共康路 Gongkang Rd.
南陈路 南陳路 Nanchen Rd.
祁华路(暂不使用) 祁華路(暫不使用) Qihua Rd.(Closed)
嘉定新城 嘉定新城 Jiading Xincheng
76
上海汽车城 上海汽車城 Shanghai Automobile City
场北路 場北路 Changbei Rd.
刘行 劉行 Liuhang
白银路 白銀路 Baiyin Rd.
港城路 港城路 Gangcheng Rd.
友谊路 友誼路 Youyi Rd.
呼兰路 呼蘭路 Hulan Rd.
罗南新村 羅南新村 Luonan Xincun
顾村公园 顧村公園 Gucun Park
Pudong International Airport
2020 Metro Masterplan
22 张华浜 張華濱 Zhanghuabang
潘广路 潘廣路 Panguang Rd.
上海赛车场 上海賽車場 Shanghai Circuit 昌吉东路 昌吉東路 Changji Rd. (E.) 桃浦新村 桃浦新村 Taopu Xincun 祁连山路 祁連山路 Qilianshan Rd. 李子园 李子園 Liziyuan 上海西站 上海西站 West Shanghai Railway Station 真如 真如 Zhenru 上海游泳馆 上海游泳館 Shanghai Swimming Pool 七莘路 七莘路 Qixin Rd. 虹莘路 虹莘路 Hongxin Rd. 顾戴路 顧戴路 Gudai Rd. 东兰路 東蘭路 Donglan Rd. 虹梅路 虹梅路 Hongmei Rd. 桂林公园 桂林公園 Guilin Park 国际客运中心 國際客運中心 International Terminal 提篮桥 提籃橋 Tilanqiao 金沙江西路 金沙江西路 Jinshajiang Rd. (W.) 祁连山南路 祁連山南路 Qilianshan Rd. (S.) 大渡河路 大渡河路 Daduhe Rd. 武宁路 武寧路 Wuning Rd. 自然博物馆 自然博物館 Natural Museum 淮海中路 淮海中路 Huaihai Rd. (M.) 杨莲路 楊蓮路 Yanglian Rd.
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共富新村 共富新村 Gongfu Xincun 美兰湖 美蘭湖 Meilan Lake
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
嘉善路 嘉善路 Jiashan Rd. 打浦桥 打浦橋 Dapuqiao 马当路 馬當路 Madang Rd. 商城路 商城路 Shangcheng Rd. 杨高中路 楊高中路 Yanggao Rd. (M.) 虹桥1号航站楼 虹橋1號航站樓 Hongqiao Airport T1 上海动物园 上海動物園 Shanghai Zoo 龙溪路 龍溪路 Longxi Rd. 龙柏新村 龍柏新村 Longbai Xincun 紫藤路 紫藤路 Ziteng Rd. 航中路 航中路 Hangzhong Rd. 水城路 水城路 Shuicheng Rd. 伊犁路 伊犁路 Yili Rd. 宋园路 宋園路 Songyuan Rd. 交通大学 交通大學 Jiaotong University 上海图书馆 上海圖書館 Shanghai Library 新天地 新天地 Xintiandi 豫园 豫園 Yuyuan Garden 四川北路 四川北路 Sichuan Rd. (N.) 同济大学 同濟大學 Tongji University 国权路 囯權路 Guoquan Rd. 三门路 三門路 Sanmen Rd. 殷高东路 殷高東路 Yinggao Rd. (E.) 新江湾城 新江灣城 Xinjiangwancheng 军工路 軍工路 Jungong Rd.
铁力路 鉄力路 Tieli Rd. 24 友谊西路 友誼西路 Youyi Rd.(W.)
嘉定北 嘉定北 North Jiading 嘉定西 嘉定西 West Jiading
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
西藏南路 西藏南路 Xizang Rd. (S.) 大木桥路 大木橋路 Damuqiao Rd. 东安路 東安路 Dong’an Rd. 上海体育场 上海體育場 Shanghai Stadium 肖塘 肖塘 Xiaotang 环城东路 環城東路 Huancheng Rd. (E.) 金海湖 金海湖 Jinhai Lake 源深体育中心 源深體育中心 Yuanshen Stadium 浦电路 浦電路 Pudian Rd. 上南路 上南路 Shangnan Rd. 灵岩南路 靈岩南路 Lingyan Rd. (S.) 肇嘉浜路 肇嘉濱路 Zhaojiabang Rd. 耀华路 耀華路 Yaohua Rd. 云台路 云台路 Yuntai Rd. 杨高南路 楊高南路 Yanggao Rd. (S.) 江浦路 江浦路 Jiangpu Rd. 四平路 四平路 Siping Rd. 曲阜路 曲阜路 Qufu Rd. 大世界 大世界 Dashijie 老西门 老西門 Laoximen 陆家浜路 陸傢濱路 Lujiabang Rd. 星中路 星中路 Xingzhong Rd. 合川路 合川路 Hechuan Rd. 漕河泾开发区 漕河涇開發區 Caohejing Hi-Tech Park 桂林路 桂林路 Guilin Rd.
富锦路 富錦路 Fujin Rd.
file:///C:/Users/Christian%20Wagner/Desktop/2040/Resources/Shanghaimetro_2020.svg
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26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
宝安公路 寳安公路 Baoan Highway
洞泾 洞涇 Dongjing
There is a great push to create transportation arteries that connect a city globally (Airports
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1 外环路 外環路 Waihuanlu 2 锦江乐园 錦江樂園 Jinjiang Park 3 漕宝路 漕寳路 Caobao Rd. 4 上海体育馆 上海體育館 Shanghai Indoor Stadium 5 陕西南路 陝西南路 Shaanxi Rd. (S.) 6 黄陂南路 黃陂南路 Huangpi Rd. 7 汉中路 漢中路 Hanzhong Rd. 8 上海火车站 上海火車站 Shanghai Railway Station 9 虹桥火车站 虹橋火車站 Hongqiao Railway Station 10 虹桥2号航站楼 虹橋2號航站樓 Hongqiao Airport T2 11 北新泾 北新涇 Beixinjing 12 娄山关路 婁山關路 Loushanguan Rd. 13 南京西路 南京西路 Nanjing Rd. (W.) 14 南京东路 南京東路 Nanjing Rd. (E.) 15 陆家嘴 陸傢嘴 Lujiazui 16 东昌路 東昌路 Dongchang Rd. 17 龙漕路 龍漕路 Longcao Rd. 18 漕溪路 漕溪路 Caoxi Rd. 19 宝山路 寶山路 Baoshan Rd. 20 虹口足球场 虹口足球場 Hongkou Football Stadium 21 长江南路 長江南路 Changjiang Rd. (S.) 22 淞滨路 淞濱路 Songbing Rd. 23 宝杨路 寳楊路 Baoyang Rd. 24 江杨北路 江楊北路 Jiangyang Rd. (N.) 25 浦东大道 浦東大道 Pudong Ave.
线路标志色 綫路標誌色 图例 圖例 Legend Color 1号线 2号线 3号线 4号线 5号线 6号线 7号线 8号线
Shanghai Deep Harbor Port
浦东国际机场 浦東國際機場 Pudong International Airport
张江路 張江路 Zhangjiang Rd. 哥白尼路 哥白尼路 Gebaini Rd.
罗山路 羅山路 Luoshan Rd. 康桥东 康橋東 East Kangqiao
横新路 横新路 Hengxin Rd.
迪士尼乐园） 迪士尼樂園） Disney Land
周浦东 周浦東
2011/12/7
Huangpu Bridge
Described as the “Head of the Dragon,” Shanghai has a lot to live up to. Situated at the mouth of the Yangzte River Delta, it is one of the three primary development zones of China, outside of the Beijing/Tianjin area and the Pearl River Delta. Shanghai, along with Nanjing/ Hangzhou, are modernizing the region and bringing the Yangtze River hinterland into the future. We believe that Shanghai’s regional strategic location - the center (Zhong, in Pinyin) between other international counterparts (Seoul, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Taiwan) as well as its strategic location situated halfway between the BeijingTianjing and Pearl River Delta Development Zones will benefit Shanghai and demand an excellent transportation infrastructure to take advantage of being a regional center.
Shanghai’s geographic centrality in the East Pacific Region
Shanghai’s regional centrality within the Nanjing-Shanghai-Hangzhou corridor, connecting to China’s hinterland
Shanghai’s North-South and East-West axial centrality in China’s Development Plan
Shanghai’s “1-9-6-6” City-Town System, a multi-centric urban structure with suburban considerations 15
Population density within city cores relative to the land area
20 000 000
10 000 000
10 000
5 000 000
5 000
2 500 000
2 500
0
0
population 16
Shanghai
Manhattan
Hong Kong
Singapore
Mallorca
Jamaica
land [km ] 2
Comparison of Land Areas around the world
Singapore
Manhattan
Shanghai Mallorca
Hong Kong
0,661% of China's land
Jamaica
0,0429% of world's land 17
In terms of communication infrastructures, however, Shanghai lags behind its other regional competitors: Seoul, Tokyo, Taipei, Hong Kong and Singapore. Seoul for example is a city that has embraced telecommunications technologies as shaped its city around its infrastructure. It recently established the a development zone devoted exclusively to communications and R&D industries, as well as establishing the world’s first integrated subway wireless internet superhighway. These cities have managed to find a balance in keeping the cost low enough providing equitable use among different demographics, high speeds through public-private partnerships, increased accessibility points throughout the different levels of the city (including in its public transportation vehicles), developed strategies to increase the penetration rates, allowed for innovation through collaboration, 18
increased zones that allow for people to stay connected for longer periods of time, establish an infrastructure adaptable and resilient enough for rising demands, and established a system that allows for free open access. In order for Shanghai to stay competitive with its regional counterparts, it needs to develop a communications infrastructure strategy that surpasses the success stories that have occurred in Seoul, Tokyo, Taipei, Hong Kong and Singapore. Currently, we are beginning to see new ways that this is becoming more relevant from the WIFI phone booths or the QR code shopping options in the metros. This trend shrinks the distance between the Virtual City and the Real City we currently occupy. We must bear in mind that the speed of technological evolution is faster than the speed of city design and development.
The new telecom hardware must therefore: - keep the cost low - keep the speed high - increase accessibility points - increase penetration rates - keep the internet collaborative - keep people wired for as long as possible - keep evolving to stay competitive - stay as open as possible
Seoul PC Baangs are local hangouts for teenagers. Video games are broadcast real-time on television.
Seoul Digital Media City (DMC) consolidates all tech and R&D firms into one area of the city
World’s most wired cities
1 - Seoul 2 - Taipei 3 - Tokyo 4 - Hong Kong 5 - Singapore 6 - Stockholm 7 - USA (Various) 8- Paris 9- Shoreditch
Optimal server locations for stock trading
10 - Sillicon Valley
Several market factors are helping Shanghai in becoming a world-class communications infrastructure powerhouse. A Price-Waterhouse Coopers report listed Shanghai as a potential competitor in the film industry in 2040 (occupying 25% of the potential market share). Bringing the film industry can also provide new opportunities for spatial creative zones, not to mention an additional source of technological innovation that could benefit the Shanghai Municipal Government. Furthermore, it was estimated that by 2005, 13% of the city’s total GDP was accounted by the communications, electronics, and information technology industry; a rise from 7.7% in the year 2000. Communications infrastructures have become a permanent trademark for the city of Shanghai; and we see this field an area of expansion for the Shanghai Municipal Government.
2010 Internet Usage, People and National Percentage
China
420.0 31.3%
USA
239.9 78.5%
Japan
99.1 77.8%
India
81.0 6.7%
Brazil
75.9 39.7%
Internet Users in China Creative Clusters in Shanghai
Future filmed entertainment clusters 120 100
LOS ANGE LES
80 60 40
SHANGHAI
I
20
MUMBA 2010
2025
2040
PwC analysis: 100 = size of largest cluster in 2010 source: economics.pwc.com
Rising Film　Industry
1. communications, electronics and the information manufacturing 2. automobile manufacturing 3. petroleum & sophisticated chemical industry 4. iron and steel manufacturing 5. complete-set equipment manufacturing 6. biomedicine 7. finance, insurance & real estate 8.household electrical appliance manufacturing 9. tourism
Primary Industries 19
Scenarios - Methodology
CITY VISION
Extensive Urbanism
Extensive Urbanism
1D- SPECTRUM
AGING POPULATION TIME
TIME
Either-Or Circumstance
CI
UR BA N
TREND
SO TREND
AL
PRESENT DAY
Intensive Urbanism E
2D - PLANE
TI M
Intensive Urbanism
2D - PLANE (derived)
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY URBANIZATION ECONOMIC SOCIAL/CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE POLITICAL
POSITIVE PUSH AGAINSTCLIMATE CHANGE
RO NM
3D - Space The trends can be interchangable - but one action can always have a positive or negative effect on another factor
EN TA L
NEGATIVE CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS
EN VI
Shanghai has become a city filled with contradictions - where the improvement of network infrastructure has allowed for stronger ties with the global world, while simultaneously struggling with shaping the unique characters that the people bring into the city. On the global scale, Shanghai currently ranks in the Alpha+ category, with the likes of cities like Beijing, Hong Kong, Milan, Paris, Singapore, Sydney, and Tokyo (GAwC Rankings focuses on 4 key elements in their analysis: advertising, banking/finance, law, and accountancy). In another ranking, Shanghai ranks 20th as a global economic hub. It is unquestionable Shanghai’s importance on a global level - an essential characteristic
E
20
Great cities of the 21st century will therefore consist of a “multicentered structure (with different hierarchies between the centers), a decentralization of activities, residence and services with mixed land uses, and an undefined boundary of functionality that extends the territory of this nameless city to wherever its networks go” (Castells, 2739). Furthermore, the 21st century city will need to find a common balance between environmental, political, infrastructural, social, cultural, economic, urbanization, and technological fields in order
to solve the growing threat of climate change. Cities in China, in particular Shanghai, are at the cusp of a technological and creative revolution.
M
The world and China is currently experiencing the largest wave of urbanization in human history while simultaneously searching for
solutions to climate change in an innovative manner. Contemporary theories emphasize decentralized cores, powerful mass transportation infrastructures, sustainable systems, an emphasis on diverse telecommunication mechanisms, and a new way of interpreting social dynamics between residents.
TI
“Chinese cities have been facing great changes and undergoing dramatic transformations in the past, among which Shanghai is one of the most representative. Over the past 30 years, for instance, the population of Shanghai has increased almost four fold, from 6 million in 1985 to 23 million in 2010. In the past ten years, 80% of new Shanghainese are immigrants – the so-called “floating population”, which has aggregated to a total amount of 9 million today. During the same period, however, the built area of the city has expanded close to 8-fold from about 181 km2 to 1500 km2. The city is also undergoing tremendous social and economic transformations. Being one of the most energetic cities in China, Shanghai is not only the “Dragon Head” of the Yangtze River Region, but also the growth engine in a global scale.” - Professor Hou Li
that is bound to drive Shanghai’s economic growth. On a more local level, Shanghai still is faced with finding creative solutions to provide a sense of place for the influx of migrants moving toward the city. A successful city finds a common balance to satiate these two factors. We envision a city that embraces its local traditions while simultaneously improving the quality of life of its occupants through sustainable engagement. How can we provide an additional layer of infrastructure that embraces this contradiction and transforms it into a strength? How can we bring the new while simultaneously keep all the faces/ mixtures of Shanghai? Identity, mixture, and locality/centrality are essential factors that must be addressed through improvements in accessibility, city usage, structure/ aesthetics, symbolic meanings, and land possibilities.
In the post- World Expo Shanghai of “Better City, Better Life” the main challenge will be to use the connections unique to this city (one of the best city infrastructure systems found worldwide) tap into the creative, innovative, and technological culture of the city’s citizens, and use the affordable labor in order to establish Shanghai as a model city that uses wireless information technology to improve the city’s social fabric. If there can be a synergy that allows the local citizens (migrants and established businessmen alike) to use this infrastructure equally, the virtual image of the city can benefit the physical image of the city. Shanghai in 2040 will be a mixture of strategies, polycentric strategies and decentralized strategies. The main feature between centralized and polycentric strategies is the difference between source and destination of information, labor,
New York - Times Square. Ranked in the Alpha ++ Category in the GaWC ranking.
Hong Kong - Victoria’s Peak. Ranked in the same category as Shanghai (Alpha +) by GaWC
London - Thames River. Ranked in the Alpha ++ Category in the GaWC ranking. 21
(De)Centrality of Shanghai Global
and material. In the case of the centralized strategies, there is only one receiver in the area. In the case of polycentric strategies, there are several receivers. The main feature of a decentralization strategy is the spreading of all functions among all units, making them self-sufficient, sustainable and equal. We propose the (de)centrality of Shanghai as one zooms-in in scales. On a global scale, the city must be seen as a unified body. This image is made by main city attractions such as businesses, R&D outputs, industrial/commercial capabilities, and tourist attractiveness. On a country scale, the city must be perceived as a central place; a dragon paving the way for the economic future development of China. As the central city in the Yangtze River Delta, the city will serve as a gateway to adjacent cities and as this central city, Shanghai rules the regional 22
economic hierarchy with a strong city center that dominates all that surrounds it. Suburban towns, however, become autonomous as well; with independent hierarchical structures. This dichotomy makes the scales at the provincial level both central and polycentric. At city level the diversity of each neighborhood showcases the benefits of decentralizing functions. Working together in the city level, not only does the city become polycentric, but also decentralized. On a neighborhood scale, city dwelling life becomes rejuvenated by bringing all essential functions at a neighborhood distance. This decentralization at the local level, combined with the centralization at the global level, as well as the overarching layer of network infrastructure, will be Shanghai in 2040.
Country
Delta
Province
City
Neigborhood
experienced by 8,5 billion
experienced by 1,5 billion
experienced by 250 million
experienced by 40 million
experienced by 20 million
experienced by 50 thousand
City is seen as central , image is made by main city attractions as business, scince, modern industry and turist attractivity.
City is seen as central , as a one of economies’ leading forces in the country.
City is seen as central , Shanghai is "Head of the dragon", engine of Yangtze river delta area and it's gate to the world.
Structure of province is made of hiearchy , where city of Shanghai is ruling the region making system central . Suburban towns are themselves independent with their own city structure. That makes province polycentral .
On a city level, the diversity of each neighborhood showcases the excellence of decentralizing functions. Working together in the city level, not only does the city become polycentral , but also decentralized
On a neighborhood scale, city dwelling life becomes rejuvenated by bringing all essential functions at a neighborhood distance.
Central
Polycentral
Decentralized
There is only one receiver in a specified area; information, labor and material are split by source and destination
In a polycentral city, there are multiple receivers in a designated area; information, labor and resources flow between polycenters
Main feature of decentralization is spreading all functions among all units, what makes them selfsufficient, sustainable and equal
Mixed The resilient result of combining these heirarchies into one unified network
harmony between local and global needs
Goals of city design
Balance between Local & Central
Shanghai Zhong: a mixed city that balances local and global social needs
harmony between central, polycentral, and decentralized planning methods 23
Identity: Conditions of polycenters new city design must be based in local tradition and keep it as its part. International design is not local Accesability sustainable design. City must keep its face. Mixture: Usage mixed city is typical feature of Shanghai and it must be kept as one of the most important part of city social structure. Structure Locality-Centrality: main value of themeaning city is based in local autonomous neighbourhoods, which offers most of city opportunities Symbolic to do the daily routine, but are still part of higher level of whole city, which could offer unique attractions and Goals of city design Land possibilities what can make city-social coherence. phisical infrastructure information infrastructure
enough population to use new polycenter offering appropriate mixed activities
local space hiearchy
creating visible landmark
Identity:
creating centers in vaste, post industrial or empty areas
New city design must balance preserving local tradition, sustainable design, and foreign investment. A city must keep its face while simultaneouslyIdentity innovating and evolving. - Continuing the symbolic meaning of places (e.g Landmarks) - Improving information infrastructure
Decentralization:
Mixture
The mixed city structure in Puxi compliments the city social structure. Multifunctional zones allow for greater interaction and stronger urban design potentials.
- Implementing new land possibilities in unused or ineffective spaces Locality-Centrality - Establishing a defined structure with local space heirarchies - offering appropriate mixed activities in a neighborhood level
Locality-Centrality: Develop autonomous neighborhoods that offer the city-dwellers the most opportunities in their daily routine, while simultaneously preserving the coherence of the entire city. - Improving the infrastructure to accomodate for new innovation - Implementing a population strategy based on polycentrality
24
designing clear spatial types as semi-public space, semi-private space, eliminate junk space. leaving as much free space in pedestrian level as is possible for local business, without any clear programme. keeping ballance between new high-end development and low-end development. promoting low-end development as an obligatory part of development. avoid huge monofunctional zones, mostly administrative, loking for new filling for these areas. mixing functions in scale of blocks and even buildings. give people freedom to appropriate space, let it fill with culture
Different Forms of Ranking • Alpha++ world cities: – London, New York
• Alpha+ world cities:
– Beijing, Hong Kong, Milan, Paris, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo
• Alpha world cities:
– Brussels, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Kuala Lumpur, Madrid, Moscow, Mumbai, Seoul, Toronto
• Alpha world cies:
In 2040, Shanghai will remain a main trade center in the world’s largest economy. It will constantly compete with Beijing as the best-ranked city in China; both economically and socially. It will attract a diverse business base, science, technology, creative industries and various culture centers to the city. It will be the regional leader in the Asian-Pacific region. The city will be both more connected and more resilient than its regional competitors due to its rapid multi-faceted development patterns.
– Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Bangkok, Budapest, Caracas, Dublin, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Jakarta, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Prague, Rome, Santiago, São Paulo, Stockholm, Taipei, Vienna, Warsaw, Zurich
As of 2010, Shanghai represented: 1.7% of China’s Population 5% of China’s GDP 10% of China’s contracted FDI 13% of China’s Imports http://www.export.gov/china/shanghaicontacts.asp
Shanghai is responsible for 25% of all of China’s total exports in terms of value source: www.worldportsource.com
25
THE 2040 SHANGHAI CITIZEN
26
We envision that the new 2040 individual will be more technologically-savvy, educated, connected, equality-oriented, older, and environmentally conscious than the existing self. The new ASelf will be a physical person with a virtual shadow. The ASelf will be connected 24-hours-a-day, 7-days-a-week. The artifacts carried by the ASelf will monitor health, habits, and tendencies. These artifacts will
be digital in contrast to the many analog objects we carry today. We envision the consolidation of all artifacts into potentially a single artifact in the future. Current attempts at this include MIT Media Lab’s 6th sense technology. The ASelf will be able to contribute as well as to download any form of information from the greater content cloud. This will allow the ASelf to connect with anyone, anytime, be anywhere, connect to any channel, be anyone, have knowledge readily available, and finally have the city of Shanghai as a space readily adaptable to any new challenges that the ASelf might face .
trend 2: one mind can create a new world world can create a new trend 2: one mind
SEPARATE
SIMULATION PROJECTION aSelf
New Entertainment Platform that defies traditiomal laws
vSelf
SOFTWARE
INTERACT
FILTER OBJECT NATURAL
HARDWARE rSelf
CONTRIBUTE
UTILIZE BERLIN
Today, the influence of technology on our daily lives has eased how we connect to other people and the objects and places around us. We use technology for recreational, commercial, professional and even educational uses more than in any moment in history. Bill Mitchell, in his book, Me++, states, “connectivity has become the defining characteristic of our twenty-first-century urban condition” (Mitchell, 11). This is clear when the impact of mobile phone technology on us in recent history. Thirty years ago, mobile phone technology was bound exclusively to rich executives. Today, we cannot live without it.
The future Shanghai citizen will be Augmented (ASelf). The manner by which the ASelf will engage with the landscape will be different than what we are beginning to see today. There will be new modes of opensource software that will enhance a person’s experience. Market-driven factors have shown the steep evolution of wireless technologies treading at a faster rate than the development of city improvements.
aSelf
vSelf
aSelf
AugmentedSH
What will come out from the impact of technology on our daily lives? How will the physical world affect the virtual world? (and vice-versa)? What will the resulting spatial implications look like? How will we engage with this new landscape in 2040?
BLEND Real SH
Virtual SH
CONTROL
6th Sense Technology: MIT Media Lab,, Pranav Mistry
according to McKinsey& Company, The average digital consumer in China spends 15.8 hours a week online.
70% of their leisure time.
rSelf
aSelf
The digital ‘junkie,’ in China, however, spends up
rSelf
aSelf
to 34.1 hours online. http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/greater China/mckonchina/reports/understand_china_digital_consumers.pdf
7 6
1
Heavy users: >28 h/w
6%
17%
9%
17%
18% 8%
Light Users <14 h/w
2
25%
4
rSelf
aSelf
rSelf
3
rSelf
aSelf
aSelf
Moderate users: 14-28 h/w
rSelf
rSelf
aSelf
aSelf
rSelf
aSelf
5
http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/greaterchina/mckonchina/reports/understand_china_digital_consumers.pdf
1. Digital Junkie (18-24 age range, in tier 1 cities), early adopters of tech 2. Gamers (PC games, social networking, young, low-income, low tier cities) 3. Info-Centrics (prefer PCs, info-gatherers, business executives, high income) 4. Mobile Mavens (mobile users, music, apps, reading, portable gadgets) 5. Traditionalists (light internet users, more time on TV, little interest, low edu) 6. Online Traders (tracking or trading stocks, tier 1-2 cities) 7. Basic Users (least time spent on all media, games on phones, students)
DIGITAL
Telecommunications Recreation Commercial Professional Knowledge Content Storage Content Sharing Financial Education Projections Monitoring Email Simulation
ANALOG 27
THE URBAN FABRIC IN 2040 THE WIRED CITY We envision the future Shanghai to be even better connected physically (transportation and utilities) and virtually (through wireless technologies). The physical Shanghai we have today will have an equally robust virtual counterpart; a Virtual counterpart that competes with the real world. The place where both the Virtual and physical Shanghai will be the Augmented Shanghai. The Augmented Shanghai will be a place where individuals will be able to, in real time, interact in a virtual manner with other people, transportation services, advertisements, signs, signals, and buildings that exist in the physical world. Complete disconnection from the ASelf occurs in natural paces: a personal reboot. The ASelf will be able to migrate with ease from the virtual, to the augmented, to the real, physical Shanghai. Acting as a filter that inputs and outputs general 28
SIMULATION PROJECTION
VIRTUAL SHANGHAI
vSelf
SOFTWARE
FILTER
FILTER OBJECT NATURAL
FILTER
HARDWARE rSelf
AUGMENTED SHANGHAI
aSelf
vSelf
aSelf
PHYSICAL SHANGHAI
NATURAL SHANGHAI The Augmented Self will live in the Augmented City. The Augmented City will serve as the culmination of the Virtual City and the Physical City.
information, in effect a liaison between the virtual and the real. The ASelf will serve as a filter (as consumer, producer, innovator, critic) through which the process of virtual and physical osmosis, will both contribute to the fabric of the city, as well as take from the fabric of the city. In other words, the ASelf exists in Augmented Shanghai. When we take the scenario of the ASelf living in Augmented Shanghai, and multiply it by millions of people living in the city we are faced with the question: How to engage these millions of voices to contribute in a positive manner to the development of the city? The Shanghai Municipal Government could be the first entity to establish an application-portal that could allow the citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; voices to guide the development of each neighborhood in a more local scale.
The Augmented City Vision
ASelf filters how we engage with traffic
ASelf filters how we engage with people
ASelf filters how we engage with buildings
ASelf filters how we engage with signs 29
With more eyes on the street, then there is greater potential for the improvement of neighborhood designs.
Visions for a postâ&#x20AC;&#x153;better city, better lifeâ&#x20AC;? Shanghai
30
Education Memory Interaction Competition Equality Sustainability
Can you
discover new habits interpret the habits capture the habits analyze the habits
from
the augmented image of the city... and CREATE 40 Million Shanghais?
YOU are SHANGHAI SHANGHAI is YOURS YOU are 31
THE URBAN FABRIC IN 2040 HARDWARE IS SOFTWARE As one walks through East Nanjing Lu today, we are bombarded with a visual and Wifi networks. For a small fee, we can access the street of East Nanjing Lu digitally and in an analog manner. The paths taken get to or leave from East Nanjing Road can serve as intermediate spaces that allow for residents to upload and download information into this software. Each person becomes a mobile data-gathering sensor that sends information to an aggregated information data center. On the software design, one must consider both the front-end and the back-end of software design. In the front-end, the public filters the result. Individuals can access the “You are Shanghai” application. The app can filter to best cater for individual tastes and desires. GPS determines location, thumbs-up/ down can give neighborhoods character, users can expand and comment, include pictures/ 32
MODERN-DAY APP DEMONSTRATION
FRONT END
BACK END “app” collects data from the ASelf
Preference-based Data Exhibited to the user
Open-source software inspire creative use of urban spaces
“app” constantly collects data for further use in city development
System allows everyone in Shanghai to have a profile Profiles allow data to correspond to demographics Data links opinion of location to time of day and demographics Spatial Preferences over time shows consistently good and valuable spaces Planners can respond to group preferences with greater ease
ASelf interacting with the environment: In the future, users will identify new creative ways to interact with the physical landscape through the augmented lens.
panoramas/videos or drawings. Separately from this application people will be used to interacting with their environment through their ASelf. This app will allow Shanghai to take advantage of this new culture of interaction inherent in the future. In the back-end, this app collects basic data from users and creates a virtual layer on the city. User-based preferences, or what something is missing in a neighborhood, could be two examples of how this data could be used. Planners can, in real time, respond to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. Based on this data, then the city can evolve based on the input of people; hence You are Shanghai. With this input, the Shanghai Municipal Government will be able to act on the needs/desires of neighborhood projects. Years of results and opinions can 33
establish patterns of what makes Shanghai enjoyable and uniquely Shanghainese. It also gives design officials the possibility to rank areas for possible development, areas of stability, and areas for improvement. For example, Lujiazui has an established problem: many people say that Lujiazui lacks the urban fabric characteristic of Shanghai (e.g, Lilong), that it has a high degree of unusable space, spaces between blocks are too big, the cost of land is too expensive, is not pedestrian friendly, is too monofunctional, and it lacks identity. Rather than changing the physical landscape which takes time and money, the future augmented layer can showcase, analyze, or even adopt new methods to change different areas around Lujiazui. This R&D potential would benefit tremendously benefit the Shanghai Municipal Government. 34
Governmental Law Industrial Greenspace Landscape Entertainment Technological
Cultural Business Transport Residential Historic Commerical Institutional
Demonstration of decentralized response to citizen comments on Lujiazui. City dwellers become active participants in the design process of the city. They have the ability to influence decisions in the many fields that comprise the urban fabric.
The virtual city can simulate alternatives and receive direct inputs through the app system.
The Municipal Government can act on the many factors discussed on the server.
Most of these manifestations will occur with augmentation and public street furniture. We envision screens available at common public areas for those that do not have access to a smart phone can access information. Benches will have memories, there will be new broadcasting totems will become vernacular street features. Beyond 2040, the implementation of augmented technology will become a wearable or implanted device that allows the virtual to engage with the physical with an augmented filter. This will impact how we interact with each other, how we learn, how we move around, how we look for jobs, and how we innovate.
Vernacular landmarks that differentiate one augmented space from another.
35
Modern Day Examples
36
A new game for London! Use your Oyster card to play online. Chromaroma takes your travel data and makes it into a game where every journey counts in a competition for the city! Play with friends or compete against them Set records, earn achievements, go on real missions. Travel like you mean it!
“Make the real world easier to use! Keep up with friends, discover what’s nearby, save money, & unlock rewards!”
“Discover our world’s most loved places while sharing the places that mean the world to you.”
New way how city-dwellers can interact with the public transportation system.
New way how city-dwellers can interact with each other while in the urban fabric.
New way how city-dwellers can interact with history and the present city. How cities develop collective memories.
New ways to interact with work
New ways to interact with environments
New ways to showcase identity
New forms of Advertisement
New city forms
Augmented City Vision: Work Made by Keiichi Matsuda Available at: keiichimatsuda.com
Augmented spaces have such huge demands that when they can be built it will be difficult to accommodate them, but the beginning is always difficult. Placing them anywhere will increase the demand for the land around them because the Augmented Spaces will be the next infrastructure. If placed in a previously empty, undeveloped field suddenly companies will spring up with employees that need housing and facilities.
They become a tool that can drive development that makes Shanghai
companies compete globally on the cutting-edge of technology. Start-up Shanghai/Chinese companies can start and have as many resources as a locally based Siemens or Citibank headquarters. Even more importantly they can start to define the new world that these technologies create. If these companies are able to use this
power now, there is no reason why the average person will not be able to use it later.
37
THE TRUMAN SHOW THE ISLAND BATTLESTAR GALACTICA
INSPIRATIONS FROM FILM The design prompt is titled You are Shanghai. But who defines Shanghai today? Worse even, who will define Shanghai in 2040? These ambiguous questions were a starting point in our research. We looked at visionary and forward thinking movies as a source of inspiration to answer these questions. Upon researching 15+ television shows and futuristic films, we concluded there were 8 common trends among the subjects studied. Based on our observations, there were 5 key areas we chose to take further: someone above keeps us in order, creation of a new functional virtual world, the world becomes uninhabitable, Improve quality of life, the reality we live in is augmented. These 5 key themes were the threads that we found were most relevant to studying the city of Shanghai.
38
BATTLEFIELD EARTH GATTACA INCEPTION I, ROBOT
Films observed as a starting point of our analysis
WALL-E CAPRICA BLADE RUNNER 1984 MINORITY REPORT THE MATRIX DR. WHO ETERNAL SUNSHINE
A Stronger sense of hierarchy or a decentralization of power?
a) Someone above keeps us in order: Controlling a city with over 23 million people is a daunting task. In the future, with the improvement of surveillance and monitoring technology, every person will become an ambulatory IP-address that is under constant surveillance.
Collective minds or the individualization of ideas?
b) The Creation of a new functional virtual world: Virtual reality has already begun - the most clear example being Second Life, a computer game that allows players to create an avatar and engage with other strangers in a parallel virtual world.
How does cloud computing shape the way we interact with the built environment?
c) The design of the augmented reality: In the future, the virtual world will be more integrated into the physical world. We already see this integration through QR-coded shopping areas while one waits for the metro. These areas are bound to improve and become more pervasive in the future.
How does the cityscape evolve thanks to the development of wireless technologies?
39
e) The World becomes uninhabitable: We envision a city that focuses its efforts in averting Climate Change. This will include stronger weather monitoring methodologies, innovative techniques on individual, household, building, neighborhood and city scales.
40
trend 2: one mind can create a new world world can create a new trend 2: one mind
Real SH
AugmentedSH
d) Improvements to the quality of life: Knowledge already comes at our fingertips. How to use this knowledge in a positive manner will become the key indicator for the improvement of quality of life of city-dwellers.
Does the augmented version of a city bring the real and virtual closer to each New other? Entertainment Platform that defies traditiomal laws
Virtual SH
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. Watson, Artificial Intelligence 2. Second Life 3. Over, Under Exhibition, LA 4. Occupy Movement 5. Wifi Phone Booth 6. Shopping YiHaoDian in Metro
41
THE URBAN FABRIC IN 2040 THE RESILIENT CITY The city of Shanghai is confronted with challenges ahead: its aging population, growing population size, rising migrant population, industrial capacity, energy demands, production wastes, and rising property prices, to name a few. The network infrastructure can prepare Shanghai to produce positive results - namely, the city fringe development, small developments, high-end housing, leisure places, energy demand, transportation demands, periphery connectivity, area protection and preservation, and transportation hub development. In the global scale, the city must keep its unique coherent image, which is accompanied with main city highlights. How can the technological innovation wave be harnessed to not destroy infrastructure and allow augmented selves to have a positive impact in the urban fabric to improve quality of life? How 42
do we enhance the infrastructure today to prepare for the city life of tomorrow? The challenges that the 2040 city that will have to face are global and tremendous. The 2040 urban fabric will need to be prepared to provide for its citizens in the event of natural or manmade disasters (e.g., adverse effects of climate change to terrorism). In the case of emergency, the network infrastructure will allow the movement of people and resources to occur seamlessly: constant connection means constant news updates. The Augmented city will have to be prepared to tackle the growing demand on energy resources, not to mention the improvement of the 8+ million people that we envision occupying the periphery of the city in the near future.
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China is facing several social and environmental issues that the city of Shanghai must tackle in the future.
One example that expresses the infiltration of wireless technologies in people’s everyday stems from Rio de Janeiro. In preparation for the 2016 Olympics, a central headquarters has been established that oversees the operation of over 450 cameras in the city. Geo-tagged information (schools, hospitals, traffic, accidents and crime) have all been linked to this central observation deck. Sensors around the city allow this headquarters to monitor temperature, wind, humidity, and air quality, allowing them to predict the weather throughout the city, to prevent disease outbursts, and to define areas of high-risk landslides. All these integrated systems allow the government to provide a siren service in the event of climatic disasters, as well as an opportunity to reduce crime in the city. This can not only save lives, but also provide an additional service that can improve the quality of life of the city’s inhabitants.
Observation Helicopters Integrated Alarms
Traffic Controls Designated Evacuation Zones 450 Cameras
Ambulances
Rain / Landslide Monitoring
Police
“When there’s a car accident, we can zoom in and read the license plate, we can already see where the closest Municipal Guard is, start to divert traffic and alert the nearest Alexandre Cardeman ambulance by GPS, because it’s all integrated”
Buses
Monitoring & signaling
GPS
The Integration of individual pieces into a network creates a more resilient city 43
Future energy trends - Shanghai 44
People
23 000 000
40 000 000
70 000 000
8,4GW
14,6GW
24,5GW
700 W
16,1GW
28,0GW
49,0GW
33,6GW
58,4GW
102,2GW
364 W
1 nuclear block (1GW)
consumption axis
Shanghai scenarios:
today countries average electric energy consumption per capita:
364 W
Wattage
Cities around the world are finding new and more innovative ways to use wireless technologies to improve the quality of lives of their citizens. Shanghai can be the first city with a population of 23 million people that could do the same. It could serve as a model city for future city development. The growth of the city and region will depend heavily on resources and energy. Today, the average citizen consumes 364 Watts of energy for its 23,000,000 person population. If we project an increase of population (40,000,000 by 2040) with a consumption of 1460 W/person, we increase the energy demand 7-fold (from 8.4 GW to 58.4 GW -gigawatts). This course of action is unsustainable for a central system that currently exists. A decentralized system that monitors itself and contributes (with small solar cells and the like are in the future).
inhabitans axis
1460 W
Energy comparison
per capita (2010)
700 W per capita (2007)
1460 W per capita (2009)
In Fujikawa, Japan, improving the quality of life has taken another path. Through private investment, this new city will allow the occupants to interact with the city in an unprecedented manner. Implementing Panasonicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideals of Eco-ideaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for Green Lifestyles, 1000 households will be interconnected in a greater network, allowing the occupants to monitor and engage with realtime data to improve sustainably their daily habits. Entire houses, buildings, and neighborhoods will be integrated in one system. Energy creation and management will be left to the users. Each home should also be able to contribute to the city as a whole. Contributing solar energy or wind energy creates a decentraized network energy that gives instead of an overwhelming and destructive take from the central energy source. For Shanghai, this level of decentralization, where 1000 households have control over
their energy consumption, will be necessary for meeting the future energy demands of the city.
The Integrated suburban village of Fujikawa - centrality and integration of individual systems.
45
RESILIANCE THROUGH COMMUNICATIONS The internet is starting to shape the landscape in a literal and physical way. More than the simple adding wires to the infrastructure with holes and trenches. There is a real impact on the city today.
46
($ 3,000,000,000) fiber optic connection between Chicago and New York City was dug between to provide a connection that had only a 13 millisecond delay.
In New York City there is the Carrier Hotel: a building that hosts the internet. The closer you are the faster your connection is, but the difference is smaller than the time it takes you to click a mouse. Part of the internet shaping the landscape involves the speed of algorithms and their connections.
The building process was used with almost all private money not involving large banks to keep the making of this a secret. Access to a similar, but slower connection sells a 20 year lease for 1.2 million dollars ($ 1,200,000) with an addition 235 thousand dollars ($ 235,000) every year for server space and maintenance.
These mathematical equations are an expression of something. Wall Street companies use these expressions to sell and buy stocks on the market. Algorithmic trading is also faster than the time to click a mouse. Speed here is so important that a slower algorithm loses money. This speed that is so important that a three hundred million dollars
The Flash Crash of 2:45 demonstrates the importance of this speed. The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 9% of its value in less than 5 minutes as these algorithms worked. Experts disagree on what exactly triggered the crash, but during that time companies such as Proctor and Gamble had stock varied from
normal price to pennies and then to $ 100,000. Fast-algorithm fast-connection companies made money while slow-algorithm slowconnection companies lost money. Faster than a click. In the race for algorithmic speed Wall Street companies are replacing people with computers running these algorithms as close as they can to the Carrier hotel. A buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s value and the space within it is now partly determined by how close it is to the internet. This means that blocks around the Carrier hotel can become empty and devoid of humans as they are replaced by machines that do not venture out by companies that drive up that demand. Places once full of life by people are now dead, but full of machines. But that world exists in a purely centralized city with a centralized internet that cannot be used by innovative research institutions such as CERN.
Kevin Sline
These innovative groups can create experiments that can create petabytes of data that a single institution cannot hope to make sense of. This data is sent to other institutions such as universities and research laboratories. Only recently a connection across the internet reached an average 98 gigabytes/ second upload and an average 88 gigabytes/second download. With this connection an experiment with 1 petabyte would take 199 minutes, or 3.5 hours, to transmit the whole experiment because 1 petabyte is 1,048,576 gigabytes. More interesting is that 1 petabyte is 1,099,511,627,776 kilobytes. With an average connection speed of 100 kilobytes/second moving all that data becomes a massive undertaking of 183,251,938 seconds, 3,054,199 minutes, 50903.3 hours, 2121 days, and about 6 years of constant connection. One small experiment with only one
petabyte worth of data becomes a 6 year ordeal. Having Shanghai institutions and universities that are involved with this research will need a real connection to be involved that does not involve moving hard drives from place to place. Setting up the infrastructure is not as important as to where places should have connections that allow algorithms to win and research institutions to have data. These places are the future of an augmented reality which would require an equally massive transfer data network. These areas are essentially a large Carrier hotel that allow Shanghai companies to trade on the Shanghai Stock Exchange or more distance stock exchanges with the same speed as companies much closer. More than a simple large multinational companies paying a lot of money to make a city-block full of computers, but allowing small innovative Chinese startups
in Shanghai to compete in a world of foreign companies. That same space lets research organizations get the data needed for research so that a small Shanghai start-up can work on the same level as Stanford and other high-level institutions. Finally augmented spaces become used by humans. Having people see each other that are actually in another place 50 kilometers away is digital transportation. As much as people use algorithms, phones, QQ, or VOIP/Skype calls there will always be a demand for a real meeting. These augmented spaces are places that can not only meet that demand, but allow people to then share new digital, interactive 3D-virtual constructions. Suddenly there is a place in Shanghai to interaction a virtual model of a building. Suddenly Shanghai has something nobody else has; an advantage that nobody else has.
47
Current Rough Typologies Arrows showing connection between one place and all the others in the network. This network exhibits the connections between all augmented spaces, improving the simultaneous connections. A decentralized network becomes a resilient network.
48
Shows Augmented with easy to spot pink circles. Augmented spaces as little dots on black backgrounds Augmented spaces shown with easy to see pink circles. The Satellite imagery showcases the resilient decentralized network.
49
50
New ways people can interact with the Augmented City of Shanghai 51
52
PROCESS
53
DESIGN PROCESS The overarching argument we are following is that communications technologies can help shape the landscape in a positive manner. Our design proposal seeks to influence decision-making processes in urban planning through the analysis of virtual information, interpretation tools, and solutions to manifest this new layer of information in a useful manner within the confines of the city of Shanghai. By superimposing various virtual layers of information, we aimed at establishing a new image of the city. This is an ongoing trend of the smarter city; how the impact of cloud computing, networking and other high-technologies impact the urban life and urban space. We have attempted to use mapping and diagramming of planning-related elements to output new method of interpreting the city. The virtual layer of a city will be able to optimize decision making 54
processes in the city. Decisions will be optimized into expected results (areas that agree with analysis), warning zones (places that require further observation), unexpected results (areas with local potential), and areas of development potential (areas that have been unaffected). This will give the Shanghai Municipal Government options: whether to redevelop areas, do nothing to a particular area, or slate an area for new development. The future city will work dynamically with one another. One will be able to experience spaces before they even get built. In the future, the virtual layer of the city will have stronger relevance in defining the placement of diversified building typologies, building scales, mixed-use spaces, public spaces, transportation connections, green spaces, or even new industrial zones. More dynamic elements such as migration,
population control, industrial pollution waste, tourism routes, or spontaneous spaces will all be mapped as dynamic elements for urban planning uses. In order to get to this level, we exhibit a series of steps that will get the Shanghai Municipal Government a step closer:
Different building typologies
Using Voronoi to depict what should happen in the urban landscape.
55
HOTSPOTS Shanghai is a successful model of establishing diverse areas with defining landmarks, culture sites, neighborhood highlights, business centers, commercial centers and transportation hubs. These places involve and concentrate people, establish clear destination points, clear activity definitions, become attractive markers both financially and psychologically, and generally define what a neighborhood is about. Hotspots influence neighborhoods, as they are key landmarks that give neighborhoods definitive identities (e.g., Jing’an Temple in Jing’an). Most of these hotspots are already linked to existing transportation hubs (e.g., the subway system) or are at least within walking distance to a central node. As initial field research, we used data obtained from the internet to test out the virtual image of the city. We mapped out “virtual hotspots” 56
Landmarks Culture sites Highlights Bussines centers Commerce centers Traffic hubs places with concentration of people, destinations, activities, attractivity, meetings Hotspots
Wikipedia, one layer of universal knowlege in the city based on the geo-tagging of data quantified by Wikipedia, a widely accessible source for virtual knowledge. This information was readily available and geotagged on the Google Earth server. These hotspots give a rough and general image of the existing virtual image of the city. When superimposing the existing infrastructure network onto the existing nodes, one can see that the nodes and transport networks have a direct relationship. In future research for the Municipal Urban Planning entity, it is advisable to use geo-tagged information based on a Chinese source (eg., Baidu). We envision the City of Shanghai having its own virtual inventory space. These established hotspots were the foundation of our design proposal. These hotspots became the centers of cells; areas of high concentration of activities and of people. Initially, we established a radius around each
others? Virtually augmented hotspots 57
of these hotspots (5km) in order to map a new manner by which to interpret these hotspots. The initial methodology we chose for analysis was the Voronoi methodology. The Voronoi diagram is made by subdividing each area into cells, where each hotspot is found at the center of each cell. Each hotspot defines a clear area and are therefore connected to each other (and subdivided) with other adjacent hotspots. In the middle of all these lines are perpendicular borders. The second level of cells are made the same way; but the centers of children cells become points surrounding hotspots according to distance. Each hotspot, therefore, is surrounded by a parent cell, and then each of these parent cells are filled with children cells. These children cells are subdivided distributed in a radial manner with different mathematical rows (linear, square, and cubic distances) 58
around the parent hotspots. This means that the higher density of dots means higher proximity to the parent cell. We envision these landmark areas to remain the same or become even stronger hotspots in 2040. Hotspots will be predicted in a virtual manner, and as a result one will not lose the local scape while emphasizing the greater context. The Voronoi partitioning will prevent the design of out-of-scale areas within the center of the city by scaling projects on the Voronoi cell. It will also allow the Municipal Government to discover regions that are currently grossly scaled and seek ways to improve them. Each cell, therefore, could establish the background for local urban design, as well as help placing the appropriate building typology to certain parts of the city in a way that makes Voronoi diagrams essential to the 2040 Master Plan.
How the Voronoi diagram is made: the whole area is divided into cells, each cell has a hotspot. Each hotspot is connected by a line with other local hotspots. In the middle of these lines are perpendicular borders.
Second-level cells are made the same way, but centers of children cells are points surrounding hotspots according to parametric data.
Parent and children cells have a geometric arrangement . This means that there is a greater density of children cells near the center, and these cells expand over greater distances.
area analysis mapping the city based on hotspots each hotspot in the virtual layer was geotagged, placed into the Shanghai landscape
area analysis connecting the hotspots to transport relationship how virtual city affects the physical city and vice versa.
area analysis places with and without virtual identity each hopspot is surrounded with area with maximum radius, in this case 5 km
area analysis dividing to local fields each hopspot is surrounded with parent cells, these cells are filled with children dots distributed in circles which grow with a geometric scale aroud the parent hotspots. this mean, that higher density of dots means higher density of children cells
59
LAYERS Hotspots are not the only element that we focused on our 2040 Master Plan Analysis. Rather, these hotspots are merely one layer of virtual information that can be mapped onto a city. If we use various sources of virtual data in order to attain various diverse physical mappings, then we are able to get a clearer image of the virtual image of the city. As a result, we superimposed 4 different mappings (Hotspot, Transport, Commercial, and Urban) to see the resulting Voronoi Map. For the Transportation map, primary traffic hubs were chosen. The distribution of children cells for these hubs was cubic, as their impact affects the greater region of Shanghai. For the Commercial Mapping, shopping districts and shopping malls were mapped (already constructed or projected) and were distributed in a square manner. For the Urban category, important Urban places were mapped according to city 60
New explored Layers include the Virtual Landmarks, Transportation centers, key commercial areas, and dominant urban centers.
observation, again distributed in a square manner. When all the layers are superimposed, the metropolitan region of Shanghai looks more like a nervous system than a city. In the future, these layers will be dynamic elements that will evolve according to the success or failure of different parameters. This is where urban planning will meet database interpretation. If we superimpose as much data as possible, we can get clearer and clearer images of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. (city-wide network combinations). This can then be used to compare actual real-time data with planned infrastructure (e.g., 2020 masterplan) Over time, more data can give better impression of city.
61
URBAN
62
TRANSPORT
COMMERCE
hotspots are important landmarks established on a virtual layer
hotspots are important urban places chosen according to city observation.
hotspots are the most important traffic hubs.
Hotspots represent shopping areas, malls already built, under construction or planned until 2020
Point distribution grows in square row
Point distribution grows in square row
Point distribution grows in cubic row
point distribution grows in square row
Combined Voronoi Mappings: Wiki, Urban, Commerce, Transport
Superimposed 2020 Masterplan 63
FIELDS In order to transform the Voronoi mappings into a useful Urban Planning tool, another step was taken to transform the Voronoi result into a Spectral Field Mapping. Initially, the metropolitan region of Shanghai was colored according to the level of activity. The Shanghai region was subdivided into square areas (1 km x 1 km) with a spectral color scheme defining its distance to the closest hotspot. This square grid was overlaid according to the nearest hotspot for each data input. This process was repeated with the 4 layers of information (hotspots, transportation, urban centers, and commercial centers). The resulting spectral maps showcased peaks and troughs - places of high activity (in red) and of cold activity (in blue). Fields provide a new layer of information for interpretation for the municipal government. When we superimpose these layers we can establish a hierarchy 64
through variable importance. This importance level can evolve based on the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. For example, even placement of hotspots of 30%, 60% of commercial activities, urban cores at 90%, and transportation hubs at 75%. The resulting spectral map therefore puts an emphasis on urban cores, followed by transportation hubs, followed by commercial activities, and finally existing hotspots. Theoretically speaking, the Municipal government could evolve the spectral mapping according to specific needs for each development area. This mapping technique could be dynamic as it can be constantly fed in with real-time data. By decentralizing this information to a neighborhood level, neighborhoods could collect and interpret information in a more efficient manner. Individual neighborhoods could have defining characteristics, or improve content
The Shanghai map is projected in the first layer
Area is then divided into a 1km x 1km grid
based on what people desire. Giving neighborhoods a stronger identity will also allow the Shanghai Municipal government to further showcase different neighborhoods to the global audience (e.g., Xintiandi). This tool only helps and enhances Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ambition for global prestige. However, our project also addresses the ambition to provide local identity and character for the city.
TRANSPORT
COMMERCE
65
URBAN
66
TRANSPORT
COMMERCE
all layers all data are placed to final compute, each data source has variable, which represent its importance
WIKI COMMERCE URBAN TRANSPORT
page on the left: For each input there is a corresponding spectral map that is, according to importance, is put in a composite on the right
0,300 0,600 0,900 0,750
all data is places in the final compute - each data source has variable inputs, which represent their importance wiki: commerce: urban: transport:
30% 60% 90% 75%
67
predict new hotspots according to future city development analysis find parameters of the fields size, increasing size in relation to the distance from cell centers and structure centers
Demands detecting hotspots (polycenters) in the city Demands structure
predicting and planning infrastructure Development
predict new hotspots according to future detecting hotspots (polycenters) in the city city development analysis
structure
find parameters of the fields size, increasing size in relation to the distance from cell cen- according to future predict new hotspots ters and structure centers
city development analysis
predicting and planning infrastructure
find parameters of the fields size, increasing size in relation to the distance from cell cenDevelopment ters and structure centers
Results
Redevelopment
predicting and planning infrastructure
avoid losing the scale of theSustained whole cityGrowth
68
prevent designing large development areas Envir. Conserv. in the inner city
Development
helps discover unusually scaled areas
Redevelopment
visual help for placing correct typologies to certain parts of the city
Sustained Growth
each cell could be backbone/framework for local urban design
Envir. Conserv.
in the inner city
helps discover unusually
Results
visual help for placing co certain parts of the city
each cell could be backb
avoid losing the scale of the whole local city urban design
Redevelopment
prevent designing large development areas in the inner city
Sustained Growth
helps discover unusually scaled areas
Envir. Conserv.
visual help for placing correct typologies to certain parts of the city each cell could be backbone/framework for local urban design
Resu
avoi
prev in th
help
visu cert
each loca
Overlap of Voronoi layers, spectral mapping and the 2020 masterplan. This map reveals areas that are possible hotspots relative to the existing plans of the city. Green areas, however, signify opportunities for environmental conservation.
69
DENSITIES Real-time data can evolve the spectral mapping. So can the movement of people. Therefore, more variability needs to be accounted for when understanding the movement of people. According to the 2010 national census, Shanghai has over 23 million people in its municipality; a 37.53% increase in 10 years. Since the previous census in the year 2000 the population increased 3.24% per year. In the future, people will move with greater ease, not to mention will they migrate to dense cosmopolitan zones. Therefore, a strategy of decentralization of the urban core will be necessary to solve some of the key issues that may lie ahead. Superimposing density, the spectral mapping, and the Voronoi layers together, one can see a new layer of the city that can define the new needs of the city. On a county-bycounty level, we can see that there 70
is a disproportionate relationship between the density of the city center and the outlying districts. The Voronoi cell system can now establish new potential areas of development.
Shanghai Population Density
Combined Density Mapping
+
-
White Collar Workers (2000 Census)
+
-
Retired Workers (2000 Census)
+
-
Blue Collar Workers (2000 Census) 71
72
Previous page: Updated Spectral Mapping Overly of Population Densities over Spectral Mapping: This map exhibits the potentials of using density calculations to update the hotspot areas.
Refined spectral mapping with Voronoi overlay. This map exhibits the density opportunities of the Voronoi cells in relation to the hotspots. Voronoi of population: 1 field with the average of 10,000 inhabitants.
73
DESIRABILITY The Shanghai ASelf will have a greater impact on their local and global landscapes. Based on our observations and derivations from the previous mappings, we concluded that the desirability of locations are based on the development of a Mixed City. A mixed city is one that uses existing infrastructure to improve communications and transportation networks. We believe that a desirable location accommodates blue collar, white collar, and retirees equally. Desirability, therefore is also a socially equitable environment. Desirability also includes factors such as: strengthening the space image, optimizing landscape pattern and creation of the user-friendly place, highlighting the city culture (Spatial Structure) the interaction of the build-up area and green spaces, conservation of ecological space and a creation of the sustainable city. In other words, the main focus 74
mixed city Live/Work/Play Autonomous Neighborhoods
source Housing Communities
target Working Communities
transport Global and Local Connections
industry
Lowered Desirability
agriculture
Green Belt Opportunity
?
development Areas slated for Development
Initial mapping of the mixed city
Blocks flats, Jing'an Blocks of flats,ofJing'an 11% built 11% built 89% free 89% free 76% semiprivate 76% semiprivate 13% public 13% public
on a local level for the Shanghai Municipal Government is to output beautiful new public spaces where people can interact. On a local scale, virtual connectivity will lead to virtualizing common activities like working, shopping, social communication if these activities are not situated in direct proximity to each other. To save the city; city life must be saved. Saving the city life means to bring all possible activities to the neighborhood distance, while others will be substituted virtually. We believe that the use of infrastructure can enhance the autonomy of neighborhoods.
Modern city, Lujiazui built Modern 16% city, Lujiazui 84% free 16% built 33% semiprivate 84% free 51% public
33% 51%
semiprivate public
City blocks, near Nanjing road 55% built 45% near freeNanjing road City blocks, 12% semiprivate 55% built 33% public 45% free
12% 33%
semiprivate public
A A
D
E
Shanghai typology C
D
built free private public
E
D
B
Private housing, near Century park 25% built 75% free 55% private 20% public Private housing, near Century park
25% 75% 55% 20%
B
C
B
C
free semiprivate public
B
C
Old town 91% built 8% free semiprivate Old town1% 8% public 91% built
8% 1% 8%
A
A
19th century city, Prague Shanghai typology Comparison, 44% built
56% Comparison, free 19th century city, Prague 23% semiprivate 44% built 33% public
56% 23% 33%
free semiprivate public
D
New York
Barcelona
Paris
Berlin
E New York
Barcelona
Paris
Berlin
E 75
Decentralized mixed city
Shanghai mapping
Central target source transport industry agriculture
Decentralized
Other
mixed city
development
Central target source transport industry agriculture
Other development
76
Sh
Centrality mapping
Decentralized mixed city
Central target source transport industry
T
agriculture
Other development
Previous Page: The Decentralized Zones are zones that we find most successful in the master plan. They accomodate all layers of public life, as well as providing for successful live, work and play places.
Current Page: The Decentralized Zones within the city center are also heavily connected by transportation infrastructure.
Transport highway metro train maglev
77
CONCLUSIONS Hotspots, layers, fields and densities are new and essential terms for Shanghai 2040. Hotspots provide a polycentric division of Shanghai. Initially, they serve as a rough estimate of how actual development has happened in the past. As new hotspots emerge, the data will automatically update in real-time. The spectral mapping begins to geotag fields of activity based on several layers of information. Active areas are more highly used and more attractive, whereas passive areas are further from hotspots, which makes them sparsely used. Shanghai 2040 will need both active and passive areas in order to be a successful city. Voronoi cells allow for the subdivision of both new parent cells and children cells, as well as accommodates for variations and exceptions. These new mapping tools encourage a new method to interpret the city.
78
2020 Masterplan - 1-9-6-6 Plan Diagram
Current State of Development
High-end society (investment, management, r&d, future economic engines) high mobility
connections of outer ring centers with central core
Labor Society - improvements on mobility improves their quality of life
connections between other sattelites (however not a priority)
Conclusions based on Analysis
Improve Boundary infrastructure to further create sources of autonomy, hence a decentralized city.
Previous Page: 1. Completely Centralized City 2. Completely Decentralized City 3. Mixed City 4: Shanghai in both Global and Local contexts: the Zhong City
1. Constructs behind 1-9-6-6 planning 2. Connections between satellite towns and beyond 3. Development of final masterplan
Shanghai as typologies between in 2020 79
80
PRODUCT
81
Transportation
STEP 1: PARAMETERS All parameter inputs are placed here in the beginning. These parameters include existing features and proposed transportation, centers, and environment.
Transportation Hubs Existing
Highways Existing Proposed
Maglev Existing Proposed
Metro Existing Proposed
Light Rail Proposed
Polycenters
Inner City Polycenters Existing
Suburban City Polycenters Existing
Commercial Centers Existing Proposed
Outer City Polycenters Proposed
Special Development Zones Proposed
Waterfront Existing
City Edge 2020 Plan Proposed
Parks Existing Proposed
Industry Areas Existing Proposed
Green Belt Proposed
Environment
82
Step 4
Step 3
Step 1 Step 2 The Script
basic maps
composed maps
parameters step 1
step 2
step 3
density mapping
step 4 typology mapping
PARAMETERS
typology division
83
Combined Transportation Mapping
84
Combined Polycenter Mapping
Combined Environmental Mapping
Combined Environmental, Transport and Polycenter Mapping
85
Transportation
STEP 2: CITY BOUNDARY UP TO 2040 The city boundary is defined by the proposed and existing infrastructures. The transportation hubs increase the boundary while the green belt serves as a definitive boundary. The green boundary also serves to differentiate the inner Shanghai city to smaller city cores in the outside polycentric ring.
D
E C
40 10
E D
86
R
R
Transportation Hubs Existing
Highways Existing Proposed
Maglev Existing Proposed
Metro Existing Proposed
Light Rail Proposed
Polycenters
Inner City Polycenters Existing
Suburban City Polycenters Existing
Commercial Centers Existing Proposed
Outer City Polycenters Proposed
Special Development Zones Proposed
Waterfront Existing
City Edge 2020 Plan Proposed
Parks Existing Proposed
Industry Areas Existing Proposed
Green Belt Proposed
E R C
D
Environment
C
Step 4
Step 3
Step 1 Step 2 The Script
basic maps
composed maps
parameters step 1
step 2
step 3
density mapping
step 4 typology mapping
BOUNDARY
typology division
87
These parameters are:: C_ a computed distance from each point of the city border to the nearest parametric element D_sets the influence of each parameterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effect on city boundary
88
Transit
Polycenters
2 R= (C -D)*E 2 D
R=E- C*E D
E_an expression based on a parameterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distance from the boundary. After a distance E has no effect
highway: E=1,5km D=18km
metro: E=3km D=6km
R_resultant All these parameters affect final boundary grow model. Whole computing is made 4 times to catch differing conditions during city development.
maglev: E=1,5km D=6km
light rail: E=2,5km D=8km
quadratic for highway, metro, maglev and light rail
polycenters: E=1,5km D=5km
Green Belt If(C<500), then R=0
green belt: 500 meters constant
special development E=3km D=5km
linear for poolycenters and special development
conditional for stopping green belt expression means if the distance between green border and city border is less then 500m, bordew won't grow
D
E C
40 10
E D
R
R
E R C
D
C
actual size of city structure (2011) mathematical size of the city in 2040
pink area is 2040 city structure, different from green area which represents village agricultural and generaly low-density areas
2020 PLAN planned city zone today city structure (2011) 2040 proposed city green belt, low density outer areas
89
Transportation
STEP 3: SPECTRAL MAPPING In the beginning part of script all input parameters are set, both for city boundary development and for spectral map analyzes.
Transportation Hubs Existing
Highways Existing Proposed
Maglev Existing Proposed
Metro Existing Proposed
Light Rail Proposed
Parameters: These parameters are::
Polycenters
C_ a computed distance from each point of the city border to the nearest parametric element D_sets the influence of each parameterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effect on city boundary R_resultant All these parameters affect final boundary grow model. Whole computing is made 4 times to catch differing conditions during city development.
R=D-C If(C>D), then R=0 90
Inner City Polycenters Existing
Suburban City Polycenters Existing
Commercial Centers Existing Proposed
Outer City Polycenters Proposed
Special Development Zones Proposed
Waterfront Existing
City Edge 2020 Plan Proposed
Parks Existing Proposed
Industry Areas Existing Proposed
Green Belt Proposed
Environment
Step 4
SPECTRAL MAPS
Step 3
Step 1 Step 2 The Script
basic maps
composed maps
parameters step 1
step 2
step 3
density mapping
step 4 typology division
typology mapping
91
transport hubs: D=10km
Transport hubs effect high
metro+lightrail: D=4km
Individual transport
Urban public transport transport hubs
effect high
highway: D=8km
metro today
effect high
light rail low
92
low
highway today highway proposed
metro proposed
low
effect high
Combined Vectors
Combined Spectral Transport
low
train
highway
metro
maglev
light rail
transport hubs
93
inner polycenters: suburban polycenters: outer polycenters: D=8km D=3km D=6km
Suburban city polycenters
Inner city polycenters effect high
inner city polycenters
effect high
suburban city polycenters
Outer city polycenters effect high
commerce: D=5km
Commerce outer city polycenters
effect high
commercial areas today commercial areas proposed
low
94
low
low
low
effect high
Combined Vectors
Combined Spectral Polycenters
low
95
waterfront: D=3km
Waterfront effect high
city edge: D=2km
City edge waterfront
effect high
industry: D=5km
parks: D=5km
Industry areas
Parks city edge
effect high
parks today
industrial negative effect high
low
96
low
low
industry today industry proposed
parks proposed
low
natural attractivity high
waterfront
industry
city edge parks
Combined Vectors
Combined Spectral Environmental
low
97
These combined maps are the sum of their individual parts. The transport map includes only transport devices that are important and attractive. The polycentric map shows where the centers are and how attractive they are. The environment maps shows the effects of its attractions on the city development. These maps highlight the areas strong in that individual aspect and are therefore more attractive that have increased population and increased demands on infastructure.
mbined Vectors
98
transport map: 1.0 highway+1.3 metro+0.8 transport hubs-1.65 inner polycenters- 1.2 outer polycenters â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.56 suburban polycenters environmental map: 1.0 waterfront+ 1.1 parks+ .8 city edge0.63 industry urban map: 1.5inner polycenter 1.25 outer polycenter -0.1 suburban polycenters- .,9 commercial centers
effect high
CombinedVectors Spectral Transport Combined
low
train
highway
metro
maglev
light rail
transport hubs
natural attractivity high
effect high
waterfront city edge parks
Combined Spectral Polycenters Combined Vectors
low
Combined Spectral Environmental
low
industry
combined attractivity map: 1.0 highway+1.3 metro+0.8 transport hubs+1.4 inner polycenters+ 1.5 outer polycenters + 1.4 suburban polycenters+ 1.0 waterfront+ 1.1 parks+ 0.8 city edge- 0.9 industry+ 1.0 commerce
waterfront city edge parks industry polycenters commerce train metro light rail highway maglev
attractivity high
transport hubs
Combined attractivity mapping
low
99
STEP 4: TYPOLOGY MAPPING Typology division: based on the combined attractivity mapping, the whole city is divided into 9 levels. In previous mapping each reference square got positive and negative points. In general, in city are places with 0 to 35 points.. More points means more attractive. level 9: 35-28 points level 8: 28-23 points level 7: 23-19 points level 6: 19-16,5 points level 5: 16,5-14 points level 4: 14-11 points level 3: 11-7,5 points level 2: 7,5-4 points level 1: 4-0 points
level 9 level 8 level 7 level 6 level 5 level 4 level 3 level 2 level 1
typology division 100
Step 4
Step 3
Step 1 Step 2 The Script
basic maps
composed maps
step 2
step 3
step 4 typology division
typology mapping
TYPOLOGIES
parameters step 1
density mapping
101
Typology mapping: each level of city according to hierarchy has different distribution of typology and function zones, so for example in script are values of function distribution for each level of city making finally proposed parametric zoning, according to input share of zones.
business/office
commerce
mixed city
culture/public services
housing
recreation
different typologies placed in the city making it mixed industry 102
industry
7 5 5 15 15 10 14 5 14 8 27 10 40 5 50 5 50 5
recreation
15 25 35 50 50 40 27 18 15
culture/public services
housing
60 40 30 15 10 7 5 3 1
commerce
mixed city
typology mapping
level 9 level 8 level 7 level 6 level 5 level 4 level 3 level 2 level 1
business/office
%
7 9 5 4 4 4 3 2 2
2 6 5 10 10 6 10 10 13
0 0 0 2 4 6 10 12 15
share of each function should be modiffied according to city condition
103
Density mapping: for mapping proposed population density, business/office previous typology mapping is used. mixed city For this mapping both housing and mixed city typologies are used, because these are providing living space. For each of these typologies there is referential population density in local referential square.
housing
104
low density belt
D
10
20
30
Sea
0
PVG airport area
10
Century park
20
Bund Huang pu Lujiazui
30
recreation
E C
French concession
industry
culture/public services
Hongqiao area
40
Provice border
[km]
Qingpu
commerce
polycenters
polycenters
suburban cities
Representative population density
2040 2010
different typologies placed in the city making it mixed
E D
R
R
E R C
D
C
typology mapping
s
population density 2 per km 40 000
density mappingdensity mapping 4 000
4 000
Sea
PVG airport area
Century park
2040 40 MIllions
18 M
mixed city
Sub urba n
C
13 M
9M
ity
er c
Out
level 9 /km45 000 50 000 level 8 25 000 27 000 45 000 50 000 18 000 level 7level 918 000 level 8 25 000 27 000 level 6level 713 000 000 18 000 1018000 000 level 5level 610 000 000 13 000 7 10 7 000 10 000 6 000 level 4level 59 000 9 000 6 000 5 000 level 3level 47 000 5 000 7 000 level 3 4 500 level 2level 26 500 6 500 4 500 level 1level 16 000 4 000 6 000 4 000 2
population density 2 per km 40 000
mixed city
Suburb an area
2
D
y cit
ty
Outer ci
y cit
5M
30
re
re
Co
/km
10 M
8M
20
Co
2010 23 MIllions
10
housinghousing
0
Bund Huang pu Lujiazui
10
French concession
20
citie s/ag ricu lture area s
30
Hongqiao area
Qingpu
40
Provice border
[km]
with this projection finalpopulation city population around 38 000 with this projection final city isisaround 38000 000 000
105
Bringing the ASelf into the City
106
Interconnection of of sattelite towns with proposed public transportation light rail systems
Interconnection of of sattelite towns with proposed public transportation light rail systems 107
108
Perspective of Building Typologies on the Shanghai Landscape
109